ȡ
ߣϷ

ݼ飺
ǱĹ鲻ϣȴд˹
ԭϰ˴һϷ
ȣʹ?ûõģѭƵĹȥɣֻǡ
ΪʲôĲң
ֻΪʡ


һ


1 ɽ
ַһ¶СڴɽеһС峤СüĿ㣬ԸÿʡѾʮˣ˵ܾʣȥһȻ뷨뿪ˣɽӡ
۹磬ַַչ˫۴󺰵
˿Ȼͷ̧ͷȥֻһӰԽԽ󡭡
ۣ˭̵ôˣѹˡιι֣ûУûҪѹַ㳶ɤӴ󺰵
ʧˣΪʲôѧշأСֵû°ɣǺǡεЦЦվһߡ
ַϵǰλꡣӴֻжʮ꣬һѩһ˫۾һͷɢ˫磬ĸߴֲʧţ΢Цʱ¶Ž׵ݣһӡ
ַһֱԼȡЦܳ壬ǰƷ׹۵ӣɽ֪Сֵܽʲô֣ղûаСֵѹɣַܳСʵǵˣϾԼɵġ
ҽַ㣬ǰɽһׯˡ㻹˵û£ղҲˣַ߷ߵ˵ͻȻһʵ׹ʲôطô֪ϵģѵˣ
ܳΣȻ΢Цֵܵһγɽɣ׹ҵڣҲˣֻ߶ѡɽǰһаݼʦ壬Сֵܡ
ãСֵܣҿɲġСֵܡַˡʲô
ܳ΢Ц˵׷ʿڽ˵Ǳ޷ӣͨԵĸԼľ硣
ַƶǶص˵ͷɣ
ܳЦԺ˵߿Уؼ䣬ҵȻˣôɣԼղŴ¡
Ȼַûɵܳ壺ؼ䣿ôˣ˵УҲûнǱ˸ӵϵİɣȻҸ˵汳ߣô˵Ҳҳɽĵһ찡˭֪£浹ùַԽ˵ԽίԹܳĺһȭͷСĺ飬ͷȫǺߡ
ȡܳڳһ˵ӱ˫ֵҸղųշУȴʧˣԲŵ
ַ̧ͷ˿죬ֿ˿ܳ壬ܳڿаڶֱҪȴӣŶӴЦ۹Цˣǵ˰û򣬻շУŹ֣´Һõطٷɰɣˤ
ܳ鶯ţʿ϶Ҫַ㡣һǲ˺˵ģ׹ҲɣԸʿЦ顣֮±ܳǿаȥεҡҡͷ
ַ㻹֪ѾڹŹתNΣȻſ˵ôŵЦӴˣᶼˡιˣ˵ô죬ҿɲܰ׸㵱汳
ܳԲεһ˾ȡЦһλߣǻĲͷˣƫƫܷҪƽľУֻϽ뿪
Ҫ˵ܳľʵȡЦƽҪ˱˿ͷˡܳ΢ЦԵһЩƵ͸ֵַˣ˵գܳгһƴСĳλɫ
ַܳ屧ȭ˵һԵպټأ˵ܳɽûٳתȾܣֻ뾡Զׯķˡ
߱ٶҲޱȵģֻһҳֱϷȥַĿɿڴôﵽ˵ôܵˣܵĵͦģӻ죬̵Ӷӣ˵ַ㿴е
֪ʲôɣСɶ־ӲֽƬƵģ滹һЩַ㿴ķġȻ֪ʲôãַ㻹ǽȫشС
ҳɽһ찡û뵽ȻôˡǱԺټҿǱĺãַűȥ
ߵеĲʵ棬ַָֻԭӡ
۹磬ַַЦǰֻۣһҳűȥ



2 СŮ
ַܴ߹˰죬̫ͿɽˣȻûпӰʼû߳Ұ˰ַһСҲˣǴɽеĺӣҰǿȻСȴʮֻ顣
ʱַץֻҰáϻ𣬿Ұãڰ߿Ϧ
Сʱһǧ׸ߵɽ忴䣬ϦС
ǵģַһ¶ĸĸΪ˵׷ɱСɽ塣ճиһүү󣬸ƹضĸҲԸȥүүġ
ַСʹۣʱͺܶˣүүɽ񣬶ͱүүȥϦ
ַүүԼĸ飬үүҡͷΪһֱǵַĸ֮ǰĻҪú֪ǵ飬ƽƽȹһ
ַĸȥүүԼϸȡַ֡үү޶ŮַٰǻַͯҲǿޱȡǺþٴνٵӵͷϡ
ַ꣬үүһϦԺͲŶȥַ˵Ժھǵİ
ֱүүȥҲ֪ĸ˭ֻǴھӿе֪ĸĸѲˡүүȥַùһȥүүȥɽϿϦ䡣
һλ˺ͬͰԼĲԼɽ̸ϣԼǿĻȥ˳Ծķַ֣ѧĺܿ죬һѧͻᡣ
ַԼʮ꣬ԸҲֱ뿪ɽ뿪СĴׯ
Щַ㳤̾˿Ȼŵһֹζ񡭡ǿζ
ѽҵⰡַ㼱æѿӻȡѾɽ״ˣðƺ̡
浹ùòץӰû취ˣֻץֻˡַεĽеġáӵһߣƵĹС
ڵĺܿ죬ϦѾ£̿ҲҪϨˡʱַˣֻҰãֻҰ
Ҵ󸣴󣬲Ȼùˣַ㽫µȼֻӺһֻҰϴˢɾ˷ڻϿʼտ
֮ǰһοˣַһһĿſ⡣
ȫˣȻǳ׺ҹգڵĺڰ˵ֱ΢һҹ紵Զҡҡ죬·ֲ֮ڣַ㲻һ
ǰַĶˣΪ棬ǽַͻȻֲԤУʲôѾ
ʱѾˣֲַĸоԽԽǿҡ
ζҰ˰ɣַ㲻뵽
ԽԽַһҲζһΧʮȫζͻȻַס;еĸоֻһΰܹҰޣоⶫܱҰ޿¡һƬտƽ̹޴
ȻһڲԶٴַ֣վĿתĶǵ⡣
ͣƮַ֣ͣǰʮ״һֻ۾Ƶַͬ㡣
ѵǴ˵ԩꣿǰɣѵַɽĵһҪɥڴ𣿡ַ뵽
˸ĹâĳַַһҲҶɵ˽ǰɵַߺЩζΧַ㿪ʼתȦٶԽԽ졣
зڣַڵӣһġС⽫ַҲճɫ˭Ϊַǹأַ㲢ǹ
Ȼâȴû˺ַ㣬ַûиоΣգͦɰġ
Сһ˭תˣͷתˡԲ򲻻˺ַĵҲȻһ¡
ɫâȶΪһɫԲַͣǰȻʼǰȥ
۹ԭǸɫ󵰰ɫַ㲻Цôһʲôأ
ɫȫţƺַܼͷȥ
ѽʲôҸʲôͣ£ʹģַо˵ĻҴˣҰɣҪע尡Լˡ
󵰲ûͣҵĸ𾢣ַܵ׼ȷҵַԴϣҼӲޱȣʯͷǵġʯַ³ƺַΣֻñͷܡ
ʱһ䶯˵ڶ𣺡ܽΪ˿ҲһɣַͷȥԼһӰڲԶվţƺǸŮ˵Ӱ
൰λŮӣַ㱳šӰ˹ַ㽥ӡ
ѽַȾܡֻӰһ״ӣԿԿһߣַڽûϸˡ
٣˵˭أСӿôʰ㣡ֻһȣŮ˲׷ȥٶȼؾסַĶ䡣
ѽҪҵĶ䰡п⣬ҵöˣַˣˣô˵ȻǴ˵ģǸоú͵һεģ
ߣСӣ˭Ҫ䰡㲻ֻʰһ£İɣ㲻˺ģ˵㡱ժ¶˾ݡ
ֻǰŮüۣӣСڣһɫȹںڳ䣬޷ֱؼ䣬һɫ˿ͷϣһ֧ۺɫ黨Ҳͷȫɢ㡣
ƴһȾֺĻзǰˣַǲ˼飺û뵽ϻôƯŮӣǴׯĴÿˡַ㾹ȻǰҷĻȥɽСݱ
ǰλŮ΢΢һЦһЦ߻̬֮ƺǳΪ񣬻Ϊš
ҽгɽҰߣСܵʲô֣
ԭҲǺһ߰ҽַ㣬ɽׯˡ
ߣ˰С첻
Ҳ˵㣬˵һŶ˵˺һǣҵ˼˱ˡַˣ֪ô»˵ˡ
СѾͷְҪ
ַĶתһȦʲôСѾͷҪ𣿡
ַ˳֣ŶίʲôӰҿСŮŶԡۣô־Ҷ䰡ʹ֣
ߣСŮҾ㣡һֻС־סַһֻ䡣
ʹְСŮַֻǸˣûпŮĳء
СŮһֱŰַôŷ֣ʯֲС˵ôͬܳˣԺˣ
ɫʯ˼£ίСȻСŮյ˴ָڡ
ַŶǸʯģ
ôˣ
ôʯôģ
С䲻Ҫ
ҴҴˣԺ󲻸ˡСŮַ̧Ͻһ˵
ߣʶ࣬˲ˣˣռȳ˰СŮĿ⿴ַ㡣ַɴ۾ֻεص˵ͷѰ˼СҲԲ˶١
ллܵܵáַԶͷһŴ飬ЦֹⶼǱƵģ
ַĿɿڴĿųһӣͰֻҰúһֻռԵĸɸɾεҡҡͷֻýʣµҰҰϴˢɾ¿ϡ
ĵش˸ãЦŶַ˵óԣԺҳԺ𣿡ַܾСŮ̧˫ֿЦֻʹصͷ
ĵַĸ첲ܵһˣ
ַίĿСŮȴӶЦܵܣȥˣͲˣŶ˵һۺɫɽԶȥ
ַʧظһУǣҪ˰ɣ
ַҲùɽһλߣرλСŮַЦȫ䡣
ǸСŮ



3 Ů
ڶ죬ַˣѺĵһ¾ŹСһʱַץֻҰûͬϻ𣬶ȥ߽ϴˢɾڻտ
ַ㿴ƽĺ淢ҹ֮··ǳΰ㡣ɽ˽ʮ궼ûмߣھȻһͼ
ַڵȣСŮ϶ַĺΣȻ̬֮ΪȴһСŮַ㱾ߣûô
ַСŮֻǡѣǶû˺֮ġַ㻹кܶ鶼˽⣬ͨСŮ˽һ£ԼίԵģԼҲҪԵġ
ʵбϣҫ˽ɫһ΢紵˿˿ζߵİƻƮеš
һжԵôãַȴû̾ˣΪоСŮڸƺѾŵСŮζ
ȻַתСŮǰ״΢Ц
СŮһ̬֮ȫŮ֮УһۺɫɴȹۺɫķƮҡʱɿЬҲǷۺɫСЬ
ַͻȻýСŮرУЦյСŮôôŶױأһĺɫЦôģǲҪˣǹϲϲ
һ£֦Ц׵ܵĺܿɰ
һɽǰһɽȥʱ൰˳ǰȥ˵ʲôıҲԽԽȡ
˵ʲôѰʮĵܵܣԾ˵൰ζòƻش޵Ůҵܵˡ
ʼڻϣȵʱٸַ
ڳַг簮Ӵܵô½ˣ
ַЦСŮһŮôأ˰ɣѾպ⣬ȥɡ
һ£һַǰסַĶݺתһȦַУСŮܲܲҪҶ䰡ʹģ
ߣ˭˵СŮġСԺСŮ֪𣿡
ַŶίĵ˵ͷţСŮϾСŮôġӦɡ
ַĸ첲Ц߰ɣϳ䣬ҪЩˣȥ¥Էȥ
ַŴۿųǲ֪СŮʲô⣬ôͻȻôˣı϶ı
ȥɽĺӣȥﲻϰߣǴáַҡͷ˵
ΣֻñĿַ㡣ֱַ̫ˣǼǿҡҡͷŴۿų
гЩˮдתھճôįַʵڲζ֪СŮǹģǾܲζ¶˾ģ
˵˲ȥǲȥǾܾˡ
ЦˣЦôСЦһ˫Ĵ۾ַ㣺İˣֵܵסջʵΪһẦ𣿡
ַͷȷСŮûкֻǺܵƤѣַû⡣ַַ֪ܵܺҲ˺ַܶ࣬Ϊѵӳûǿ̾˿˵㿼һ°ɣһԵ㡣
ַо˵СŮֻǸոʶѣȫֱߵûߣΪʲôأ
ѵʲôܣҪֱˡַ˼š
ߵ˻ԣŻ淢Сʱ顣ַ㳤˿ȥ˭Ҳûע⵽൰˸ɫâβַ֡
ַһֱǰߣҲ֪ʲôȻһ紵һ
ɶ൰ʲôΪʲôң̵ĽҾҪˣַֻ˵˵ѣ˭֪൰ȻСֻĴָСɵַ߾ײǸоȲԵ
ַʱɵۣס˵ֻһ˵ѣ嶯׻˵嶯ħ
൰ȻݺݵַײҪֵַţͽȥˡȻ컮˲ϴҵķ籩ʱʱнӰϿС
ƺڴ򶷣ƺǳڵķַ㼱æ򶷵ķȥĴָ൰ȴǰҡ˸ƺ˵ʲô
ӴˣСŮƺںҵȥ֪Ƿ˰ﲻæԶŻ𣿡
С൰ֹͣҡΣַзȥַֽ˳ȥЩŭ˵ˣСŮΣ㻹˼棿ôҲеϵôܲأ
൰ƺҲЩˣ˲ʢַȥַ˫žȻˣֻý˫صߡ
൰ٶȿ쵽˼£һǽַײڵأַȫʹѣ˺ôһźһ㡣൰ˣΪ൰ȥȥˣԲûиоʲô쳣
ȻڲԶգżĶײַѸսȥոַ֣ܳͿں˴ѷ֣ƺռϷ硣
ķɽΪɫͨΪۺɫĿ·ɽһж·硣ͷñݣиɫɫķɽ
ۺɫɽһ˵ɫɽת˺Хȥٶȼ죬˼æһԣɽʱһ˿ƷɽϮȥһż棬ڿն˹ȥ
ɫɽӰУתյĳʱһҲٿطɽȥóɽȥֻѿըԵڿɢѷɽȫˡҲܵһ˿Ӱ죬ۺɫɽɲǼֱָгɫɽĺˡ
˶һɽ˼粿Ѫ˳˿˴һУҿ㻹ж˾ڣ
˵ַʱϻһЩܳ˵ƺҪշˣշлԶƵӦñСŮɣ
ַóĴػȥΪ˶ܳɱǱ任λã˷뿪ԶԳ͹
ΪҪȶ˸ߣǶڶ˵Ĺȴ޿κΣɶܱ˱ķءɽɢҫ۵ķۺɫâһֽڡΪƺȳͲ˶٣Ļһֱ˸ΣɫҲÿƺǵǡ
ַץ˻ԳһһըͷͼȻûаϣȴը֮ʱ˼
ܳԱȳˣȻ˶ܳȥˣըʱһȦȦİɫⲨԭɢȥ
˴󾪣ԪӤڣȻ˵ַ㡣
û뵽ȻԪӤģʱⲨɨɳȥǰֻܳ˵ˡ
ַҲⲨˣȴûˣֻǺǱعҵϡַκ˵ҾȻţ챣ӣãѸַ߽ץŵ˵棬ַǰ档
˵Ƕ˶Ҫ˵ѷɽâʢ˺ХȥַѸӳһ÷ɽ˻סѣʮ糤Ļ˳ȥ
˴󾪣ɽѸٻطץסóĶѧֻ˫ֺʮȵ£滨󣡡ֻͻȻɫ꣬£һ뽫ڡ
㣬»ʲôܺÿַһ£ô᲻أ
Ҳһ£ܿͻָԭӢˣЦҪСľѧӴиأ򻨳ħ
һƬƬɺڵ˷ȥֻһըڴҲԽԽ١ڶסˣɽĻѣǰеħڲŹǵģ
ǾǻɹҲҪǱ𡱡
ЦֻĶˣǿ·ˣ
ȫըһǿķ籩ɢľȫڵأˮҲ԰ӿȥַĿɿڴǳͿȥշСˡ
籩ֹͣˣ˲ټַɻأ
ˣҷ𡣡
ɱˡַ˵



4 Բ
ΪʩչͨԪ̫࣬ʱЩƣóһźɫҩڣַɽȥ
ַ㿴ǰصˮĺٻĲƺкΡɽĵ죬ɱˣȻǱɱģȴһΡ뵽Լ͵ͺܶˡ
𣿡ַε̾˿
ʱһСӵд粢ô
˭˭˵ַ㿴ܲûˣΪԼͷֻþˡ
ʱǸִ˳ūÿˣڡ
ʲôҵūЦˣ˭ڸʲôַ󾪵˵
Ǻǣ˲ؽţûʲô˼ǱͬԴֻ귢⣬ǱˣеʱĻ棬Լɡ˵ַоͷʹ쳣һ档
һլԺкܶѾߺūͣкܶŮ
ʱǸСִд˵ļ壬ǰլԺ˵ļҡ¼ңڳ¼Ѿˣһħšڳ˺˽⣬¼ûˡ
ַüͷ˵ʲôҽ㣿ֲá
ţ˵׽㡣ҽԪӤ֮ģǳ¼ҸμĴ֮μ֮Ϳɵõμ߳ΪҲΪػߡ
ַǰľˣһµվһڣվһͬµŮӡ
ǸŮַʱסˣǸǳ𣿡
Ǻǣˣǰ˵ĸĸʱں˵ʲôұǿ̫࣬кܶණˣֻǵЩˡ
㱻Ҹ𣿡
μûнΪǼĴ֮࣬Ժܶ˶дġǺҵģΪǼĴУǳĻʧȥ˺ܶ˾Ϳֱˡ
֮Ͳ𣿡
֮ҵᱻȫգҲͲˡֻмԸԷϾųΪۣҲŻʹԹ޻壡
Լҳ¼ѾˣҪ֮Ҳ㣬Լΰɡ
ô˵Ҿôκҵļͻᶪʧһ֣ȴһǵˡҵĳҪ˵İ˿һףǸ׾ͻǳκҵӡ
ðɣôȥ˵ַǰһڣѻصʵ
еٴ𣺡Ϊװɡ
ַ㳤˿۾ɽ˾һܳ壬һͳʱԲľ뵽˳ðϸıһ¡
ʱһεεڣϲ˽ԪӤԲ磡
ַۿ˿ǰˡ




5 
ַΣͷ˺顣
Ϊʲôôĺ൰ɻؿַ㣬ֱַ
ַ֪˵ʲôֻǰ൰һۺɫɴȹüۣӤСڣݺͳһǡΪǺͳһģһַ֪ԼŮ
ַֺݺһԼۣΣǣôɳ
ǰġɻ˵ʲô˭Ҳ֪˸ҵװ
ַΣǽײʹ뱻ײҲˣѾԪӤԲʿˡַЦҡͷи̾Ժе÷ˣ
ַͻȻòԾԼ֪ʱڵϣҸо·С˺ܶࡣվӣǰġصͷַƣԼӣҲ
ԭֵʱ൰ջǽַڣڽַںѾʼΪַ㴫ַֻûзֶѡ
Ϊַ㱾ߵĺһεĳ¼Ҽ൰ڴʱܹǳѸٵĸı̬ڵģûиı䣬ֻ߱ˡ
ڵüĿ㣬һ壬һͷɢһ˫۾ϻıˣԭ·ˣϣЩƣһЩطѾ¶Ӥ׵Ƥ
ַޱȣһ·ûûʱиӦоϢԽԽַͷʹѣνͰ
ǰġȻҲоˣʵˣһԪӤڵĸڽӽҪҪһ£
ַҡͷǸҵĽ㲻ҪԺҲýˣˣҴԺҵܾܵˣͽɡͷһᣬ˵ͷ
һˣոմԪӤǰڲڣܺáһ۾ͿԼһģһ裬ǰ·Ʋַ㣬ΪðԼ۸ܵܣʱðɡ
Ҫ˵Ĵ۾߾ηðң۸ҵܵܣе¶Ҵսһ
Ŵۿųַ˵Ϊʲôһģһ˵նƮڳǰϸ۲ÿһطԼĺͳһģһ
Ծ裬ΪԪӤϣղûϸҪսġҪɱ練ƣû˼
ʩһ˵ҽ裬ַҲҵܵܡ
סˣſЦ˵̫ˣǺǡ
ַĿ˳ԺǴĺ飬и̾ԭСŮҲΰ
ַ㣬ҪһӿΪַΪҲ֮ϡһԼۣΡ
ַε㣬ж·Ƚһ·ɡ
ԡꡱЦ˳Ҳ΢΢һЦӴָóһɫɴȹ˵ã⻹һɡ
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ֻǰַһɫɴȹ粨ڱɼϣ޷Ȼ´ȫɢŵ㣬ľǻмֻΧƫƫ衣ȻŮװַȴ
ַε̾˿ĵһ˸ĸһŮƵģܲˡųߵǰڻЦţַȴоĵļ簮
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СӸסˣҶûнУ㺰ʲô
ڲԶ΢ЦſһУ¶ţǰĳһĽ㡣
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ѽ㵽ڸʲôôôʹ
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ʲô
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һӺ󣬡ݡϡ
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Ȼַһˣð˿ڳʲ衣δóȭͷСӣ˼Ůб𡱽ӷŵַز̶·ϣóһ˫ɫСЬǿиַ㴩ϡ
ڵַѾǸˣһӵоʵľˡַü㣬Ь̫Сˣҽۣܲܲ
һ»Ц԰ȻԣҲӴٺ٣һ°ɣ
΢΢һЦ̧һָ˳ָָһãַڡ
һַдַ̱տڲС죬ʮίؿλ㡣ӼΪĶصͷֻýԭ˵˳
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ʱ¸Ѿ֪ʮ֮ʱƾԪӤ֮ҵ졣¸˶ĸ׷ɢսС
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ַ㿴裬в֪ЩʲôɻĿܶˡƺʲôҲ費ϿҸʲô
ЦˣЦĺһ߰ɣҲǳ¼֮ˡ
˵һж˵ġ
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ԪڿУԪӤͿɸı壬볤ԪӤֱΪ֮ڿշУʶϡ
ɽߵһѹأΪ߸֮£ҪܷĿ顣ɹɽ߿ıƲɣϵ߿ʹǱΪޡʹõΪԪ֮ϣ߱Ԫ֮Ҫѡ
ΪԪӤڣַΪԪӤԲﵽڡ
ַɻʵ˵ô࣬ŪһŮ˴ʲôϵ𣿡
ڵûйϵֻΪ˺ѡַʱεŮЦϡ



6 
˵Ǻܴģƺޱ޼ʡ˵ǧǰս콵򣬲Ϊ˰˴򡣰˴Ϊ롢ҡǬޡ졣ǴǬΪͶƬڶ࣬кܶҰ޼壬ʵǿ󡣲ײ˺ˣ⵽ߵıصĻᱻȫʿ׷ɱ
ַͻȻܳû˺ԭԭΪʵַܳɱҲֻ֪ܳ岻Ըɱ˰ˡ
ߺͷһ𣿡
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ʱҲʧˣ˴һ׹档ַȻţҲҲУַŽвˡ
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˻ǲҲ֪ǲǿ׻ǹô˵ܳͷðź˵걣һ׹ֱ϶ȥ



7 
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һһ˳УڵȻߣֻǺٰˡַѾءװֻȻǼɫɴȹ
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ַֻҪߣ˵ȥսֺѧʽ滨ˣֻĶǿ֦Ҷ
ַȻȴзִ磬ˣֻǽԷŪĺǱ
һڵʿֺŷַķȻҲ޿κΡַԶսǸҷɡƷ谡ܳùˡǳʿᣬֻߡ
һַҡҡλλصլԺɼ˵ˣǲ޴󰭡ɻڳ˯УַصУڴֱ˯˹ȥ



9 Ŷ
ڶ죬峿ĵһսַ㷿䣬ַ˯֪Уַʶ̽˷䣬ַϲڽ˳ڡ
ַ뿴λûУʶ̽跿䣬ŮȻ˯Ȼȵʲôˣ
ַһȥûпˡЦһ˵ԭǵܵܰˣϲ˯ˡ˵һǷ˯ַˣѾ˯죬ǾȻҪ˯
ַջʶһɫɼԭǲƵɼֱӵ˵ϡַСԼõӣλȻ˯ַ㲻֪Ǻá
򿪷ԺУַʯһܲ峿ǳˬַ㲻֪б˫۽״̬
ʱַ۾СԼĶԼַ΢ЦҸʲôѵж𣿡
СصͷСǰʱȥɽ
˵Ҫ𣿡
ǱʦĹ¶ʦ㽫Ҵ󣬽棬ԡ
ʲô֣
ҽεҶС
ַЦЦεһ˵ʲƺûдﵽ־硣
ʮ棬ʮʱﵽǺϲһЩ伮͵ˡ
߰ɣȥɽ
õĽ𣿡
ַЦҡͷڻ˯أµ˯ϼ졣ȥܷʲôε˵ͷ
ַٳɽ̤ȥε֡εԥһҲ̤˷ɽַӱסε˵ɽٶȺܿ죬վˡεһ˿κߵص˵ͷַٿطɽգ򱱶ȥ
һľַ˵ʲôһӵʱ͸ϵ˷ɽɽܴһߴɽһǧ࣬ΰ͸˵ϢεЩţ΢΢ţַ㰲οҪżǰС
εĴ£ܿһɽɽҵ˷ŶŶԼʮɵʯצΩΩФһƬ΢д΢д˿˿Ѫζ
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εҲƺоʲôŵַַ֡оεȫĲƺ뵽ʲôʵ֮ǰʱûָо𣿡εŵͷ
ַо˲ε˺˼Ŷڡʱһһٶȼޱȡַ󾪣Ѹٽε˳ȥȴ⸽ַɢĺãһ򶴿ڣ޼¡
εַӳԶԶԶĿַ㱻򶴿ڣʵ벻ͨΪιŶҪˡ
ε飬᲻ܿӿȥһɫĻ赲ʹ粽ѽַȻ⸽ȴûܵ˺оַͻȻָоƺеʲôǰȥ
ַûŶ֮ǰεҪģҲµģȥլԺȡַ㻰û˵꣬ͱŶˡ
εʹΪַΪ˰οô˵ƺȥεˮ¡Ƿȥ
ʵַȥΪоƺᷢΣաŶֲַָҲ֪ĺãҪȥδ
֪˶ַǰһԼѾһΪƽ̨ϡֻƽ̨ʬҰЩʬѾ˿ֲİ׹ǡضϽ֤ҵսŨصѪϢʹַҪŻ¡
ãѾ֪ȥַһѪ֮·ϣֲܿϢʹַĲѡСҲûмôѪȵĳַ㲻ǰȥ̤ڣշˡ
ʬѸȥַ㼫ԼǰֻǰһƬڰɵ淢ġ֪˶Ȼûзɵͷʬ塣
ЩѵǰýŶߣ׹ǿǰ̽ս߰ɡ׷ʲôΪʲôô˻ȥ
ͻȻַ㷢ǰһǰߣڸճɽõַ˵ʵֲ̫ˡ˵ַǳڸ֣ҵҲܴ󣬵Ƿ˵жԡꡱ֡͡־塣
⵽ô£Ϊʲôа
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ֻһֻϰãַĽòõġ֡ϣ̧ͷɢɫĹã
ַһĸо󺰵ү㲻Ҫˣ
һ߱Ϊ죬㾹Ȼ죬ǿЦ
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üߵСֵٲ̧ҵ־Ҫˣ
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ÿַ㣬һһϣСֵǸս𣿡
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ⰵþò˵Ϊ֮ǰɢɼߡ
ʲôɢɢɣַһ
ÿЦܾǰҺͼλͬɢɵͬɽѰǷɽʹ˽Ǿ˴˺ǵɸֻȥǵֻǲлͲ
νɸľǲӤ֮ı֮
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ҡҡͷ˵ֻ֪һоˣɸ
ô˵ʵַ֮һɿߵĶˡ
˸ϣ˵ϡ
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ַ㲻ٺ£úУ΢΢һЦǰ߱ʣǰʲô취뿪𣿡
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ʲô취
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žַŵһſ˵ϣÿɾͲˡ
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ַеϲĻǰأȥɱһֱɱʹЩ
𡭡ĬĬͷ
ַ㷢Լ̫ˣͽ±εǰԲе㼤ˡֻҪа취ȥһǰҲȥģ
ʱǰַ㿴Ǿ˻ַһ㶡ַ㻳еý˵һ飬Ǿ߱ȽҲЦַ㻳еýӵԼУַһǰȥ
ͨʻַ֪ʱλǰֻʣǶˣΪ˾ʹߵС
д߽ʱʹ߾ͻ֣ʹþɱ󽫽ɱѰߡַΪһ˽룬Բûʹߵע⣬ǵĺãλǰ֪Ǻֻǰȥ
ˣ
ƺ뵽ʲôǰҼʹץһŮǸȥˣƺλʹΪڣ
ַ˼Ƭ̣ǶﻹϤӦץסǸʹѯһ£
õͷǵסûоɱ󣬲󷨣ôַǰȥ



10 
ַ÷˲֪ãȻûмʹߵסϵʬԽԽ٣һʬҲˡ
ַļ٣ΪҪѰ˵ץ֪Ҳεһ
˵ε뿪˷ɽ¡ǰεŮޣٶҲ
ԼһʱεڽַլԺʱҪˣŴķǰķţеǰҽεַǰŵģǰ쿪ţ
źˣεŲ˵һλŮӻУ㻷λŮ裬üͷ΢壬εòҪż˵ַܵôˣ
ʱҲ˹ҵܵôˣҪż˵εȵŴͣû뵽ַλ㾹Ȼ
ε˼ɽ˵˳εĻ治ɫȴɽţܵôȥǸط
εصͷ¥ʱլԺʱ˵һ顣ַԸȥģûйεɽǸΣյĵطҪ콫ܾܵȳΣա
ƽżܵû£ǹȥ˵
ַ֪һϵΪַͨɵΣԺַһĸӦ˵û£ַڿ϶¡
ͷԹܵܣǺú˯ȾһҪúʰ
΢΢һЦ𣿡
С첻ʲô᲻õģʱôʰ
˵ٳɽץε̤ȥշнͬһӵʱ䣬˷ɽǲɫĹĻ
üͷĻͨĹĻиڣСġ
豾֮ת½ƣֹĻɾƽˡ˳˷Ŷڣ˵̤붴С
ַλƽ̨ľͷͷһԨסһƽԭƣһɫգƽ̨ϵľɫ쳣
ַҪɹȥ˭֪λͬʱֹ˵Ԩ֮˵ʲô󷨲ãΪһ̽һ¡
ַüô̽⣿
˳Ʋ»õһ߹ǣӸַͷӹȥûʲô
еòУôĹͷãΪʲôҵ߹ǣҾǼˣ
㶼ȱôˣҲ޴󰭵ģٺ١˵εͷ
ֻϰᣬȻҧõһ߹ǡôеһ߹Ǿ͹ˣΪʲôҧҵһ߹ǣ
ֻϰõһ߹ǲһԳЧΪһ߹Ǹգ
ַԺһŴĺ飬ЦĿλǰܡ
λڳˣַתһ߹ӵ˶棬ְѵڶ߹˹ȥûͬˡַץס÷˹ȥ
ڲƺϣʵĿо쳣λҲǳ뿪Ǹƽ̨ˡ
ǰȥͿһɽ壬ɽж׵ĸ߶ȡ
ƺһޱȿ㣬ɽе硣ͻȻɽһɫɵַǰΪһΡ
һԪӤԲߣº췢Ũüۣһɫ˫ɢźɫĹâߴȣ˾Ҵʹ֮أ
λҡͷʹѾ߻ħˣǿнԪӤʿԪӤ뵽Լڣ˻ҡ
ַͷǰһʵʲôط
ʹкãȵ˵᳤ַɱħʹ߹ڡ
ʹ߻ֺɨһɫַٳɽעɽ貵ɫãɫֵء
ʹһԾгַ֣շɵ˿Сɫβ׷УַɽᵲǰɫӲƴһһ󣬺ڽɻأַ˺ʮɡ
λôʹѾħʵľҪߵĶ࣬СֵҪСİ
ַͷλǰ뿪ˣ˵ַɽֱָʹߣ̧һצóɽʹ߻ȥλѸٺ⣬ԶԶַս
ʹȻħʵǿ˲٣վԪӤԲշСħҲ쳣ڵս
ʹȫħɫħһ㱬ɳĺãɫɽ¡ãɢɫɽһǰһɫɽɫħײһ
ɫɽأʹ˺󼸲צһɫצץסʹߣȴħܽӴ塣ʹߴһȫħƺ嶼ѱħۿצҪ
ַЩͷʹʹħʵѾ֮ϣ򲻿ַĿ»צ
ַǣɽźɫħȥɽûħһҿַоɽڵѸʧæٻطɽɽѾ޹⡣ʱħצһӰѸնɫɽ

һɫɽӦϣеַʶ౻ַһһѪʶ𣬱ܵǣ
ַɿ׹ϣʹҲùɽնһ̴ֻ֣ĸദɽˣ˿ɢſֲѪ
һʹ߷ˣǵģսҪսйԼѪһ𣬿죬ʹɫħַȥ
ɽ٣ַҲŭˣעлһɫɽںսһ
ַԽԽϾ֮ʹƸˡʹħѾûжˣѪԽԽŨأҲԽԽ
ʹ߼ʣħħϣΪǿƵһһɫãַزַһѪɳȥˤ˼ʮĲƺϣǹ״Ѫַ֤ܵش
ַزһȭͷС˿ؿڡƽ̨ϵͻȻؿڶһæʵôˣ
ŴǰǺڰ磬ܡܵܡǰ磬ƺ˵ַ㡣
ַʹȫѪ˻ȫѪѪ䵭ʧʹҲʧˡ
ַڵϣѪȾ˴ƬݡѸַǰ»еã˫ְסַؿڡ˫ã˸ִ˿Ҳɫ
ʲô
λСֵ˺أܿͻ
߿ֻаˣ˶೤ʱˣ㻹лȥϣ
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һ˫ֱñǿݹǵӣ˫ãַڣ˫۴ʱȴ˿նַ㻹֪֪Լˣˡ
һ˲䣬һ˲ʱþжַؿڵĴۿɼٶȻָš
ַ˫ۺã÷º͵һ롭չ˺áҡѡ˵ñˡͷǹ䣬˫ˤڵϣ߹һѣȡױˣˡ
˹õͷǴţѣѣΪʲôôɵΪʲôң˵˾ҵĲлΪʲôãšûˮģǴ˿ɫˮ
ַƺõĺܿ죬Ѿָԭֻûɢڵϵİ׹ǣַҲˮǧദʹλûذǰ뵽Լѣѣ
ַĬĬͷʹ޵ã˵ʲôȴʲôҲ˵ڡһâѸٷͣڲԶһӰһλͷ췢Ӣӣŵϵĺɫɽ˵ɱλʹ𣿺ôĵӣַ󾪣һʹ˭֪һ
ʹߵΪǳϳڣһɫֱַַָǵԽԽĽĵôˣ㣬ټˣַ˫ۡ
顱
ꡱ
һ䵽Уַ۾ֻһ˫ɢãͷǡ
ǰ㡭
ͷǻ˵СֵܣҡΪˡԲϲ㡭˵еɢˡ
ַʹĲѣͷǵǰǲŶԡ
ʹһ˵·Ҳã˵ŻһŲ˽Եһǡ
סڣַۺˮʹߣŭˣǴδйķŭ
ַ㿴е㲻óֵģڣȥɣһַ˳
ַɵ˫ֺʮһҪĶĽɫַ㶢ʹһһֺ졭桭
ǳ¼صľѧ˾ѧַ㣬򲻵Ѳʹô˾ѧΪĵԪ֮
𣡡
һ쳹ʣַɫڷɳһͷһɣʮɵĽɫɫ˻ţΧַתһȦʹ߳ȥ
ʹߴ󾪣Ҫҵˣ
ʹߺڲѣѾˡٶȼ죬գ۹Ѿʹǰʹȫ㣬ʹá
𣡡
˻ײȥ䣬̳𣬺ͣؾҲ
ַþȫṩԪάһӲŽƽϢϳһһ׵ľ޴ӣʹѻҷ



11 ߽
Ԫַ̫࣬Ԫ㹻ַ࣬ҪԶˣʹַ㻹̫ࡣ
ҡҡλε䵽˵ϣڵ˯ˡ
ٴʱ򣬿ͳεעԼ
ַһ㶣ﵽôˣУҪϽѹ˵ַ¼˯
쵽ʲô˼ѵξͲε𣿡
΢Цҡͷ˵ܸܵովսʣ޼㣬кôϢɡ
Ͼǹַ㣬ͷٴַϢѡ˸طȥˡ
εַһᣬҲȥȥˣɢʶ̽Ƭԭ
跢Ƭԭǿ㣬һصѹʶʹֻܿԲڵ
貢δ쳣ջʶҲ״ַ̬˰ʱͻָоΪһ
ַϲѣˣɵһ㶣һԼֲΡ
ôҲˣַ˵
΢Цɵܵܣ𣿡
ַŴ۵ʲôʱˣҽԺһֱûгȥ
Ц˵Сøǵġ˵εεҲ۾
ַѾˣ˵ʲôҲûˡ
ַʵ㣬֪ʲôطôҸоһ簡
ʱһ˵ȷһ磬ǿƶ硣
ַ˾ȵ˳ķȥֻһĽɫӰڿƮš
ַԾʵѵ
ӰٺٵЦţҾ̸۵
ַоͷˣɱλʹߣ֪ôԸԼ
趢ӰЦˣԭҲ尡
Ӱͷַɻʵ壿
͵򵥵˵ǲл꣬ʣµֻꡣʵҲǲɵ͹ġ
̾˿˵ʲôʵɵ͹ֻǻˣĻ̸ʵ
꿴ַ˵ҵǧˣˡ
˴һַʵңΪʲôѵ֪Ҫ
ǺǡЦЦ˵ǵֵܣΪһս䣬һг¼Ҽڣ¼һһ˼̳꣬ΪĴˡ
ַĿɿڴǸ˸òҰɣ
껵Ц˵ΪأַˣῪЦ
΢ЦܵǺ֮壬ʾѣΪǹĴ˰ɡ˵ͷ
ַڶڵǵâǹĸоԭ굷Ĺ
꿴ַ̾һ˵˵㶫Ҵȥɡ
ʲôַɻʵ
߱Žһأ
ַһ㶣뵽߱ŽѵǸ֮ˣ
ɫ껯һɫĹĻַǰȥַ㿴εĵͷС
Ҷ֪ˣʦѾȥˡεЩ˸еĲ쵽
ԭ衢εͳ˽ŶҲصʬˣεĴѰ䣬䣬Ӧַķ
εʬ壬ʹѣ衢İοʹƽַķǰ
Ӧַ˺ЯŶŮٷУǸеԭʱ򣬾ͿַڲƺˣϻһѰ׹ǺʹƬѪ
ͨӦַ֪㲢޴󰭣ǾԱ߿¾ַ֪ˡ
ʵܵܣǶѰ׹ô£
ַжʱˮǰǣΪ˾ҶԼַ˵ͷСš
ûЦΪ֪Ͼַʮ꣬ҸողֻǼѡ
ɫĻٶȺܿ죬ֻһɽ壬һƬƬȥ
ŹһʱɫĻͣһɽ⣬ɽȹȿһ޴ʯʯʮɣɣдѪĴ֣ȣ
һС֣߾ô
ɫĻ˵ˣǺҽȥɣסھڲʹƵᴥɽڵĽƶȥ
ַɻʵΪʲôʹѵɽҲ𣿡
ͷ˵Ƴ߷ʹá
ͬɻʵʹô
ʮׯص˵ôԴҼסûо˵ͬǧҪʹ÷ɽ˵ͷ˾ȡ
ʯһС·һֱ쵽ɽС·ӲݴɽʯֲڣһƬߣǸԼǧɵɽڡ
ƮŴַ˽ȥԼӲԶԶĿС·ľͷƺһ־ɫ̵ġ
ַ㲻ı߱˵ôԶ·ʹ÷ɽʹ÷ɽĻ͵ˣ
΢Цַĸ첲ܵܲҪļеʱ䣬߰ɡ
ַȻСţǾˣһҪ涨
Լӣַ߳˻ߵС·չǰĲӲɽʯɽˮлвݣ㣬ơ
һƬһƬ԰Ϫˮ֣вʵ裬΢ҲǺܵƤĲŪ˵ķߡ
ַһƬԾʵ̫ˣ
ȻȻǱߴɽʯΧ棬ĿռҲ㹻Բʮ
꿴ַ˵ıĵ˵ͷͦԺ˵Ķ
ָСɽַ˵߱Ž棬ȥɡ
ַ˵ͷСɽȥȻշСһصɽʧȥãַ˾ȵҪ
Ҫȥ˵ַֻһ˿Խ룬ֻȺ
ʮֵĲշУɽʧȥãֻôεȥˣȥˡ
ԶԶӦַǱȽϵģ³ʲô⡣
ַɽ£ǰһɽַЩͷۣɲϲɽǺںģҲ֪ʲô档
Σַ߽ɽɽȻֲַָ㾯ǰţ֪Ǹûŵʲôޡ
ַһȻû߳ڰǺںַһܱܲǺںģ𣡡
ˢһƷɽɽʱҫ
ַһĴܣܳʯʲôҲûС
ַһ¶ͷ亹ǰУûΪɽģܽš̫ˣ
һӣǰһƲʺĹâԶԶȥʥ
ַǰȥٽַſʺ߱Ž
߱Ž˸ֵĹâʺɫ
һѰɫĹŽɳΧַתѹŽҲɳΧת߱ŽĽܿĵӡ
ַָо߱Žģŵ˵ΧҸʲôϿûʲôóԵģ
߱Ž̶ַĽЦַ㣬壬ŮԼĸĸƤ
߱ŽĽ˸Źϵ壬ӦǹŽ֣ͨЩַ֪߱Ž֡
ͨ尵ɫĹŽΪ⣬ͨɫͨɫڤȪͨɫ磬ͨɫ£ͨɫĻϧͨɫıˮǼַȥɽڻһʺɫĹâַͱ߱Žɽ
ɫŽԶɵĽϷ裬ѹŽַ衪ַŮ·㡭
˳ԾĿַ㣬ĵ˵ͷҵʹѾˣߣ֪ɷ񣿡
ַ䵽ǰε˵ǰˣҵýʦأʦҵȻ
ꡰǺǡЦֻһƲлѣҲﲻʲôʵӦǹֻǹһʰ֮ˣԸˣǱֵܡȻѾǹĴˣԺҲﵽľ磬Ը⣬ͳƺΪɡ
ַ㡰ٺ١ЦҲãԺͺһɣҲҪ̰һһӶЦ



12 ֮
߱Ž˸Źâڿз裬Ľѡ
ٺٻЦַߣַĸ첲ҡΣܵܣװĵܵܣڻûкʵķɽأ߱һô
ַһЦ߰ѹŽСǶ
ַ϶вȻŽСܿ߱Žðƶַһжϲķһַǰ
˿棬߱ŽԼʶҶַǰ˳
ַЦһ˾ֱá
ĵĶҪϲˣ߱ŽȥҲ֪ѡһãֻÿַ㡣
ַһ㶣ʵôˣһˣ
ĵͷ֪ѡһãʲôصĵط𣿡
ַҲеȻǹŽӦһЩͨɽһĵطʽÿ⣬ӦñĵطҲͬ
ַ㿴꣬ꡰٺ١һЦңŽǹܣҿɲ֪Щĵط
ַȤĿ߱Ž˵ǰԼʵչһ¸ҿţ⣬߱Žɣ
ŽһöĽʱɰɫ˽ɫŽãʢǰСɽ֮ľɽʯ飬ˮŽһ¡˽ԱһĲл㱻ɢ˳Ծѡ
˻عʱѾɻأСɽѱΪƽأϻһֳֿ˴󾪣궼ԾѡŽַؿ˸Źãƺ
ַʮϲ⼸ŽŽĽ˵ԭôԺ߰ɡŽĽΧַ衣
ĵĿַ㣬Ϊַ׽㣬ĵϣַƽƽʹ˲١
еĹŽչʾһ飬ͨĽ˵ַ˶ԹŽ˳˽⡣
еĹŽһͬ㣬ԼʶǻҺʹϣν
ǹŽղתΪʹṩԪ
ŽΪͻŽߣħĹЧŽٶȵһ˲ƳҲǿ󣻱ˮŽǿ󣬶ҿԻˮַʽĹ¹ŽóΧĹʵǿɻɫַϧŽҲǴΧĹʵͬΪͻǿɷӡ֣ڤȪŽͬһлԵ½ƣ
ŽɫʵǿַǾȣǺ죿
̾һ˵߱ŽǹʯΪ壬ԼѪΪԼĲлΪġйµľԪ߱ŽΪǵˡ
ַһ߰ѹŽȻǹΪģ⾿Ϊʲô
Ҳֻҡͷ˵սûв룬Բ֪˹ڹΪҪҲ֪ӦĿĵģһǶ֪ġַ˵ͷ
ճѡ˺ɫĻϧŽַֽڤȪ͸裬͸ε겢ûзԣΪַԶ߱Žˣܺ˳ֽ߽ٻ
ַʵ磬㲻˵һﰡ
Ц˵𣿡˵꿴ǰƬΪŽʾٵĲӵء
ַԵεĸоΪʲô˵ڳɷϵˣĻǱذַʮֵĺڡ
ǺǡЦһ˵ȷһƬأǾȵˣȿ԰뷨ı̬лָơ֮Ķ͵ҪԼˡ
ַһ㶣˴أȻЩľѾ𣬵ϵĴҲ£һ롣
Լʱʱͳ׵ĻָԭðʧСɽҲ³ԭأֱĳ㡣
ַһǰĲƺۿɼٶȿήʧŵϳһſŻ磬糤ų䣬ʱ
ַ㾪ϲѣ̫Ҳʮֿģ˵ԺǾͿмˣġļҡ
ַɵİء֮ϻн֮֮֮֮֮ߵռ硣
ߴﵽ֮ԼС磬Ŀռ䣬ƬռԴ趨
֮ĹĶռ䣬ɴСɿչƽСɷռָڡ
ΪַĿռ䣬ַ֣̾еĶʹܳĸо
ǻϲĿŻϧŽ氮ḧŽ壬ϧŽɵɢźɫĹâΧųתˣ
Ҳ΢ЦſڤȪŽȴһڤȪŽҲһƮǰǾôһֱ֡š
εҡҡͷЦһץסڤȪŽС˵СһŪңôʰ㡣
Ȼô˵ǰĸڤȪڤȪŽĽˡĻ
εΪ̫ͣУַ㽫ΪŽٶģԱ֤ε鷳ʱܹȫˡ
ε֪ԼΪ̫ͣԲܹõһѹŽַû뵽ЩȻŽ͸ε
εεĶŽ˵ãҽεҵΪܵͣ㲻ԸҲûйϵڷǰߣҲġ
߱ŽͨĹŽŽȻε⣬ںЩȻַ㽫͸ε϶ͻһֱεߣַٻ
ŽãʢһС͵ļε½Ž˲εĽ£ʧŽεգз衣
ΪʹεģŽŽ¹ŽͱˮŽѹŽҲգΧε衣ַ㡢ȻҲŽ뷨ǻϧŽŽڤȪŽҲ衣
ϧŽãʢжʱ裻ڤȪãʢ˽ɫСꣻ±ˮãʢնʱѩ裻ŽãвɫķҶŽãʢʱеѩꡢҶΧεת衣
ŽεѹŽ׺ϣŽһѷŽͬѹŽʺΧεεижѣĵЦţһĵʱˡ
һǸҪһ죬ıŽҵ֣֮ɽŶʧһ󲻽֮ս⿪
ӽ𣬾ȵ磬ַ֮Ҳᱻʿ֪



13 СħŮ
Ϊַãַ㲢ıʲôǳɲôˡ
ΪȺ߱ŽϢϢأӵ˹ŽҲ൱ڰ֮ҪȸӡַΣŮ˵˼ʵǲ²͸
صЦţܵܣȳȥһ°ɡ
ַŴۿųС͵Цţַ㲻̺ίС죬۹⿴ַ㡣
ַͷҪˣµľһУȻ֪ǹģܲˡ
ַί˵ҵĵطҳȥǲ̫
ίӣַĸ첲ҡͣװĵܵܣͳȥһ°ɣĲǵ˵ֲǲˣǸ˾֪ͨ㻹𣿡
ַŴۿųҪ죿
Ц˵ȺǾ֪ͨ㣬ȲҪˡ
ַҲίųĸ첲ҡͣ㰡õܵЩȥʲôطܵܿĶʶ˵ôˣ
΢Ц㻹ǳȥһ°ɣȵΧͽˣǰڲһ£ﲻ㡣
ȻҲô˵ˣַҲ˵ʲôˣ̾˿˵ͷ
ۿ裬צָԼ˵ҲҪȥ𣿡
СƵͷ
Ҳί۹⿴ˣλкðɣֻǲлѣ޿ġ
У쵽ҲóȥΪôߣ㻹ʲô
еҪʹ޵ĸоҪɣô˵Ҳǧˣǲܸ˾ͰҸϳȥɡ
⻰ʵڳ꿴طɽֻʣ˲л꣬˸飬Ҫ뿪ȷʵ᲻ãȻֻмѡ
Ц˵ܾʵģȥɣ

ַͬ˰ʱĿ֮սһһҰܱϡ˾ȡ
֮һƬĵأͨĽ˵ַ֪ɽͷŶʧˣֻҪַ߹ǶɽȾͿ߳ȡ
ַͬʱ̾˿գ֮ˣ£˵һЩ㲻֪°ɡַ˵ͷ
ַ֮塣
ʵǺܲӵģÿ˵ƶǲͬģٶҲǲͬģΪҪǴ֮õƣġձ˵ǲӵģôӵ֮˵Ǻܴӵ֮߿Ա߸磬սĻָҲģΪʲôַͬʹߴս˰ʱͳ׻ָˡ
ַһ¾ȵĽƣǹ֮ʱƶɣͬ߱ŽĪϵʱ˽ƣЩƾǶԷɽĽƣھֻ߱ŽʹãķɽᱻѹƣǶԷгԽƵʵҲǹʵɣ
֮ΧʮڱǣҾϷͬнƣֻЩ赲˽ʶ֮̽ûĽơ
ʮĶַ˵Ƶ߱Žа⣬ҪúС
ַ˵ͷ磬ʲô취԰壿
̾˿ҡҡͷ˵ûа취ҵһΪá
˵ҲգĿַ㣬ܹеĿ
ַоԼ£εЦ˵Ժܼһ壬ʱ˴ġ
ʱӰص˵ϣĿַ㣬ǿ׶Ҫðˣ߬צ˵ȭͷƵġ
ַεͷ˵ѵѽҴˣԺ󲻺Ц𣬰ҵͷ
ַһٱᣬַǱ׵ġ
ַͷϹĴЦǸҴˣԭҰɡ
ͦͦͷҲ˦ǰȥַԹԵĸ
ַΧžΧתһȦַ㽫ȵΧŪ
ǾΧַֻȥתƵ϶ַȥˡ
ලַַ㲻Ĵţ㲻ҪǿţæŪºòã
Ŀ˿ַ˵ҿǲµġ
Уɣأ˼Ҹϳ˾ͱ˵ԼˣӰɣ
ԶʱĴУô껹û˸ôأ㲻߱ˣ
ַЦ˵˵ҰҾκˣô
ĴڵΪμװΪʲôҪҰæ
ַ̾˿˵νæˡ
˵ַ߰αСֹᱻϳԺúúҪԺҲᱻ˸ϳġ
ַ㿴ʵĻȫĶַһۣצסԼ
ַ˲ǣûȻᱻ˸ȥģɣ
ֻ۵ɵĶҪɳˣҲ찡Ϊʲô߻һһˣ
ַһ㶣û뵽ô˵ͻȻоʵɰģַЦš
ַ㲻צóѾγϰٿôԵ˾ȵΧ
һ죬ַֺ;֮䣬һԿţֱڶڽΧ˴
ַϥٵĻָʱͻȻо˽ӽΪԪӯǰڣоϤζ
һӰַǰ
һĺ£ںڵĳգõ廨㣬Ȼ
ַһ˹ӣеѽŮ
ַͷһŴĺ飬Դϲ˺ߣû뵽ȻǸɫ
һĿȫɢŵĽãʥ
ɫԵĿŮʲô֣
һ㶣ַ㣬ַͷʹѣСħŮǱȳǸСŮҪͷۡ
ַЦŶ˵ǡ
˵ַͷʲôϵҲ֪ѲѣˣҲ㲻ϳˡ
΢΢һЦޱȣ˫гĺģĻƿԡ
ַ㣬΢Ц˵ַӡ
еĺĶʱɢԾŴ죬°ͶҪˡַԲѪ˼Ŀȴһ仰Ҳ˵
ܵ˳صĴͷ˰βһžȷȥַɻʵʲô㲻˵㲻Щ𣿡
̾˿˵Ҳ̸һǰɡ˵ˡ
ַп˵ĿܲܲҪ˵˰ɣ
ЦһߵַǰϸĿַ㣬Ц˵ҿ˷Ŷܵ㣬ڿûҾͷˡ
ַһ㶣ҵ²ģϣԺҪ˵ǿʲôϵûС
˵˼Ҷ㱧㻹˵ûйϵ
ַˣ˿ҡҡͷ˵㵽
ЦҪ㡣
У
Ϊʲô
˵оǲСַﰵҾûӹˡ
ƵֻСֲ۾˼ҲˣҲ㱧ˣ˼Ժôء
ַοֱزû۾ȷҲˣַʮֺڣ֪Ͳôˡ
ַüͷЦ˵¾֪㲻˵Ҳ˵˲֪ġ
вУҪȢңءȻĿַһͷײԼͷ
ǡʱˣڿΪַ۸ˣַͷСͲϧ񰡣
ַʹıסͷΪῪĵģ˭֪һͷϽ˳ȥ
Се˭Ҫģǵ²ܣ
ίĵ˵ͷ˵ҲܣҲܣȥ˵һɵûӰˡ
ַԾԸƺҲ
ַվ˵ҪҲУǲ˵ĵĵ˵ͷ
ַȷȥַͻص˾ʯ˽ȥ
ͨڲϿȱС˺ö࣬ʯϿʻֲʵ衣Լһӣַ˾ȡ
ҲѾСɽ˸¥¥ƺΧţΧƾȵʯϲʢһڡȻǸжһССķƽ̨
¥ĺһС·ͨȵԶԶȥƺǲƺӦǻûü죬ڵľѾˡ
ԾĿһУ˵
ʵӾȵʯһֱһ˵Ưһ˵ʵƯһַʲôӣַʮַ꣬ΪʱҲ֪ʲôˡ



14 
ȿ˵ѾȻһ£߱ŽƮ¥ϷɢĹãַӵľȺ⣬ſ˫һĿַ㣬ַҲֻǻһ΢Цѡ
ʱ֪ð˳ַ˹ûַ㿪˵һŽ߷ڵأžһȭߡ
ַ㻹֪ʲô£ſڵϱͷţҸʲôˣ
ǻû֪ͨ㣬㾹Ȼֱܽˣ㲻˵ųˡ
ַˣΪȻˣٴҲ̫ԩˡ
ʱע⵽ַ֣֪ͣĹϵַ̫ˡ
εЦſ΢΢һЦ˵½ãҽַġ
ѣַͻȻеɲԸ˵ˡ
Ŀַ㣬ʵڲΪʲôַô
ַһۣС͵Ц˵ĸɵİ
Ұޣַ˵ʵǲ쵽Ϊħڳ޺ģŮ˻
üַ㲻е㲻ܵܽ쵽ôˣ
ʵҰޣʲôʱҵܵʶİôûܵ˵أ
ѽһַ̫㻹죬һ߷˳ȥ
ʮֲ˵Ů֮˵˵ǲʲôᣡ
ЦĻ֦Ҳڶʮƨɵַҡҡͷ
ųĸ첲˵Ŷ
Ժĵ˵ͷС˵Ժ۸͸ңôʰĵĵ˵ͷ
ַһƨ˵ϣŵĿŶŮͻȻУһǻþǣҶЩʲô
ʱε˹ַڵϣǽĵܵôˣû°ɣ
ַҵĸ첲ίĽղŵ˵һ顣
һ˫۾գ˼£΢Цĸ˸ַĳ˵ܵİɡ
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ϳ¡ⱻߵħڵӣ²Ѿ뿪ħڣʱ޴ȥǿ¡
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ַĻʱǰһ˹ȥ֪ǱŵĻǱ˹ȥ
ȵַ۵ʱŮѾˣֻǰƮſ
ַͬ˰㱧סί˵磬СħŮˣԺûкӹˡ
˳㣬ҿûйϵŮȥǸһط˳¥С·ܿˡ
˿ܣŮڣǽ˵ֵܣףˣ˵һ֮ûټ
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ַԽһ˵ϣ̫ˣַ֮¥С·ϡС·һʢ쳣ַ̤šȻĲ˽ȥ
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ŮԵĿַ㣬ַ㲻ɵЩ
ꡱЦ˳΢Ц˵ҪŪһƽ̨߱Ž㿴ô
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ַ֪߱ŽھڿǿŽʵ߱ŽıŽѾҪߵġ
ַ㿴˿ƬƺƬƺжףʮףھȵضΣǺһǣһƬϱƬƬ֡
ַĬĬıƽ̨ӣֻ˽µĲƺʧһ
ַɱۣʧĲƺϳ˵İԽԽŨ·һŰɫĵ̺
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ʯʮףʮףʮףмһ׿ѷ죬ÿѷжһ÷ĸھʯС
ַٻŽ߱Žٷ˾ʯǰ
ƬƬɫķҶĻŽƮ䵽ɫƽ̨ϣĹҶͻʧ·ƽ̨˰㣬ֻһЩķҶҶϵƮ䣬ֲϵʧһԶͣµĺꡣ
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ǳֻǵ˵ͷ˵ˣˡ˵۾״̬
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̾һг˸벻ᣬ˴ǰ£۾˻䵱С
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豾޷ڵģΪʿʹõ
ڤȪŽһߣòҲ˸ı䡣
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ڤȪŽƮţѾ͹Žﵽ
˳ǰڣǲȫȻĺܿ죬Ҳ˻ϧŽİûк͹Ž
ǹŽ˲ʾѣͨŬڽ˳ǰڡ
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ַΪǳԲ磬֮ڶ֪ݷﲻȻɻַͷ˺һӡ
ٳֻ֣˽ȵʱŻ֣Ϊ˾ȵô߽˴սȻûĶ֣ȴ̫ԪΪѾ˴ɳڣɢıԵַȴ֪



15 ɢ
һ죬ַ¿˿εڻˣ
ַһ΢ЦŮȥŮ߿ŶŮ׷ҲĵЦ
Ǻ׷֣ҲѾ֪ݣûʹһܷŵµˡ
ַĹϵҲǰַ࣬͵͵ʲôʱŻȢҰ
ַ΢Цͷ˵СѾͷҪ룬ҪȢ±ӰɣⱲ㻹ǹԹԵھȰɣ
ַ㲢ûнŽҲ⣬˵ȾѾˣϾ뿪ħڣ޴ȥ
ַ˵ĹϵԽԽãʱҲŶŮˣƺĺƽ
ʱԶ˹ոպ˴սһڹ⣬Գ˲֪
ɢʥĽɫâûܹɢˡ
˳һۣ̾˿˵ŮΪʲôΪǳǰڣ͹Ž֮𣿡
ҡҡͷС˵ÿﰡҿûôԡ
Եҡͷַ΢΢һЦ˵ûϵԺܱܵ㣡ĵĵ˵ͷ
ҡ˼ͷοȻߺ֣Ҳ˵˺ܶΣƺûȥʣѾˣˣսһʱ͵ɢ
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ڹһվڻУ˿¥ֿ˿ַˣ֮Ҳصƽ̨ȥˡ
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ϧŽζ˼±ʾӦɵ˾ʯǰŽԱͣ
һ׼ȣʱε˹ѾԪӤǰڣҲŽ
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΢Ц˵Ҫȥɼ죬ȥ𣿡
εԳһ˵粻˵ǳȵ𣿡
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ʱһԪӤʿɨ˳һתͷȥߵļС˵ʲô
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·ԺһҪɱˣߺһ¡Ƿȥ



16 
ɢʹþȵ߹Ž𶯲ѣ޴ʹȾ
衢εͬʱۣǰ龰˴һ
ˮ裬ֵлɽʯ飬߱ŽڿдŹã𶯲ѣεоڤȪʹߺޡ
߱Žǧ꣬ϵİ߱ŽŽ߽ͨܵɢ
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ͨڤȪε֪ɢ飬ŮҲĲѣͬʱӵַİȫ
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ĿεֺĿʣµıŽΪ߽֮һЩȫ
轫˽˵һ飬ַ֪鷳Ĳѡ
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ȵ׵СɺļһȦҲûҵַ㣬˳źѰȥȻûҵַ㣬Ϊַ֪ȥˡ



17 ䷲
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ַ۾ɻĿǰС̶˭ô
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ȵʹ̻˹ȥҲð亹ҡͷ⣬ַȥ



18 Ϊ
ַ㻻һҾ¥һ٣úģҪҵ档
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19 
ַһ˺Զͣ½Ųͷȥûи
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˺ħڵĵӣҲֻǶѣ˲ٿ˵ˣһһѰַ㡣
Ҳٴ˳ַӦæѰңͳһѰַĵ·
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20 
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ʱ䲻ΪַָԪӤû˵ѹŽѾƣŽѾΪˣֻ¹Žʹ¿ԼַָԪӤַԪӤѾָ˾ųɶ࣬¹Žȫָš
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Ĳѣ֪ԼµĶ֣ҧץַ㣬սɫķɽȫע뵽ɽд˰ɫ顣
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һУֻֻǲʹߵ
Ž¹Žɵĸַߡ³ԾĿŽ˹ŽǿĽܹ꣬Ըģַ㣬ԥ˶ߡ
ɫġ족ɢĹã



21 ߻ħ
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ַȫҲ˫ۺɫ仯ţַսȭͷХ˫ٴδһںڵƽĪȥ
ƽĪԿţ޷ƶ壬ƽҵӼæǰ赲ںڵַҵԪƽҵӿԶԿġ
ƽҵӶʱûƽĪŭʹȫҪ⣬ѹʹãʺһ֮ԱһƻɢڵƽҵѾʣûʲôΣա



22 һ
һŽʺұۣŽʱãʢʺһѪɳȥŽһ֮´̴ƽĪļ粿ƽĪңŽʱãʢ˳ȥƽĪѪڵء
ʺ˲ƽĪ߽ϻû°ɣ
ƽĪһ˵û¡û¾͹ˣλСֵܸոħҪʱȥĹͻˣ
ʺһ˵ұ˵Ҫȥȥ˲ҪңƽĪ̾˿йŽǶ˵ȷǶ֡
ŽŽ˵ĻûٶԸˣŽãַڣŽʱѹסַַʱѹ
ַ˫۱ʺ˼æʵСֵ𣿡ַһ㶣о쳣Ž࿹ַɻʺˡ
ô£ʺ鼱æ˵СֵܸϿ˹еĵַһ㶣ʼ˹Ϊɫָⷢ
ʺҡͷ̫ˣΪҪܳʱ䡣ħᱩңʱԽΣԽ󣡡
ַε˵˵ô죿ʺǰһ䣬ӾͺΪ׼
ַһ㶣еҲûð˰ɣ
ʺһ˵ĵĻ㡣
ַЦҲֻ÷ɽֿʹǽ
ʺһ㶣ŵĿַ㣺㶼Ϊ˾Ȼǽַεĵ˵ͷ
ʺ̾˿˵û취ˣվű𶯣㣡
ַüͷôң𣿡
ʺҡҡͷֵͷַŴ˵ҡͷֵͷʲô˼
ʺЦ˵ǰ㣬ǰǰڱҵ
ַ㶵ʵôң
ʺͦͦ˵㣡
ַԲεۿ𣡡
ʺٺٻЦţİɡ˵ʺ˫ƺϻʼ
ʺ˫ۿʼھֻʺ˫ƴʼɢŽɫĹãʺͻȻ۾˫־ٹͷȵ£ѩһնǬѩ죡ѩƣ
ʺ˫۱˽ɫ˫أǰֺǰһƣɫӡһǰһַ㡣
δƷַ㳤裺ҪҰַ޷ƶֻǰƶֵ˫ơ
ѩʺľƣмЩʮ㡣ѩǰ˵Уƶ飬ĥԷԪлĥԷ
鲻ַܶԸģϾ֮ϡǰһֱӽַ˳ȥַڵӱңŽɳַڡַ㻹δصڶֵˣһ赭дֱӴַ϶ɢˣַһѪ׹ڵϡ
ʺĵ˵ͷڶƳɹַڣַڱҵ׶ɣַѾʺħ˻ѹŽ˦˵ϣŽŭɢŴ̶Ľʺ顣
ʺ鼱æģλ񽣴粻ҪֻΪ˰Сֵܶѣû˺˼ŽֹͣŽָʺıӣʺһǰȥɢˡ
ʺȫ亹ĶǰŽƽĪ￴ɵùЦ
ƽĪֱӶıϣƽĪͷð亹һźԺ£ʺ鲻ɵ˫ģĿԼƽĪ￴űǰŽЦá
ʺջûסŶӵڵϹЦлѾ׹Ž˺ˡڶԹۿƽ³ǵҲЦġ
ַκվ˿ûаȽһַϡŽٷɵַߣòŽŽַؿڣɵɢĽ
ַ΢΢һЦŽŽɵַĻζ˵ʲôַͨ˼ıŽ׷ϲĥ£Ľַ֪Ѿ¸Ǳ䱾µ·ȫĽȥıӦĽߴ·
ַ㡰ЩЦҡҡͷ˵Լ˼ĽԶһЩ׷£һҪҵħڵڡ
ŽѸٽַ˼ͨŽ֮ϵʽ͸ڤȪĽĽַ˼ȴԶ͵͵ĸ£ܰĵĴˣ֪Ľڸ
ƽ³ַϥŽΧַΪ飬̶̵ַͳ׻ָˡ
ƽ³ǵѾسڣʺƽĪﾲȴַĻַָͿʺ΢ЦĿԼ
ַ΢΢һЦһ񣺡лǰ¸м
ʺ΢ЦСֵܿˣҶ˱СֵܣʹСֵħҶӦСֵܡ˵ŶҲ
ַЦλǰˣַ㣡
ʺҲЦַСֵˬ죬Ϊʺ飬ߵλСӽƽĪ
ַ㶵ĿƽĪƽĪһʺͷЦС˵һˣͱַǰЦˡ
ַͷ߿ƽĪпţгС˻Ц
ʺƽĪĻ˵ͷǺǣ˴Сһ棬֣ѾϰˣַĪЦַ΢΢һЦͷ
ʺ˽ַƽ³ǣַ΢ЦŽ뵽ľ¥УܼĵΪַ˰һ侲ңΪһζ˰ѾԻ
ŽŽŽַǰͽ뵽ַȥˣŽʱʱ̸̿ڤȪŽϵţʱַͨ
ַͬʺ顢ƽĪ˺ַ֪ܶ࣬ʺƽĪʵݣҲԼʵݸʺˣǾǾ֮
ʺ˵ַ֪Ǿ֮һַܲԭ򣬶˾ͽ⼸ȵַ˵һ£ַҲһΪξٳˡŽɢַ㣬ַ֪Ѿɢʹ˺ܶľơ
һֱĵʺ˲ŸȥַһڵϷ˺ܶ࣬뵽˺ͳ뵽ھڶĽҲ뵽˸ոȥ
ַ㳤̾һ˫۽Уڶʱ֣Žַ㣬ѾصħڣڤȪĽڵȺַǰַһ̤ŽŽЯַ˲ƶȥ
Ž缱ٷɱż˲ƣ˴˲ƺַıԵ
һƬԭʼɭ֮ڣڶҰ࣬Ƭһֲֲ֪ǣֲǸݾ
ַͷֹطȻħڵڣħڿ湻аġ˵һַڤȪĽڵĵط
ڤȪŽϧŽ¹ŽˮŽַ˻Χתַ΢΢һЦǰ
ǰһƬտشһӵĴ߼ʮɣɣͨΪɫһͨڣһĹԸվħڵӣڲںģħƺƽ
ַͷۺڰĵطһ߽߽ԹԵ
ַ㻵Цһ߽˵ǰǸںĶ𣬸Ұٵѵ˵Ϊ͸Ū
߽ɢĽħڵĴħ³һ˳صڣ鲨󣡡
鲨ͨõһֽԾΪú鹥С
ħڵȫصڣʱһɫĻְɲǼ令Ľƾճ߽
߽˲ɢܣʱѩ׷ɣ裬죬꽣硣Žһɫڸ߿˻𣬶ʱɫ춯ɫ״á
ɫɢĽƾճ֣õɫ־ҵĲţۿҪɢһ׺䶥ֶʱƣ߽ã߽һ赲ٽһɢħħ˺ħڵĿʦħıħ߽ȶˡ
ħһͷ޴ɫ飬һ˫ѪĴɨ߽ħΪ˱ӻ󱲵ӣԪʱľԪֻʹһΡ
˫צѪ䳤ץ߽߽ҵֿܿ˻׷߽
ַ״˵ֱӹ飬ı룬ڲըһ鱻ըɢ顣
ŭתץַ㣬ַһɳȥͻȻãһŽַߴַ˲ƶȥ˿ռ׷ϣ߽ͬʱŹã赲ס顣
ŽзɵַУŽٷŽ¹Ž˸ɫĹãȷ⣬ŽãһȻһʣµŽҲŽϳһ塣
Žʱ䣬ɫã˲תΪɫã̶̵ɫ˿ӽĩչж˸֣ɣ



23 򾪱
ͨɫɫ˿ڶַԪӤת޾뵽ַڣȫʹ
ַ쳤Хɢвľҷһɶȥ
һɣˡħɡ죡
оΣ־Զ
ַڳȫɢŽɫĹãͻȻַı˫ɫɫβַַ״ǵ͵Ĺ״̬
ַԪӤԪӤǲͬģǹľԪַǴ˵еĹֻбĹȫӳɵ
ַ˫ãΪһ̱൱ɢɳڵΪ
ַɼ׷飬ɲǼ׷顣ַȫŽãǰһ˸Žã͸š
Ŀǰɵַ㱳ӰͻȻ۾˻ؿһ˴С˿ڴɢɫĹãŽеħ⡣
˻ţ˿ڴʼɫѷ죬ܿȫɫѷ죬ȫˣı̳ȫɢˡ
еħڵӿֻŲѣأǲɢеӣħڽɢˡ
ַ㱻ɹŽǣֱָ죬һʶַԺУַȵֻأֻ˺һȻ
ɫȫڰַȫɢҫ۵ɫã߱ŵľ޴ɽӰǰ˸ܼĽɫ硣
ͻȻ߱Ӱһһɫãħڴһ춯صľ죬ؾҲһҫ۵ĽãɴɢŴһֱֱСͣ£𣬴ҲȫΪɻңеħڵȫҲûӵһѡ
ַ㷴ս˫֣˫˸Žãɨ·飬·ԲڹͺһƬ³˰ס
ַ㳤̾һħڸˣͳĳҲˡַĺһָԭɫҲָ
ͻȻɫ˺ɫַһ㶿գֻкƹɫ˸䡣ɲǼеַ㣬ٴǣַ巴ǰӶɣһɫĹã硣
顭
ôеȫɢɫã죬ãɢˡ
ƻ仯ţһ۾״һֵֻģ̫ͼģеĺɢˡ
һʶַԺַһȵҪΪı˷ͿԸıˣһǻȥģڶǲװģַ˫ɢҫ۽ãǧǬеȫַŭ
ڷɱ衢εȫͣ
Ŀգܵܡ
ҲǴĿգܵܡ
ԵĹĻԾĿ죺ַΪȻ˸֮
εĿ˿죬תȷȥҲƺоʲôԼȷȥ
ɽ׹ڣܳںﾲͤյĺŲ裬ͻȻַŭ𣬶˲ԼͬĽеĲˮ˳Ƕ桭
ַƽַһã˾ȣһľͳˡ
ȥַ㣬߽һΪɣַ߽˽ˡ
򾪱䣬Ϊ𾪣κΪ޷˲ƣʶ޷ϣԪӤԺ߲ٸıԼ̬ˡ
ıˣΪ
Ϊɻַ˵Щ
һǻȥġǡ˭㡱˭ЩҪַȥ̽Ǹʱһжı䡣
衢ڷɱַָԭӣ񽣷Ϊַ߽㣬һĲʺ磻׹ܳΪﾲһҶﾲ׷ţƽ³ʺƽĪڻࡰСӡ͡Сӡĺš
һжôƽһжôãոգ߶ڱԹǸķҲһŷ
һλ׷ԲԵ΢ЦգĴ顣
λߵͷ΢ЦĴˣɹˣɰɣԺҪ͹Ĵˣ˵תήήˡ



24 ɽ׹
ҹڷߣµգһʺ˾ȡ
ƽ̨֮Ͻʺ绯һŲɫĻƽ̨֮ϣɫĻ˲ʧַվƽ̨ϣ߱ŽԶɵСɽǰŶС
֮ع飬ȷˣٻޣƼһ죬ʺ˸
ַ΢΢һЦֶתͷ߽ҵλεӻ
ڤȪŽ˸ҫ۽ãХȥŽãһ˲ƶȥȻıˣŽûܵӰ죬ΨŽ˲ơ
ϧŽζ²ˣַһ㶣еĴеҽ㻹ûк𣿡ϧŽ˸ǻӦַ㡣
ַЦֺݺݵԼͷѽ㣬㾹Ȼô˲ȣҪͻϧɣַ㳤̧̾ͷʣµŽƬƬҶԡ
Ž˲εԣڸ·ε翪ĵЦһ£δ˵ŽɵĽ´˲ƶȥεһ㶣΢΢һЦַǰص𣿡
ŽͨεһУεַ֪㸲ħںѾϻ˾ȣĵЦˡ
ε˲ƣεһϻ˾ȣŽεƽ̨ϣŽɻСɽǰС
εű˫ŹŽַ㱳Ӱε˫ֺ˫΢΢ףһ׼Ů񣺡μǰ
ַȫһתεַ㿪ĵЦˡ֮ãּˡˡ
ַ˫ֽסεεȫһĿַĳ
ַ㱧εôɿεεĵͷСǰôˣ
ַ΢΢һЦ˵Ժýǰˣھȴ࣬ǹŽˣԺǾԽơ
εһ㶣˵ҡ
ַ΢ЦţĿεεӵĺˣεͷӦˡ
ַ㿪ĵЦˣº͵εҲˣȥϢһ°ɡε˵ͷת¥ȥ
ַ΢Цɨܣһ׷ɵҹǹ˸ţˮ̶ڵ׷ţŽƮš
ַ̾˿΢Ҫһʯ񣬿ǰʲôҲûзȻôƽַһ㶿ŽŽַͨԭ
ԭط򱻸ı󣬲ܵƣеĽҲʧȥãڲƷɽĽˣıҲʧȥá
ַЦֻʯ־Ե̡
ҹܿ͹ȥˣûй
峿һбεķ䣬ε˹ıҲҪϢˣԳʱϢһΡ
ε۾߳¥ĵһ۾Ϳַڵʯ
ʯȣֻǣ۾ıӣַڿʯβ
εȵĴеǣ˧
ַ֣ͣͷߣһŴĺԺ£ַȿ޻ѿ
εĿַ㣬ַεЦЦ˵ôϵ̵ֻܿ˧ɣεͷĵΧʯתȦ
ַվת¥ȥε˵ˣ
ַͣ½Ųתʯ˵ͷε˿ʯ˵β㻹ûпء
ַεҲ֪ÿ̳ʲôӣһٿ̡
εĵ˵̰ɣ
ַŴۿεþòŴĵ˵ͷַת¥
ַԼķ䣬ڴϱԴﵽôɡΣΰ
ƽ̨εʼβͣϸĵصţֱſ꣬εһ¶ͷĺĵĿ
εַ㣬ַ˫߳¥ʵе㲻ҿʯˡ
εַʯǰַ۾
ͻȻַ޵ĸоΪʯβ;ȻβͣҾȻǾ͵ģ
ַᣬҸطһ
εַ֪Щ뷨ַָ֣βͿĵ˵Ҽβ̵ͣĺɣ
ַƤЦⲻЦ̫ˡֱΩΩФεַĻӿˡ
ʱɽھڻţַЦ㣡
䣬һãɽ˾ȣ䵽ƽ̨ϣֳӰ
һ£Ʈݣˡַ㼤ѣַҲǳĽܵܡıסַ㡣
ַҲĵЦţ˵Ҫˣ꣬ٴμַܲģ
ܶ˱˺ܾãεɵվһԡɿַǣַ㽫裬ַ㲢û˵
΢΢һЦ󿴵ʯһ㶣Ц˵ʯǵ̵ܵܵ𣿺ֻܲΪʲôܵҪͷϼһأ
ַԶͷȫ亹Ц˵ϵдģԾŪˡ
΢΢һЦ󽥽ͷַҲͷҶ֪ˡεҲͷ
ôǵģôȵɴڡ
ͻȻ̧ͷĴʵأѵûл𣿡
ַȻûк͹ŽҲ֪˷Ҫúɣ㶵ص˵ͷ
ЯڷٸȣͻȻ˸ӿˤɻͷ֣Ϊʲôһأ΢΢һЦ˼·
Źڻص˾ȣַ㿪ĵӵһ𣬹пĿžȡ
ʯ񣬾ȵ˵ÿɰַԶʱε
ºַǰɽ
£ںͻϧŽ
ַʵԭҪҳЦһӡ˹ͬһΩΩФ񣬼˹Ľ˹ŽСɽһߡȻַҲŵһߣַֻܿЦõͷƺá
ַҪȥ׹ۿܳ壬ҲͷƺãһڳĴǰɽϵ׹ۡ
ɽھȵǧ⣬ڷĸı䣬ǧľ˵ҲңԶˣߵķٶȱ󽵵ַ͡ȻйŽǹŽٶҲˣҾĲϰ˰ɽ
ɽ߿ɴ죬׹۾ڰɽ֮ϡ
ַ˰ɽ£ַ̧ͷŰɽ΢΢һЦУ̵ܳڲڣӼ衢ε˽͵Ц
鱻ؾȺڳĽ£ַ㽫ˮŽ˹飬ڹʵַ㣬ַҲǽơ
鲻ҲˮŽһˡ
׹ܳĽ̵ļʦܣͻȻַ˹ܳһ㶣ޱȣļʦܳԾĿܡ
ʱһ׹ɽ·ȥܳвüæɽ¡
ɽµַڵȴţͻȻһɫɽХ跴Ӧ٣ڤȪŽȫɳɽײһڤȪŽãʢɫķɽ
ڤȪŽɻصıϣһȵã׹۵Ĵ֮𣡡
һӰַǰһλ׷Բԣɷǵߣ죬׹۵Ŀɽʦ
Ծַ㼸˱ϵĹŽ˵λСʶ
ַ΢΢һЦǰһַ㣬ܳˣ˾Ϊѡ
۳ĺ΢Ц֪λСΪɣ
ַ΢΢һЦ裬΢΢һЦǰǰҵȼԾȣַܾܵǾȵˡ
ԾĿ˿ַ㣬ֿ˿輸ˣڷıˣ޷ΪҲַ֪˵Ϊ絽׵˺־硣
Ͼǻǧķʵ㣬΢΢һЦ֪֮ܵе֮¡
̷ַ죺ǰ򲻿ɣҵȼСǰ˴Ž˵׹ۿɽʦ촴ɣ߰Ի͵ҲĽþãɽҪݼݼλʦ
ЦתĻ˵ЩɣҲһˣôӭأĻܳε˳
ܳ˫ϥһݣܳݼ档ַһ㶣ȵλߡ
ǺһЦܳ壺ض񣬿ЩַСӭɽɡ
˵ַͷ΢ЦΪСѴ·
ܳԳһһλǧǰȻΪһ·Щ˼顣
˵ɴ۾ַҲޱȣû뵽ǰλ߾Ȼ׹۵Ŀɽʦ죬ǸϹŶ
ٺһЦǰлǰˣǰܣɽȿɡ
ǺһЦ˵תɽȥַΣֻĸɽϵ׹ȥ
ܳ΢ЦַԣʦûмӣƢǺͰѲسԾַ΢΢һЦͷ



25 
ַ˸˰ɽ
ɽɽƣ׹ɺȺ衣
ĵĿзɺףõ㣬ץֻɺ׻ȥźòã
谮ı˵̰ģɺ˼ҵģôץأͷ˵
ų͹ַָĺ棬ε档Žڣεʵ˵ǾǿģεҪҵİȫ
ε˫֣Ųӱ۹۰˷ֲʧһ˿ȡ
ǰַܳںٺˣһ˿νǺƺݣ֡
׹۲ɵڶֻ࣬аٶӣ׹۾Ӣ࣬ԪӤϵ߾аʮˣʮˣ϶ʮˡ׹۶ɽʿˣʿˣɢɣʦƺ֮ľ֣
׹Զÿ궼ݷ׹ۣ׹ͽΪϸʱŻյһӡַ׹⣬˽𺳵Ŀǰ׹ۡ
׹ûиߴĵãûоµԺ䣬ûкĸšɽ֮ߴʯϣʯϵɺʯʯ߼ʮɣһʯҼ֮䣬顰׹ۡ֡
ʯ֮ʮƽľ壬ٶףŵһġڡƽ̨ƽ̨֮ķ
ƽ̨֮󣬰֮䣬ɽ͸¶ڰ֮ϣСƽ̨ɽ֮ϡһߵɽһϣǾ׹۵Ľɺ׹ۡ
ɽ֣֮һֻɺ׷䣬ɾ
һˣתַ΢΢һЦСк¿ɾܵ׹࣬ȥҲ˵նȥ
ַܳ㱧ȭ˵һ롱ֺ˰ƽ̨֮ϣַ΢΢һЦ˹ȥ輸Ҳ˹ȥ
ܳ΢Цָ˵ƽ̨ҹ۲ܷеĵסڣҲ潲֮ءΪסķΪ֮
ַ˵ͷܳ磬СģʦģͲýЩ˰ɡ
ܳһ㶣磿ΪνҴأ
ַ΢΢һЦ˵ѵҲܽ𣿡ܳĿַ㣬ֿˣҲֻ΢Ц
ܳһ˵ǲҪ°æѿɾܿڣˣֻҪõһַԴЦ輸Ҳ͵Цš
ܳüͷʵЦʲô
ַЦҡͷ˵ܳ尡ܳ壬ǲǻǵûҰ֮صϷأǴ˴ǰֻΪ˿һ¶ѡ
ܳεͷԭֻǺǣλѵҵķ̸ɣַ㼸˵˵ͷ
ܳתһɽķݷȥַ˽档ܳķֻɽкͨһ䷿󣬷ǰһС͵ƽַ̨ܳ㼸ƽ̨Ͻ˷С
Ҳܼ򵥣һŴһӣһӣһܺϷһЩ򵥵󷨵鼮ҲΪ㡣
ΧܳӽָȡˮΪַ㼸ϡ
ַ΢΢һЦ˵ǵǰҺܳСɽʱСܸո߳ɽû뵽һգȥˡ
ܳҲ΢΢һЦʱҿҪˣһշеĸоû뵽ѹ˷ѣҲܿЦǵúַѾȻаŮװƭ£ַЦͳˣͳҲ͵Цš
ε͹ϲҵ£ŮͬĴߵô°˵˵
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˵ʱַˣҶɻĿַ۽һᣬַ΢΢һЦ˵˳ҵ֪鶼ĵĵͷ
ַЦ˵첻̸£˵İɡ
ܳ˵ͷ˵ʮǰһεᣬеɶԲμӡһᣬ߽ɲսʤ߻нҵʤڵҲ֪ѿμӣ
ַ뿴裬΢΢һЦǾȵˣʲôǶ֧ġε͹Ҳͷǡ
ܳһ㶣ַ㣬ַ֪Ǿȵˡ
ַһ˵罻ҵģҲΪ˾ȵ϶׳Ȼǲμӣ
ܳЦѾȻǾ֮δ׹۲زμˡ
ַһ㶣ΪʲôܳЦÿɿɳʮ˲սѡǰʤߣһˣ¡
Ц˵ܵǾ֮ǲܲμӵģúεΪͣҲʺϲμӡ
ַҲ˵ͷ˵ȻҺͲμˣεʵҲǿμӰɡ
εҪܾͳͷӦˣֻҲӦˡ
ܳΪַ㼸˰˷ȱ
ʮܿ͹ȥˣʮַݷƺλǰ衢εͳҪûиȥַ˺ú׼
ƺַ㽻̸˺ܾãַĶ࣬ƺҲԾһЩ˽⡣ַ˵ɽݷãΪԺȺ׹۵Ľشá
죬һҪϢ磺ʥ֮˵ľ״¶սᣡ
ڶ߾ۼĻ᳡Ҫһþ֮ɣһ׹ȡʤص׹ṩĵصǰɽ¡
һδһΣΪȵĳ˲ٵߡ
һ죬ڰɽһտƽԭϾۼߣߵıΪƽԭԶһɽڣ졢ƺС
ɽһߴƽ̨˸ɵƺ룬ַ͹ߡ
ƽ̨֮ɽ˺Ѿɽȣеͨƺ׵ĴĻۿڵ
ƺ׹ͬĬھ֮ϳһӰɽڶĶˡ
ھ̫أھַͬ󣬾ȵһ˴սһΪɵĵӺض
ҲŴɣضΪڵΪѾԲΪˡ
ضò£úɫɽһ񣺡ضǰ
豳ڤȪŽ΢΢һЦضÿˣǵ㵽Ϊֹ
ض΢΢һЦǰ顣΢Ц
վɽɽڣƮԶ΢΢һЦ˵㵽ΪֹλСѿԿʼˡ
ɽѻȸ˶ŵĶӰе衣ضȳ֣սȣĩ𣡡
ɫɽֶΧźضת˼ȦһɫĹӰźضͻȻɫɽΪ𽣳衣
һֱĿţ۴򶷾貢ûж٣ڤȪŽһһĴܺý
ɫٽ֮ʱͻȻһԾ𣬺ɫһת衣΢΢һЦܣضһ㶣ҧزٿطɽ׷׷һӣȻûг֡
ڶ߻ȻôȵǶ㣿ѵǲ𣿡
ƽ̨֮ϵַ΢΢һЦû˵˵ˣ˼ұǿžˣΪʲôҪ˵˵ǵģеԵŹ飬ַһ亹һסˡ
ƺ΢Цſ˿飬ۿɶţض費֣ջطɽշɽ׷衣
΢΢һЦضÿż
˵һڤȪŽӦضٶȼ죬ضܲὣ赲ֻһɫɽΪأضˤڵأڤȪŽָͷ
ضԾ裬΢΢һЦ
΢Цһ־ʿʤ
еĿɿڴΪ貢ûҲûھֻһƷ˺ضʵʵ̫ǿˡ
Ծַ㣬ضΪ֪ģһоͱȵʿƷַ֮ǺΪ
ɳɴӳսӶˣʣµĵҲˡ
ɴӻ١ɵһʵӣΪﵽ˶ɽڣϣǰˡ
վɽ΢ЦŻ١١ħߣ۵Ķ費
΢΢һЦʼ
һԾ˫ֺʮһɫ١١ٳһƵķɽֱӴɫֻɽãʢɢ˽ɫ衣
һ߿޷ܿɲһߡڤȪŽǣһ֮ɲǼĵطɫɽʯڣʱʯ衣
١΢΢һչ裬ɫɽҲɻؼл裬΢΢һЦ˫ֺʮʱȫãʢɫΧתı
ֱ١ͺɫɽ١־飬гһɫ塣١ץ˷Ľɫź죬ɢɫҲʧˣɫķɽˡ
ɫɽХһٴδӱ裬һڤȪŽ˹ȥ١ץסյĺɫɽһӣһɫ裬סڤȪŽתһȦ˳ƻӳһɫ
֣ɢ١˫ʱ˵ɫų裬赹һһɢż裬ὣǰסš
飬赹
١״̾ۼһž޴ĺɫŴ裬Ȼ΢΢һЦڤȪŽŽɫײһصɽڡ
ͻȻһ⴩˺ų١١һὣ赲
һںɫɽ𣬻١һѪصˤ˵ϣɫɽҲֲߡ
ĺɫ¼裬ͨڤȪŽĸ֪֪ˣ΢΢һЦ˫ʱɫܳɫš죬ɫȫɢˡ
١ŵ裬ڤȪŽƮԣҲ䵽ǰһԼĳޱȣˣڶ߲Ϊ֮һ
΢΢һЦһˣ
١Ҳ裬һ˦˦ͷٴһۣ١̾һɫɽɳɽȡ
΢΢һЦ˵ʿʤ
ƺ׵˳
ڶһƬȻɵ֣뵽ȱΪߵʥءͺùˡ
ַŷɵǰ΢΢һЦ迴ַҲĵЦˡȵһսʤ



26 ɽ
ȳսʤһ֮ɣ磬֮ڶ֪֮ɢٴ֡
εЦǵģҲĵĿ˿ַ㣬ַ΢΢һЦվԣɣĵڶսεɡ
˵ͷεֿĵ˵εüรȵǲܱȥӴε΢΢һЦַ㲻
ַ΢ЦŶε˵εҪע⣬ŽʵǿҪ˳ε˫ۼᶨ΢΢һЦ˵ͷ
λ˻㿴ңҿ㣬ûַܹ˵ĹŽк⣬ȵʵҲǿ϶ģɱǴɣϣǰ壬˭֪սԾȾȫˡ
˴սڶ࣬нǧˣɶɣԼһһսʤ߿Խһʣ嵽ʮɻоѡʤٴζսѡΣ
ΪͷϷڶĲ߻Ṳͬɽȣɼλ˾صǰΪСɵ̨֮ϣе߿죬챧ȭ˵ȽմڴѸλ㵽ΪֹΥ߽ᱻȡʸڣʽʼλСѽɽȡ
죬ʮɵĲ߽ɽȣʱɽ̳Ұ
ַε뿪ַ㲻ϲֵĵطƺַͷһЦۿȥˡ
ַ輸ɽһ±ߣµİַ㳤̾˿΢΢һЦʵܵʲô£˵ôɡ
ַͷĬŮվַıþַĺһڵߴŽ˵ķı磬˭ôͨȻԸı磿
üܵ˵
ַͷ̾˿Ҫдˡ
ͻȻַúܼᶨתŮ˵ǸҪԸңº߽йأǱڹؼʱ̿Ժ繲ֿͬѣǶȥ
輸˳һ˵ô֪Ϣģ
ַĬţһ˵ҵֱдѡ
ַ㲢ûнɵ¸ŮַоƺǸ˺ںɽңܾΪɡ
ַأɢû˿Ը׷ʲô£ԼΪߣ׼ȷ˵ÿζǿŹŽ
ַͻȻסˣŽַ˵֡
輸˽һ㶣ƺҲ뵽ʲôͬʱ˵ҵ׾Ȼ߹Žַû˵ŮҲͷ
˵ǧǰλͬһ˴սеĹ䣬е쵼Ҳƺʲôľ˱Ԫ߹ŽþԪֲڣ˽ַ㣬ľȣ
ŮҲأַһֱš֣ͻȻַ۾ŮɻĿַ㡣
ַȫʱɢҫ۹ã޴ַɢŮûô¾ͱ޴ײ˳ȥ
ŮԴĿַ㣬Ƚֵģ֣㣬ܵôˣΪʲôҲҡҡͷ
ַˡ֣˽һӦ׷Ž֮ӦԼ֮ΪľѪ˹ŽַڵԪӤ׹񵽵Ҫʲôַץסһ˿򽥽˹֮
ǧǰսǧˣǹȷڹ
ַ㱾ǹĴˣ־ɡַ˹֮Ǽ򵥵ַ֮Ĺ֮֮ͬǰַ֮ĵһ޶һַľڸıţš
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ԾĿ˿ƺףƺҲһͷˮռַ˻ȥɽַ쿪˫ŮչŽַ赲ס
ɽ֮ӿ磬˫ɫĹã˫սּнˮŽ˫ɢˮŽתɫĻӱˮŽڷɳӻסˡҲŽΪĻס˼ˡ
εûж֣Ĳɫ˼ʲôٻĻ赲ףҲף׵̫ˣҲ輸˵
ֻٻ컨˲ͱ״飬Ҳֻ˼ףۿ׾ҪײĻ
ʱεˣֻһãĻš䡱ǰļըˡ
Žٶ£ֻɫĹãڹĻǰ˸ţһɫĹĻƵģ˰ַ㼸˵ĹĻ⡣
εҧҧһʱɫĻǰƣ׺ɫĹĻ϶ɢεŹŽǰȥǰ׵Ӱˡ
ͻȻɳԶŽ˲صεߣ衢鶼εҪʲôɻĿε
εͷĿַһַۣ㲻֪ʱѾ˫ִ£ɽı۾ʯվ
ε񽥽üᶨ͵ĻعͷϵףһʳָԼĶͷϣεĶͷʼѪָȾˡ
͹һ㶾ҪֹǱסˣҲɻ󣬲ε
εָȫȾ˺ɫŽƮǰεȡָŽĽϣ۾˵֮꣬Ϊ׺֮ԪΪ񷡣
ͻȻεȫɫŽεתε۾Ų񷣡
εɫȹҡڣ˫ֺʮأ˫ãһ˫ƾա

ɫķΧε˼תţɫԽԽŨءһģɫŲˣŵεˣַɽ˫ۣһж֪
εٵסŽ˳һԾɫһķתųգʱɫη绯Ϊʵ壬ȻŽӡ
εƮŽУ˫۽ĶǰĲɫףɲǼһ˫ɫεıչεȻ֪ʱ˻Ϊɣ
ΪɵεɫëţסŽԭתһܣŽشɫףͬʱеŽŽס
ֻ֮һƬɫĹãһƬɫĹãײһ𣬶ʱؼԱҵˡ
ǧŽֱǰƬĲɫɢҲڶŽΪɻңеŽȫɢʱеĲɫѾһС룬ʹһСҲԶľˡ
ʣµ׺ХųεεһѪȻ˻ɣȴǿ˴δľѾʮ
εҧأһãһ֮εߣŽεսŽĽһ
ڤȪŽϧŽˮŽԭμٷεеŽãŽŽ壬ŽʱתΪɫһǿƴӹŽɢ
εץŽףεԹŽԿףƬƬɫë٣ε϶ദըˡ
һɫ״εڣεԪӤȥεȫʹޱȣǿѹסڵ׷ɨ˽ļס
ʱʣŽַڷɳԶεеĹŽ
߽壬֣
εȫɢҫ۰ãȹҲ˰ɫ˫ɫһɫβ
ε̧ͷף˫ʵʵİãúȵҪΪ֪Ų񷣡
һ˲Σǧɳ׵ķεҲȥ
ɵ㣬Ƭɽճ˴ɫɫײɢһһ˴СĲɫʯ¶
εֱָ̤߲ʯһꡱ죬ײ˲ʯϣ񽣲ٽͻȻʯͷųǿεһѪӿˤ
εСģ˼еĺ˳
ַͻȻ۾˫ֺţ˫ɫһſˣַ̤˫ǳεӱסεֱץεץɵ֣˹ͬʯ
ַεͬǰɹͬΪһɫãٴζ˲ʯϣʯϽ𻨡ʯٴͷų޴ԻͻɵַεˣʯҲģҲвǶˡ
ַε֣۾ĶŲʯͻȻִַεڲʯϻ¡ַָ꣬ȵֻأֻ˺һȻ
ַȫãʢεҲ˽ɫͻȻӰΪҲڡ񽣰ãʢƸã֮л̺Žãһ֮³ڲʯ󷽣ʯѱ͸ɫѷڲʯϣʯըѣ嫵˷ˡꡱ
ַεַ֣§εӿƮȻ¡
ַһεͷ΢ЦͲҪǿεַһۣ΢΢һЦ赹ַ㻳С



27 ֪
ε˹ȥַ㱧ε輸ˣѾԭӣεҲԭӣ·ǵɫȹǰɫȹ
ַƮ䵽ǰ㶵ؿַεַ΢΢һЦ˵ôˣʶܵܺ𣿡͵Ļعεĵͷ
ַ㽫赹ε裬ת͹飬ֻŮŴʹĿ
ַƲƲһ¶˵ͷ˵ʲôأѰɣ
ͷ죺СӾҴ㣡˵һȭȥַһ˱ϡ
ַʹűӶһŽ˵ϣ͹ַȭߣߴ˵ţСӾȻҴǣ㣬Ժ󻹸Ҳң
ַֻƵİڵԴ§εЦĿˡ˺һŮֲ֣ͣСߡһŹ߿ˡ
ַ̧ͷ͵͵Ŀ˿ֶŮԶ˲˿е۵ĺ󱳣ַֻܿЦҡͷ
ַһȳһյߵߣεɻţǻһѪ
赣ǵı飬ַ΢΢һЦ˵İɣε㲻µġ˵ĺأҪúõıܵ˺ˡ
ĬĬĵ˵ͷ˵ô죿
ַ΢΢һЦַŵεıϣֿʼɢãַһεһ˵ǻؾȥεƣһһЩҪ͸ǡ
迴εͷж˹ַĸ첲Ц˵ܵʲôҪǰóý㿴ַһЦų
ҲЦ˹ַһ첲˵ѽõܵҪʲôóýǿ
ַŴۿŶŮ̾Ů˵ı찡
ַһ˵ҪǵĿ϶ǺöڲܸǣȻصȺǾͻ֪ˡ
ŮԻһһɿַĸ첲߿ˣַЦһ̾˿Ů˿Ʊ䰡
ַ̧ͷʱסˣԺһźεؿַ㣬ַ㾹Ȼһֱߡ
ַᣬ亹Цһͷ
ַջεת߿ˣεѾѹסɻšεڵױɳˣԪӤܵ𺦣˵Ĳأεͻȥ
ַ򡰾ĵҲѾıˣڵԪӤ뵽ַڣѾˣڵַǹ񡣹ûо磬ʵǿԪĶ١
ַڵΪֻܵͣ൱ԲΪΪѾ˴ԪԪĻָٶҲҪַԲҲܹԿɢɼߡ
ε˹ɣȴԪӤʵԶԶʵַ㱳˫վһʯϣԶ
ʱ졢ƺ׷˼ַ󻥿һ۹ַͬ㣬ַλǰǹʩλǰ
졢ƺ׹һЦ䵽ַǰЦ˵Сѣղŵ׷ʲô飿Ϊʲô׹أ
ַ΢΢һЦ˵Ϊ¾٣λǰЦˡ
졢ƺԽһ㶣ɽ٣ôܡȻɣַȻô˵ǶҲʲô
ƺ׿˿Զ軳еελСûд󰭰ɣղſԿףʵǿԻΪʥأ
ַ΢΢һЦǰ˵ЦˣֻҼ˵֮أ㲻ʥأοǼȫȹŽſԶԿסƾʵԶԶλǰġ
Цסַ֣е˵ӣȺȴܹѣѵѵáסˣ߲Ӧ׷ʵ֮ҪעŽӦ׷ġ
ַصĵһͷλǰʩһ񣺡ǰ̻壡
ЦŽַϲĻһѣԵһЩ̵ĸ򡣺ӣʲôطĿʱǣԺ׹۾ļˡ
ַжѣ΢Ц˵ҾԸ׹ۣλǰʱͣԺҲƾλǰĵǲ
輸ַĻûзԣΪƺ׵ΪҲҲԸͬ׹۽ϡ
ƺ׹Цһ˵ʦֵԽԽˣȻþȶԸˡ쾹Ȼǰ֮һŴƺףز˵ʲôǣ
ƺƨɼ߿ˣҡͷЦһ˵ˣûǸ˼罫д·ˣ֮ˡ
ַԾ죬΢΢һЦұϾǧ꣬Щ»ܹģûɡ
ַĬַ֮ʩһ輸뿪ˣ΢ЦſԶȥַ㼸ˡ
ƺߵ˵ʦ֣Σ
Цŵһͷ˵ġЦˡ
ַأһﲻҪھͱסˣĸ첲㣬ΪʲôÿҪ˵Ҫң
ַתͷ裬ͷַЦһ¶Գ˵ʲô𣿡
һҡͷ˵û¡ַƿԡ
ͻȻַпߣֻһϦɽַ˫۾۳ãǰ
ǰٶ⣬һλ׷Բũ˳ɽ΢Цſɳʱλˡַ˼һ輸˻ؾȣˡ
ٶڵַ˵Զַǰ
˴üۣĺ룬վһƬСյϣϦҫɽɫƾɵɼ粨šթһΪλˣϸһȴһλϵũ򣬲ַ״˾ô򵥡
ַձȭַ㣬֪ǰ£
Цۺ˵ַСֵܲؿΪ֪죬촫лҪ˵
ַ˵һ㶣ȭ˵ǰ̻塣
֪쵭һЦץַ㣬ַʱһסáַ󾪵Ŀ֪첻֪΢΢һЦַŵǰ
ſַ㣬֪Ц˵֪кܶɻҽһ°ɣַ˼Ƭ̵˵ͷ
֪һ˵ܾǰһλ֮ΪֱϣѹȺΪһʦİλֵİҲ֮Ҳһλʦʱֹ֮ȱݣΪʱλʦħȥһСħ뷲䣬ͳ磬кߡλʦ䷲ҵİλֵܣ˵һкİλֵǰȥַħմսħȡʤսᡣλˣħ˸ͬĵħռֻظıƽְ˶ν˰λ񡭡˵֪ۺῴַ㣬ַ㾪ȵ֪졣
֪΢Цһ˵ħȻȡʤҲˣһн̰λ񣬺ָǷ꣬ɿֻءλȫ䡭
ַ˵Ǭ򣬾Ŷ߹ž
֪Цˣַؿ֪죺ʦ𣿡
֪סˣͷ˼ţַ
þúþ֪̾˿ȰĿ򣺡ɣΪ֪졣
ַһ˲ͷƲ쵥ñӵ۹⿴֪죺¾ͽҪ˵ʲô£ŪĽģ
֪һʯͷϣЦĿַ㣺Ĵ˿ǹģ
ַһ֪ͷЦû뵽ǰľȻһϹŶȻı˼۹
֪Цͷ¸֪ͷ˳Ǹħַһˡ



28 
֪ƵĿַ㣬ַɹЦ֪һַ㣬˭ַ֪һ֪ͷЦ
֪ƲƲһŽַ㴧ɣַŵɽ䣬ַǰҪֻǿЦ
֪΢ЦСƺܿַɵЦһ䵽֪ǰ
֪εҡͷַǰĺڽӡٺ١ЦţǰҪ˵ʲôֱ˵ɣ
֪һתӣϵϦôĹµô硣ַ㲻סˣʹΪﵽ˾ΣͷǹµһɽҰ
ַʵĵͷ֪쿴Ϧ̾˿תַ㻺˵Ҫˣ
ַһ㶣̧ͷ֪죺ʲô졭ʲô˼
̧֪ͷ죬þò̾һת߿ˣ֪ӰãȻ󳹵ʧȥӰ߻֪ǻټģֵַܶౣأ
ַ㶵ؿ֪ʧĵط̾һ̧ͷգȻΪտɫĽɫϼװżٵĺҹַ΢΢һЦת˾ȡ
֮һɫǷȣƽ̨֮˲輸˵Ӱ
߱ŽŻԵεɫ߱Ž뷢εϡεȫ߹ŽѹŲűסŽκεַ㽻߹ŽֻҪѹƣ߹Žûε
衢鶼ַ㵽ҪʲôȻַҪ˿϶ʲôĿģŮȻȴֲΥַĻ
ƬƬҶһεϣλɫŮӾڵϣɫһȾ޷ؿϣƽ˯š
͹鵣ĵվεߣվڲԶ콹ţܵܵڸʲôȥεá
͹εֵֻͷֻĬĬš
ǧ⣬ַڼٷУоƣԴַֿ֪ķٶֱ˺ܶ࣬νķֱıĽַֻε̾
ǰһСУַƮ䵽ǰһСɽϡʱ֣ȣԳںܰܶĵ̶š
ַߵ£̧ͷȥֻдźɳַ֣΢΢һЦóһľȻ߽˳ڡ
һҲûУַоԾǰšԼһ̶ӣ΢ĺǰַѸٳڵķȥ
һլԺַǰլԺһƬǽ壬ƺһսŮӺլԺڴַ㾯ץӷɽլԺլԺַ㳹ױǰ龰סˡ
ֻլԺڰ׹ǱҰլԺɭɭ׹ǸǣѪɫȫŨصѪ˹һֻվ棬ֻѪצβϻż̡
ֻ޲֪ΧʲôĺǴӹм䴫ģֻﾹȻڳˣ
ַ̧ͣһã˹ȥãһֻڣ˲ըֻֻ￴ַ㣬һֻצץһӣצӴز͸Ѿ²ѾΪɭɭ׹ǡ
ֻǼѾԺѾȥŮһδԵŮӼš
ֲֻ̧Ѫצַ㣬ַֻһɫֻһֻ֮ﱻ롣
ʣֻֻͬʱַһֻץסδԵŮӺһѾȥڿնȥûлԵŮӴȡ
ַҧһֻﵱն룬廯ΪѪٰʣµļŮһֻѪɫ״Ρ
ַ㽫еɫϽ͸زڹϣ״ĹʹţַŭϽﱻըѪŮѾ˰׹ǡ
ѪƮɢַڿ׷ֻܵ״ַٶҪϹ˲׷˹ŮӵѾצ͸ŮһϢ
ַ־˲ն˹צסŮӣŷִһƻ˹ŮͻȻץַʹ˵졭ãڱݡҡ˵Ůӱ۾ץַȻȥ
ַؿŻеŮӣһ
ַŮӼٷɻլԺ
ڱַ˶ҲûҵҵڣͷĴţһеļһմʤɼַ㣬εĿЦһﵽʲô
ַ㱾ɽĺӣûмôİ裬Ҳûм˼ҵӡ
ַͷ뵽һ취ȴһı취Ҳԣ
ַʲôʲô³û˾һӣȫǽҾ˳ССַ㿴žͷۣһȫ
ַͽڵһ룬ûСҵҡַǿ˾磬Ӷ
ͻȻַһˤһӣǰһľһߣһͨľ·ַؿǰַͨԺ֣ҡ
ַ̧ſ˽ȥͨţַһһǰУܿһҡҾǵ²ֿ⣬ӰڷУַ˳ִһӣ澹ȻȫǽһнԪ
ַ㷭Ű˵ûû˵ַ㽫Ӷյ˴ָڡ
ǰзһŴһŮƽȣ˯ţַ֪Ҫҵ˾ˡ
ַһ£Ůɳ˯ţַƺ뵽ʲô˵Ůңٸȡ
һַڻص˾ȣ輸ǿЦһ£Ŀַ㻳г˯Ů
ľַСӣǰ˭ҵŮ͵û뵽㾹Ȼô
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ַһǿŶʹһģӴҵλ㰡ϵʲôǻ˽𣿲
һֻ־סַһ˭֪ûѧ
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۵Ŀַ㣬Ҫ˵ǰס㲻Ҫ㿴ʲôˣСС;͸Ҵҽᣡ
ַͻȻˣŴۿųô֪ģ˵ַסˣΪ˫߬ȭͷҾҲš
ʵַҪ˵ΪҶ˼ҵļҸ˴룬֪ô˵ˣ
һɽƵıˣַ㣡뵰㾹Ȼȥҽᣡһô㣡
ַð亹ûзƢ˴ַСҪˡ
跢ŭѳ͹ҲŻˣŮԹԵվһԲ˵
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ͻȻ˹ץסַһٱᣬַ־ıסԴڵϲ˵
ԽԽȻʹ͹״æס裬ַİ˵ϡ
ˣ֣ٴסȰ˵㲻Ҫѵܴܵģǻ˵ɡ
ҲȰ˵ѽѽ㲻Ҫŭ侲侲һҪ侲Ŀַ㣬˵ַȳһѪԩˡ
ַһһʮɳǵ˵һ飬پҽᡱˡ
ַĻ͹Ůʱɴ۾ε˵ϣҲĿַ㡣
ַŶӲ˲ǵѪίĿ裬ͻȻʹַһУǣίǿʲô˵ַҲ˹ȥ
ٴʱַѾԼϣѾȫˣ衢͹ĬĬͷ
ַ΢΢һЦ˵ôˣΪʲôҵķ䣿ʲô𣿡
ʱһŮܽ˷䣬ַ㿪ĵغַַŴۿŮȻŮ
Цһ˵λá
ַһ»Ȼ򣺡ŶǸҾȻŮɣ¿ĵص˵ͷ
ַתίĿ裬豧ͷίܵܣ֪ˡ
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ֻһλʮŮɫȹͷһЦݣһλĸСģ
ַ΢΢һЦ˵㣬ϵ·İɣ΢Цŵ˵ͷ
ַ۾ͷȻԺǾȵˣҾͰŽ£
¿ĵסַĸ첲˵İŽ𣿡
ַЦŵ˵ͷҲĵЦˡ



29 ַ
ַƽ̨֮ϣεɾ
ַĸ첲磬ȺԺǵļ𣿡
ַ΢΢һЦһµ֣Ժǵļˣмλ棬òã
¿ĵĵͷ̫ˣúϲλ㣬λˣ
ĸµĳùԣԺǶģôԡЦŵ˵ͷ
黵Цסµ˵Ժܸܵ۸Ļ͸߽㣬ЦĿַ㲻ַεЦ
εߺַĸ첲ʵ磬εôˣ˵˯ˣҸое㲻Ծ
±ͨĸС㣬ߵ֪
ַЦһ˵εȷ˯ˣûдɣ
ҡͷҲûдŽϢأҺܹԵģ
ַЦǣǵÿ϶ܹԵģڸѽѺòã˯ʱ̫ˡ
µͷһ˵᲻᲻ð㿴˯ô㡭
ס˵ùԣýѰɣҲε˵˵ˡ¹ɵĵ˵ͷһߡ
ߵַʵܣ㵽ҪôεõѾܾˣ᲻ʲô鷳
ַ΢΢һЦ㣬İɣܵд㣬ǾͿŰɡ΢ЦŹ߿ˡ
ַ߽ε߶Ŀεһַ̧ۣ֡
ַϳһɫԪӤ輸˴󾪵Ŀַ㣬ûм߶Ծ衢͹ǿַԪӤ̺һǿƺַҪʲôֲֹ֪ôڡ
ַ㽫ɫԪӤεĸɫԪӤεڣεԪӤһ
ַ˫ְεΪεεڵԪӤ˾޴ı䣬ַʱεϡεڵԪӤͽɫԪӤϺתŽ뵽ڣһ
εĵ˸ı䣬ȫ뵽˹ַ֮ͬһ޾硣
ͬľ磬ֻƺͬѣΪ񣬶ŮΪɡ
ַΪεΪε޾磬εƤᶯһ£ε۾ѾȫָˣʵѾΪε
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ε߽΢΢ĵһͷַ㣬һЦ˵ллܵܳȫ
輸˽һ㶣εĵܵµ˵㣬λǵðɣҽһ°
Цſַ㣬ַ΢΢һЦת㣬һ¡
ɻߵַߣʲô
ַ΢Ц˵ܵ˵ҪһЩҪҵĳŵ
һʵǸɫԪӤʲô
ַ΢΢һЦεεЦ㻹Ǹ߽ɡ
ַ˵ͷ˵˽ɫԪӤ
ɫԪӤǱַڵԪӤַڵԪӤǹľԪ̺ǿַֺͨҲȫͨԪӤĿ·ߣӡĵñַַ֪ҲɹĽ˹֮
εͨ˹֮㣬ʵۿֳַۣһԪҲǸɫԪӤεɹ뵽ַ֮ľԪڰ߽ͬһľԪεպԸõŽ˵ַֻ㴫͵ľԪĹŽ֮
ַҪ͵ǹԪҪλ֮Ĺ֮εĹ֮ǱıĵĵûȱݡַľԪиŽȷʹ÷ԽŽȷʹ÷ͨԪڣʹǸ˽Žã輸˵һش
ôôʱֿ˻ȲҪԣַЦЦʼΪ
ַΪ衢ҲŽ¡ַľԪڣ²ѾŽãҿĵز´ӷһ뵽С
꾫ԪַľԪߴɣַľԪر𣬶ַľԪܳ㣬ûʲôΣաַߵ޷ȫɰɫ˵ϡҲѾɣʵǿᵽ˵ĵز
ͳ۵ַ߿ַ΢΢һЦ˵İɣûµģҪܳʱָԪʱҾͲҪˣھһʱ䣬ϾʵŲᷢΣա輸ص˵ͷ
ʮַһֱھڼƺҲݷùȵ죬ټϾѾ׹۽ϣ׹۹ƾΪ׹۵ص
ɳӢػȣԾ߹Žͼı˽Ա׹۵ھ⡣
ַ˰Ȼʮ꣬û֪ǵʵѾ˺ֵزʥ֮˵ӱܣ



30 ʮ
ַ˱չʮ꣬緢شΣѡ
ַչȵĵڶ¿ʼһ֮콵ħ찵أѪȷ硣Ϲֿͬսʮ껥ˣ缸գڶǰƴɱնȹѹء
ʮ֮սԪˣڶ澫Ӣ䣬ħҲĴ룬ʮ֮ڡʮħռһƽ£ħ˺ƽգҲֻý߶Կħ
ʮ꣬ȱڶػδܵħţԭƺ׵šַͨҲ֪Ȳδսַ㼸ǱһɱУ
ʮһ죬ʮħħͳ޵Ĵ¶ȫ˴δսʮλսʵǿᣬٴΣѡ
º׹۵ﾲЯ֮⣬˫ȹߵ˵׹۵ﾲǰѣǰ
һ춯أһʺھȹȵϣƮһҶȵлƼһӰС
ʮճʣ
ַ㱳⡢¶߳ɫ޷Զһǿֳ
衢ε顢±Ž²̤߲ϼˣ֮䣡
ַ΢΢һЦﾲմѪַһ֣һãﾲϣﾲϵѪѪɢˡ
һﾲһﾲﾲһںɫѪѾת롣
ַ㿴һ۽µĺɫѪĶҺ˴鷳ˣֶҺԴΧ˺ߡ
˫ɫãںɫѪϣ˲ɫѪ㻯ΪɫɢˡЦһ˵̶ֳȵĶҺóǶֻۣħ޽ˡ
µһЦ˵һλΪħޣ»мӲ׸ȫˡ
ַЦһ˵һλħħޣε㣬ˣεһЦ˵ͷ
ﾲԾĿַˣΪַ㼸˾ǼƵģȻѾ˵޵ص㡣
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ﾲͷ˵ǰأ˵һ𣿡
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ﾲͷҪնȥַҡͷһЦס̫ˣǴɣǰǷ׹ۣ
ﾲͷڹУλǰҲڹеȺǰǰȥ
ҡͷЦôǱˣô֪ǾȾһȥأ
ﾲƿԣĿַ㣬ַЦͲҪЦˡ˵ַʵﾲΪλˣ
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ַͻȻץסﾲһת˫ָ죬ŽХһգһֻѪɫӥҽһԶһãԶεĬŽһ֮˲ƶȥԶãһһҽдŽһѪء
˷ǰ˴һͷų˰ڵѾȥ
ַһ˵ǰ׹ۡ
ַﾲնѸٽ棬ַȫɢɫãһֻɫķ״Ļˡ
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һֻ޽ڴǰˣͻȻãİΪѪɢ޲ˤڵϣǵùľޡ
׹ڣƺ׽ϣΪǰҲأɽ£У˶ڽŵĵȴһս
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ƺ׳ԾŴͣôֻܵĶȥˣû°ɣ
ЦӰɫڴַ˳ǰﾲ£ˣȴ˽Ӵ𣿡
˵հɫ˻ϼɢ߲ϼ⽻ַһ˵Ӱǰʹ⣬̤ʺ磬Žһ׵޷Ʈ
ºַ㣺ʮǰǸ𡭡
Ҳһ㶣ʮַ֮˵ı仯̫ˣȺʥַʮλǰҲĿɿڴ
ͻȻºʹһŶ˵ˣһҪȥһΡ˵ºڿնȥ
ַᡰ桱һλǰôˣƺ׵˹ЦҲе̿
ԭº֮ܶΪºΪûΣգʼжҺÿηºͻʹַ֪ҲЦ
Ⱥһ޼᲻ݵıʿ
ַĻˣȻҪǰħӪսޣ
ЩģҪַһͬǰȥַȻܾ
ַ¶˾ģ˭Ҳ޷ֹŮλǰԸʣµľޣַԸޣʣµǰ߶ԿħƻѶҷͷ׼š
ַһվԶú󵭵һЦ֪ǰ˵Ķԣˡ
ʣԿս죡



31 ϣ
ǳ㣬յգһãХַɽŹ˫ǳħ
ħͬ޺µļʲôͻȻһĺХ޽һѸٷ
䡱һվĵطݵأһˮȪӿ޴ŭɱڿС
ַֻɷڸ߿Уħʱע⵽ַĴڣʱҡ
ַŴͷ˵ôһȪˣ̫ϧˣȪھȾͺˡ
ŭڣַӾǶǵӣŭʲôˣȻҵң
ַһޣֻȫźۣĸߴ䣬һ˫۾һצòǸ˵ӡ޴ͷӣֻмΣȫΡ
ַĿޣޣôôѿ
߬צڻַ⣬޲붯֣޺ͽҲ࿴ûж֡
ַ㷢޲˵ͻһãգֻɫĹãͻȻ󣬽ɫϵħ
޴ŭٳַȥҲ޹ַ㡣
ַ˿еۿȺŹҪΪǣҵģ˵ַ̧תӡ
һͣס˽Ųȴ׷϶ȥ޴һæס˼ޡħħΪľޣͣʵôˣΪʲô׷
޳˼һ˵֪ң϶ȥΧɱǣߣ̫ˣҲеԷɻԭء
޿ַԶȥķ˵⼸ģСģݾħЦŲݾȥˣħָֻܿƽ
ڶ峿ַȻˣĿŵ˹ž߳ħӪ
ַͣ½ŲۿޣЦһħޣħȴεĵͷһʵô£ѵݾûвú𣿡
ħεС˵ݾǲúˣǶԸϵģ˭֪ģԡ亹ѣҲһκεĿħޡ
ħεЦһת˵ͷ޴ַ㣺ôĵӣŹ㣬㻹ҹ
ַͻȻɴ۾ͷ˵ôܵˣ˼طˣݰݣ˵ַתȾܡ
ĿɿڴҲŴͣ亹˭Ҳַ֪㵽Ҫʲô
ͷ˵ǲвԣı϶ı˵תԼ˵Ҫʲôܻǵļƻͨȫ
޵ͷҪתͻȻɰǧĵɫħУʱҽ಻
޴ȥַֻվԶͷ˵ҼǵӦҪͼŶԣСС񲻳ɾ⡣˵ַٺٻЦܵˣŭԣһž޷ɻħӪ
ַһϣħ޷һǧħδȥħҽţҲڴڶַ࣬һֻǴ˴Сһǡ
ħŭ˵ʲôȻ˱ɣ
ƽһ̬ʵͣһǵĲ𣬶ƻǣҪСߵ͵Ϯ
ħ޽߬ȭͷҿܲˣٹҷҪսһ
˫һãȫǰȿ̽
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ħǰһʱҲûмһߣַҲûٳֹ޸о˲Ծͣɨµɽ塣
Ϊһ˫Ѫצ޼᲻ߣΪҲĳԣҲûг֣ǸȦס֮ǰƺΪҶҪʱս׼
޵ͷ˼ħƮ󣬴ضڳ˺ɫ
ͻȻ޴һãȫˣ
ֻһЦʮħȻ˵С
һŮԶͣħǰԶǾڤȪ֮衣
޶˵̧צǰֻצһѪɫ޵Լ
΢΢һЦѸٵˣ˱˵ҪôżѵǼʮһ𣿡
һͻȻ׷裬Ѫɫ޵Я¡
󾪶ܿѪɫ޵ضһͷ¡
ҧҧתȥתȫٳˣ
ͻȻܷɳ޾ɽ˴ħӢѸٶܣȫңħڵء
󷽴ַѽѽôôﰡҪҵ·
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ֱֳӹޣε͹Ҳֳιߵޡ
ΪַɣŮյֻǹŽĽΪ鶼ŽУŮʵҲһЩ
󷢣޸ԴħŮжʱ裬ħţһƬҡŮͬʱɣִηħ
ɫɽڲϺħһ߶ԸɽһŮȥħеɫɽ𵱿ա
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񽣹ãʢһɰɫ籩תַܣǰħԱ籩ķ飬һɼΪŨصѪѾӰˡ
ħȴǰҲȵĿѪɫŽ״ĽѪԱ塣
֮Ѫɢַ㱳˫ޣŽ¹ŽƮߡ
һԭǾ벻ȻԼ
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ħͬʱɢħһɫǽȪ䡱һײǽϣħζһ𡣾֮һĻ޳ŮӺλɣ
˹Ҫʧˣ󣡡
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ĳֻ˳ŮѹŮڳΧдҡ
Ϊ˲˵Լˣַ޷ɵԶսεԸħޣҲɵһԡ
³ս鲻㣬˾ʵ͵ˮޣԸԳ˶ޣḻԸ˾Ϊ׾ޡ



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ַ޵ĴսڵϽУֻ̳ӰֻкɫɫɫĹâ˸š
׾޵սνǾ춯أҲڵսħڣٽħ߱ˡ
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׾ܹٻΪͷȫ׻ƣһꪴڶߣɢɾ֡
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޵ͷ­ŭһȥſڣﻹɫҺǰҲҪϹ顣
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־ѹ˶޲ԱҲûԸͷ­Ŷ޵ͷ­ԽԽ
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Ůӻûȥڳ˯һ̲ѪŮزš
ãһַƬյϣַܳԾصʬ壬ЩҰǼģǰµħ
ַַɵ˰ŮߣΧŮת
ַŮ߶ӣŮһߣΪֻǴڣˣѾΣڵϦһʮǿӡš
ַֻưŮӵˣ˿ڻˡַ̧ͷɨܣֻԶһֻ״ĹſڵѾȥַɱŮӣԼֻȥ
ַڹϸ鿴ֻ״ĹʮɣͷһСɽôŮɱһֻȻģǴڵ߰
ַ²ŮڱӡͻȻɱֻ˵ղǳĽãô¡
ַתصŮߣŮӣ̤ʱķȥ
ںıԵַˣַ㻳еİŮ˵ôֽٻһŮӣ
ַȻʧЦ˲°ɵı³˺
ڰŮ̫أַֻˣַһССû֣ھסȫǷˣ˿ڶࡣ
סһҾƵ꣬ŰŮӽ뷿ƣַǵģַҡͷ
صĺǷʲôΪʲôħŮӾȻԴΪɱڶħһֻȻ˭
費ϵΪŮˣǰŮʵ̫ˣû߳䡣
ʮŴˣ߳˷䣬ַǰһҪѯʰŮӵƣ˭֪һ˵ַ㻳л˯˹ȥ
ַḧĳ˳У跿С
ŮӰڴϣƽȣˮ˫ţ˫ֽڸϲʧһ˿㣬½еĸһɰ㡣
ַ̾˿ڴַ֣ŮӶͷϣַ㿴ɭдս龰Ůһ֮սɰǧħȻǿսšðĹͻȻ֣б˵ڷӡ˸ӴɰŮڱޱʣħҲ̸𣬶Ҳ֧Ųסز𡭡
ַ֣鿴Ůǰ飬Ͼûоͬܲò
ַ뿪˷䣬߽󿴵Ѿ˯£顢εվڴ߿裬ַֻ
ҹʱַһεػصİŮӣ򾲾ַ㷢ҹȥˡ
ڶ峿һб¶˵رַָ̬תֹ¶˲֪ʲôʱӵ˯ˡ
ַЦһ˽Ƿŵ˴ϣַ˰Ůڵķ䡣ŮѾڴϾ˼ַݺһЦ
Ůһ±㷢ЦʲôҪҵ𣿡
˭
Ů̾һߣѩۡ



35 СǷ粨
ַͬѩ˳ķ䣬εڴ죬˿һ𣬲Ǻýá
ֱַŶ룬һַ㡣ַ㲻֪Ϊ˻ͷʵλôˣΪʲôó˵۹⿴ң
ǰѵͲ𣿡
ַȻ򣬿һķѩۣЦһתȥ
һˣ
˵ŷַתͷʵʲôˣѽ
һŽַ˳ȥַڵϣѩεؿŽµַ㣺û°ɡ
ַһ˵û£ϰˡ˵ϵĳ
ѩԺһź飺ϰϰˣñҡַʱЦá
˷ѩۣĵĽѩУεѩҲ˹ȥ
ƶ𣿡
ѩεЦһ£Ϊʲôҽأҽзѩۣѩ۾ͺˡ
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Цһŷѩ۵ֵģùİɡ
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εһţַ̾˿˵±ҾŮˡ˵ȥ
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ַĿĵй䣬֪ѾŴһƬС֣һСƳǶַ΢Цɢȥ
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ַ֪ǳû˵ʲôźӶ԰ȥַ̤ˮʧڶ԰ڣλŮĿɿڴô̤ˮأ
ַһֱǰţǰǸһĺɫǽַվԶǽܸоǽһӦûһ磬ַǽ֮⡣
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治֪жַת߳ǷȥصǺַѸٻص˾¥Ҫѯʷѩںһʲô
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ѩۡεΧӶֱַѯʷѩۡ
ѩ۵֪˻𴫳ȣ̾˿˵ںǱһƬɭ֣ɭֵľͷһͨͨľͷȥͨЩֻͨħػħ˻Ӧþħġ
ַ㼸˶סˣͨ硭
ѩ۵һͷ˵һͨЩͨһͨȥͨҲнһδ֪ͨ
ʵѵֻһͨ𣿡
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ѩҡͷͨʲôҲûУͨͨôȫͨڲףкܶ硣粻һķ磬סѣ˺鱻סˡ
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ѩ΢ЦֻҪף˭ַͨЦһµͷ
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߳ǣַ㼸ûи߷ѩǾҪҵˣַֻ㲻Ϊʲôѩۻǰ
ҹһ쾪ˣХ쳹ʡ̷ַɵ˿Уڶෲ˿־ܳݡ
ԶʮӰԽԽַŴ۵ôô࣡
ѩҲһΪʲôô࣬Ҳֻֻѣ
ַóŽȫעԶַ˳ֽ¹Ž˷ѩۣȷá
ѩ۽ӹ¹Žһ̱ɫĹãȫǡ
ַŴͣҲסˣչŽȻȫõŽϿɣַ֮ǰ£߽Ͽѩ۽ɣ
衢顢εºͲ֪ķѩ۽סˣַЦһµԺ˵ս
߱ŽãʢַΪĲŶ߱ŽͬһʺʣһɫãƬء߽һͬʱ˲ٿضǰδеƾǬ
ʮħڰã¶Ӱħжʮɣħ˳
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ַЦһ˵ħʵǻܶԸһɡ
ѩһüͷַЦѩ۽㲻Ҫħǻġ
һǿַڱȫΪɫ˫ɫɱãһһ˫ɫβƮַ
߳˶ɵˣеѾڵϣַסŽ



36 Ѫħ
ַ㻯ȫɢǿƣħовתȥ
ַЦڲ֪ӣˣ˵껯Ϊһã˹ȥһ˲ͳħ
ַ㽫Žǰ˫ֺϻȵӡ
˫ַֿŽɢŴ̶תãӹŽڷɳŽãŽģΧħ
ħſɫΧܵĹŽͻȻһɫĻڽɫŽ֮ǰԱɫĻˡ
ֻԶ۾Ĳ󡣡
ַ΢΢һЦȵ⣡
ɫãڻûĸŽ֮䣬йŽгԲΣһɫιĻħ
ħǾֵײĻÿιĻãһħֻĴײצץĻ硢ĻɫĻҲš
ַҧħܷҿֲ֧˶೤ʱ䡣սپʱ׼ң
ɾһɫĻϵڽɫĻ㣬ҲɾһɫĻҲȥ
迴εһ۵ȹεú󹥻
εµͷ˹׼ѩ֪Լʵܵͣû˵ʲô
ɵĻԵ˫ְڹĻϣر˫ۣɫã˫˸Ȫĩ·
ɫãӡĻڣĻڶʱ˺ϣĻڽԱȪûħڻȪŭš
ͻȻ۾ɢ˫ɫĳɱ󳤳ɫβٰڶţҪȫˡ
ȫҫ۹ãĻڵĻȪʼʮħǱڹĻŻȪ
һڤȪ
ȪѸٹ廯ʮħڣħħѾȪմ룬ѾûٵֿڤȪ򡱡
εץסսǰַ͹顢ͬʱ¹Ļħ
廯ĻȪƮڰһڵħ־ַˣѾ޷ı䡣
ֳַɽǰһָȫãʢɫһħȥϸĿŻȪħС̳Σɫ˳Сһħڡħʹһ²ˣħɺɫƮɢˡ
ҲΪǰһָһɫ˳򿪵СһħڣŽħڱըɫѸħβӣΪɫĲֽըʱħըɷ飬ͬǺɫĳƮɢˡ
εֲָ˫ۣһС͵ɫΧתǰһɨɫѸٻϰٵɫһħ
ɫԲͬķħȫȥֻħ˲䱻׳˻Ȫûжһ¾ͱϰٵը̳ɢˡ
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˫ֺʮתһܺǰһָһɫħɫһ壬廯ߣߵһħڣɫޱȣֱӽħгɰ˶Σħһɢˡ
ѩѾɵˣڿҪڶǰԸħַ㼸˻Уʵַ㼸Ҳǳȫġ
ʣֻ߰ħʱûȥħֻŵĿַ㼸ˣַ㼸˶˵ֱֻĻȪѾСֻħεĴС
΢΢һЦ˫һɾֻʣµֻħ˲䱻Ȫͬʧѩ۸ɵˣŵϴ
Ȫʧջ˹Ž¹Ž˸һ·ɻַ㴢ָڣϵİɫãʧҹָֻƽ
Ǭͨĺɫǽħɢʧˣǽʧһˣ˽ǾȵĴУħ֮ħս֮һѪħ
֮ϣһΰĹ֮⣬ΪѪħѪħĹ
ѪħڣѪħȹأǰһž޴ĺɫţֻ֮Ѫ˫ظѪħ
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ħռ֣ȻԽֻһУʹüκҲᱻַɶʧϾͳθֲô򵥾Ϳʹõġ
ѪħǸԣħ֮µս֮һʵǿ
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߳ڣеķ˽Դַˡַ㿴Ŵ͵ķѩЦ΢Цѩס֣ѩ۽߰ɣǴȥʥء
ѩۻعŴ˵Ǿ˭Ϊʲô
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ѩֳԾŴַ֪ͣ㼸˵ݣҪҵǬʥصǰ
ַ̾˿һѾע⵽ˡ
輸ĵĵͷѩҲͷһսҪ٣



37 ѩ
ɽ֮ϣַͷ֣Ҳεĵͷ˶Ĭˡ
ַһܻģǻؾȣ֪ǰӦÿҪ׼ˣ׼ǰ򣡡
˹ĵͷѩɵͷַЦѩ۽ΪʲôƲ֣Ǭ򲻾ΪǺؿѵ𣿡
ѩ۵ͷѾ˶ˣôٸͼգ
εĿЦղǸ˲֪ǺѾ֪ǵһУĶһȥ򿴿ɣ˵Ҳһ֣Ӧæתͷַ㡣
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ҵܵҲˣȻ۸ã
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֪΢ЦĵͷתĵѾˣйڵȫʧҲָܻˡ
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ΪΪɺӡͻԶ⿪ɾͿԻָ
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ܿ͵ϣַһ˷ɳ˾ȣķţ֪С
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ַֿɵˣؿѩѩƺһħסַ㣬ЦַҲ֪Ц
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ڲǿ𣿡
ѩЦŵֻ壬įԳ㣬㲻ʱ䣬ڻû޳塣
ַ˵ͷʲôʱ˼άġ
Ϊʱеġ
ŶַҡҡͷϾµġ
ѩСʵôˣַҡҡͷתӡ
ѩͷ֪ʲôҲûõģѵ𣿡
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ѩȻͷ˺þòŲڻһֱľԪҪ𡭡
ַҡͷŰɣѩĵͷ
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˳ĬʱһĨ⣬ѩָߵճ䣬лݻ֡˵һЩ
ַ㾲ѩĻƬ̺Ȼ򣬸мؿѩ
ѩ΢΢һЦסַ֣ȥɣ÷ʼջַᷢ΢΢һЦסѩ֣ѩҲĵЦˡ
һƳбϣѩϸСɫãַ㡣Ƭ̺ãȫûַڣַɰսơ



38 Ϯ
ַ֪Ľָָ֪ΪƵǴʱͨķͨͲö֪ˡ
ָʹ÷ַȣŷѩ۹ͬǰ
ַ֮Ǭͨͨģﻨ㡣һ˷ɹɭͣһɽǰɽһǷѩ˵ޱ¡
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˷ͨͨĻַ㿴ͨڵΡͨһ޾ĺɫܵɫ׺ͰɫͨŰࡣ
ַڷѩ۵ĴǰȥΪʮ˲ðշСʱԶԶͨͷҲһԲεĻ״ֻģͽڵƽĻ෴
ֹһӣоյͨͨͨ
ͨһѨ״ľ޴ռ䣬ʮɫĻƽʯϣа˸ĻϷǬҵȰ˸֣Ļд͵֣磬Ҳħڵһ磬ѩ۽ͨͨڲ磬һͨ
ؾδ֪磬ںͨһǰȥûһģʮءֱĻѨ޴ޱȣмƽַ㼸˿ͨ
ͨǬͨƣ˸ոս뿲ͨôһ磬ٶ̫죬ҪѾˡ
ַѸץסѩ۽ȫ̱ãҲѸٷ
һײַϻΪԹȥַҲ˺һΪεֺ϶Ϊһ˻ַٴ˹סˣٴλΪ˹ȥַһ
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ؼʱ̷ѩٴγ֣׷׵ѩΧסħһѩأѩ޺ۣѩ⣡
ѩ̻ˮ״Ѹٽȫħȥ죬ˣħըƬ
µ֪ҪսپٳŽսµħħܵ˼ٳŽħҲðնԿתȥ
ͻȻã˸ħһڤȪӡؿǰ裬΢΢һЦɿˡ
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εؿŹ飬һЦԴͷ費Ц



39 սѪħ
һ¡εͷѩŮƣرǷѩۣβʹ÷⼼ӡǿħڵʮţ˹ȥ
ħַޣַǽɦħħҧгȴҲûа취һһħŽ¡
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ãħ˲䱻˷ɻңˮ˦ųβͳ˽ãڡַƺһֳΣұѪħȺ
ַЦִ̧Žˮޣˮһʧħ֮УħŽַջ˹Žһ֮ʧǽڡ
ħ޹ЦǽڴţôܻȥˣбǴսһ
һ״ħ޴вüæܣһħԭĵطã裬һɽɫųħ޶ȥ
ħٴζܣɫ׷ᣬеħû뵽ħַ㾹Ȼ˲ħ޿ЦΪڳЦַ㡣ΣˮͻȻ˳˫צץǰצ˳ȥ
кצֻɫ磬һħޱըԶˮһѪήȥ
еַҲؿһƣܿûˡħˮȴزħæˮޱ˳ȥħ㶵ؿźӡ
ַںˣʱ˵ұ۾ͻָˣ̾һ鷳ˡ
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ַڷȥʱ˸պһгȴŮŽΧŸת
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迴ַ㲻ַ㽫ʹ÷ŮŮһۺתߣͻȻֱһ˫۵Сץסˡ
ץַַ֣㱳վţŮҲĿ
˵ҪʲôԸһǿԼĶħҪɱ𣿡
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Ѫħһӽɨһɫħˡ
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ַ㱩ŭһսŽ߽˸ɳŽڣ֣
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һһڣһһңӰһ𣬺¡һ죬һ£˽Դ
˱ԱսͻȻһΪأַһѪ׹棬εһ֮½ס
ѪħһѪҲЩήӣ۵ˡʱѪħȣѪħ죡
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ħƿǧ̴ε壬εһѪɳȥһסε
迴ַ㣬ַͷһӳ񣬶Ůͨʧ



40 ǰ
εͨħתַȥַ׳񣬲ħѾ١
ѩҧٴδѩħ˲䱻⣬ֿٵĳַ㻤ڷѩǰնϽǰ
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ѪħѪЦһסħΪħŷȥˣսһƬǽ塣
ħսѪħʤգǽˣε͹Ů˶ɢ
ʱͨһƬʱһѪµĻУµǵˮŽɲؿڡ
ŹֵóסˣȳͨΪˡ
ˮ˵Ǹ˺֪Ľôˡ
ĨǵѪܵǲµģİɣԺһġ
龲ţѪϵؿŽҲȾ˺ɫ
ĲһеᣬΪģչ˺λãλÿ
һߣ農ûоͷʱͨε˯ţؿڵѪš
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һƫƧС⣬һڵϣһĻչ豧εʬ˳
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һλǰʵʲôˣΪʲô費
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ѩֻסڱҵɡַѩıΪˡ
ʱַջѩ۵ѾȬûһ˿Ҳֻѡ
ɫѾȫڰǹ˸һ¹ڵգһƽҹַ̾˿˫ۡҹ»һڹǻε衣
εʬ壬ε˿ڱκˣʱһ˯ľɫŮ
ɲ֪ںηûߣҲûȥѰߣֻ뾲һʮ곯ϦþڻУһЦΪʲô΢紵ĬĬ۾Ͼ֮
ڰ﹮ˣѾκãھԪΪ⵽ˣԲѡ
ȻҲ֮ǶŮ¹⣬ûͣϢİˡ
ҹܿ͹ȥˣ峿ҫ򣬹۾ȻһЦѾΣա
һǷ˯ĺ˯ĺ𣿡
ЦҲЦһ㶵ŶŮԼѾȬҲС룬ô£ߵĵͷ
¿ĵЦˣƽŮ˵ҪġŮЦһϢ˫ۿʼˣûнĹŽŮԡ
ƽڷѩ۾ѾȬˡ
ѩһվַվһƬз˹ȥڷʲô
ַȫһתͷˡ
ѩۡꡱһЦǰˣʲôʱѵģ
ոա
ղʲô
ַҡͷ˵һЩ¶ѡ
ʵַǵˣ糿ַʱŷ罣״鲻ͣζΧ£²Żָƽַ㵣εʲô״
ѩҲַеĵǣû˵ʲô߳ɽȷ򷽼Ҷȥ
ӵʱ䣬һУǣҾڳڡ
˸Ҫ̤ڣͻȻռʮӰѩۿԶȥļʮˣ·ˣҪȥ𣿡
ַ㿴ԶȥĽӰ˵ͷ׷ȥ·һ·ߣѯʺŵ֪ࡣ
ԭһƫԶĴɽ֮һսԷһ֮Կʮ߶ܣ˶ˣ˶ǰȥæġ
ѩ۵ԿߵĿħ޷˰ɡ
ַȥ֪ˡѩ۵ͷַնȥ
ٶȼ죬ʹ˶Ҳ˽ʱŸϵɽԶԶȥɽ߿ƣɽ֮ϸַɽĹã˸šַͻȻĲѣоϤϢѸסѩۻǰȥ
ѩɻĿַ㣬ַǰ˺ܿɽϣַʱסˣѩҲסˡ
ǰĴսһƬңʮλΧһŮӣŮһл§һŮӣȻε
һɿݵѪսʮˣûɱֻ֣ûûԿˣʮ˷ɳս
ȫס֣
ף˲ַͣ㡣ַ㶵ؿ裬Ҳ㶵ַ㣬˾໥š
㣡ַЦź΢Цŵ˵ͷ
ַͷѩ̷˹ȥеɻĿַ㣬ѩͣ¸˵ʲô
ַ㼤رסεͻȻסˣȫоεϢ軳еεַסˣȫסˣһ㡭
ַȫſ裬΢ЦŸε޷εַ㻳Сַ㾲εһжģסֲַ
ַЦеˮȴӿ˳Ʒ񣬺һУ˽ַ㣬ֻͷ
ѪħҺ㲻ݣַ㳯ȡ
˽סˣסַ֣Ѿȥˣ㲻ˡ
ѩĻסˣҲεȻˡ
ַЦεĳסεʬ壬ҧгݣȫҵĲš
ˣһСӰˣѩҲˮַ㣬Ѿַ֪㼸˵ݣٷ
ַȡεĽָԼ£罣ХһɳָУŽ˲ƶ뵽ַڡ
ַ㽫εʬ˽ָڣס裬ᣬһضˡ



41 
ַӵţߵͷΣҲΪȵͬ顣
ַһ󱳣㣬ȥѩ۽һʱɣǻҪѰءͷǰǵһ巽ҡ
ߵķٶȱ˺ַܶ࣬һɫĻסˣһֻͰХһڿնȥַַɵǰٿذ񣬰ųβһе˶ͷ졣
ղʲô
ֻ֪һ׹⣬Īǻþ

۷׷ס
ɫͣţͻȻַһ󷭹вѪ󾪷סַ㣺˻û𣿡ַҡͷΪ˷ǰû˿ַǵѪ
ַо໥ųţ뵽ѩһ˭ַ뵽ѪħԶʱַеһڣʱû⣬пѪħһħñѩסˣַһˡ
ĨȥַǵѪַ΢΢һЦ˫ָǰһָХһٶȸˡ
ɷţַоѩԿħܳҪҸط˹ѩͬԿħ赣ַδӿ˹ٶȣ˸ɫãһ
λ߲ͣ̾ȵأѩȴĬҲоַ
ڷѩ۵ָ£ֱӳ˻Ͽգɽ˷ҡ
Ҳǻǵһ壬ռ˳еķ֮һڶ࣬Ժ㡣ڷҺԺ£ã˸½ɢַ˵Ӱڵϡ
ѩҪһշѩ̴ǰȥַԸ˭Ҳ׼ź˷š
ѩдͬߣΪҰס農ڴϣ۾˯ˣϸɿݵѪ뵽ڣɫ´˴ߡ
ַڷ˹ͬѩһͬסڵħַһ¶ͷĺһڴѩħ㱻˺Ѫħħһ˿顣
ַͷʵа취𣿡
ѩЦ˵û⣬ˣȥѩ۽ɣڵķӡɶ˺ܶ࣬²þͻƿҪ˳ӡڵ
ַ󾪣ķӡҪ⿪ˣΪɡ
ѩ˵ŽɣΪݵɣڷӡѾˡ
ַ㵹һѩڷӡһλɾľԪڵܹܵӡһ򿪣ѩۺܻܿΪǿ壬ʱ磬֪жꡣ
ѩ˵ҲЩԾ߻ħҪúչ
ַεĵ˵ͷ֮ǰǾŮʵߵģһֱλóϦ顣
εǾȵˣʮͬˣŶɽսޣħѪħεӰʱս¡ǵżȵ飬һĻĻַԺ֣᲻֪
һĻħضַ߬סȭͷ˫˸εӰ
һֻСֱַϣַȻתͷȥֻѩԣһ˫۾ˮġ
ַЦһ£ʲô
ѩĨһ۾ղ⣬Щ˸Сַסˡ
ѩȻַ㲻ͬԴػԪӤ֮ļǧַַ꣬꣬ַӲѩ˫ۡ
ַɻػ˼ǧԪӤ֮ģԪӤ֮ĲǱγ¼ҼΪʲôڣ
ѩ͵ÿγ¼ҼὫԪӤ֮ԪӤ֮Ĳʧ֮壬յֻҵľԪѡ
ʲôַɴ۾ľԪεĳ¼Ҽˣôţ
ѩַһ£ַҲо˵ĲεЦ
ѩ˦ͷ˵˾ԪҾͲˣȵΪμʱֻ
ַͷһô˵ǲģ
ѩĵĵͷȻˣڣˣҪ޳ɱǲġ
ѩͻȻʲôε㻹ûǱħˣȴš
ַ㾪ϲ֣ʲô취Ծ
ѩ˵εľԪǹľԪûô׾ͱٵģֻҪԪڣεˡ
ַ㾲Ŀѩѩһʵ㿴Ҹʲô
ַҲһ㶣Ŷš㻹û˵ôأ
ѩ̾˿֪
ˡַŴڴϲˡ
ѩͷ˵Ҽǵ֮ǰйľ֪ӦÿԾȻε㡣
ַͻȻѩһؿڵ㲻Ҫһһթĺ𣿡
ַ㿴ѩһۣһѽ˻УѩַܵеĻϲҲĵЦˡСַĺ󱳵Թԣڿ˰ɣ
ˡ
Ӵ
ѩԴίַ㣬ַ˦˦ָͷȻ֪ԭΪʲô˵
ѩί˵û˵һֱڶԿħ飬ʱַҲǣû˵Դ˴ϡ
ѩԴĿַ㣬ַɨѩһۣЦѩַһȭַؿڷ˹ȥ
ѩðĴַĺ󱳣ַɹЦ֪˾εķַܲģѩҲˣַһźַڡ
ַЦ˵һѩлл˵ڴ˯ˣڣһֻСɵɫС˫Ҳ˯ˡ
ܿ͹ȥˣѩдλߺݼĸ׷佲˾֮£Цŵ˵ͷ
һλʮӵģ۳Ӣ˳ƶɾǰѩ۸˺󣬷ߵ˴ǿղ
ҹվݣ¹ɣվݶ£ѩ۴粽ԣŮԳĬ
ڶ峿ַķŴˣַ̤ͷѩվݶַҲնϡ
ѩַͷһЦַЦ˵λ磬ΪʲôúϢһѩЦҡҡͷȴͷ
ַһЦѩ۽㲻ǲιһ·𣿡
ѩסֵǲιһΣ
˵ͷȥѩһߴ·һΪַ˵ңһֱ֡
Ҽǧֹ꣬ڶǰ己ٲʢǿļ塣ҵǧˣ澫ӢɾĵӲʮˣӸǴﵽɢɾ磬ʵɺӡ
ѩ۴ַҺ԰԰ʮֿ㣬мɽСʻأˣλҵͷ羰ѩȥ·ϲʱҵд꣬еӼѩ˶Ṫһ񣬷ѩҲЦЦ
ѩǷҵ飬㣬ҲòޱȣƯ󷽣ĵ߶ĽѡѩŬ棬Բûа¡ҲԸǿԷѩ۴С˶ҲΪʲôѡѩǰǬԭ
һλǳɫ·ӴӶ˹ѩ˵ǷҴͼ
ͼЦʦãλǬʥصǰ𣿡
ѩ۵ͷ˵Ǭȵǰ㻹ݼ
ͼһ񣺡ͼݼǰ
ַЦ˵Ѳ˿⼸ջѶչˡ
ͼٴιǰģһź򡣡ַǺЦţɳĬ
ͼԷѩҲĽþãַڴˣֻøˣ߻Ŀѩһۡ
ַ㿴ԶȥͼЦѩ۽绪ò׷˿²ٰɣ
ѩЦЦתȥַŵ٩ǲ֪ʲôӡ
ѩһתһȭַЦŶ㿪ˣѩһ׷ַ㣬ַܵеҰŮҪɱˣ
Цˣһץסַ㣺ץˣ
ַ㺹ô⻰ô찡
ѩۺһ˾סַһֻǰȥַֽűŮˣ෽ҵӲЦ



42 սѪħ
ڷգַݼ˷Ҽ˽̸գַԿʽҲ˽ˡ
ַе֪ѩ۵һֱңŮɽˮҲ˴룬ѩ۾սΪ˴ڡ
ڳˣ˴ܵ˲һʱվͿԻָġ
۾һԵλ̾һĵԶ⼸в֮Ҫˡ
ߵһʯ˫ۻȣ°˫ϥϴע²߼ʵɭ֡㷢ڶ߲ͣڶ׵»Ķţʱһʯ㡣
˺þãץϧŽɵУûнĹŽһİɫ˿סˡ
۾ΪʵΪʲôҪѹŽ
תѪħĴսΪʲôˣ
´𵽣ѪħΪʵǿ⣬ħ֣ı飬ǲŻϡ
ͷ˵нʵйŽ֣ʹΪĲҲû̫Ӱ졣̾һ˵Ϊ̫ˣһֱھ;ԶԶ㡣ǳ˵ǵͷǿŽԵУҲǶԵȱݡ
µͷ˵˵Ӧ÷Ž𣿡ͷ
۾˵ѪħһߣûʹħͶԸ˵ľȻ˵ˣҪǿࡣŮһ۷ӡ˹ŽҪ޽֮·ˡ
򷽼ڣַ˹ѩԸڵħ飬ۿħҪͻȻħ鷭ųַ塣ַһѪ˹ȥѩ̻Σ˫һָһɫסħ顣
ħ鷭ŵֿ̫࣬ձѩˣѩȴء
ͱйģղħħһܵˣ²Ѫħͻַ֪㼸˵ڡ
ѩַ㣬ַ㻺۾ѩ˵һ£˵Ҫ뿪Ҫˡ
ѩ¶ɫѪħҲǡַסˡ
ѪħҺ󣬷ַ㼸ѾѣпܻѪϴҡַ㲻֪룬·һ⵽ѪħɱӦô죿
ѩֵַǻɣֻ÷ȫ룬ʱˡʹˣҲӲڿʮķ˰
ַεĵͷǵѪħĵطۻǡѩҲͷ
ַ㽫ϢͷѩۣŮһһս˶ûʤѪħֻˣ軹޷ԿѪħֻ·һ
ѩ۸ӵģϾǷң嶼ѪħɱңҺܻܿᱻš
ַһɣƾɵΪǲԴС£ֻҪܽҾͲ¡
ַʮֲԸĿ˷ѩۣѩ۵Ŵɻ󲻽⡣ַ̾˿˵ʱͨʱһģԡ
ѩװӵԭ֪һһأǱ㺦ˣ
ַЩΣҲ֪
ѩ˦ͷҲܣҪңʹҲҪĺ棡
ַһ˵ϣҪ˻ʲôȺ󰡣˵ûر˵ôĻ𡣡
ѩסַĶ䣺Ϊǻ𣡵ʱһҪ
ַͷߣģ
ַ㲻ַЦһ£㣬İɣǲµģԺھȻϣúˡ
ҧ촽ջǵͷӦˡ
ַ㽫ε裬֪εַûиκ˻һѩܻǲҪ֪ĺá
֪εоȣĵЦˡַ㿴˷ѩһס󣺡㣬߰ɣȥתת
ž
ַ㱧ͷĿŷѩۡѩƲһ˵Ҫ˵ôĻ𣿡

֮һǿħ紵˻ǣѪħվħ֮ɨŻǣվ
Ѫħȵַ㣡ҳ֪ҾѪϴ˳ǣз˺߽Կ־ϵѪħ˭֪Ѫħ
ַŷѩ۷ɵϣַ㾹ȻЦ̧Ѫħкˣּˣɺãѩ㶵ؿַ㣬ַ֪㵽Ҫʲô
ѪħҲһ£СӡҪ
˵ѪħҪַ֣˵Ҫôż֣Ҫ㣬Ҳ˺ˡ
Ѫħߵģһ۸ЩСַͷŷѩ򶫷ȥѪħȻ档
ɳʮһɽ֮ϣַͬѪħλɺͷѩϹս
ַս¹Ž̽뵽֮УһɶַӶϣɫû˻һѪħѪħЦһ˫ǰƣħ˳ֶһħǽ̻ûɣײħǽϡ
¡һħǽͬʱը
棿Ѫħ˵ɰʱﵽʵϧǲѪħ죡
նʱ˺ɫַ˲䱻ӡѪħЦһħħħߺХųַ㡣
ѩҧҪ֣ͻȻַӡָ죬һɫס壬˳¡䡱ħɳȥ
ַѽȦǰɨɨȥѪħץסħնһԶ
Ѫħһãַ㣬ַҲһãѪħãڿвͣײ컨׹λɳԾѣַ㾹ȻܹԿѪħ񡣷ѩĲѣϾԷλûж֡
һãԣַ㡢Ѫħ񵹷ɶءѪħŭַ㲻Ѫħ죬һսƽ֣ɾ޷ܴ衣
Ѫħһնʱ˺ɫֻѪħ嵭󻯳һߴʮɵĺɫ˫Ѫħַһ
Ѫħżⳤצץַ㣬ַһ˹ȥͻȻѪħһֻצޱȵץַսɺɨһ
飡
ѪħצгΣַҲ޴棬һ󷭹
ѪħѪ۾ЦѾ˵ǳɳƣô
ϵצѸٻָԭ״ץַ㣬ַľʹܣһֻצѸޱַ㡣ַٴλӽͬĽٴηַͲסһѪ
Ѫħƺްٴץַ㣬ַ㲻ٶܣȫɢҫ۵Ĺãס塣
飡
ַ㵹ɳԶѪħſ˫һ֮׷ַ㣬ûмɣûзֻо޴
䣡
ַ㱻صףڰĵطַɳˤڵ档
ѪħЦţַ缸Ѫزȫʹޱȣ˺ۡ
ѩۿ־ѪħѪħһɫƤӲޱȣٶҲǼ죬ַǶ֡
Ѫħַ㣬ѩͲסַ㡣ַڷѩ۵Ĳ¼վѪħͣ½ŲŶˣλҲЦѡ
Ѫħƺû˼ˣȤڣɣ
Ѫħ˫ֺȵѪ䣡
䡭
ĺɫϣ޴ɢҫ۵Ѫã
Ѫħڿնַ㣬ѩ̾˿ַһۣѵ˾Ҫ
ַнãһȵ˭˭һж
ַȫɢҫ۵Ĺãɫ˫˲չһβĲšսɽ̤˫ڿնֱָ죺ֻأֻ˺һȻ
𣬺𣬺𡭡
зʮֻɫϳʮɫзɳʮֻˮؼ޾ٻ㼯ϰУ޾ҲĽ뵽У񽣱δйҫ۹ãһɫ͸ɫַ㡣
ַƴԪפ뵽ڣ񽣶ʱ˼ʮɳɫãѪħڸܵ˾޴в
ַսþȫѪħѪħһ˫۽浲ǰеĺɫã˫ϡ
䡭
һĺ¡þòɢѪħײһһɺ嫵ѸķλɱǿƳ⣬ѩҲ޴һѪɨԶ
ѪħѶסɵʼջûеֵס
䣡
һþòɢľ죬ѪħŵɳȥַһѪɳˤ˵ϡ



43 
ȫһޱȣѪħ񱻴ԭΣǹһ˿ѪؿڴҲѪ˫۱նϡ
Ѫħһ˫³һǵѪַ㡣ַڵţȫѪҲࡣ
ʱַڿտҲղŵһ˵ģ˭˭һж
Ѫħַͣ߸ַ㣺ǿ󣬲ǲ
˵̧Žַ˳ȥַַɳٶˤ˵ϡѩͻȻַ֣һȥλҲͬʱ˻
Ѫħ׷ڿն׷ȥ
ѪħٶǷѩۿɱȵģʱͱ׷ˣַҧ񽣴˲ƶȥѪħ׷ϡַ̫أ˲ƺͳήȥˡ
ѪħһһƻһѪɫӡѸٳַˡѩۿճһַһƣһɫӡ
䣡
ɫӡڷѩۼϣѩһѪ׹ڵϡѪħ͹ɻƮ䵽ǰѩҧַס񽣡
ͻȻѩ۴һվȫֱΪ񽣵İ·ɿšɺڡԲɢɳڡǰڡڡڡԲ֮

һڿлѩȫҫ۵ɫãڵķӡȫˣڷתšһѪ⣬ѩ۵Ȼ޷ǿ
ؼʱ񽣱һɫƻס˷ѩ۵壬ɵİѩڳ
ѩۼһ˫ɫչһɫβζţɷѩɵĻָļҲָˡ
ѩѪħ񣺡Ѫħ񣬺þòǵ𣿡
ѪħԾŷѩۣ㾿˭ΪʲôҪʵôá
ѩһ̧һɨ˹ȥѪħӶħһħɨԶ
Ѫħ㾿˭
ѩһսѪħѪħ񲻸Ҵӽ뷽ѩսһλɻһͬʱֹѩۡѩһڿսһţַץʱָԪ
ѩ۰һӣʱѩ裬һ˲䱻ᣬֱӴضһɾʹ䡣
ѪħԾ˷ѩһۣŭʱðͷħɷ죡
ħ˻һѩۣѩ۰ѽָ죬ѩʱ콵ѩħ˲䱻⡣
ѩ۽úһѩл֮ŭѩʱѩħ˲䱻ѩնɷɻңһɱѩĽ䣬λɱѪħ񱣻ûܵ˺
ѪħԾѣλɶнڽɵʵ˵ܺͷѩƥУҲӦ˱ţնɱ
ѩ۱ϾʹþһѪۣѪħץסһնѩۣѩۻӽᵲ
飡
ѩһѪ׹˵ϣַѸץѩڿնȥѪħܻλҲŭɽߣѸ׷ȥ
ַøոջָЩٷţһ׷һӣ˫ʼձŲľ롣
ʱַʣѾ᧿ΣٴαѪħ׷ϣѩٴγնɱһɡʣµɲٹѩۣתַ㣬ѩѸٱַȥһһ׷ٴݡ
ʱٴαѪħ׷ϣ˴ηѩۿֶԸѪħַѽԸλɡ
ַֻǻָһɵΪԼٵλʮֳѩûɶԸѪħӳսʮغϺ󣬷ѩڲ֧ѪħһƻڱһѪˤ档
ַþһ˿˲ƵѩЯ˲ƶȥѪħҧгݣûôѵ׷ɱ֮ˣҪɱѩۺַˡ
ַŷѩ˲֮Ѿû˶ˣ໥ͣڿС
ѩۿַһ˵벻ǶĴˡ
ַͷ˵ǵģҸýʦˡ
ѩЦһ£ǽнɣҿûôϡ
ַ٩ǧ˻ϰ̫ˣ
ѩַһ£ʲôǧꣿʲô̫ţϹ˵
һЦַ̾˿˵㣬ҿǷɲˣǿҪˡ
ѩ΢΢һЦ𣿡ַĬ
Ѫħٴ׷϶ڣҿܵȥһҪɱ
ַץסѩ۴ٴ˲ƣ˭֪ѩסַַ֡һ㶿˷ѩۣѩ΢ЦҪˣܲġַεĵͷѪħЦ
ѩ΢΢һЦַס񽣣סˣ񽣵÷
ѩȫҫ۵ɫãһʺ绷ߣһǿܣַ㲻ƳʮԶŷѩۡѪħЦսħλҲ˹ͬԿѩ۵׼
ѩ΢΢һЦظ񽣣ԺвͣңԶĹȥ
ʮ˵ͬĥѣ֮ͬճΪһʦƹ֣
λɾɹ񣬶Ҳɾɹɣʮ˴ﵽľ硣
ɷֵȱݣɾħħս˹ƾֽ˰λ񣬶ҲûĽѡ
λϢӳͬ߹Ž;ȣΪ˵ȴ֮ĳ֣Ϊһħظ֣²
һɣ֮Ԫͬӳ
ڷѩ۵вһǰλѪɣͬİλ硣
ѩһ᣺ǣںˣˡ
䡭
һɻԵɷѩڱȫ͸״ɫķ߾Ʈš
ѪħȵŷѩۣĶǵʹ˷ѩ۵ݣ㡭ǡɣɵãɣ
ѪħסˣҲ״סˡɵÿǵһɣǹ֮Ĵʼˣ֪ġû뵽һͨ߾ȻǼǧǰպյĹʼ棡
ѩ΢΢һЦ㻹ǵңǺǡ
ѩ۵ЦѪħоĶҩȴ
ѩһһɫĻѪħˣѪħ־ŷѩۡѩұչ˳ʱĻһܣһ޴ɫڣѩȫӰ
Ѫħ־֣λҲ޿κΣó˷׼ɫ߲ɫ˦ŲʺβǰѪħˡ
䡭
߲֮ãϲ죬޾ɢ߲չ˷
ַ㱻߲֮ãɨȴûܵӰ죬رڿտյԪѸٻָҲ˴롣
λ˲˷ɻңѪħ˻ȫֿ߲֮ãͣײϣѪɡ
߲֮ãˣѪħջǳɹֵ˷ѩ۵ȫһˣûмʱǲָܻġѪħ񾪿ֵĿ˷ѩһתˡ
ѩۻΣҡҡ׹ַѸǰסѩۿַһۣ΢΢һЦ˹ȥ



44 켫
Ѫħ˻صħӪȫ˸߲ʹãʮʥ
Ѫħ˵߲ʹãðڴ߲֮ãڵħʳЩ߲ʹãѪħһ콫ɢ
ħˮ޳ԾѪħѪħһˤڵأħˮǰ
ͻȻѪħȫãһһɢѪħһѪħˮҲһѪɳȥˤڵأԶĲħãɨ˲䱬
Ѫħĺ𵽣˭ң
ϵ߲ʹã˲仯ɺɫƣƱ̣̱࣬ϣϱ䰵ƣֱ죬ɫÿһʱ仯һΡ
ͻȻãһѪħһѪ˵ڵأȫʹޱȣڵħҷš
ħˮ޲ٽӽѪħħХһѪħڣһһħһѪħ߬ȭͷҧ֧š
ַ㱧ŷѩŻǷȥǰʵѩôˣ
ѩһ˵ûʲôͿԻָˡ
ַھΣԺ׼ˣ㻹ܴӦó
ԭַսѪħʱõѩİѩһסַľ;ԪַѪħӲӲ
ѩļ룬ַܵһ뱻ѩܣļȫѩַֻ˺һ˶ѡѩֻһû޳ľԪѣ˳ܵ˺֪
ѩЦͻȻҵĿ˼ַֹͣһͣ˰գһԵַ־ģѵѩҪʹ
ַ㾲ı仯˺þãڵǹֹͣ״̬ѩ˵û£ֻҪܳʱָܻ²ٰˡ
ַ˽ģĵ˵ѩúõɣ޳壬ѾǷܶˡѩЦһ
ַڣһֻСɰĴϢţѾСĴָС׵ëϹżѪѩѾɢԪıԵַ֪飬ŻеķѩչһЦѸٶȥ
ħӪڣѪħɿ֧ţħ޷ֿ߲֮ãӳѪħڣħѾ޹⡣
ħȻ޷߲֮ãһЩѪħ岻֮ǰǰʹޱȡ
Ѫħ˵磬죡
ħˮ˫ƺϻ˫Ĭھ찡ذǼ屬ըɣѪħԺһŴĺ飬ھʵǲͬ
˫գħ˸ŵաħڸ߿㣬һԲεĺɫĻչ
ħ޿Ѫħ˵塢һ
ѪħTMDôģúѧѧȥˣ˵Ѫħ̷ĻڣĻϲʧˡ
ˮħһôģôģ
ħͷ˵Ҽǵúٽһɣ
ˮһ˵塢һһ
Ѫħˣλɵ䣬ħˮε̾˿ȫˣǰ磡
ͬʱ֮ħ̤֮·ֻ޺ħ޲Ǭħڸգ裬ָֻ˾Υƽ
֮ϣ߰ٶħѪħ⣬ħ죡ѪħڣѪħĵȹڵϣǰ״ħ
ħ˸Ѫ˫ۿѪħ񣺡ɣû뵽ˡΪѩۣҪ
ħ˵ڵ߲֮ãʮλľԪڣӣ
Ѫħ˸ɫĹã˴ȣ
ħ˫ۺãһһħסѪħɳѪħ
Ѫħ֮ɫתţֵڡ
־޴ޱȣУÿжʮ׿ֳףһ޴̫ͼתֱҲסطǵһλ
ħѪħ⣬ֻذһΣҿڵ߲֮ã߲֮ãʥվںɫǱ꣬ʹǲģλҪˡ
Ѫħʵô죿
ħһ˵˻ĲŻֻҪٲɽԶȥԸɣ
ѪħЦ¶лˣ˰½֣
ħһһħϲɫ¡һֹͣת
ħȵ˴ֹֻ֣ͣһӣ㾡롣ְŻٴֹͣһӣʱſ߳
Ѫħ˷ģȥˣѪħѸٳ֣վ˺ɫͼϡ
ħȵת־ҲţƬ̹󻺻Уֻǰ١
һǿѸסѪħѪħϥ̫ͼϣһɺƺħѸٳѪħڣ߲֮ãײ
Ѫħҧ֧ţһ˺۲ϳϣѪˮ̫ͼڣѪħʹĴһ˹ȥһ㡣Ѫħ뵽̫ͼڡ
ħһȵ֣ػ㼸ǧ꣬޷˽㣡Ҫҵɱ޼
ڳһ״ֵĽɫֱϲ죬ħɷѩۣɫĹͻȻһըɢˡ
޼һɱһӵǧϼߺ͹񣬵˺ͷ˳⡣ѩںľ˿̺ͷ˲޷ɱ
ħԾ֣ħ̾˿ɣҲ죬켫
һɫѪħǰ߰ٶħҽһħ֡
־һ޵׶ħħɫĹΪ˴ɫħ磡ƽһʱ䣡
ַ㱧ŷѩۻص˻ǣ˴ӿл
ȫǵ߷ˣڵȫߣҿǸе˭ôҵ˰
ҵˣСǷǰɣ
㣿ߴս
ѽǲǷҵѩ𣿱Ǹ˭ģİ
Ҫƾʲôϱ
̵ģϱ
ǱҪΪ㣡۴һ
ʹΪҵ㰡Ϊ˷ѩ۶
ַеͷۣѾϰλߣҪˣַ㿴Żеķѩ˵Ǹģ
ַܿͳ˷ңϰҲ˽ȥ
ҺԺַһվڵϣǰǰٶŭӵߣҵɻվԶۿ
һ̤ǰһַָ˵ϱ
һһ˵ϱ
һ߲쵽ϱŶԣҵһţַεĿǰߡ
ѩɻԣҲΣΣַ㳯ȣ㡭
һȦɫⲨɢȥҾһζţҡҡλΣԾַ㡣
һãѸأ˳迪ĵЦһ֮Ʈķ
ַһϲ㣬Ϊˣ迪ĵص˵ͷ
ɵɵĿ裬ڵȫɢһȻʣ˭Ҳᶯġ
תͷɨһߣ˭۸ҵܵˣ
ַѷѩ۽軳Уѩ۽ˣԸͷַһۣǺǡһЦͷŷѩ뿪ˡ
ַ˦˦첲˵ղ˭ôҪҾǴһܲˬ
ͬʱ˺ЦղַһɤӾߣ˭Һ򣿳ˣ
һ߹һЦ˵ᣡֵģˡ
ʣѽһȫˣַֻһ˴վ⵨׷ҽ㣬ǳʺȥɣ
зҵӴЦֻдӿЦѣΪҲҺַսһ



45 Ц
˵º͹˼£ȬŮһ۷ɽ塣
һƬ˻ϲϲҲ˼Ϊʲôħ޹ʳˡ
ƶˣ̧ͷˣһ˳ԾŮú̾һתʧȥӰ
λýһҾƵ꣬µ˺ǷζȻħˣҲ㾡췵ؾˣҪһ
ָڻңúһˣ˿Ժȣ޹ɷ緶
ƵвߣŮһŮԵ˲ˣǵԺסˣСɽʳѷŮǰʵڲԳơ
ŮսڳʳŮĹϸߵĶ߳˾Ƶֱ꣬Ů뿪ҲûдӳԾֻһĸ߳˾Ƶꡣ
ŮеĹ֡ʳܿĵǰţͣĿˡ鿪ĵų֣㣬ְǶ漸òã
һ¹ıӵ˵ͷ
½ų㣬Ǹ˸ǺܳʱˣҪʲô
Ц˵Ҫȥʣҿǿ˰ɣ
ҲЦţҿ϶ôƯ϶кܶϲġ
ô˳һ£һЦܿˣҲЦ׷Ϲ飬Ůڴ׷Ҹϣ΢΢һЦŮ
ħߺ绶ĽĽħֿʼ˻ɱͬˡŮڴֵʱãѸٻúӳ⴫̸⿴֡
ԶеĽ˼º͹ԹԵվ
תͷҲȥɡŮһ۵˵ͷȷ⣬Ů档
ڴ򶷣һһħһһŮսȻңܹʼշûгֹŮߡ
ᡰ桱һԶţͻȻһãߺХŮͬʱַ㣡
ֻãѸٳսеĶˣڴ򶷵Ķͬʱ˺㿪ˡ
ãأһ£ֽȵվڶм䡣˻һͬʱɻ˵Ϊʲôϸо˵ܵܵϢ
Ҳɻ󲻽⣬С˵һֱǣ̫ˡ
˵ȿ˵
ֻģҡֽȿߣּˡ߿
Ṳ̊ǰһ˵Цǰ߿Һ£
ҡͷһЦˣѾսˣΪʲôҪɱأ
ŮбԵͷ
ЦΪΪбŮһ¡
һЦһģΪ֮Ϊбʱ˵ĿͶ˳ˡ
ͷһЦбΪνһ֮ˡ˵ߡ
ɵͷŮ˼Ļ߿ֿ׶˵ʲô
סֽȣʱ߳ȥһ㶱˳ȥ
ǰһɨɳĶ̱סΣ΢΢һЦɻĿųɨŮһתŮȥ
Ů߿ЦǰǺ⣿
Цһһƻ£ŮһѪȻڰա
ߴ󾪵ģЦǰס֣
ô㻹Ϊʲôȥ
߶ʱסˣŮǿˮߡ
ҡͷһЦһٴĳŮٴһѪɳȥ˲һ㶣ҲסˣߴеЦ㵽Ҫʲô
ץŮ߱ץߣŮȫˤǰ
Ц˵Ƕֻܻһ˭˭
ߴɱҰɣ
Ů㶵ߡһߣ˽ɵˣʶȴɱ֣ʵĥ͸
ɫХһ򱻶ߣ΢΢һЦ˫ۡǺþҲûеȵĽķӡҲ⿪ˡ߼æ۾ֻŮߴıͳѲ֪ȥ
߳ԾĿŮߣæǰסŮûܵκ˺ʱſտյǰ
ͬʱ⣬һۣͬʱᡣҲ⣬Ϊ˸˵ģҲɨ˵ģ˶뿪ˣֻж˾վ
һߣʱŮ޷˵ĵǰŮڣûˣƺࡣܼ򵥣Ǿ֤˶ϲŶԷ
ʮһСڣЦ˶׶
Цһ˵˲ˡ
΢΢һЦ㲻ͨߡ
ЦһЦֽҡʵΪʲô
һЦ˵ѾףΪʲôҪأ
½Բ׳ЦĻܹЦǵˡ
Цͷ˵һֱڵǣڻˡ
ͷ˵ǵģˣ׼𣿡
Ц΢΢һЦ׼ˣȴû׼á
¸ɵˣ׺Цڴʲôԣ
̾һ˵㣬ԶҲ뵽
Ҫεĸо
ЦҡֽȾ˼ţ̧ͷʵħǷйأ
ҡͷɢˣ֪򾿾ʲôӦǺйϵ
ЦͷҺߣ
Ŀɿڴ΢΢һЦ˵ʵ顣
ЦһʱŮоַϢʱͻһ£ǾЦݡ²ЦǺַͬݣ˽ǵĴˣֻͬһѡ
аλַֻһλĴˣ԰֮ںܻܿĴˣҲ˵ΪʲôŮЦϸַܵϢ
ַ㱾ǹˣڰλľԪַھԪвֺЦͬľԪҰ񱾾ͬӳԲŻˡ
һɣ߱Žλ񣬰λˣǳĲ²⣡
Ц΢ЦŵͷŻȻ



46 
ڣѩİ³׻ָˡĿһۣ˵㣬ûˡ
ѩ۵ͷһЦãллˡЦһڷѩۻ˯ˡ
ѩһͷԼϣ߳˷䡣
ѩѾָΪҲָ˵䣬ȴеŤˣΪһݣǷҵ顣˶֪ѩ۵飬Էѩ֮³ַ˭Ҳ֪
ַ׷ѩΪѣΪɵҪԿħģǷҵİΣҲĲҺԺһСͤУַͷѩ۶˾ţ˳Ĭе¶ͷλɡ
˺þãַ㿪ˣ㣬ô죿
ѩ۳̾һǻؾȰɣַ㲻
ѩĿһ۷ҺԺתȥ벻Ҫ߷ҵݡ
šַ˵ͷ
ѩ߱˷ҸԺ䣬ͣ˷Ҽǰѩ·ţڴ˷ѩ۰ɣɣ
ѩһ㶣ƿŽڡ˫վڴգѩ۵һס
̾һİɡ
ѩסˣĿŷ֮ѩ΢΢һЦ׹ȻΪ
תӿŷѩ۲ѩҲĿŷ˼ĸףۿȴû
ǺЦһʲôʱ뿪
ѩ۵ͷ˵ܿ졣
һתգ㻹иҪҪȥɣ
ѩ۵ԺҲٻصˡ
ȫһ𣬺ܾ֮ͷҲãԼౣأ
ѩۺ᣺ףһνˡŮˣ
ѩ̧ųصĲת߳˷䣬̾һˮ£ҵĺŮټˣ
ϻһӷѩ۳һ̾Ѿµ˻ôһ졣ѩڵķӡǾѵƣͲ²⵽ѩһλ֮ϵǰת
ħ֮ȵ٣ַĳ֣ѪħĴսַ㡢˶չˣȷ֮ǰĲ²⡣ϾദҲᡣ
ַ֮ͷѩ򷽼Ҹ𣬷ûи߼ַ࣬ڷҵĴӵ֮·˻ǡ
ͨ⣬ѩĿſһУַ㡢һֱߣ˽̤ͨ˻عȵĵ·
Ǭͨ⣬ַſ˫۴󺰵ֻ
ŷѩ۵ֿǬգ򼸴δսֻصϤĵط
ַЦʵѩ۽㣬ʲô취ҵ֪ǰ𣿡
ѩЦȻؾȣܿͻᵽǵġ
ѩۺļ֮ӦѩѾָΪ֪֮ĸӦҲָˣŴɻᵽġȶȥ
֮˻ص˾ȣɣ˵ĻعʹþȸӶˡһʢˮ峺»ָƽ̨һ紵ҶٴλƮ䡣
¹ŽڤȪŽŽѸٷɵƽ̨֮Ͽʼ⡢ˮϧûн壬ֻôַڡ
ѩɨһ۾ȣһСɽƽҾչء
ַɻƽ̨֮ϲǸ𣿡
ѩҡͷ˵ϰˡ
ַֻˮߵĻɽΪѩ۴һɽ
ѩվڶɽ˵Ҫһ𡣡
ַɴ۾Ϊʲô
ѩ۵ǾЩֻһ֪
ַתͷ裬ҡͷЦ
ѩסַ߽ɽַԥŤͷ衣ѩ۷һɨһãס˶ڣã˸ʯס˶ڣһѨ
εķɵƽ̨֮ϣֵܷЦֻʣһˡ
ѨַƵĿǰķѩۣѩһʯͷ˼
ַƲ㣬ʲôҪ˵͵һ֪
ѩҡͷûлҪ˵
ַίĿŷѩۣûҽʲô
ѩۡꡱһЦöڶѨڻصš
ַеЦʲôʲôЦģ
ѩ۴ЦжˮַʱˣͷȫǺߡ
ѩۿһ˵ѾħϣҲҪɽֻҪ֣ǿ϶¶š
ַȻȿ϶ħļ֮УǱҪַͷѩ۶˲֪ȥħ϶ɻ󲻽⣬£Ҳ
ַŹӻţһ֪һģһͷͷͷַͷѩܵȥˣǵڸʲôѪħվħҲͷ˾ôַˣ
Ǻǡ
һЦַԺдַʱ˭
ѩһվַһ˵ûû£Ҷء
䣡
ַǽϲˣѩһ˦ͷ۾
ĬĬžȣһƬҶǰ䣬Ľס˷Ҷ
ɫķҶз̾һεȡ˳
εԭӣۺӣ׵ȹĳӱС֡
豧εεĳʷ󣬾ȾͿԲħһֵĹҸ죬Ҿͻ硭
ص̾˿˻еε
εһѪ۷ԣʱסˣεûѪ۵ģΪʲôѪأѵεӡ⵽˺
赣ĲѣæɵĶڴôʯںַ㡣
ãһַ֣ͷѩ̤߳ɽ豧ε嵣ĵõѪҵ״
ѩۼæ軳нӹεԪεڿʼ顣
ѩüͷַʵεôˣ
ѩ۵û뵽ħõѾΣڵϦˡ
ַŵסε֣ʲô취ֹ𣿡
ѩ۵ͷҰɣʹƴҲҪþȻ
ַԾ˵㣬㲻ҪҲɴ۾
ѩԺһź飺ֻ˵˵ǲõɣַƤЦⲻЦ
ѩּͷĺߣҵ˼ǡΣһƴǵġַ㡢˵ͷ
ѩ۱εɵƽ̨֮ϣͷַ˵εľԪҪʩҴӡá
ַͷʵԷӡħ𣿡
ѩ΢΢һЦ˵ԱһУ࣬ҷҪʱܳսʱʡΨһԷӡħķ
ַɻεڲûн飬Ϊʲô
ѩ۴𵽣õħ˴󲿷֣սֻ֮ܣԲŻֻҪʩչлͿջرߵܣþͿٴθ
ַüŷѩۣҲͷŷѩۣƺе̫ˡѩЦһ½˵ܺͱϵģŽǵϵ˻Ȼ
ѩ̧һַָĶͷϣַ˫ѧš
һʱַ۾ѩ۵ͷһЦεַĻУַεһ˫ֿʼԪ
εƮգվڿУһãƮʼתһã֮֡εʮãڣһɫ״ĹĻεڣĻ̣һɫ׳Σεվ档
һɺ֮ɣӲޱȣ׺ַͨ׵ַʱضԸӦ
Ʈƽ̨֮ϣһƬƬҶƮ䣬ŽƮ׵ĺ档еε΢Цģȫ⣬֮ϵħһˤ˵ϡ
ַ°˵ֻŽ㣬ףķ羰ʲôʱλ㡭
飡
ѽ
ַ㡰ΰڵϲˣѩۺ˦˦ͬʱȣСô˵أ
㣬Ҵˣ



47 ε
죬һҰ֮ε˯ڣһֱغƽ̨֮ϣַͷѩ۽ɽ
֮ϣ⣬ħһħŷͬĵ
ͬĵɳɾ֮Ĺ˿ͬĵΪħסͬĵҲΪӽ
ħɽͬĵһ޴ʯǽ֮ϿλԶʱڵͼħƮʯǽԶĹʯǽ
Ƭ̺ħȣߺߣֵػ޺棡
ħ˫ʵʺãʯǽ֮ϣã޵ͼϣɫͼ·ӣɫͼΣ޺֮Ƿɳʯǽ쳤Хͬĵš
ħٴã޷˺ްɳʯǽ
ʣµޡ쳽޺ͳγΡ
ξһͷʨӣȫΪɫ޹˼һͷëǣ޷ȫΪɫһԽɫ޷Զްʮ񣬲ȫΪɫβֻͨĴֶβ״òһԽɫ̳һɫף쳽ޣıֻһŰɫƶ䣬һž޴ɫʯ⣬쳽ԪħͳһýɫԶŹҲԽɫȴûβ
еĽǸķÿθͨıġ
ߴ޶ʮɣ޴ޱȡ޾У쳽޺ޣǰ޺ޣͷϷŷ޺Ͱޡ
޾Ŀħħ˫ããǰһɫĻĻϳ˷ѩۺַӰ
ħȥˣ
޵ͷһָָħħ̾˿һźɫľԪڷɳԪХһޣ޵ڡ
޷֣λ߳ͬĵ
ħԪˣ˫ۺã˸ϣɫҲһ㣬˴ٻħ˸ˡ
ķͨȥзİ޺ͷ޻ţ޴ĳҲʮɳ
ħ޺ˮ𾪵˺һû뵽ħȻ᲻ϧľԪٻ޶Ըȣǿػֵޣʵǿ
ͨħµս֮һħػ
ħħս֮ʵΪǿħͨػ
ԶԶħһ˵һȶѣȻҪٳޡߣ˵ջħһħˡ
֪˾ȣֱӽƽ̨֮ϣ֪ŵĿ裬ɱȵļŮ۸ˣ񶼲ӼŮ
ǰñħǰܹ
֪һεֻһɨܣúַǸСأ
۵ѩ۽ãеܵô滹ҪӸСӣ
֪켱æסԼ죺Բ˵ˡǶʲôط
һµȾãҪҾͲǣ
֪亹ѣ˵֪ͷѩ֮ӦҲֻȷϷѩھȣλǸӦġ
֪εĿεƬ̺֪оȣ鷳Ҫȥ׼һЩ
ͷ˵ǰٻȥɣ׼öÿȫǰˡ
֪ҾͲȼһ𣿡轿ȵԣǾȻãǣ
֪Ժһź飬Ц衣
ְ˵ǰڵʲôҪҪǰ
֪켱æҡͷ˵òãһԼ߰ɣͻȥ
˵֪תȥ̾˿תε
֪߳ȣһ¶ͷ亹ﵽôȵŮ˶ô֣ھȵ֪첻һæնȥ
ͨڣ޻ͨ˴СվţƵ޳ͨͨ
޲֪ȵڣʶ޷ɢ̤𡢿ޡ졢롢Ǭ
̤ǬХһǬͨȴͣɽڡ
ޱ۾žȵڣû֪޾ȻԼ˼ά
ػֲֻ֮֮ͨûɣж˼άģȴһ
Դɷֵȱݺ󣬾̶˸ģǱĹ֮һ
޶ڵϱۣ˯ƵһɫëᲨšú۾̧ͷ죬žȷȥ
֪һɫ˾ȣѴֱӲ˾ȵʯǰֻɫдһɫꡱ֣֪׼ķػᦣ
̧֪Ų˾ȡɾվƽ̨֮εˣʼձƣӰôĹ
ıӰ֪סˣµһɽڣıҲͬС֪ߵƽ̨֮ϣع֪졣
֪Ц˵Ѿ׼ˣͿԾȻ迪ĵЦˣЦô
֪ͷһЦε̧һָһãףãײϱˡ
֪һ㶿裺ײɵ𣿡
ͷ˵ǵܵɵģѩ۽㽫ɾ˵ܵܡ
֪ͷȻֻæˡ
ɻʵңǰҪʲôܿڡ
֪˵ַСֵֻľԪԻסڶַĹԪҪһ˿Ԫ
ͷ۾ؿڴɢãһɫСзɳƮ֪ǰ
֪콫ԪףɫСֱ뵽ڣױ˻ɫε°ڶѡ
ͻȻãһ׻Ϊɫ뵽εڣεȫɢŽãڰС
̧֪һָһãѸٷɽεڣ֪˫ּεȫãʢػᦾҰڶš
֪һһ˴СĺڰУлתš
Ѫħڣħһ£һãɳʧˣʧã֪ڷɳεȥ
ãһã뵽εڣεȫʱã˸ǽã
һɫѸ쿪ɫëΧε衣
ɫѸٺڰɫ˸䣬һɫѸε֪췴һӣһɢεϷ
ŵʵΪʲô֣
֪쵭Υʶ콵ͷ׼ˡ
֪쳯һػᦾһζţһ޴ɫѸٻס˾ȣϣϾҲš
赣ʱѸٴ־һɫסε
֪΢΢һЦõģ׼˫ƻ죬Ѹٳգɫ϶ʱ¡
֪һȫãʢмת类жȥڰк޵׶еû
ɺڰġεȫΪɫۿҪָˡ

һ޴жȥ֪һػ̷ɽ˾ȡڰͻȻתյڳϵľϣƲɵƿС
֪˫ֻڰг
䣡
б³ȥػһ֮µ֮ǰػɢã
ˮػᦳ˼ϣɫĹãƮɢʧ
ػᦳܲס޴Ϊ˻ҽʣµѾûжˣ֪쵥һӣŽХһϲ졣
䣡
֮ڱݻ٣ָֻɫ
ХһŽصƽ̨֮ϼ֪ͷһЦɹˣ
輤ĿεֻεƤһ»۾ȫã뵽ڡεˣ



48 ѩ
εˣ迪ĵЦˣ֪Ҳ˿ɽڴַĵͷѩҲЦˡ
Ȼʯڷסַͷѩܿ龰ַҲЦʣµֻҵ˾Ϳˡ
ѩ۵ǾȥѰǣڴھɡ
ַһ֪ôˣħѾߣҲᷢʲôΣա
ѩɨַһ˵ɵʵɲֹЩ׵Ͳǹˡ
ַͷ
εأŽХһεز
εЦŽأ
ŽƮԶһ㣬»ζţƺβѡ
εꡱЦ˳̧ͷ֪죺ǰлл
֪Ц֮ˣΪ˰սӦõġ
εЦһ裬迪ĵܵεǰסŮӵš
֪Цһ˵εѾûˣҿԼ𣿡
εԣͷһЦε֪ɽ
ʯˮ£ַͷѩ˳
֪ŷѩۣµ˼ǧ꣬ٴοˡ
֪쿪ĵڷѩǰѩЦŽе磬þòˡ
֪ȫһ£˫۳ˮѩҲ棬
ַһѱסεת˼ܣ˿ĵЦţŽҲɢŻĽһƮߡ
ַεʵεû˰ɣ
εͷ˵һ¾ͼˡ
ε˵ÿɱô˵ɵˣܵܶҪˣѪħһأ
εԾŴͣϵܣʲôʱôˣѪħ𣿡
ַͦͦ˵ϵܱͺֻûбֳѡѪħģҾͰˣ۹
ַ㳯ЦεԺһŴ飬ѻ˵ʵ̫ˣ
Ҳһ£ЦŮı飬ַʱβѣͷЦ
ѩ۲֪ʲôʱַ󣺡Ŷܵ簡Ѫħ϶ˣ´Ϳʰˣ
ַɿεŷѩ֪ۡҡͷʲô˰ɣ
ַӵΣ亹ѣŮЦ
ʱ֮İ޼һѸٷȶȥ߳Ծޡ
һλǰ̰ĵҪΪԼڰ޵ǰ
һһɫķ˫ɨ䡱£ʱɢȫһ˺
ٴμһһɫߣ߱ϾĶִ֣һãɫ
䣡
޾ķڸ߿ߣ
ߴһչ˫ᣬһɫ籩ٳߣ֪Ƕ֣ȫ
䡭
֪߲֣һѪɳȥ
۵һѸٷˣûɱߡ
˴סˣǰȻ˲޵ļ޵ʵҪ֮ࡣ
˸зǷ֮룬޷ɹȶȥ
ڵҲ⵽ӣǲĴӵ˽Աɱ𣬼Ѿ֯Ҫ֮֡
ƽ֪Ѿ뿪ѩ˾ȡ
ַ㿪ĵεڻˣѩվһЦˣʱҲУ˿ĵ׷֡
һ֮󣬰ѾȲԶˣ䵽Ͽܣ䵽Ϸ
ɽڷѩۺַͻȻַ۾о˰޵ٻѩҲ΢΢š
ַѸվѩʵôˣ
ַһ˵ûʲôͻȻҪȥһ£ѩ۽İɡ
ѩ۵ͷһЦ
ַѸ߳ɽƽ̨֮εŮ̫ۣӵڻ֮˯ˡ
ַεҡͷЦһɳȣٻãڵķ
һַڵĵطСİȫɢɫãСɶֿɰַЦٻľȻһֻɰġ񡱡
ַûмҲ֪޵ʵжǿֻԼİޣַָŰ޵ͷ˵ʲô𣿡
޿ĵĵͷͷַزĦţֻҲַļߴߴ
ַʮϲޣ˵ʲô𣿡
޵ͷһе̷ˡ
ַŶŴŰޣôһֻɰġзʵе㲻Գơ
ַһ°޵ͷ˵ôʲôڽϱ
ɻĿַ㣬ַЦ˵ϡ
ͻȻȫ󷢹ãײַ㣬ַԾĿŰޣΪȫ˲䱻ӡˡ
Ѹ뵽ַڣ׼ȷ˵ַڵѩںϡ
ѩߵɢԪıԵ˿̰壬ѩΪڲϵĴָСɰѸٱȫã˸˸
ַһ֮ȫ֮ӡʱ⿪
ַؿҧ˵Ҫʲôˣڵ֮ûֹͣӾҡ
ַȫ󺹣ԽԽ٣Ҫѣεʱһãɳ⡣
ַʱˬޱȣ˵Ͽããڰ˸ţãʢհҫܣ¶Ȳ
ַ㿴ãǲǷˣôộСİԼˡ
ͨε£ַѾ֪޲ֹǱϵôɰżǿʵ
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ѩĵЦһַ㻳У㣬ˣ
ַ㲻һ㶣㡱еĺ顭
ַŵʵѩǴ񣿡
ѩЦҵȻѩʲô񰡣ǰ޺òðҲǺ˵ҵıһֻ񣡡
ַԾŴͣǸǰ̫˧
ѩĵĵͷַһ˵òãɲá
ѩַĻУַȴڵϡ
ѩꡱһЦվַվ
ѩַʲô
ַӺˣε˵ûʲôϰ߶ѡ
ѩСЦɢַϵƤġš
ַĿѩֱѩˡ
ѩһָĶַͷϣʲôɵˣ
ַʱѹţ
ַ㼱æתƻ⣺ʲôΪʲôҵڣ𣿡
ѩ͵ֵػޣֳֺûɣ߸ֻһһֻɰ޻ûİ񣬰޾ҵı壬˴Ǳҽˣ
ַ㲻ҡҡͷѩЦһ˵ǧǰɷ˵ȱݣǸػޣػԼ˼άǵһĹߡ仰˵ӵֵ˿ָʾػκ£ҪľԪػ޽Ļκ¡ػޱĺԼ˼άͿԹ淶ԼΪʱ˵ָʾҲԲǡ
ַˣħӵָ֣ʾػɱȣû뵽ػޱĹڵİѾΪ˾ȵһԱǲ֪˼ֻػޣԴѩҲ
ַҡͷЦħþ˰취ҪȣǰޣĻᱻ޻ٵ
ѩַ£ѩַַֻһ֪
ѩһֻֻ´Сİַڣַ΢΢һЦȶȥ



49 ֮
ַصȣεŮɳ˯ûַҡͷһЦ˷ѩڵɽС
ѩۿ˿ַ㣬ˣ
ַͷ˵Ѿˡ
ѩɻô죿
ַ΢΢һЦôڻ𣿡
ѩһ죬ͷַҡͷЦһתȥѩſڣȴû˵ʲôַ̤߳ɽ
ڴѩ㣬ôˣ
ַﵽѾµ磬һҪˡ
ѩҲﵽֻҪ߲ҪдľͲ£Ļֳӡ
ַ㳤̾һ㣡飡£Ǿʲôط
˺ԶԶεʱѩҲ㶵ĿŶڵַ㡣
ַ˫ˮͣļսεķ룬ַ»ʧȥκһˡȻЦ棬еĵ˭ܹ˽⣿ˣĿˣԴεѪħȥַͿʼˣȻεˣȴ˵˹Ҳ顢£λ䲻λ㣬Ψһһλãĸⶼǣַģַ㣬Ǿȡ
εҲȼŮ꣬ʮҪãŮΪַıҲǣþòĸ顣
ѩ΢ЦĨ᣺磬֪ΪʲôҪˡ
֮ڣͻȻסˣվţ»йЦ֪ԵĿų
һ˵ǵܵܣҸоıˣѰǡ
ҲסˣŮˣźܿĵӣȴַ㼸Ҳ֮ħȴ϶ַ㼸йأٴξ˴ս֮ѰǣͷšȵĻЦڶԲϵĻŮ档
ЦվһԿŮûЦŮҲûаοŮͨദѾԾһ˿˽⣬Ҳ֪սѪħĿ£ħߣʵڲַ֪Ρ
ŮıЦܹ⣬Ҳ֪ŮҪйһеʹûдŮֻǾĸ߽֮ꡣС꣬ƺҲٴΪˣĻŮµСӰ˸롣
ЦֻɨһŮͷϣתЦЦͷһЦ˵߽ȱһ߽ͬӦûȥˡ
صĵ˵ͷͨȥ
ƺܰ˿Ц˸ոշɳͿڶԿһֻȫޣֵػ֮һޡ
޲мǰߣ쳤һ˫ǰػӶһ籩ߣʱһƬ𺣣ڶ˲仯Ϊҽ
ԾĿŷޣǸʲôȻٻ𣡡
½Ŀŷ˵ͨ𣬱ߵҪǿǲ֪ôôһޣȻĻôƯ
Ц˼˵һսˡӦػ֮һķޡҵĹԪŵʱļ䣬ޣʵǿޡ
գƯ۾ԶĳˣȻ˲ҪĿ꣬ǳ͹黹ŮźַͬľԪߵѾŭ˷ޡ
ſڼĵ˶ȥҧɵ˵ǰΪǵһĻԣ޷ԿģֻΪˮ֮ԶԿһˮһһһɣһսҪչ
˫ָϲһȦһɫˮסˣĵͬʱײˮ䣡һѪɽµĻС
ɨ˷һֺɨŽħűŽХһ޶ȥֻ˽һɫ޽˸Žãޡ
һɫ䣡˽;ŽħͬʱɢɫҲΪ˳ͻȻɢȾ˺նӳ˺ɫ
Ѹ˳ȥЦŮѸٵˣĻԣǵľȻʵǿ󣬵޷κε
һѪЦ𣿡
æס˹֣Ҫʲô㲻ͬģ
Ҳæס˹飺㲻Ҫðգߣа취ģ
ЦŹ˵ȻԶԸ𣬵޵ʵһܹԿģ
ͷ˼š
޼һ˫ҵȶ֮гʮֻ˳˶ȥЦԾĵŮǰסǿߣ
ЦֻζһɫɽˮȳУ˫սɽˮǰƶһɫˮǽ˵ǰʮֻ˵ˮǽ֮ϣ䡭еɢˮǽ֮ڣǿЦ˺ʮ
Ծ˵Ҳкͱˮͬˮ
ЦͷһЦ
ͻȻһɫⲨˮǽЦЦһ˫ɨѪ
һ޴ĽɫѪɫβɫⲨ䣡һȦǿķ˴ųȦ룬ЦһѪɳȥ
ˮǽʱɢ޾Ѹ˶ȥ˫ƽһɫ˲չȫɢҫ۵ɫãһȦȦɫӹɢ
һѸЦˣ´еһ£Զٴ
Ժһź飬뵽ûҪô˵ɣ񲻵Ƶġ
޾Ļ𺣺ܿ˵˹ǰ˫ãȫһɳǿķ֮亣ٱ̺
һɿɫ׺֮һһ̣һһˮײһ
޼æɶضܣҲһ
䡭
ˮڣԵԳһԻһУ
ã䣬ãɨ޲ҽһԶȫã˸ͣ缸ѪͬԶԶĳºЦҲܵǣͬһѪɳȥ
ϣ磬޾ݱݻ٣޾ֻΪҽ޾ˮڡعѣػ׽졣ЦԾĿǰһУǰԲѾΪһƬ棬һƬ𺣡
´󾪵ĳ˻֮УΪûг޾ڸˡĴţã
ĴŴ㣡ûɣ
ЦҲæ˻Ѱҡ
𾭹̺ĳѾûжˣɺ˽Ѱš
һãһ˻𺣣ס¼æɳ˻𺣣Цһ֮Ҳ˳
ãƮڰգˣȫ¶ദǹѪ
·ɵǰĵʵû°ɣ
ЦҲæ˹ȴһŴˣΪϵ¶ദѾ¶Ӥİ׾Ƥ
óһ·˹ϣ΢Цһ˳С
æԪ뵽ˣ˼أĹɾԪܵˣҽΡ
Ҳܵ˻ĴˣɫĹãһѪ۵ӳ޷ŭĿųˣ˲仯ԭΣʮɳξ޴ޱȡ
Ц㶵Ŀŷ˵ǻ߰ɣܹԸģοˣҲҪʱ
ԶĽɫ˵ܵ߰ɣס
齻µĻУұչϧŽУɫĹã޹⡣
սŽһ֮³޶ȥ޵һ
Ц𾪵ĿųʱһȥԿ޷ǵɱ½齻ЦĻУٳŽҲȥ
ЦסˣŶŮԶȥӰжѣȻҲȥսһǹڻҪչˣЦԥ
ɣսŽ죬һɺɫ籩ֱ죬һƬƴѹˣ˴˫ᣬһɼתĽɫ϶ȥ
ɫ紩͸˺ƣƱŲϷ
˽һ˺֮ڣҽ죺
һ޴ɫϲ죬һ壬廯߳ȥ
䡭
ʧɫƶѸѹޡ
ȫãʢһɫⲨ˺֮ڣʱϣƷ
һ޳˺ƣϲһɫķɽǻϧŽ
ץס˽һŽХһǰȥŽɢɫĹãɫϻûޡ
޳ʹϧŽĲıϣ˿˿ĺɫԪע뵽ڡ
гԪµĽƺڽˡ
ͻȻɫ쳤ȫɢҵĺɫãڵĺɫԪ˲䱻𣬻ϧŽһ±ƳһѪȪӷޱ
ɫ˲޼ٵ˴˫ᣬɫȫɢŽһ֮´ӷ޵ĸ
޲һãȥŽϧŽѸ׷ȥ޷󷽣ŽŽת˲һǰһѸ׷˷ޡ
䣡
촫޵˫նϣѪȾ˽ɫë
ЦԾߵĶŽŮʵסλɾȻԶԿһֻػޡȻǰˣʵɲɺӣοѻʵǿᡣ
ϳķްһԶββѸٲסŽŽ˸ŹãβѣץסԶ
ϧŽŽãһ˽ɫβľɫβƮ䡣
ãµչֳŮǽԴһѪ



50 ۾
»˷ޣȻŮҲ˵ˣûд󰭣ûôˡ
ɻԲѣЦҲų¶ˡ
Цнӹ˹飬ʵ㣬ôˣ
Ź飬ĺ˵ùɾԪܵ˾ˣҽΡ
µĵô죿
ЦһСʵ˵仰𣿡
üͷ˵ǲ˵𣿡
ЦʱβѣŮȷû˵˵ȴǵøղűһ߿飬ڿŮĳǿʵɲǶŮˡ
Цͷ˵Ҽǵ˵Ǽ˵Ĺַ֮ͨڵĹԪɣǼڶкַͬľԪµͷ
Ц˵龫ԪܵˣƽҪܶʱ䣬пܻ˶˳֮ɵͷЩŮ֪
Цŵ֣һҡɫɽˮ˵ܹҵַ㣬ٴνľԪע뵽ڣٺѹڵȵԪϺƾͿԻָˡڵľԪɣʵͻǿ󡣡ȻεŽĹ
ĵЦЦĻֻҪҵַ㣬ƾͿԻָˡҲĲѣŮ̽Ԫע뵽ڰѹסƵĶ񻯣˼̸ͨȥ
ڣַ㾲ںˮźˮ
εߣܣôˣ
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ѩ۵ͷַʱεŮЦ
ֹ˼ƽӣַڷѩ۵ָԼѪΪ޸ŽĹŽʢǰ
⽣鿪ĵĽ˽УŽΧַתţĽھڣıŽ໥׷Ŵ֣ƺף
Ǭͨ⣬ºЦ̤龲ڳСȡַڣϧ顢ˮ顢𶯲ѣѾܵŮϢַо𶯣˳ڷص;УĵЦˡ
󣬳ڻص˾ȣ黶ĳԱ壬Χڳ߲ͣšַ衢εͷѩ˳ǰ߽ؾۣ
ͨĽ˵ַ֪ŮҲ֪˹Цݣչڴҵİƽָʵ
ȵĻЦֿʼ˻صַЦվһԿĵĿŮϷַѩҲĲѡ˾ǰȥԿޣѰʣµˣһѰ֮ýҪʼһη֮·Ѿߵ˾ͷ



51 ؽ
߽ѾۣҪľǰѰҹˣپѡ
ѩ۴ַ˽ɽЦһƽ̨߽֮Ʈš
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ȵٶԽԽ졣ɢŽɫĹãɵ˸֮ϣѾֻһ˴С

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Ѹٻָԭɫ񽣰ãΪ߹Ž߱ŽХһ˾ȣǧ޵ʬ屻˳
ָֻƽ



52 
ַ˲֪ȵ飬ֱͬɭ֣ͬգͬħ
˷֮ʱûħΪħĵ¶ħͷ޶ǳ֣ʶûгͻʮѺá˺ӵħİ½¶Ѩ
Ϊ÷ްȫħûг֣˻УҲûע⵽ⷴľٶ
˴ַ˴ħŭɽߣΪǵػͨͨħˡ
ֻħ˻ų˵رµķ޵ĵĿǰַ֪㼸˵ʵħܹԸģַ㼸˻ᷢ
ַڵѩӦ˷˵ϢΪͬޣ˵ͷ˱ǽסѩѾ֪˷޵ڣûиַ㣬Ҳ֪Щʲô
̷ַɢûע⵽ַ΢ķһ°׹⣬ѩַһ뿪ַ˵¡
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ѩһãѸٶ£Ƭ̹һѨڡ
ѨںڰޱȣѩΣȫ˸ҫ۰ãǰȥַ㼸˵սǼңͨȴǼ̣ûбսĲ̤Ѩķ̧ͷŶڣҲоϤϢ
ģˣɫĹãɶڴɢѩˡ޵Ŵۿѩѩ˷һ˹ȥ
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ѩͣ˷ǰ㣬ǵ𣿡
ȫһŴѩ
ѩЦ˻ûȬɣҪҪð㣿
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ַſ˵ϣѩ˵ʲô𵰣ķ˵ַεԴ



53 
޺ųƲ񣬽ɫ˵Ʈ䵽ַǰ
ѩصһ·˵Ѿȥˣһֻûмķˣʱ˾ͻ
ַͷ˵߰ɡѩͷס˽𵰣һɫĻ뵽ַڡ
ַ㳤̾һգѾû˷޵ӰֻһС컨Ʈ䵽ļϡãƿնŮʻַٻоźɫա
ѩüϵû°ɣַ˵ͷ
Ůһ۽üͷʵأ
ض
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һãЦȵϵܲõģҲЦŮ
ε̾һˣ
ЦЦ֪ڣҾͲôżˡأ
סַ첲ĵ˵˱һˡŮͷ
ЦŴͣˣһˣַղ
ַߣϵܣôˣַҡͷա
˶ʱסˣԺգг˺ɫҹĻʲôҲûС
˴ַһַһﲻĿҹĻзȥĵطֿ˻վš
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ַԼ˵Ӻ۰˭һ£

˼죬ַһ˿˽⣬Ҳ֪ĺ޻Щͬ
֪ħֺԼֵܹ϶ħսʶ޵ʹġĺѾػޣǹػޣ
ԼѪΪػ޸ΪػֻҪħޣ޾ͻػİλֵܡ
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ַǰ־һСսʮһֻħ̤ء
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ַҪͳһԸޣѩε̾˿輸뿪ˡ
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ΪҺã⻰ʲô˼
ַѩ˵˵ʲôת֪𣿡㶵ĵͷ
ͻȻַҼһãһֻСɵİûΡСɵΣѩ׵ëã۾ѩ׵С죬ôĿɰ
һ۾ϲֻɰİŴ˫˹ȥһˣѸٽַڡ
ַĸ첲õܣǾǰ𣿡ַԺصͷ
ĵذڶַĸ첲ֻ͸ô
ַҲ룺ܣ
ʧ͸Ϊʲô
ַҵޣȻܸ㣬ֻҵġ
ȵޣ˵Ѱշˣ
ַ㻵Цŵͷôϵܶ㲻ɣǰץҰ͸㡣
ϲ֣ĵ˵Ұİô
ˣ
ѽίԼĶͷ
ַԼָ˵ˣҵޣֻҵġ
ž
ַŴۿųһɫӡԽԽ
˦ͷ쵽Ժ۸㡣ַһ·۵㶵ص˵ͷεЦ
һɫȦͻȻڶչַһסѸٶ㿪һ޺ʮɵľͽɫɽȦڳ˳
һȻܹռ䣡ַ㾪ϲѣû뵽Ȿ¡
ž޴۾ַˣַַֽһ㶣룺սѩսýѵô𣿡ַһѳԼ
ɻؿŶˣַڶͬϧһľԪҲе㲻ô¡
ַʲôΣգַѸٺˡַε̾˿㣬׶Ըġ
ʮֲŭһַȥַһѸٶܡ
ŭһĶ̳չɳĽɫãӳѸС
ַ㲻⣬ѩε˵ˣҪʵַԺһź֪ˣαص
СһɴСʱѸַ㣬ҧһַҲ
޶ֱĵƾɢַ㲻⣬ųѸٶ㿪
ѩæ͵չ˫һ㣬˲ġ
ַѩʵķἫǿû˭һֱ֮ϵԪɾҲֻܳ˾ſֹ޵ʹԪ
ַѸٴֻʮɳ޶ȥ
޵Ŵۿַ㣬ַЦֻأ˭ֻХһȥ
ǳ¼ҵľѧȴǹͨģʮΡֻڸ߿׷ţΪֻԪǱ壬ɲԸͬԪԿֻöܡ
ַЦֻ׷ޣŴ˵ʵ𣿡
ַ㵹һ㣬Ҫ˵Ѿˣŭһֻ
䣡޵ĳ򻬹ֻֻ˲ըѡ
޳ַˣѸٴ˽˴˫ȥ
䣡һɳȥɫɽ
ַеĺãͰ
ε˵ûа취ˡַ
ŭƮƬƣ˸š
ַ㾪ȵɫƶ䣬ԸħʱʹõɫһĳɢЦһѸ˿̲ס
ȵɨӳһѸ˴˫ᣬҲɫ˿ľŭһĺɫƶ䲻סĺɫ׵һˡ
ַֻһɫԪɨһָգʱеѸַеĽɫԪȥ
Ԫ׵ãʢַ㻵ЦҪ𣿡
޿־ҡҡͷΪ˿˿У޷ַһģַ㻵ЦһԪա
䣡һȦɫⲨڿɢɫƶ˲ʧһɶ˿ʧͷſ˵ϡ
ЦһϣСԺҵɣ
ʱɴ۾ַҲŴͣ㣬Ҫôְɣ
ô
ð۹⿴ַ㣬ַ㿴ֿ˵ôһǲǺְܹ
۾ĶҪˣǿŽɫַεͷɵЦ
εĵͺһʹػֻôӦ
ЦܵܵǰޣҵޡСɲõܵ۸ǰ
һתһۣһƴЦַ㡣ַŴۿҪʲôѽסְҲˡҪҵͷ
߬צĴַͷﻹ˻ַƲѡ
һŽ˳ȥ˭۸ҵܵܵģ
ˤͣίؿųַмһס˳㣬۸ңҪúùܽһ
صͷԺ۸ҵܵܣɴַۣصͷЦ
ų˵ʹ۸ҲҪǰ
ַʱεصͷЦ



54 ȺŹ
Ѿ鸴ȣڻʣޡ޺쳽
ַȣ鸴ʿѸٻع飬ǰɱޣѰҹˣ֮ڸϵ֮ͨǽ뿪
ַ򣬷ѩһЦ˵֮ڸϵͨ
ɵΪѾʮָ˽ˡ
Ȱͨϣ˭һ˳Ծϵĳ˳Ծֻίصͺš
ѩۺܺ棺ôշģ
ᡰȡһʼ˺ƪۣ˵컨׹ڱбַĿɿڴҲɴۡ
ܿ͹ȥˣɲ˵ַɻ󲻽⣬ﵽѵ˲ǰˣûҵ̳𣿡
ѩҲԣҡͷ˵λӦҵ˴˲ŶԣѵǹĴ⵽⣿
˵ͷַԺ˵ȥɱʣµޡصͷһͨ
ַ㼸̤򣬾ѩ˵޽ľ򣬰˳ͨͨ󣬰ʵɵͨػħ
ַ㿴һۣʲôطǰȥ
ͷַסβͣôҪǸ㣿ĵͷ
ַ㻵Ца˸ˣܵ۰ɣǰȥҡͷ
ѩǰһô㵱Ҳ𣿡
ʱɵˣѩǹãͬӳĻǲܲģҳҲڰ֮С
εͺһʮɾ޴ַһԾϣųһվϡ
Ѹҵޣߣ˻һ˲졣
ѩϸÿòҲҪɰɣ
ַ޿ɴռ䣬ټ֮ĸӦѰҪ׺ܶࡣģҲҵģԼԷɡ
ѩĵЦɨַһۣ֪޾ַڣʮֺ档
˻һǰּɫ磬䡭֮гһɫַͨ˳ͨ
ոսͨûжʱ䣬Ϳͨǰĳڣ˻һͨ
˴һǰΧһֻ޴ĻɫǣޡʬϻѪҲ˷ڿעޡ
ַ˵ĵеߺޣ۵Ҳ۵ߴ󾪣ܽ˿϶Ǿˣ˲˼
ַһԾǰ棬˫ֵǣҾҪҵˣʲôңҪ˺ߡŮЦҲַͣ
תַ㣬ȫɫëַ֪Ҫʼˡ
е߽˺ҲѾͬ޵ĶԿַ˵ĵʹĿ١
ַһۣ˱Զˡ
ͻȻѣѸַȥѩ˲֣ѩ죬Ƕʱӡ
ѸٺˣԶԶַ˾չȻʵǿǹһ˸޷Կַˣĺţ˫ۺã˸
䣡
ӡַ㣬ɫצ˷籩նʱڰַãһһãǡ
䡭
޵˶أãɻصַߣһ˴Сİ
˴һ³ַͳ⻹û֪û뵽޾Ȼô
ŭţðַַ֣΢ЦŸͷ
޻ļһ˴˫Χַת˼Ȧ䵽ļϡ̶̵β䳤˰ɫβĲš
޺޷𾪣ַ㲻⣬ѩޱǶ뱾ϺΪˣɣβ䳤
ַһɣôԭʲôʵ
ѩգ۾޶ΪǿԶݵıʵͳɵΪ
ַ㿪ĵص˵ͷ˵ȵʵֽǿܶࡣ
ŭһȫɢǿҵĻãոӺڰɫķڿв
ѩٶȺƻΪʮֲöԸǲҪ֣ҺϸȶԸҪעص㡣
ַͷ˵ҪСģȥɣ
޼һޣҲ˻һȥַ㼸˺һξ۲š
ѩ۲Ŀַ㣬ľסĶ䣺㵽жǣ˵
ַεѩ۽㲻ҪȶԸһ֪ȫ˵ѩַһŷſ
ַһ˭֪ͻȻסĸ첲磬аޣޣҿ𣿡εµĻҲڴ
ַᡰȡһ˵һҲǵģ˭ľͲö֪ˡ
ŮЦֻЦƲѣ֪޿϶ûķݡ
ѩҲ֪ûޣƾɵΪ͹õݣе޶ģɥ
ѾΪҲ޲£һ޵³֪
ѩһ˴СǷȴǾ޴ޱȡ
޷һɻɫķ籩߿գ˺޽԰ڡͻȻãһеĻɫ籩ʱɢѩ۾ޡ
ޱΣŭޡ˻һ˫ɫĹãޡ
䣡
޵˻ȥ޲ơſһɫˮ̶ܿ
˴˫ᣬɫʱɢǰ
ѩ۳Ծ޾ʲôΪ
ַ㾲ţ³֣ɡ˴һ
һ֮»޺ͰַȥεѸٴһĻסˣһ˲ټ
һգԾɨܣؿŰԵַ㼸ˡ
Цȵε˲Ʒ֮ε΢Ц
޷ʤ㣬ʹɱַͷѩۣӲͷƤٴַȥ
޼һնʱɫɫ
ŭһצַ㣬һצ˹ȥѩɨצ̱⣬˲顣
ַεҡͷʵ̫ǿˣǳ֡㶵ص˵ͷ
ѩۡꡱһЦٻ뿪㻨࣬ԶеȫסˡѩЦǳҲɵģȲʤȯһϰɣַ㼸˵ͷһЦ˶Ѹٳ˹ȥ
޵ŴۿַˣɲҺͰ˶Կתȥٶ죬ȴ첻ε
ֻԶһһúȴ
ֻ˻һǣһצ¡
䣡
죬޲ҽŵɻȥצͣš
úȵܵĿ죬Ȫĩ·
һɺ嫵ĻȪѸٹסޣʹ˻ţʧ
˫ָ㣺ڤȪ򣡡ȪѸ̣ŭһ˻ȪȪɢ
°һָһɫ̳˹ȥɫһĻѸٹסǡ
鷴ֺɨһˮĻɫĻ֮ϣѩ΢Ц͹Թɡѩ
ѩ׷ɣһɫĻڣ˲䱻⡣ַ˦˦ֵһһ£㶨˵ͷһЦ
Ц̤ǰһѪһɫ޲˦Ѫ۳ޡ
䣡
Ļ飬޲ҽһˤµ档εһ֮˲Ƶ·һƻ죬ʹַ˸졣
ɫ޹̶ڿУ˴ųȥȭߡ
Ŀɿڴַ㼸ʮɵǾһֻСԴǣ˾ȻȭţҲƵĿַˡ
ѩ䵽ǵ۾ǰ˼С˸ҫãͷ
աĳ˼С棬ʹغһ
ַǼźǴա赥ָ죬ɫ״ֱ
˫ƣɫצȥǷűѩۡ
ѩ۵һָѩ̴͸ǵ壬һֽ˸߿ա
鷴ִ龡׺һֻˮ״ȥ
䣡֮һˮķ
ߵɫųȥ䡭죬֮衣
Цһһˮֱš
˻һ˫ųĽã߻Ǵм䱻롣
ѩһ˴˫ᣬһɫ籩סǡ籩ºɢˣҲټѾˡ
һ˽ַ㻳Уðַؿڣַ㲻һЦŰޡͷѩۼҲʮϲޣܹޡ
޼ô㣬ѸСֻа׳æűأһƽСĽַ㻳С
Сؿַ㣬ַεСÿɰรĵ˵ͷ
ϲͼŮһ𣬻šĵÿɰԺҰɣҸóԵġ
˭֪һ֮˽ַĻУַεؿų
С죬ӻмַŭַ̽ǰ˵һ飬ûиκ˰ѩ¡
һԪӤ֮ģֲԸߣҪǲܵˡַͷЦ
СС䵽˳ϣһͷ˲Ц



55 
ޱַֿʼѰˣ򲻶ϴǹûг֡
ַɻΪʲô˶ûг֣ѵ˽ַЦ𣿷ѩһֱڵͷ˼ЦҲ˼š
ַ㳤̾˿ΪѰҹ˵·ףڲ֪˼ѡ
۰ַ󱳣ܣҪżֱ̫ˡڣҲ뵽ŲְɡַȻ
ȷô׾ҵѱˣ˿϶Ҳ뵽ĴǴս
ַ̾ϢһͷҲοҪˣеʱ䣬Ѱҡ
ַ㵣ǵѪħһֱûг֣ħ»֪жѪħһħʱȥʮֲ
ѩ̧ͷ˵ʹҵеĹҲһħ˴ɹҲǻ޷Կ
ַ㲻ħѾһϢ𣿡
ѩҡͷ˵˾ûô򵥣ڻ֣¡
µǵʵѵǾһ취Ҳû𣿡ѩ̾һͷ
˿ŷѩ۲ѩ˵ĿǰҪʣµļֻޣԺֻһһˡ
ַЦҡҡͷȻȥ޾еͷͨ
ڣվɽ۹°ɽߡ
޴ս죬ѾǧˣԽ͡
ڶ࣬˴жʮλǰǰսһ巽С
ĨһǵѪվֱӣĽһƬ棬ϰҵӵʬ廹Ѫսһɫɽһޣʮλǰͬʱ֡
ʮХŷŭϢޣһ۽ڿնȫɢǿҵķۺɫãߣʮͬʱ
䡭
ɽ̳֮һ˻𴫳޾޴ѹߡ
һսɽȫ˸ҫ۽ãһɽɫ籩תʮλǰҲͬʱԼľŭһۺɫãҫۡ
ŭȵΣʹƴҲҪնɱ㣡
ɫķ籩ҷţزʱ𶯣ɽҲšʮλǰƴһɻԵȻߡ
ͻȻŭһɽһζһ£ɽʱΡ˻δɽζա
ʮŭһͬʱԼԪľ
䣡
һɻԵһҲعѣ֮ϷƸ꣬ҫ۵ĸɫãء
еľͬʱޣһ߾ʬ屻ݻ٣һʯС
˻һ޴ɽʱ飬ǿߵľȥ
䡭
ɽʯλɻңȫɢҫ۵ĺãŭзɻѸٰסһŻɫĳת
еľȥϣ޷ŭš
ʮһʮλǰһѪ˵档˸еľʱ䣬һ
䣡
һצһߣ̳һɾʹ
˫צĵأʱһɷ籩ܣ߽ԱɳȥԶҽһƬΪϵ͵߱
һǰȡȥŭ̧צ¡ͻȻãһԱӤһɻԵķ޲ҽһɳȥˤڵء
λǰһͬʱ˹ȥͬʱԱӤ޲ҽһٴαɳȥŭţǧǰۻɱޡ
޲վߵԱȻ޷ɱޣҲʹˣû뵽߾Ȼ˷
侲һۼλ˵ͬЦλĳһ
˵շޣҫ۽ãûֹΪ˶Ա׼
ڸλǰĴ³ޣһɹǿϺϡ޾֣ҽǾ޴ѪвϷ
߽ԱһԱ޲ų׵սʤߣûдӿ־
ѩͻȻһļ£ȵǰַʵôˣ
ѩһһãѸٳ߶ȥַ㼸һѸٽ档
ʱڵս˽Դסˡ
Ⱥɽ֮һƬǼѪɫƮڿУһһľ޴ĬĬɢѪϢ
һϢڵעַˣѾ֪ǰַͷѩ۾ҪɱˡҵҪɱˣעɱ
ѩޣ˫ֽ߬ţͣĲš
סĸ첲㣬Ҫ̫ˡ
˶֪ѩΪģΪһķҿ϶Ҳɱ֮УĬĬͷ
޼ٴϢţ֪ԼɱַͷѩˣѾ˵ֿ
ѩޣʹԶҲˡѩ
ѩŭȣ˫ֱָָ죬Ӱڷ׷ɵѩôĹ¶ַ㼸ĬĬš
ŷŭıޣĬĬ۾
һ󺮷紵ѩ裬ѩ˵˵ĿС
ʵȺƮȻįɾſգĻ䣬»ƮЦˣЦô
һǺȫʧĻСˣδ޹ǺܼǿΪս˾ĴɡһжѾı䡣
ѩ۵ͷöˣ߰ɡ
ַʵô죿
ѩ΢Цſַ㣺Ժ󲻻зˣû˺֮ǣھȡ
ַͷ˵㣬ԶļңԶǵĴ㣡ص˵ͷ
ѩ۳ȻЦˣһĨ˵ıˣ뿪˿



56 
ַ뿪˿򣬰ѾȲѰҹĴˡ
ʣµֻ޷ֱ쳽Ѿ֪Լһޣ˾ǰѰޡ
֮ϣͬĵУħƮ޳ڵǽ֮ǰħעʯǽ˼Ƭ̺䡰ߡԭֲáߣ˼һ㣬ǾڵǴǰ쳽У
һ쳽޳ħĺ󷽣ħЦţ쳽Ҳ˿ֲ
ͨ⣬ַ˼ֻ޾һս˶ʮػڴ˴ħտ
ַһҵ޾Ϳȥ쳽ˡ
ѩ۵ͷ˵쳽Ϊأ綼ʵԶԸʱһҪСġ˵ͷһЦǰ
˰һǷСȭͷС˵ַĻ˯ˡַ尮ḧޣ޻ζ˼㲻ˡ
˿ϵССҲѸٵС˭Сˣ컯ԭδȥѰޣ
СƵĿһַ㻳еİޣͺһʮΣַѸȥ
ַСҪģԺ˯ұ㡣޲Ŀַ㣬ϴŴ
ַ㲻⣬粻Сĳƺ
߷ߵؿַ㣬ַԺһźεЦСԲԺ󲻻ȡЦˡ
ߵİڶ壬ַ㼸ѸٵķɵСȵС㷢ʲôأС㣡޵ŴۿųεصͷԹſ˵ϡ
ַٴ˻һϲ죬ɫ粨£չ޳˽ȥ£
Į֮ϣޱ˫վڵϣա
һ󲨶˻һ˳ַһ֮䵽޵ǰ
ѾС˵ĴСɫ˫ڶš
޿ַһ˵ˡ
ַһ㶣û뵽Ȼһλ񡣡΢΢һЦ˷ѩ۵ˡ
С䵽˳ļϣСɵַļϡ
ᡰ桱һŰޣΪˣϲ
Ժذ˰Ưɫβһ
˵֮һܻλӵйԪ˶¼Ůɵ˺һǾѾʧȥ˵õ޵˼ŮΪһֻްɰޣ˭֪һλ
Ц˵ҵʹĺѾԼ˼άػĲһˣˡ
Ůһַ㲻ѵ˵طĵ𣿡ͷ
ַ˵ΪʲôҪ򣿡
Ϊ˻ȥַ㼸סˡ̾˿˵ڵҲ쳽ޡŴֻͣҲɴ۾
˵ֻǿָͨıһط򣬵ǲʲôҲ֪Ҳֻһֲ޶ѡ
ַ쳽ʲôʵ
ҡͷڲغʵΪߣֻΪǶԸǲףΪַü˷ѩۣѩҲҡҡͷ
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޵ͷȻ޴ڣ޴У쳽޾Ĳ
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̾˵
ѩʵΪʲôգ
޻ش𵽣֣˭ֵˣ˭ͿԿ˸֮ҵʹѾػ֣ʶת쳽ػ
ַ̾Ϣһħռ֣쳽У鷳ˡεĵ˵ͷ
ȫɢ˵ã΢ЦһЩĹֵܵġս䣬Щøˡַ˺Ǿȣ˾Ȼжǣ
˵ǵʵܵ͡г˷ѩ۵˽ĵͷ
гַ͹ʵǽɵʵɵ˵ȷܵ͡
Ц˵˵Ķ˵͸ǣ
ַ㼸𾪵Ŵͣѩ۸ǳԾΪɵ֪˵Ƕôѵãһش޺ҲŴ죬Ҳɵˡ
ȫãʢ˵ãַ̳˵ڡ
޽˵ҵʹѾˣʣµ͸ǵԺֻܿԼˣ
˵ó˽ɫĹȣȫɢҫ۽ãߵɫĹãַ̳㡢Ц¡顢εڡ
ȫһ۾ѩ۾ҪԼеΪ͸ǣô죿
޹ЦұֱֶħռҪħϧ
˵޴һߵַ˵Ľãҫַۣȫɢҫ۽ãǵΪڲ
޵ӰԽԽȫʧˣַĽãȥ۾
˽Ѿ뵽ʵַ͹齫Ҫɡ
ѩ۾ַˣַ˸е̾Ϣһллޡ˳Ĭ
ȥ򿴿˵ͷ˷ͨ
һ֮󣬰һֻڵħ̤ء
ѩ쳽޲򣡡ַһ£̸֪˴¡
ѩüͷ˵쳽뿪򣬿ǻص硣
ַ㲻⣺㣬ô֪ģҲȤĿŷѩۡ
ѩͷ˵Ů˵ֱ
ˡַһƽſ˵ϣѩεЦ
հȥ˶ħֻصǬ˰ӵһ
˺ܿͻص˾ȣž޾ʬ˳Ծѡȣɣַ߽㼸ߵƤת
˻һ۽Цʱˡַأ֪쳽޳ǵģɻһ֪ʤĴս
֪֮˾ȣַ˻ϲѣ֪ҲĵЦˡ
֪콫ַ˾ȣַʵǰк²ڹ˵
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ַѩĿ֪죬֪Цһ˵Щ޷ͣԺ֪ġסԪֻһʹãҲԼʹ߹Ž񽣾ߡַ㶵ص˵ͷ
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編ٶȸģʵɽʿٿ飬ʿշУɢ֮ϲ볤ֹ֮ɡ
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ϣַ㱳˫ֿ˵֮󣬺Զ֮׹ۣ߹žˡ



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ַīüͷ˵ôѵÿ𣿡ͷ
ַĻƺ˵ͷ̫ˣӦö̵ͺÿˡַЦɴ۾ŮҲԾĿŻƺơ
ƺ֪ΪγԾЦ˵˼綼ֵĶ̷ַɨЦһۣһ㶡
Ц·ԵеŹ֡
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ַЦҲĿż׿׿εԼزַһ㶣ܿ˼Ůز
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Ůıزת˹ȥɫǣַβѣߵؿ׿
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Ȳûв˴ַĿǹˣĿ纣ȺŹϢ
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һ죬ھУַͻȻоΣյϢͻȻһ״
䣡
ʧ޷ڸ߿տ죬ѩۼѸַߡ
ַ㿴Ų˵ȻΪλزأַʹԪһǿƳܣΧ߽Աһ
޻䵽ַϣַЦŸһ¿գҪٶˣ֪Ѿˣɣ쳽
նʱһ󷭹һɫĻѸգһɫľ޴۾Ļ˸ŮǶɫ۾ƺλҲս׼
е𾪵Ÿ죬˲˼֪ϵǸֶܹԸģ˷Զ



61 ɽ
ַʮ˷վһ󲨶޴۾ͣ˸ɫ״
Ѹٷ˫һ׶ʱڸ߿бը˻һղϲһ󲿷ֵƾձըϣɫã׷衣
쳽˻һַʮ˺Ͷλޣ˲ɫֻ޴ɫצޡַʮ̤ǰһҪ֮ʱʮɫ˲ˣʮ̶á
ϤϢַŮеѪħ񣡡
һЦڿдһȥѪħħֶ
޺һ֮»ɢɫľ֣Ѹٻصַ㼸ߡչ˫ţȫãʢͻȻɫѸס˶ޣҲ޷ƶ벽
쳽ŶޣѪħЦַʮˡʮҧѪħ񣬷ѩۺֻͻȻӡֻ޳Ѫħ񣬷ѩٳ¹ŽҲȥ
쳽˫ã˸ɫʯѸٷɳʯֻסֻޣֻޱ֮
ѩ۽ָħһϣͻȻĹħŴһڳѩۣѩսɨ
䣡
һǿķѩؿһƵɶأһѪѩü˵˴˾ˣսȻȫԸǡ
ߴĹħȥӰաѩħӰħ񡢹ħ񣡡ַ㼸˴һħս񣬼쳽ޣʮ˸޷Կ
ѩѸٷһƻַˡ
䡭
ַ㼸˵ķӡ⿪ѩۺȵǿߣ
ĴսһѩۣѩҧĴսսһַ㼸˻һۣԥһɫѸסַ㼸ˣٴαӡսͷѩҲ˲䶯á
ֻҲ˲䱻⣬ֻɫצһ֮ʧˣ޾ҪԹԵıצץ顣
ѩ۳Ծĺʱֹ֮
˵ȫãʢսͬʱӡ޴ãӡѸٳɫĻڡ
쳽޵˫˸ʧˣɫͣķϡ
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ãͻȻ֣Ѫħһ˼ɽͣڰԶ
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쵭һЦһһͣûжʱˣΪ㹱װɣ˵ѸٳѪħƺҲβϡ
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Цַ㼸ˣСѣͿˡ
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ѣ嫵˲ʹݻַ㼸ķӡַ㼸˲˺һĿģĵһЦ˵ϡ
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ַ㼸˴ؿϵߣѩһ֮»ص˵ߣ޺ҲѸٷɻصַߡ޵ëϴż˿ѪַĻвҿϵ龰
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ַؿϵˣٳŽ˽óԼɫٴνַ֣ЦһŽѸٳ뵽ŽС
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䣡
ַ屬һǿʢƣȫҫ۵ãͣ˸ţѪϴ
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ַУŽ¾ʢǰ߱ŽĽҲԳǿͻȻַԪ񽣣ٻ
ԪһΪ֮һ֮ϣħ𾪺ɣ
Ԫ֮˾Ԫַ˸һģһ񽣾ȻԶںϡ
䣡

ַʹĴţϵƸӲʢɫ̱ʮɳĹãؾ𶯡
ս𾪵˺һˣ
һַ̣˸İ£񽣵İ£羹Ȼ뵽˾磡
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ַ񽣣ԺϵķʹѡͻȻַУﵽˡսԾѣû뵽ַ㾹ȻݵĽ뵽˾硣
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ɫ˲ŵַࡣ
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Ĵ顭
ַĸ˸ãǵ㣬ųɷƮַ

ַг˵߹Žļ龰εãһδСĽɫ塣
ģַüᶨ̧ͷϵս񣺡ֻء
ķнɫ屬ҫ۵ĹãɫĹӽɫڷɳɵ˷ãıԵųΣһС͵Ľɫתš
սһе֣
֮ϣ־һζţħԾĴеСĹŽȻС֣
ַȵ߹ž
жʱ߱飬вĽɫϣɫĹϡСѼٵתš
ַٴδȵ˹֮񣡡
䡭
ȺСţһһɫӰСһɫӰС
˴Σ˸һβĽɫƮַ
ս񳹵ɵˣˡˡ˹񣡡
˸ɫǵİ˴ַͨСٻ˰˴ɢĻǣ˸ݸ
˴΢Цַ˵ͷַͷŰλҲǻϲѡ
ַսɣֺɨͬģ
˲仯ţλһֽס˷񽣡һ̣еĹԱʮɳĹãɫĹɫĹ
˴ַһģһĿϵս쳽ޡսĿɿڴ쳽Ҳ𾪵һ֮ϣħĿǰֳַ˵Ӱ񣬲
ַս񽣣ͬʱȣʮһ
˴Ѹٽӽַ㣬˴ã˸˺壡
䡭
һɻԵַڱַȣɫնʱɢһգսһѪʮ쳽޿־ĺţ˫۵ãϵ˸š
֮ϣħĿɿڴȻԽ˾磡



62 ս
ַ̤ǰһ΢бɣͷӴس˼˫۾ֹˮսһۣһͬʱַ㡣
쳽˫ã˸һɫ籩̴ַɾ˼ţսѸٳ
ħٳһɫħѪħս񣬶һն¡ַЦһãʢһɫ̻ס
䣡
ڴɢһɫķһƬƬе̳
ַ㷴ֺɨɣһɫ˻ֳλħ񣬻áѪħӽ
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ãħڿоҵķħѪħŭһɳȥ
ӰħͻȻַһ£ַһһ֮˲ƶڿСһħͻȻƾճ֣Ѹٰסַ㣬ħ֮£ֻ̺ɫĿצץеħš
ħһ󷭹ɫĹã͸ħķħűըַɨɳħšֻצΧסַ㣬צΪһȫַΧڡ
䣡
̺ɫĿצ˲ըѣַɾƮ
ħŭһٴַȥֲַ˫ָҼ磬۾
λħһַȻ˫ۣѸٺɨȥ򣡡
䣡
һԵ̳λħȫһַͣǰ
ַӶһƣλħһѪ˳ȥ

ɫķ籩ӽХƶ̶ִ
ַվֱ壬ԲʮķΧȫɫҲ˰ɫһɫ֮ΧסλħѸ뵽߿ա
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𾪵˰ɽԶԶŰɽǵɫã
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ַһվźڶܣԺ˰ľˮַ㵭һЦ˫ۡ
һХħѸٳҹĻַ㣬һ˲䣬ַһת˫ָ
꣡
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Ѫħƺһַڵɫڣȵַ㡣ӰħٴγַͬһѸ¡ɫĲ£һǿ̳Ӱħ
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ӰħһѪɽҹĻ֮Уַɾر˫ۡ
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ͻȻһ󷭹ղͣɫתΪڰձһתڰС
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˵ѩûΣʧȥѩַ㣬ֱ˼Ѫַۣȫһʹҧûнг
ѩһҧֳ죬ִǰ׻ϵĻ㼯ѩ˫ϡһɫ񹭴ѩлûɣֽɫ˸һһ֧̳Ρ
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䡱ɫ˲飬쳽ޡ
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ħٴδһһɫħеĳַȥ
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䣡
ޱȵܣɫ׷ɻ裬ͺɫħְգ˭Ҳȴ
Сһã̴Сڳ뵽˽ڡƱǣŭһ˲ȥɫħˡһͶϣܿͳ嵽˺ڰе봦ɫħѾʣ޶ࡣ
˻һ񽣣һҲ뵽֮У񽣱֮Ƴ֮ڡ
䡭
һɻ֮ɨգڰһ֮ѱըһıɢ
־ҵĲţһڴħҽһȫѣѪ˫۲˸ţͨĺɫħҲ𶯲ѡ
һ֮»صַߣַսɾźڰҵաħŭ˫۱ҫ۵Ѫã켫ȥ𶯼£ͨĺɫħһʧˡ
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һ޴߲Ѹٰסַ㣬ַƴеȫѪڣβ˲뵽߲С
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䡭
֮Ⱥ裬ʥ߲֮ãҫأعѣ飬̳Ƹ꣡
ַһѪ׹䵽ϣħҲҽһӵĵֶջָƽջϣعƽ
һ簲ˣԶ𾪵գþòܺŵϴ͡
СתţҲתţ˴εĶԿ£׼ȷ˵ֻǸʤһ
񽣹ãѩۡ衢ε顢¡Цƺơ׿ηɳ񽣡Ѿƣɵͬľ˾е˽εڵϡ
ַ㾲µľˣһЦãλɳַ塣
λַıӰս֮һƬçַµӰվڷ֮СͷһЦҵĴˣȻû֣ҲȫСѣǻټģҵĴ˲ȥģַ㵭һЦĵ˵ͷ
λͷһЦӰȫʧһɫĻƮա
Сתܺ󽥽ʧ߱Ѹٷɽڡ񽣹ãΪ߹ŽԪ񽣡Žֱ˸˵ߣŽԪƮַǰ
һãɳַڣε˳ߡãһѩվַߡ
ѩַ¶Ǵ˵壬ɫ±Ⱦ˺ɫַҡҡλΡѩ̷סַ㣬ǵ㣬ôˣַ΢ЦſѩһۣѩС
ѩԾıַ㣬Ǵ˵ַѩʹѣϾͬѩǳַ֮塣
ַ˵ŽԪ񽣽ˣҪܳʱָܻ
ѩĵˮֻҪû¾ͺãһúչġ
ַ㡰ȡһ˵ղŵʹǴߣҿҪ
ѩæַ㣺Ϲ˵ûµġ
ַ㵭һЦŮ˴δսħҲˣʮڲ·ˡҲǿڵң뿪ɣȥ½翴˺ٻ
ѩͷһЦҴȥ½磬ҵ˰ɣǲʶңᷢġҿһǣǼʮٻǲõģѰҹ˵ͽڼλ㴦ɡַͷһЦ
ѩһƬã뵽ַڣַȫãģַ㻯ѩģ׼ȷ˵ѩַ壬ʱ¶ѩı壬ַ뵽ѩڿʼ
ѩ⡢Ԫ̧дһɫƮŮǰѩ̾һóһɫɴϣһµľȾ˺ޣȥ



63 ַʧ
һս磬֮ı֪ʥ֮˵һʱ
ѩۼѩߺļʱµķ棬ǰ飬ÿ˶ַȥԭ
ŮʹģأŮַĹϵΪ⣬ַŮ»ʲô⡣
λԵͷԴӼʶħ޵ʵλ˾ȵļַ˵صͬΪ˵λѡ
߷ط棬ƽɽ⣬˶ܹõʱսǶôա
ѩ۾˾ؿѩµţǻ֪ѩµģȻ֪ѩѯַͰȥ˺ηҲֻҡͷ
ѩַ뿪ͨȥٶȼ죬޴ʱַܲѩڡ
һһ㶡ԶһɫӰڵʹţѸٷ˹ȥ׹ִΨһһλܳѪУ
ѩۼʹĲѣַʧ٣׹Ҳȫ𣬵ӸֻʣһˡЦ̽ܳ屧ѪӣΪˣҲҪΪ׹һ
žȵľˣʧ٣ȴΪ߶ȫ˴ĵͬˡʥءĴ˵
˲ϵƣܳͦѹأ֮ʱѾԡѩ̾һŮվЦܳվŮ󣬻ƺơ׿˹ԹԵվЦԡ
߾ŷѩۼˣ֪˭ͷ߽ǹһ񣬷ѩ۾Ҳһ񣬾ȶȥ㶵ؿǰķ棬ʹ˶ֹ
֮ϣһɫͨչѪħħ쳽޴ͨˤ䵽˵ϡλħˣӰħѩɫж쳽ޱɫˡ
ħʧ󣬶Կ̫ľԪˣɢԪ׼켫Ҳַȥħŭޱȣȴ޷ڣϾʱѾûȥԸˡ
֮£ħִĴħ쳽ޱչӰħʬ屻ħͬΪԼãٴνƽ
ʮѩͨϢѩ̤˵ͨ
ͨ鲼磬ĿȺףѩɵΪӹŽİ˳ͨͨ˻ý硣ý̫Ͻ粢ýһƽ磬ޱȣ̫ϽҪϼ
ͬǻýشһͨɽ壬ѩɴ˳Ĵ۾ѸɨһΧѰҳһؿʼ
̫Ͻ磬ֹ˼죬ѩ۾ڻص˾ȡŽХһƮƽ̨֮ϣЦܳ¥кƽ̨֮ϣվƽ̨֮ϳĬš
֮󣬳˵ҪȥҵܵܣˣȻа޵ػһǲġ
ѩַ֪Ĺϵʱһ䣬ڴҷߡúȥѰҵܵܣ˼Ѱҹˣھ󡣡˵˵ͷ޺Ѹ뿪˾ȡ
Ůַ֪ںδڻָУֻú޷Ѱңѩۺ˾Ʈš֮½ϻǹɽˮҲƮƽ̨֮ϣԴ˺Ρ
ܳЦչºܿͻָ˹ɻĿİķ䣬ܿͲµԼڡ
ܳҡҡλ߳¥ƽ̨֮ϣѩۺЦڽʲôܳ˹ȥܳ˽һЦѸӭȥ
Цܳʵϵܣоôˣ
ܳͷһЦѾöˣлλǰľ֮˵ܳ幧һ
ѩ۵ϵܲҪ̫ˣ׹ۺ;Ѻϳһңο˴׹ҲΪ˾ȣӦˡ
ܳ̾һ˫һЩˣ׹ֻһ˻ܳɨһʵֵַأѩһ㶣ͷ
ܳŵʵѵֵַҲ𣿡
ЦЦһ˵ϵû£Ͳ֪ˣǶѰ
ܳüֵַʧˣôѩ̾һ顱˵һ飬ܳҲͷ
ѩ΢Цϵܺúˣ컹Ҫء
ܳ岻⣺ʲô𣿡
ЦҪؽ׹ۣͽǸˡ
ܳһǲ⣺ΪҪؽ׹ۣ
ѩ۽͵׹ǧܾʹûο׹ȶš
ܳԥЦһЦı˵ѹһڣҪֿͬ׹ǧ֮ʥأ׹ֺ;ͬһң˲ſԸõ磬Ͼһޡѩ۶ŮҲͷ
ܳԥҵΪܵͣ²ܷڣػ׹ۡ
ѩͷһЦϵܷģЩǻ㶨ȷܻܵǻ֮ʱһоͶˡ
ܳһû뵽ѩۻ˰ж֮࣬ŷܳ¶˾ģصĵ˵ͷѩЦ
֮󣬷ѩۡ¡顢εЦƺơ׿ܳ˰ɽ¡ɽӲݴһǰսĺۼɼ˿ɽۡ
ɽľбʯأ׹Ҳܵ˴սĲеķݽԱ̤ɽⱻƽǰİƲۼ׹ĽҲΪ˻ҽʧ
˻ųص䵽ĽڵĿյϣܳۺᡣ
ѩۼ˹ͬʩһǿķ籩ϯɽƵķݣѵɽ⣬ľȵȲķʧ˷籩֮СһЦʼɽɽ£ʼؽ׹ۡ
º׹ɽϡؽ׹۸ԭȴǸӵĿ㣬Ϊƽɽ¶ĽǴƬĿյء
׹ڷѩۺλ޽ĸŵӵľ޽˸סѧáƽ̨
ɽָֻԭòƣɺƼؽ׹ۣѩ˹Цܳѡ
ѩۻ㼯Ԫ棺Խ𣬰ɽ׹ؽԭ׹۵ܳ嵣׹۹ַ㡢ѩ۵׹ۻȹŽ֮ε衢¡鵣׹۳ϣ׹۹ͽͨĸߣԿɼ׹ۣ
ѩ۵ǧϢһʮʮ٣һµʱ綼֪ϢʥشϢעĿһʱ䣬ڶļ塢ɡҰʿǰ׹ۡ
ѰַĳҲ֪˷ѩϢŮЦҡͷЦ֪ܵôʲô飿
ͷ˵µܻܵһɣŮЦѡ
ýѩ۾ͨµѾָ˰˳ɵʵ
ѩһվ̸оڵı仯ڵַ֮УƺأǼ¾ܹȬġ
ѩһ˴ڻý磬ַҲ֪ʱŻѩε̾˿˫г˵˸С
һЦѩʧڻý缰֮С



64 
ŮѰַ㼸ˣûнȻѰš
֮УµʱҲûлָѣս죬Ṳ̊Ѱַĵ·ղϵѰңҲָɵ
ڣˮޡħָʾ
ս֮ѪħصѪħɳˮ޺ħǰޡַս֮ѪħҪ޸ھ֮ǰѰҲɱַ㡣
Ҳַ֪ڣɳѰ˼ȴûκν죬޻رѰַ֮ʱ˳Ů޾ҪƻŮ
Ϊ˱֤ܹŮԮħͬ޵ɳ˹ħǰս
ħҲ֮ħָֿٰͨɵħ̤ǰͨŮ֪ΣѾ٣ʱ̵Ѱҡ
Ů²ַӦһɽˣʶŮһЩɽѰҡ
֮󣬶ŮһɽɽȡɽȺرֱɽڣԲεĿյ֮ʻޣһСϪһССľŴСϪ֮ϣһéСŵǶˡ
ɽȽһڣǱ߷֮˴ɣɽС־
軥һ̤ڡµѰңŮƣȻɽȺǾףҲʺˣǶŮȴǽ顣
ַ㣬Ů۰ĵܵܣҲΨһĵܵܣʧٶ䲻ŮѰңĬеǡ
Ůûз֣ǵһɵĺ۶ͷŶˣͻȻһãߺ룬˵ϡ
Ṳ̊ľţ̤ݵأֻĺڶŮԣŮڴߵС⡣
żªéݣŮƺַ˵龰ᡣƿ˲ݣŮڡںǼ򵥣һӣһéݴ֮ûκζŮ̾һѰַ֮·Ҫȥ
ɫéݵȴڹڣŮƣ˼Ծéݴϡ
ҹܿ٣һѪС£ޡħޡˮɽȡһ߻˲ɽȣֲϢƮС⡣
ӵţ˯ţſڳϢšһɹϢƮڣͻȻ۾ȫ󷢽ãס˶Ů
ݶʱ̤˻һ˳ȥҲ˹ŭų⣬һ˴˽ɽȣſ˫ᣬһ󲨶ˮԱ˹⡣
Ѹٷ˹ŮעźˡһӰΣˮЦſų衣
ɨˮһۣ䵽˳ļϡˮôĵӣȻǣ
ˮ޹Цǰȡ˭Ҳܲˣ
ߵƾ㣿İֳɣ
Цˮֳ޺ħ޵Ӱ
Ŵַ㲻ټţһŭ̳ӡ
ֺϲ˫ָɽеʻҵĻζţһƬƬ赽ԡҲǷŭȫãɫΧת
ŮһͬʱһƻȥЦһȥΡ޾ĻһƬ˽ˮУˮ˶ʱ˼ɡһ룬ˮ˷ʧˣվڹŶŮ
߬ȭͷޣҲԴŮ޶ûж֣˫ôš
ˮޡħѪħİѽ磬ħӤİҲʵûжڵȴħĵ
ָɵҲָɶѣҲ
СڲϵƮ䣬ɫӵһ绬աĥڳӲʳƵģ˫ֲͣĲţ輱æס֣òҪϸϸĹ۲죬׼ٳ֡
޽ŵĿŶŮ˵ʵͬǶŮľ˵ģ¶Ůơ
һۣһ˳ȥű˵ܣڴˡ
һ㶣ꡱһЦ˳޿񺹣ŭĿųŮ
ô䣬ǵ׻򲻴򣬲ˣʮϵĻʮɳΣŮһȥ
ħ޴һӣһȭһɫãХһм˧ġβ˹ȥ
䣡
أǽеޱŰڶβͣӦú۰ɡ
ˮһʧĻУת۳֮ϣʮ̴һڿնΪɨ£ɫ˱̡
һִ̧һˮ˫צ֮˫¡䣡ˮ޴һ֮·ɳսһ
ڿճħޣħ޹һЦһɳɽȣ棬Ҳսһ
̾˿ޣ޿Цһȥһ˻һĻ̻סȫ
޴һֻЯնޡһβɴβޡ
䣡ȫһ𵹷ɳȥʹذڰβ͡Ѿͨ飬֪Ů¶Ů֧ŲסʶһֱڱʵԱڹؼʱ̿ԴŶŮѸ뿪
Ҳ֪޵ʵʹ˵ԸʶԶԶޣλܹսپްͲˣ޾ʯŶԷ
ϣŮսǼңȫƽ
ΪϵĴˮҲԱ̶֮ģо쳣ҲԽԽ
ϵģо֧ţҧѸٷˡˮЦһ׷϶ϣٴκˮսһ
ԸħҲʮֵĳ㲻˵ħ޵ħǰԵ֧ܿռ·硣
ħ޳ûȫһħһħ籩衣ҧӶ֣һɫֱ޴˹ȥħֶ豻ˣħٴδħһħס衣
ţҪζʧˡ
䣡ħըһѪˤ䵽˵ϡ
ħ޹սһ裬輱æܡһƴ˵ϣƷɢȥһѪٴαɣˤ䵽ʮ⡣
ˣһƻˮޣ̷ɵߡ
ħЦһƻŮæ裬һƶħޡ
䣡˽˺һ
ˮͻȻ֣һˮ̳ˮ粿һѪ˼ˮһѸ¡ؼʱһˮ޴󾪣Ѹٵ˶ܿˡ
豧ס̷ɽȣ׷϶ȥɽڣ˻һȫޣ޳һѸٶܿһ
óڹȿڣ̷ɵŮ£ŶŮȥ׷
豧ų鿴ƣͻȻħһǿħѹޡ˻һſ˫ᣬȫס˶Ů
䣡һ죬ȫһٴ˻һȫɢҫ۵Ĺãһ󲨶һɫͨΡ
ѸȥͻȻһħǽ֮ͨǰħһ˫ƶħޡ
쳤ХϷһ󲨶еħƱСħһһȭޡ
䣡
һȦޱһ棬ͬϵĶŮҲˤȥ
ħ׷ᣬٴδȭħ¡һ˫Ѹָ죬ɫԪΡľеĻ꽣صϡ
޿Ѹ٣ƽȵ䵽˵ϡ
䣡
ڿлصħһ֮·ɵ˸߿գħԪʧˡ
ҡվŭؿŹħ񡣹ħЦҲԶЦֹħ䵽޵ǰŮ
ҲѣϾħɵʵɵļҲ̫
ߣɫΡħЦһͬʱ֣Ĺħһţһ׳ħŮޡ
һȫ˽һɫ޽̳ȥ
䣡
ǿɢһѪ˼˵ϡ˽һħʣµİ벿ħ̳Ů
Ů̾һг˲ᣬǶԵܵܵǣҡħѸŮǣ֣Ц
ͻȻһã䣡ħһɫɽ˶ŮǰŮйħ˽һ㶡
ԶһӰĻ֣ڰȺ
ħǺˣ
ԶӰԿڲϰڶһǿƾ䡣
ɫӰԽԽһ䴫죡



65 ֮
˴һ죬Ĵˣؼʱ̳
ӰĽӽնŮģһɫ壬ĸߴòΪƮһ˫
Ů۹⣬ͷһЦҹ꣬Ӣ۾ȻһЦ¼ŮһǺһЦΪˣҪֳݵ۹⿴ŸȻ
Ůʱͷߣ˦ͷУ
βѡ
ħЦĴˣû뵽㾹ȻԼ֣Ȼˣɣħһ죬쵭һЦһϡͬһƣһһħһһڣã࿹
䣡˵ɶء
ħغ˼ͣ£һĺתء
ħһ쾹Ȼɵʵ˵һռϷ磬޺ͶŮһ˭û뵽ʵȻǿᣡ
ħŭ˫Ƴ죬ʱӿ֮췴һ٣ɫɽǺһɵϡ
ħһ˫ƺϻһ״ħ񡣡䣡ħȫɢɫĵ졣
üͷսתһܣɫɽ̻ΪʮųԲϡսɽһɨʮɽųһ߳ħ񣬹ħһֱȥ
䡭
һɽ飬ħЦųЦһսɽѸٻԲһɫϻס
䣡
ɫ飬쵹˼ħҲɶء
ĿŶŮڵȴɱŮ§ųվŮɻ졣
ַҲǹĴˣ߽;ȵˣʵҲֻѣΪʲôɵʵأֻһֿܣʱҪԶԶĶַ㣬˵Ѿǧꡣ
޻С䵽˳ļϣ΢ЦŸ
ħŭ죬Ȼûа취ƷҲֻǻָɵʵûಫıǮħһ죬쿹סһôֻߣϾҲɵʵ
ħȣ޾ħ֣޴ħŲϵķš
˺һ˶ŮСˣһעⱣԼ
Ůͷʱ˽ֻ֮Ԫ֮ûеֿʵ
Ҳ뵽㣬΢Цİɣһᱣǵģǿҵľ
Ůһ㶣첻ҲŴۿ죬ʱսɱŮս˹ħս
޿κΣɵʵܹԸġ
޴ħŲϵķͻȻǸʮɣһǿڴЦɣսһ
˫ƺϻǰתܣһ
˫ߣ壬Ÿڣվԡ
ʮ츺ֶÿ˱ϸһɫɽŮ޴һɾ˭ǵһμħ֮ڵĹħҲһ
ħŶɫĹãħŽСʱһʮɣȫɢħĹħǰ
ħѪ۾죬֮˵裡죬˽һ㶡
ЦһҾĴˣ
Ů֪˰˴֮һ֣裡
ħһһƴ죬޴ƾһɴСһԾԵľŸѸмϣų֮վ¡
Ÿһ˫ƻ죬ŵãг뵽ڡȣȫ˸һɫĻ̽;֡;ͬʱһƣɫĹĻεضѹơ
䡭
ħƱѸסɫɽͬѸٰγ˱ɽ
սħ񣬾ָ죬ŵã̳ڣٶ˸ãһ˹ħƳħͷȥ
ħ󾪣̵ɳȥ콣ָ죬ɫɽɵĽãһնȥһͬʱһɫħ񡣹ħһһħ⡣
䣡쵹ɶء
䡭ŵըѡ
ħЦȻľ˸ĺʵãȴС˺ܶ࣡ħһ졣
Цʶһ¾Ŀ°ɣ
̵վΪġվڵϣսתһܣͬʱָħ񡣾ŵãѸټ죬ħһܿ
һ䵽˾϶ˣʮ˳ɽվڵأħüͷ΢壬Ŀ졣Цһȵն
ʮ˽ָ죬һɫ籩Χʮ˲ת
䡭
ϣʮŹħ񣬹ħһʮˣ˫Ѹ¡
䣡
ɫ籩ãһƣħһħһѸ˫ƾħȫȭ׳ħ
;ͬʱһɫɽãʮãʮڳϽ֯һһ޴ɫɽ̳Ρ
䡭
ɫɫɽɫɽ˸ɫĹãնħ
䡭
ħ̱ɫɽҲɢաʮϸ߿գʮ˽ãʢһνɫĻסʮˣʮ˲Ӱ
ɫĹãأʮһ𣡡ɫĹĻ·ʵʻһιٳħ
ħһȫħ˫ǰƣһԲħȥ
䡭
ڿƺķŮ޽Ա˺ü޼ʱס˶Ů¶ŮҪϼˡ
ã磬ħڣ˫šͻȻһħ
ɫ˲仯ɫǣɫǺһɽ̳ħȥɫǳħ֮ڣƼӲƬˮ֮ڣħ˲䱻룬һ֮´ӹħ󴩹ħʱնΪ롣
ħŲ˼۾ҽһ˵ϣʮɵɸߵ̳
ɫѸٷɵŮǰãһʮ˻˶Ůǰ
ħȫħСһħ𾪵졣ʮɫɽͷһЦȫãʢ
ħ־˺һѸȥҲ־ȥ˦˦ͷŮôɣһڡ
Ů˦ͷУ
ƲѣæһˡŮꡱһЦ˳εͷЦ
ЦҴȥɣǵƺء
˵žҪǰ˦ͷæԼԡ
ͣ½ŲЦſŶŮ޻һΣŶŮɽȡҡͷȵŮ湻ֵġ
˺ܿصɽȣɽȲûʲôֻǲݱ쳶ɤӴ󺰣ҿķӰ
ŮŴʵסίصͷŮʱ
̾˿Ͽסģ
޺òͿ𣿡
쳣޺𣿡
ҡͷҵ˼ؽһ
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ͷ˵Ȼˣѵ𣿡
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ͷߣŴſȥղŵĴս̫ˡ
ۿ죬첻⣬ʵҸʲô
ŮͬʱУ޷ȥǷᰡ
ĿɿڴȵŮ֡
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ҹܿ͹ȥˣŮָһɵݾĲиŬҲؽϡ
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죬Ĵˣڰеǹ״ǧ꣬е䣬Ҳ֮
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Ҫȥ
ѩҡͷҲ֪ȥʲôطҵһˣҪ취κ
һˣҪһȥɣк֮ܶͨˣǻа취ѵˡѩҡͷַ㱾ǻý֮ˣһýȫ̫ͬϽ磬»ý֮޷κַġ
ѩ̾˿ĵĵͷֺһ˿ˮѩʵԸû뵽ѩȻΪһѶᣬǿʵЩǺϲѩ㣬ʵǿ
סѩ֣ѩ̧ͷС˵㲻Ҫ̫ˣȥ￴Ŀ԰أ
ѩһ㶣ǰûԹô֪ý޷κַأѩ˵ͷĵЦѩĸ첲ãǧ꣬ȴӰ㣬ѩεЦ
ʵǿȥɣ
ѩЦҵѺҪǻȥĿҾȥ
ѵϵ𣿴ȥҪܶʱѽ
ѩͷİɣô·ɡ
صͷ㣬ҡѩһ㶣֮Цһնȥ
һṦðȻɵô죡һûѩҡͷһЦָ·ڵء



69 
ɭʵ̫ˣѩͣУΪ˲Ļɣѩ;Ҳͣ¡Ϣ˼ΣֱҹʱһϿڡ
סѩĸ첲㣬ˣǽȥɣѩͷ̤ǰȥ
ϿȾǹڵأشͨı棬ɭֶǹĻ
ѩʵô·ûԱ
ЦܵĺҲһΪǿԻԼ·Ѿ˺öԱˡѩһɵõͣ˽ŲĹ۲ܡ
Ц㲻صģ岻ҲǺƵġ
ѩüͷʵϿûĳԱ𣿡
ͷе嶼ϿڣǽȥɡѩźϿڣԥһ£պ̤ȥ
ϿȺǿ㣬ھм׿һ·ϸҰݡʻҡڲںڰҹĻŻްֲ
ɫķᲨŶ˵ķߣѩȴûзɾ裬ϾҲǵһء
Сﳤ󣬶һжϤѩĸ첲ָָСһ̶£ѩεЦŵҲи
һֱСϣСԵķ羰żһЩĳӴ䣬Զ̵ʯھȻߴף·㡣
ӣߵСľͷϿȵĵش
ϿƻͨΧ裬кܶ˸Ų֪ĸһľ¥Ͽȡ޾ɽʯ֮ϣɫĻһ˿ڰϿȽֹ
ĵѩǰȥʱע⵽ѩ˽ѩΪѩΣԱΪѩߡеֹͣ˻裬ֵѩλİŮӡ
Ŷ˵Ľӽ˿ǺɫѪе˶ŭˡ֪λԱΪηŭԾͣ˽ŲѩҲͣ½Ųǰǧǵ塣
һλͬŮ˳еףѩһ㶡
ĺŮĺȵʲôˣҼæҡͷ֣ȴ֪˵ʲô
ΪǱѩƣȥһƴһѸٵѩǰ˵ҪҪϣű۾
ͻȻãһƺһɳȥ䵽˺˼ͣӡ˳Ծѩֻѩֱһֻƶżˡ
æ㲻Ҫ֣ѩظͷ˵ͷ
˲⣺㣿Ҳһ㶣Ҽұôôһλ㣿
ѩſ˽˺ŮĻУŮ΢Цӵе˺һѩѩղŵıѾˡ
ѩɱɫɴڸǣֻĴ۾ɨһһۡеĲƣ֪˭ͷѸѩʮɽڷɳҲǳѩ
ѩ˺һˡ󾪣ɤӺҪ֣ҵĽ㰡ȴڶ˷ŭزڸǡ
ѩҡͷһЦ˫ƺϻ˫ָתܡһȣһڣһɫѸȥ˱ɫɨһƺߵɳȥûˣѩ׼ȷֻǽ֮˵˻ȥԶͬһ𾪵ѩ
ŮΣգ˳ȥֹĸȴûи͵ĻᣬĸŮ˷ɽһɽڡ
˦˺Ů֣ףΪʲôҪ߰
Ů۵ظ˺ۣǲ̣ȻҵıŪˡ
еҵ˲ǽŪģҵľˣ
Ůһ㶣˵ǲǸŮ˶ʲô壬
ֽԼͷװҵľˣ岻˵ǻˡ
Ůһ˵ҿǹ㣬Ȼص壬Ѿкܶڸ·ϡ
ԾŴͣþ˵Ҳ֪ѩǲļϸһ촫˴ţѸܳɽԶԶţɵŴ͡
ֻ˴ţһһǧصľʯѩѩȫãһʯķ顣
ŮŴ۵λŮӺҪˣ㾿ôģ
ķңһǾԼĽ㣬һǧĳԱҲ֪ô죬ǽе˵һ顣Ůͷ˼ţŵѩǱȽѩļϸ
һ޺е˻˿һ·һͺѪ˫Ͽ
𾪵Ľеػ
۾ɣǴ׳һǰһֻС㣬ѩ˺һ
˻һѩ޴Ѫڿ̵ʮѩεˣѩô׾ͻᱻ̵ӵʵİޡ
ѩЦһȫãʢϿ˲۾Ѹ
䣡
һȦɫⲨӾɢҽһʮףž޴ݵ䵽ϣϲѪӡ
ʹİڶž޴ͷҺϴû˻Ų˼۾ѩѩ˦һͷž
Դ󷢣ŭ˻ſһѩѩ΢΢һ̧ۣ֡
ۡһ죬ƾɢ
еĿɿڴĸҲɵˣ˵ŵϴ
۾ʯѩǰ˵СѩȻǿʣѩɵɱػ
ѩ̾˿Զ־˺һۺˮѩģôľҪڴˡ
ѩҡҡͷЦãôŽ𣿡һ㶣ʱʹѣô˵ѩҲȹԼȴʵ
ŮѸסΪĸףɲԸŮȥաһۣɿ֣ѸٷѩŮһ̸ȥ
ܿѩߣѩ۾εصͷ㣬Բ𡭡
ѩ̾˿ﲻӭңȻõˣˡ˵ѩתߡ
æסѩĸ첲㲻ҪֻˡŮ㶵վҲ֪˵ʲô
ѩһЦ˵úúˣԺúҧıѩ첲ˮ
ѩˣ۵ظķߵʲô㲻Ǻúõ𣿡
˵㲻Ҫߺ𣿡ѩһ㶣ԥ
еҲЩԥѩ˸Ϊȫ壬ȴû˺κһˣҲʼԥѩǲǵˣ»һǲˡ
һӰѩתͷɨһۡһεˣҲӢĸߴһɫۡ
Ůһæһ񣺡μ峤˽һ񣺡μ峤
۾Ҳʵſ˵ϣתͷ˵ҽ㣬ǵģ
峤ͷһЦСҪޣΪˡ˵һ񣺡峤ľ֪﷼
ѩѩתͷ˵
ľ֪ѩΪϿȣѩͷ
æ˵һˣΪ˸˵ġ
ľɻ֪ѩںδ
ѩҵѶ˵Ҫڲȷİȫ֮ǰǲġ
ľǺһЦҪѿѩﲻϧգĪķ𣿡ѩȫһ𣬵ͷ
Ȥʵ㣬ԭķѩҪϣͻȻ뵽ʲôַʱԣѩҲ˽ý޷˵ַݡԥһ£ѩ˵ͷ
ĵķʲôطҿ
ѩתľȷϿκ𣿡
ľҡҡͷҲȷϣȴһİգѩԽҿΪһ
ѩ˼Ƭ˵أ׷ϣʱ״֪ɷЩʱգ
ľͷȻˣסͷȥٽѩͷл
ľΪѩһշѩ˹ϿȣǿġŮҲЦŮôһĽ㣬۶Ƕ嶼һ¡
Ҳѩ£ζһΪǿѣ˵嶼شġ۾־ؿѩڿ͸λصİŮӡ



70 
ѩڹϿסԱʮ־ģѩġ
ϿȺǿ㣬ǧ֮ڣݺŮѾǺʵˡѩһ£ɭϿҵӰܹѾʮ⵱һֲ֡
ػסϿȵƽ峤˭Ҳҽ룬Ǵ˿̵ѩȴ⡣۾ѩʵʵģа㲻֮
ҲѾȬѾǧСѾͷû¾ͰܵѩķˣѩҲǿĵ档
һ죬ѩڴϢϿѾöˣѩҲһ˽⣬ر˷ʽѩид
ĸΪʱĿзɳһ͸İɫľԪԪŮԪΪˡ˯ԪƮϷ֮ȬˣĸŮ˼Żָ
е˷֮ѩһֱ˼ַƣò׼ǷκַˣһԿ϶Ǿ岻˺ַ㡣ѩľһ£Ŀκַ㡣
˼֮ʱһĻƮڣѩ΢΢һЦ֪ˡ
ĴˣСԴڣѩЦ㣬ҿԽ𣿡
ѩЦ㶼Ѿˣѵܰ𣿡Ц˽ѩߣֻĴ򻹲ϵİڶš
ѩĸ첲ôأϿкܶĵطǰȥòã
ѩҡҡͷɣûȥͷ羰
ͷʲôʱ
ѩҾȥ峤һ£ϣκ÷
Ц㲻Ҫģ峤кܸߵΪŽһԸģѩЦŵ˵ͷ
ͷСţֻ۾Ҳһֱŵ棬·ʲô°㡣ѩʵôˣΪʲôֱأ
˵ҿ𣿡ѩɻĵ˵ͷ
̧ͷѩ˵ΪʲôǴ֣
ѩһ㶣Цʲô
صͷ˵һЩר͵Ϯ֮˶Ǵ֡
ѩһͷ˵СѾͷ˵ʲôأɲˡ
ʵǽΪʲôǴ֣ժһûмء
ѩҡͷΪ˱һЩҪ鷳㻹С㳤˾֪ˡ
ҲСˣҶһǧˣ
ѩꡱЦ˳ͷ˵Ȼʱ䳤ȴǸӣЩǲᶮġ
֪ܶģҲ켸߶ûɱҡ
ѩЦǣˡ˵㶼֪Щʲô
ͦͦأһۣС㣬㲻˰ɣѩһ
С˵Ҽ壬ǵвͬκһ壬ǻɷõҲɷɣѩһ£˵ͷ
˵ɭشɽɽиɽ峤ȥ˵Σաһ͵͵ȥһ߳ɽǸˣõľɷ
ѩһѾȷ̫Ͻߡѩʵô֪ˣ
С峤˵ǸɽиͨӦͨ硣Ҳȥ˺ܶǰ̽нͨ˶Ժͳ˹Ľأκ˶ǰѩ˵ͷý޷ֿ׹ġ
С˵㣬ҲİɣѩĬò˵ͷ
Ц㲻صģκ˵ġѩͷ
ı۾˵ѩĻ˯ˣѩεҡҡͷСѾͷô˯ĵЦݣѩҲĵЦȥ
֮ʱѩͻȻŶҲʱôˣѩæҡҡͷ
ղѩڵַͻȻһ£ѩĶϣѩŻᱧŶ˹
ʵǲˣҪҪһ£
ѩҡͷЦû飬Ƕʹһ¶ѣڵͻȻҵ£Ѿûˡŷĵĵ˵ͷ
ѩ˴תͷ˵ڽҪȥһ£һŷת峤
Сװĵͷȥɣ뿴ķʲôˣֻҪǺͽһ־ͺá
ѩһЦת߳ˣѸľڵķ䡣
ѩٶȼ죬Ҫַ״Ϊڵַڲţƺơ
Ѹľķ䣬һŴľķ˽ȥڵľڴͻȻʹһԾص˵ϡ
æľ峤ôˣΪʲôϰ
ľһҡҡͷСôˣʲôôż
æ˵ȥ˽
ľͷţȻأ
˼˵Ҹ˵һȻͽ˯ˡǸղŽͻȻʹ
ľһ㶣æʵôˣ㲻Ҫż˵
һ˵˵ң뿪˹Ͽȣͨ峤һ˵콫
ľüͷѩа취κԼɡ
˵ͷߵʱѾûˡľͷߣ֪û»˵
ľСؼȥɣǻҪأпܻҪĳ˴սһ
˵ͷѸ뿪ľķ䣬ľת׼ϡ
ѽͻȻȥľһʱˤ˵ϡ
һ㶣Ѹٽľ峤ôˣǲˣҪҪҰ׽һ£
ľæҡͷҧ˵С㻹ʲô𣿡
ǵһȺ˳ô죿
ľһѽôû뵽ôãľ
Ϊ˲ģľЦô˭˵أ
ĵص˵ͷţôû˴ù㡣СѾͷݵľѩˡ
ľεЦ뵽ҺСѾͷûŪ
ĵܳ˷䣬ȷȷʵ뿪ˣľŷĵ˿˴ϡѩһУüͷǺηʥ
ѩܿ뿪˹ϿȣһСɽϡѩתһܣһãɳڣػַģַɻԣǴ˿ȫͣ鶯ţлʱʹ߼ѩ̷ַ
ͨѩַľԪڼٵתľȻַľԪںϡѩ⣬ַܹʮʹ࣬žڽԪ֮ڣľԪȻѸٻָš
ѩҧҧѸٽԪ뵽ַڣľ
ɫܿͱúڰѩг⡢Ԫȫ䱸ػŶˡѩİַĻָٶȴľϸˮַľԪ֮ڣַĹԪѸǿɫĹã鲼ַȫ
ַʹƺţѩŵ⡢ԪΧŶתԪͻȻãʢһַڣɫĹԪͻȻһĻǣַֹͣƺߣѩĻС
һҹ֮ľ뵽ַľԪڣԪֹͣתԪ񽣷ɳַڣַָѩĻо˯š
ѩŲѣַû˾֪Ƿܹ߶ַзϡŽͻȻһһãַڣַһľӰΣ鲼ȫŽȻ˾
ѩ֪ŽľǴǳ֮ʣϾŽҲҪϢġڵַ˵İˣ˾ַͿԻˣȻѩıַҲܵ˺
ľԪָɣʱڻĻָСַ㾲˯ţƽȵϢѩϣѩĵЦ
ʱַ۾òֽŶЩľַѩһ
ѩǳһѱסַ㣬ַԭѩĲǵطסַͷַ㲻ܺˡ
һַڡӡѩĻٵĴ˼ԹҪҰ
ѩصͷ˽ַ㻳Уַ΢ЦűסѩԪ񽣲·ɽַڡ



ڶ ý


71 ס޹
ȻŽַľʮִַֻַ޷ھת
˿̵ַһˣڵľԪڣһԻָġ
һΣѩַǰ˯ˣĻУַᱧеѩ˯ţôİ㻷Ŷˣַ˿
΢绬˵ķĲţһĺðֻ΢΢ķƹԡų˯ѩַЦ㷢СѾͷɴʲô˵ַַ̧֣ͣסˡ
ɴѩôôءѩĴ۾ʱıţƽȵĺַоģַôѩͣסֲ֪ѩɴ
ַûժѩɴظšеѩҡһͷְַַ΢Ц
ͻȻַо˽ӽȴšһ֮Ʈַ̧ͷȥһӸվڶǰ峤ľ
ַ㱧ѩʲôˣ
ľһַ㻳еѩ΢Ц¹峤ľѩѣСֵܲصġ
壿ַ˵ľһͷ
ַ㵭һЦַ㣬֪ľ峤˺£
ľǰλǰ塣
ַ㲻̾˿ѩ֪ѩڻý綼Щ顣ľҲǲϢϣı۾
ʱĺܿ죬ܿɫƣϦֻĵķɽľ۾Сǲȵôֳˣ
ַЦѩｻ˲ѡ
һֻСԴߵһɽʯ˳ֻĴͣȶš
ַһЦĳԱû뵽޳Ρ
ͷߵַߣѩַЦҪģѩû飬ֻ˯˶ѡһͷ
ַʵʲôط
ľﲻԶһʱͿԸϵ
ַͷ峤·ľͷһЦվ
˵չ𣿡ַͷһЦѩѩվ
ľתߣַ̾һһȫɢãƮȥ
ܿ˾ͻص˹Ͽȣľһ䵽˵ϣ˴ųҲ䵽˵ϡãһַƮڰչϿȡ
ľһ㶣壡ַɨһۣƮ䵽˵ϡ
ľݼǰҲæͷ
ַͷ˶һۣЦʲô壿Ҳǰ
ľЦһѩҧ˵֡
ľһ㶣ַһ˵ʲô
˵˵ֵġַһЦŵͷ
ַ㲢İ˵Աħûе⡣ľһ뿪ˣַǰѩķ䡣һ·Աַַ㲻⣬Ҳֻû
ѩķѩŵ˴ϣѩɳ˯šСʵǰ֪𣿡ַһͷ
˵õɷǰһģһ
ַ壿
ͷ˵ǲˡ
ַһЦѩ㡣
ЦҵľˣǰҲҵĶˡ
ַЦʲô˲˵ģԺԼˡĵص˵ͷתܳ˷䡣
ҹĹ޹ȻڻԻַͣɨһѩѩ˯ţַһЦ߼ԼơŽΪԪڣɫĹԪָš
ַ̾˿Ҫһʱķˡַѩߣų˯ѩЦҲ硣
ַһֵΣѩ;ȼŮȴ˵ԪƮߣַһΪԼѾˡ
ž𶯣ŮӰʧҲʧˡһɫӰվǰַ˵ȴ˵
ɫӰһ٣߹ŽɫӰɫĹӵŽϣŽãʢӰ
Ӱȫʧ߹ŽΧַַĿŽָı䣬
ַȫѾʪ͸ַ㴭˼ߵѩѩ˯ţɫҲһĨɫַ߳˷䡣
ַڹ޹ڣ˼ǸֵΣв֪ͣ֡Уַ˹޹һ޴ɽǰ
һ紵ֻѪ۾䶢סַ㡣ַͣס˽Ųֻۡ
۾ŭһɽɳ̴ַǰַ㵹һ˺ػŭ𾪶ˣľæɳ˷䣬ѩҲ۾Ѹٷַڵķ
۾ƽַ㣬ַһ¿ˮЦô󰡣˼Ϣˣߡ˵ַתȾܣſһ׷ַ㡣
ѽѽַУȫţ͸ƨɺ׷ϡ۾Ѹٳȥ޴Ѫַ㡣ͻȻãһԪ񽣷ɳַڡ
Ԫ񽣷ɻַڡ۾㶵ַ㣬ž޴ݵ䵽ϣַɴ۾ݣΪݾȻҪ󡣾˺ףѩ
ˣҽһſϲҶˡ
ֻѩ߬ССȭͷôͷһȻ۸㣡۾־صţܹѩַεѩǰŴݣ治֪ղŵ˭۸˭ˣ
ѩ˾һţѸַߣû°ɣַ˵ͷεؿžίһתɽ
ʱľ˹䵽˶˵ַѩǸģ
ѩҡͷҲŲôѿĶأľ񺹲ѣҲŴʯͣ
ľεػȻÿǺܡͻȻľˣΪַǰž޴ݡľ͵ܡܱҡ۾мľίص˵ͷ
ַЦֲ˼Ūݡſ죬ַ㲻Ŵֻͣĸֻʣһݡ
ַɻֻôĸ˭ģҰ
ѩɴ۾ַɨһۣиòɣѩ˵ͷַ񺹲ѡľƣѩַô
ͣʮڴַ㣬ַ׳һµһѩͷߵǸ
ѩίԴַ㣬һʽЦתҡͷβˡ
ַ㼱æסѩ۵ظͷѩί˼ҲŴַ㻵Цŵ˵ͷ
ľһ˵λģˡ
˵Ѹٷȥַ㲻ʵôˣѩҡҡͷ
ʱ˴ų˹غãѩĵص˵ͷ
ַЦСʲô
ػغ͹ˣû뵽ǽͽ򣡡
Һ㡭ַʱסˣŴѩ
ѩһ죬æסôȥ޹Ⱥ𣿡ɻŵ˵ͷѩѸٷˣʵ𣿡ѩ˵ͷ
ַ㶵ԶȥĶˣһʹַɽЦһɣ˵ַѸٳ˽ȥֻŶһϴ



72 
Ͽڣɿ촩ԱԶԱˣľҲ̾˿ַѩڹϿȴ˼գն˾뿪壬ǰ塣
ľǲ⣬ѩҲףַҪʱָܻΪʲôҪ뿪ַ΢΢һЦҲмˣӦ뿪ˡľȻַѾҲֻõͷӦˡ
ѩҲַ˼ý缸ˣһֱڹɭ֣ɭ־ͨġû֪Ҳ֪ħʲô⣬Ϊ˶˵İΣҲΪ˲Ҫ鷳ԶҪ뿪һѩ뵽ģǾַҪʶһ»ýߡ
˵ַԻý˼ȤҪʶһ»ýߣԱѧһЩ̫Ͻ粻ĵط
رѩĸ첲ľԱͶ˳˹޹ȣػ۾ȻҲ档
ַѩǰͷһЦ֡ľ峤ҪǣǻģľͷһЦ۾ʹ۾ЩǱַڲˡ
ַһЦѩԶȥˡһ·ϰٻʢһ̲С·ɭֵⲿַ㡢ѩ̤ϡ
һ·һЩ˰ҲһЩոСĹŶˣһÿΪһĵ·΢΢һЦ
֮󣬶뿪˹ɭ֣˵ʱĵطѩַ˵ʱַҡͷһЦѩǰȥɭһƬȺɽΪַƣֻѩУɽлš
ȺɽлߣޣһЩַ㲻滨Ұݣֱ
ֹ˼죬˷ɳȺɽһƬԭ֮ϡ˲ԭǺܴ󣬵ǷҪʱգѩ˵ֵһᡣ
һ󣬶˾ͨУȸŮǣ
ַҲһɫɴѩȸŮСȸŮǷƣֵҲǿ㣬˿ڶ࣬Ҳкܶס
ȸŮ֮һȸŮ֮ƵŮΪѾ˼ǧʷżǧǰ˼ң޺Уħ˼಻ԣΪ˱жԼ
һŮӴŮ·ħŮӰȥ٣˳ΪȸŮȸŮڴ˳ǣΪ˼˳ΪȸŮǣȸŮӢǹ㱻
ַѩĿΪ˽һ£ɴضַšһЩ߽ǹŹֵŶˣҲֻǵһֱ
ʹõĻҲ̫ϽĽңǽԪЩַ㶼еġ뵱һΡҽᡱѰãַҲúǸС
ַһͨסլ˾ڴˡкַժɴɵ˼ķʹƣѩ΢΢һЦַߡ
ַӼ꣬Իýһ˽뿪
ѩͷ˵
ַһЦи⣬ǿһҾƵô
ѩüΪʲôҪһҾƵꣿ
ַ㻵ЦƵ꣬ԾͳԣȾͺȣܳƻ۲һ»ýûʲô֮
ѩꡱһһַĶͷ֪ԣǼ컹ûԹ𣿡ַ㡰ٺ١Цš
ļַǿ峤ľǸÿ֮ˣһЩ͸ַ㣬޾콬ȵȡַ󱥿ڷʱܵػˣϼѣԴѩȻΣȴҲΪַ㿪ġ
ý콬кܺõãַ㽫ЩвЧ̶̼ʱ䣬ַĹԪָ죬ڵľҲʵ廯ΪѰַɲ뿪Ǹط
뵽ЩַͲֱˮѩЦΪſˮַ뷨ѩҲͬģַЦܳ˷䣬ѩεҡͷЦۻָ⼸ĵ֮
ַйһοƵľ֪ҪһƵ鷳һ⡣
ַ㽫һҾƵϰܣգһԪļ۸񡰹һҾƵ꣬ĵϰ塣ѩַҲǴЦѣû˵ʲô
ס伫Ϊͨסլڣַÿ춼ȥƵ۲ߣߵĲ֮ͬ
߿ɳʹ䣬ҲԻǧֻ꣬м
߽ΪýնУҲɲٿطɽֻܽսȻ֮ϣȱݣʶԶԶߡ
ҲǿߵĵطעԵĸ롣
ԹԼľзƻ˺̶ҪԶߡ߲軷⣬ԿϢָһҲ߱Ȳϵġ
۲ַ֮࣬㻹ԺȣھƵⲻҲԲ˶١ƵʮǣһҲСľƵַ꣬㲻ʵ£ƹ۲죬ҹ֮ʱͻصסլڡ
ѩû¶棬һֱڷԪڣַ㲻ΣգѩַİΣַÿ춼ԼѩѩҲǿĵš
һַھƵкȾƣ֮ϳ֣ߵ߹ۿ
֮߶ţ˾սŭӶԷٵΧ߽ͷӶҲ֪˵Щʲô
˵ĽͨӦոŵĵӣһΪ£һΪɫ¡ַ㱳΢΢һЦ־ٱһóһֽȶš
ӵƳΪʲôҪҹȥҪΪ˸Ϳ޷죡
ƳЦһţ֪밲ȸǺ
źȵҪʵˣн컹ʦ˼ǰ˵ģʦῪң
ƳЦһʶĸϽѶҪʦֺˣ
߲ѣ˵˵ˣƽ͵ģ
ƳʦķһǲڵĵλҪ͵ƽȻ㲻óͲҪʦˣ˵ƳսţҲǷŭѣսȥ˽սһ
ַͷȸ֪ġȸŮǿɾǰȸţֻǲ֪ƽһĽƺȸŶõ
˽Ǹոţַǵ΢˵Ĵ˵ֱ̫ƽˡ˽֮սȴǼңвͻɥ¡
ƳʵҪڶţʮкűƳһ˼粿Ƴ̧һŽ˳ȥˤ䵹ĵطƳЦһһȥѸٶܡ
Ƴ䣬ɱУźܿͲУƳһƻɳȥƳץסţֱزȥ
ͻȻһɫӰȺзɳһƻƳϣƳһѪɳȥɫӰץѸٷȥһգ۵ĹѾӰƳ߷ߵһۣתȥ
ȺһɢַһЦת߼Ⱦȥˡ



73 ƽ
ƽַҲȤʶһ£ǺӰ֪˭Ҳ֪˽Ρһַǰȥ۲һ£Ƿɳ⣬Ŷʧĵط׷϶ȥ
ãһѩַߣַؿѩѩַһסѸٷȥַЦô֪Ҫʲô
ѩɨһۣ˼ѵ𣿡
ַѩѩһЦָһָ˻ãʧڿС㶵ŶʧĵطԼѵǻþ
ȸŮǼĵطһСɽɽźï֣ܵɽӲݴһãѸٳӲݴУַѩ͵͵ԴɽµĶˡ
ǰʮ⣬˱Ŷɽϵһɽڵϡһλ͵ߣһ˵ģܹΪܸߡ
ŴǰǺˣΪξң
˵㲻֪ҵݡ㣬ƽʲôط
˵Ҳ֪ƽʲôطƳݺңҸû͵ʲôƽ
תŶţЦѵ㲻õƽ𣿡
ҡͷ˭õƽûǸʵҲûܹõƽ
ѩӶƽʲôɽ𣿡
ַһѧӵģ°ͱۣ˼Ƭ˵֪
ˣ
ѽַǵ˵ϣԺһɫð˿˿ѩ߬Сȭͷ˦˦ͷ
ʲôˣһƴѩһһӡ
䣡ƺһɻȥųԾŲݴеַˡַ㰵̾һѩ߳վ˺ǰ
˱ȭ֪λ˺ηʥ
ַ㵭һЦ壡˴һҲɵۣΪصһ壬ʵǿ
˰һ񣺡īݼǰ
Ѹٹ˵ϣ־ȸŵӶţݼλǰ
ַͷһЦǶ˵ҪܣȶɡīվֱվһԣҲվͷҿַˡ
ַʵղŶλ˵ƽ֪ƽк⣿
īһ㶵ǰ֪ƽ
ַһҶӶ꣬ղųɽԲ֪Щ
īһذһƽǰȸ彣ƽһɽ
ַͷΪʲôҪ
ī̾һ˵ҵһѵĺˡһ㶣ī
ַЦǲ֪ƽҵʶһ¡
īͷ˵֪ƽ䡣ַ㡢Žһ㶡īɨһ۰ɽɽתͷַ㡣
ѩ
ѩͷȥƬ̹ѩͷ˳һɢãɽѩɽַУɽͻȻã˸ҵš
棿ַϸϸ۲ƽƽͨΪɫ֮дһӣһǿĽꡣܹԣַźܴĺøУַΧתīŵϴ󣬶ҲĿɿڴ
ѩЦƽйءַ˵ͷҲµĲƽӦѩ۽ǰ彣
ѩѩ۽彣ô˵ս֮˻ý磿ַ˵ͷƽһ֮½뵽ַڣīɵˣǿûмɽ塣
ַЦƽǵĽǰҪлīѣ
ī㶵ǰؿȻɽԸǰͽǰɣ
ַƽʧȸŶѰ鷳ߣʱҴȥ塣˸мѣַͬ
ѩʵôǣ
ַ΢΢һЦīͶ˵Ƕ˴ɴߡ
īͷóһɫɴϣʵô죿ȸŶʶҰ
ַһ̧ͷɽʵƽ𣿡
īҡͷشƫƧ
ַͷһЦѩ
ѩüͷ˼Ҫ𣿡ַ˵ͷѩһЦɨһĻסīͶŶˡīȫһйȫʧȫ˷ˡ
īͶŲѩѩããѸڵڣȫɢŵãһӺãʧ˽뵽鿪ڡ
һתоʮīʵʲô
ַЦ֮īһ㶣ַѩһ񣬶ŵȻҲһ
ַѩָһҪŬȵΪԪӤٻصҵߡ˵˵ͷѩһ
ѩ㣬أ
ַһصȸŮȥ㣬ǵľĺܿ졣
ѩͷһЦԼСġַ㵭һЦתȥѩīͶŽɽ֮ڡ
ļȸŮǶѣȸȫɳѰҶźƽ䣬Դַ㵭ȻһЦ
ַܻᵽɽ˵״̬Ǳѩһָܿͽ˵˺ܴĸơ
ѩ֮¸߶ˣַһͬɽ·ϡѩɴŰɫɴַʵĿˡ
ѩַĸ첲ʵʲôʱ̫Ͻ磿
ַЦ̫ϽӦò·ˣǾڻýɣȫ˽һ»ý硣
ѩЦ¼λ㶼Ѱǣѵ֪ͨ𣿡
ַһ˵֪ͨˣӦ֪뿪̫Ͻ磬ϾǶйŽ
ѩʵܸоŽϢ𣿡
ַͷҿԸоŽϢϢŽоǡѩꡱЦţ˼ǰȥ
ԶλѸٷַ̾һû뵽ôѰˡ
ѩʵô죿
ַˣˣǣǼīͶšѩ۾ַЦ
λߺܿǰһλʵûмˣ
˵óһŻжòĻַҡͷһЦ§ѩתȥߵѣѩ˻֣˶ȥǰȥ
䡭λһѪڵϡ
ַͣסŲתߣַҶӵĵطЩģ
һλߴŭűַѩҡҡͷһָһ̳ߣһɨ
һߵ˼һΪΡߴһ־˺˼
ַҡͷһЦҪǡתȥ
һŭǾǺˣ
ַ˽Զȥһǰ˻塣
λߴһ˻һˡ



74 澭
ַѾһˣڹԪָʮֻ֮ǰڹ޹ȿ콬Ԫ˿Ҳָֻ˲߳ɡַ㰵̾һٶȣȫָҪʮʱ䡣
ѩʼַңַܰҹ˾ַֻ̾ϢƮš
һַ£ٴīŶĵط˾µΪӸīƲѾ˵ľ磺Ԫ
īѾһֵԪַ㽫צڸīм裬ԸԶ׷ַ㡣ַͷһЦѩ߳ɽīŶѾȫ֮ˡ
ѩַǣᱧסַĸ첲ҪģһԻָģеʱ䡣
ַҡͷЦߵĳϼѩߡַ֮㱧סѩ˵ЩҲۻ˰ɡ
ѩҡҡͷ۾ϴ󣬵ôˣΪʲô˵
ַ΢΢һЦסѩȵīͶŽԪӤǾȥ忴ǾͿԺúϢˡѩַ㻳е˵ͷ
ַðھһˣɲýĹأ
ѩһ㶣ʵô뷨
ַЦǶգͳһĻ
ѩУ§סַĲ˵Ҫһ𣿡ַһ£صĵ˵ͷ
ѩǵһͳһܻܿħġ
ַħʺǰҴħ뼴ʹħҲԱǴѩһص˵ͷ
ַЦҵʺķˡ
ѩҪȥһķôַɴ˫ۣѩߵصͷ
ַ뵽˸ոճɽʱܳ£ɵôЦѩɻؿַ㣬ַ˼˵취ܲϲѩҲĵЦ˿ʼƻķ
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ַΣܲȫȻԼһһɡͷۣͷַۣƲʯϷѩҲεߡ˾Ķţֱҹ
ַ̾Ϣһɵʯϣյǳǲе쿪ˣѩҡͷ
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ڶ峿ַ뿪ѩָī˵ַĿĵǰţӶǻýķ
ַ˼顢أ˿ԪںŻԪԪĵߵȻǿ̫ػвߵýľָֻȿɣΣա
ǺβЩַ㶼֪
ַԽԽ꣬ɴֱҸĵطϢܲܲʲôһ죬ƨɶˣʲôҲûвַЦһ̵˯ˡ
һַ㾹Ȼû˯ľ͸ƵġһֻԶַܿߡ
ַŵĻһ񺹲ѣ죬ʮֵĹ⻬һСȦβľţȵȻ˷ƣǻýޣޣ
ޱٶȿ죬ͨ飬ڶϲϡ١ַǹ֮壬һصϢޡ
ַַ֣һһ޵ϡ޲ַһۣǽַ㹳ŵԼıϣת˳ȥ
һصϿȣһɽһӲ֯Ĵϣַ˯š
ɽסʯʯӦоСһߴҧһֵĺɫʵַߣʵŵַߺܳɽ
˻Ĺĵġ߼Ȼ˰ַһˮһַһ˹ۿһɫĶǰζһ¡
ߺߡϢ˺һԼӡ
ַ㿴޵ӣʱסˡͷַ㣬һʽ΢ЦַĿɿڴ

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ַҵشŴŵޣһһ޾ôĶ˼ӡ
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üñɫĹʵַĿУȻ֪ǰѹʵͱͱ
Ŵַ㣬ֹʵȻַ㺬ڿУצסַ°;һƶַ޵İ½ɫʵҧˣɫĹڶǡ
һתȥһĹĵ˻
ۡȪ㣬ַокһ¿ˮɫʵȫ̽˶С
صͷһʽЦַ㣬ַ㲻ŵĿޣͶҪˣ
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Ž𶯼·˳һľַڣַȫһӲݴϡŽҲƺסˣƮǰôô찡
һʽЦŽʱһѸٳַڡ
ַ˼£ת˳ȥһӺ޻ˣСצСϡϣȻмʮźɫʵ
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צסַ°һƶַεؽɫʵ˽ȥίؿšڵûơá
ͻȻַɴ۾ȫҲ̰ʣµļʵַУ漣ˣ
ַľɢҫۺãѵľѸһһǿھתԪڻĻָšַһɽҲ޿ĵشţȻ
ַһԾһȭʯڡɽҡβѣһʯˤϣ޸ӿĵźС
ַƽԼ˫֣ľȻȫָˣ֡ƵַЦˣһʽЦַǰβͲʱ̶¡
ַ㲻֪ʲô˼ʵҪʲôñӹһԼıۿַ㡣ַЦһƨȥ޴ַ˳ȥ
ϿȺǰֲ֪ﵽǣһССֲϳһɫʵַ֪ǾԼԵĹʵ
ٶȼ죬ַһʯǰַ̧ͷȥֻʯϿ֣һĿ澭
ַʯϵ֣תʵķ𣿡۵˵ͷ
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ɫӰĴ򶷺ȫǽ򶷣ڹַԺõַ㻹ѧ
澭࣬ڻ˵ķһЩЩַʮļСٴۣڵַƸʢǰ
ַڻһ˿֮ԪڵĻָţǾϣַͳһ
ľϸźɫʣּ̣תڣַЦɨܣ޵Ӱַһ㶣Ѱҡ
ߺߡϢϢҧһɫʵ˳ַ΢΢һЦ޵ͷ
޽ɫʵŵϣʽЦַ㣬ַɫʵһ˿С
ްǵַǰַͷһЦȥһߺߡȥ
صɽںַҪȥˣлл㣡ͷַ㡣
ַҡͷЦҪһߵģһҪɣһģʱһ뿪۵˵ͷַ΢΢һЦתȥ
ַĸй۸ĵǹ񣬻һλΪ߾ߡ
ַãеնȥһʱַصīĵطΪѩҲ
ַ£ûڣһãѸٷɳ˶ڣһӰ˽˻УΧŶˡַһ㶣Żеѩ˵ôˣ
ѩǻһܵȥˣ
ַһ㶣һ£ǲһѵַ澭ѧϰ澭ʱ֪Ѿȥһ¡
ѩ˵Ժܣ⣬ôλ㽻
ѩĴ۾ˮСֲͣĴַšַЦסѩİɣԺ󲻻ˡ
ѩַĻпīŶ˹һЦת붴ڼȥˡ



75 ֮ս
£ַ£ʷ˸ı䣬Ҳˡ
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ַĸıѩһǻϲַζһ᳹׵Ļָ
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ַ֮֮кͿؽһʹ˿˾޽еġڵַȣ⣬˿֮
һַѩСɽ·ַѩ˵ԼĵãѩҲѯһЩ⣬˵˵ЦЦصĵɫҰţһֻֻķɹơ
ͻȻѩһͣԭزˣַ㲻⣬ʵѩôˣѩޣ
ַһ㶣Цô˵ýˣǼ°ѩҲĵЦַѾûˣʱԷؾȡ
ַһ»ЦסѩԼϢҪҵѩ⣬ַĻԼϢ
ַ㻵Цôʱ䲻ˣҲ֪ΪˡԼ𣿡
ѩͷװҸǲͿ𣿡
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ַεЦһ£ɵΪټԪ˲ġ
ѩַһˣַ㼱æУסҪ˵ǣ
ԶԶѩİɣ֪ô졣ַһЦɻīڵɽ
˾µʱڸϵͨϢͨ޻ɵΣЯͨڴ󣬺ܿ˾ͳͨ˻ý硣
޸ӦѩϢҪԽʱͨȥ˭֪ѩϢͻȻʧˡ޲⣬޷߳ˣֻûС䵽˳ϡ
Сܵ𣿡Сͷ
ΪʲôǰȥأССצһȻ˭Ҳ˼
ʵѵǻýʲôĽƣ֮ĸӦ𣿡Ҳô£ҡҡͷεر۾
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˼ƬʵôȥѰң
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ִüһȣֺɨŸ˲ɳ塣ϢϣŸãŷȥŮػߡ
һַ߹ȺɽһѩҲӴ˵˴
ԶͬʱٿžŸ󲿷ֵĹɭֱ޹ȵȻҲûн̽飬һ޹ڵļ˿һãһΪǻþû˽ãϡ
ֹ˼죬ѩݸӦ֪Ѿ޲Զˣ֪ͨޡޱڳϢͻȻܵѩӦѸٷ˳ȥһ㶣׷ȥʱػֻȥ
޺ܿѩߣΧѩת˼Ȧѩѩ˵һ飬ַ֪ڣһ֮·ȥѩŮڵĵط
Ծ䣬ͻȻɫ̴һơ
䣡ɢѸ۾ٻԶæͷٶȾȻʮ
ѸվŮҲǰǰ鲨ɢһŮӾˣںڵĳ˫ֱѩ
ѩһ㶣û뵽һˣ۹ѩԿ϶ΪԲ͡
ˣΪιǣ
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ѩֻ֪ԸǵľͿˣĲ֪
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䣡˽ǵɶء衢һֱۿ˴򶷣ûг֡
ָ죬һ䵽лһɫɽúһѸٳѩѩֻԲǰһƣһɫȥսȥ
䣡еʱɶءɫⱻһ룬ʣµȻѸٳһɫɱ޳
䣡ɱޡͬʱ顣
վڳߣŮͬʱѩѩһ֮ҲȥŮսһɿûж֣Ůսܽ롣
Ůʵֻãײ
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ѩͻȻһ˻ˡָ죬ִǰնʱܲȺɢҫ۵Ľã
󾪣Сˣ˼ͬСɣŮѸ˽Ļ꽣˸ҫ۹ã׼ѩ
ѩָѸٻ㼯ͬ黯ɣɻԪһһ̳Ρãһɫ񹭳֣ѩ֮ϣ˹ҡնʱΪڰȺ֧ɢǿҵãתš
Ůҧȫ˾ɫɽɫɽѩѩ΢΢һۣɨָ֧Х¡
䡭
̳𣬸ֹã˸գһɫķľزͣ𶯡
ͻȻ֧һŮŮһѸٷˣѩҲһĴ˶ŮŮʹҲˡ
֧һǰѸٳ嵽˶ŮǰͻȻһã
䡭
һξ޴ŮһѪ׹棬ҲؿһƣѪ
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һѩɵΪŮ䵽ϣĻҲһ
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һɫѸٳߣһ׿׵ľ޴ѷڴԶ
ŮĿɿڴû뵽ɵʵȻǿ˵زѩһһ¶ͷ亹죬˺һѩ
ѩε̾˿ֻķſɫ˲ɿƮ䡣һ㶣ôˣ
ѩŶŮŮҲ֪ѩ⣬ɻ조ЦǲǱʵסˣŮʱͷߣ죬սָʮְ
ѩһЦҡҡͷữսƣ졣
Ůһ㶣ͬʱ֣ǷǰƽҲоʲôѩ
ѩĴ۾ãһұã˸һɫ񽣻¶˽ɫ˿Ʈ
Ů𾪣ɣ
һֻ۾ɫ񽣡ɶŮе֪񽣵ŶŮܲԾϧ񽣲ɣԪ
֪ͽֻѩԪս֣Ůȫ뵽ڣҲûмԪŻϴ˭ɺԪһģһ
ѩסԪһɳǿѸɢһɫƲϵѩɢ
𾪵ĵ˼ֽеûиôأ⻹ô򣿡
ŮҲɻѣΪɻѩУŮٻŽͻȻŮסˣΪǸоŽѾˡ
ʱַɽڸŻϧŽڤȪŽ޹ԹԵذǰַ㻵Цԭý㰡ԭַһֱ߽̬ϵŮԪ϶ΪɣٻŽǰס˹ŽŽӦʱ̶ַŽܵˡ
Ů𾪲ѣҵܵôˣΪʲôɻУҵܵܺͰأ
ѩɨ˶Ůһ۵֪ΪʲôҪǣ
ŮŭѸٳѩѩһЦתȥŮѸ׷϶ȥһ㶣һͷҲѸ׷ȥ



76 ط
֮ϣһãѸٻһãһãԹһãҲһѩųǰַڵĵطɲٺλȥˡ
ŮҲģΪַ϶⵽˲⣬ǰһٻɡʱɡѩУŮȻҪΪַ㱨
Ҳû뵽ѩҪɱǺ׵¡׶Ů˼ĻѩΪҪߣսһȫɱˡ
ѩ̾һ㣬ɰҺˡһȥôʰ㣡
׷ţƿڴѩСŮܣ㲻ǺбǴսһѩԺһźͷҲѸٷȥ
ҵܵܿ϶Ǳ˹ƲԵˣһǸСɫŮɫҵܵܣѩɴ۾Цá
Ҳ񺹲ѣЦųַġȥҲģûֹѩҷϣ㻹Ҫʲôɴһɫ̫ˣӣޱȣԺôȥɫˣ
ĿɿڴԵȵŮ֣
Ƶĺã
ѩɴԼ㻹ǱˣһҲûа
һٴѩ
ꡭ費Цһ㶣ϵȥЦųȵŮ֣
ѩһͣתʵʲôһƻѩֽһѸȥ
Ůһգ죬ſڴѩɫŮⱲӣͷȥжûҪ㣡
ѩ˫۳ˮǻСûôҲǵðΪʲôô˼˼ҲһӵίءЦãû뵽Ȼ
£һ㼯ѩɫŮûƨۣʱסˣǻʯֻȻó
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ҪƭˣǲģҿĵܵܰҾҲҪɫŮ
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찵зԺҲǾȵŮˣʵ̫ˣѩʹţһﲻѸٷȥ
ܵĻͦ죬ܣ
滨򻨳ħնʱʻ죬ѩѩһƣһǿҷ籩գڿѡ
ˣȪĩ·һɻȪѩǰȪʱʧ
һ㶣ٴڤȪ򣡡ѩʱӡŮѸӡѩ
䣡ѩӡսֺɨнӡʱ
ŮһƻѩҲһƣֻƽһ
䣡赹ɶأѩҲ˼
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īβѣͷûʲôû뵽ǰôɽ
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ѩųʮֵίֻ۾ʼˮġŮɲϷŹѩץס̳֣ʹѩɵΪҲЩˡɫ¶ദѾѩԪ񽣽ˡ
˼죬ÿ춼ŶŮЩ˵ѩˡ첻ԶĸڶŮ޾ɵŶŮʱʱһ䣺λŮ۲ۣҪҪϢһµȻ
Ůۣͬ

ڿ쵽ַڣѩʧظˮڰͷˣ
ַڰѽˣͻȻ˳ѩС뵰Ҫܣôʰ㣡
ַһ㶣ѸܳɽīҲѣַ˳ȥ
ַסīˣһ˷ɽѩַ㣬Ѹٳ˹ȥַЦˣҪ˵ѩһ˽Ļп㣬ڻˣءַһ㶣ḧѩ㷢ô֪ѩ˶ί
һͻȻַ㼱æһơ
䣡
ѽַ˱ɳȥ
棿Һϵܵˣ
Ҳˣ
ãѸأֳΡīŶ˳һǿûмŮġṦ
ַ˼ѩվ˾ϲ˹ȥַһЦſѩӵһ𣬶Ůˮ
һãأͷַ˺ԵѩһЦѾ³ַݡ
īһ첻ӢҸոʩչķͶŮͬ˵Ҳһ֡
Ůĵرַ㣬ַҲĵЦѩĲˮҲЦ



77 ͹޹
һ꣬Ůҵַ㣬Ѱַ֮·ߵͷŮϲѡ
ַſ˶ŮתѩסˡѩһദֻĴ۾ʼˣɽԪ񽣡
ַ̾˿ᱧסѩˣ϶˲ίɣ
ѩҡҡͷſԪ񽣱ַԺ鲻ҪȥˡַЦŵ˵ͷ
ԪΧַת˼Ȧһ֮½뵽ַڡǰܣѩ
顣
ŮʱסˣҲһŵѩŮǺڲѣ⼸˿ǰѩϵ˸顣
ѩίַ㻳ߵŮǰһ񣺡ѩλ㡣
ŮסѩεԭþǰްҪֽ֮ǰѽ
ҲͷЦòҪԹλ㣬ҲǺͿͷÿɲҪѽ
ѩһЦժɴŮʱһĿɿڴ°Ͷӵ˵ϡһѩֲõܵǱ㲻֡
ַ㲻ĵͷֽе㰡ҵ׽ɱ˵ˣŮЦ
ַ㱧ȭ贫죬ַ㼱æס죬衣
Цǰλ֮һǹĴˡ
ַŴͣĵرס죺磡һðʱһ㶣ŮԺһźЦŵ˵ͷ
īŶīţݼλǰ
ַЦλض񡣡ַ㽫˶˵ͬ˵һ飬ҲԼ֪ĻýһЩˡ轫̫Ͻһ꾭Ҳַ˵һ飬ųѩ˳ȥŮ˵˵ЦЦȫ֮ǰǰ㡣
κɳɽɢ䵽˳ϡַͨѩĽ˵Ůȥ͹ŽûиӦԭҲ֪֮ǰĲɣԪ
첻ʵֵܹ֣ƺǹԪ
Ůһͬʱַ㣬ѩǵǣ㣬ô£㻹ûиľôָġ
ַһЦһ£ص˵صĺɫʵ澭ַûиŮޡ飬Ժص̫Ͻ֮ʱһϲ
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Цʲôʱȥ
ַҲЦҶԻýܺ棬ڻýһʱ䡣
˵ͷŮҲĵص˵ͷַѾҵҲһ¡
ŽصȣŮ֪̫ͨϽ׹ڵķѩ۵ˡѩۼ˵õϢҲģ׹۶ˡ
ýַ㼸˻صȸŮǣīͶŴ˺ɫɴźڼ
صַľƵ꣬ǸèһԺȣַ㼸˴Цѡ
ȸŮϢգַѩֽԼڻý߼ˣ˾صϿȿ塣īͶŶԥ屾ǶȺ¸ַ鷳
ַܾ˶ˣŶ˴ý磬Ͼڻý磬ԻýҲǺϤ޿κΣմӦַ㣬Եӵַߡ
Цܵͽˣʦ˹
ҲЦɲܵܺӴ
ַ㲻ؽеʲôЦģǲҲһͽ𣿡
ŮЦֻǳϣܽͽЩӶɹָ
ַ񺹲ѣҲһ£Ϊʲôǹôңַͬе˵ͷ
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ڶ죬׼ǰɭ֡˻һʮΣīŶ˿־˺󼸲û뵽СȻԻôΣڶ˵ֲܿ
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īͶ㶵һ޼Ӳۼף˻һϲ졣߿һ󲨶ʱͨչЯһ롣ɴգΪǻþš
̶̵һӣͨ⣬һԲͨչһ˻޴ԾīͶѾסˣַץŶˣ¶ˤȥ
ѩָ˹Ͽڵķ˻һ򱱷ȥ
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ȤعܣѩһЦַԶľľ𾪵ַ㣬Ȼ˵ˡ
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趫СԴͣתţīͶҲˡ
ַľ峤ôˣѵʶ𣿡
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ŮҲ˹ȥҲһ£ѩ΢΢һЦ˹ѩλ㣬˵λŮá
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ַľļľֲ˼ˡ˵ַָԶľ˽ܣľ֪һȴܼ
ʶѩַ㣬ʶ˳ˣŹ˼λǿѡ
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콬ַͳԹζǲ˴ľóڶַһˣ޹Ȼظ質Цšѩͳм䣬ŮĵţͻȻַôôŮ𣿡
ַۡȫ콬ѩæס죬ѩ
ѩĵͷ˻Цַ㣬ַޱȣͣڶ˫֡ľһЦ֪ݵģСû˵档
ɵַ㣬ֿˣֻĳͣذڶšССѾͷҪ˵ߣ졣
ܹɵص˵ͷѸߡīűӰ죬ѿ˼
ַʮΣεͷбŮͬʱ˦ͷַ㲻̾˿ԵǧҪŮˣ
Ҫ˵ĵľˣһԴӻȾƺֺܴȵ콬θڴ󿪣ʢװ콬ľͰһ󺣺ȡ
ػС£ʱĿСһۡСҲϲСצצնҲҪĵغԺȣٵԱ񺹵ؿŶޡ
ľַߣЦǰļŮͶޣתͷʵǰȥδӣ
ַһ콬Ǵȥ忴
ľһ㶵ǰѵʶ壿
ַͷҲ²ⲻһġ
ַ㿴ųˣľУͷȻˣǰСġ
ַЦ峤ģǲµģҪɿڣһȫæľһЦ˾ƱַһЦײ˾Ʊ



78 ħ
ڹϿȴ˼գַ㼸˾ǰ塣ľַ㼸ָһ򣬹ɭֵĶһɽΪ̫ɽɽϾһȺ
ַͷһЦԣ̫ɾ̫Ͻˡ߳˹޹ȣ֮ʱǲᣬҪַ㼸һߣȻŮҲմӦˡ
ַЦһˣ衢ѩŮԥīͶҲַֻۺļ޳ɡ
ַ㼸˿һƱȫ˲εͬˡַ֮Уһ̤ǰ֮·
Ϊ˶˼ʶ˷ǰһ·棬ֻ˳Ů
ǰַΪľһɽתߡ۾ԶԶĿԶȥޣ˻һΪַ㼸ͱľַķɽԱ˹޹ȣŮһԶȥε̾˿ת߻ع޹ȡ
ַ㼸˿ʼɽˮ衢Ůǻ֣ԹԵظߣʱһͬ֡
ѩǰޣϲ֣ٺŮˣʱ䶼ַߡ˹ָͬī˵īڽԪڣҲԪڡ
޾ɣʮֻڹ޹ļ죬Ǽ춼ܺȵ콬һֱڳļϢ
ķУһׯׯһɽ֮ϣֻаٶ໧סַ㼸ȥ
иũַ㼸˺󶼻᲻˱ܣַǲ⣬ͷ֮ʱԭ
壬ֻ޴ĺǱ¶棬Щ˿϶ΪԶ룬̷̾ߡ
һֱɽԭ֮УַޣҲ˲ܻѯīһЩ޺⣬īҲ֪޲ԡ
һܻһճ䣬ż߸輸ַ㼸ܻ뵽ƺơ׿ˣһͻ᲻ԾȫǸԣҲϲ裬ĸõͬ
ܿģÿϾ֮ʱᳪеĸΪ˽ƣ˶ϲĸ
һַһһɽأֵյͷɽϢȵϢǻԡ
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ĵЦлл磡ɵЦһˡ
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ӺׯʬȻѪȥĴԵſ־۾ŨصѪϢŻ¡
ַһʬʬؿһ޴Ѫֻ־۾աַ̧ͷȥһƬʣƻƮԶ
ŵɫףæ˵ĻУɴ۾۲ܡַվǰȥѩ˼æ
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ׯ֮һƬݵأѪˮ˴أԶһѪԶַ߬ȭͷշȥٻޣ˽ȥ
Ѫһ·ϴԽأָȫޣԽһƬߡ˼ӣɫ谵Զձֲ֣Ϣѹϡ
ģַ㿴һƬ棬Ѫֱ֮ڣַһ㶵ħ壡
īŶ˶ܣħΪֲһ壬ЩľַͣԶķͿеƣŮ̷ɵ
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˦˦ͷһӵҵСǣƽȪĩ·
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·һеҪȥԣīʱ̱͡
ȪɳѸٱǣܿͱϾˣХһû顣һΪӰȪȥ鱻ͬʧе־ضŻȪ
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ŴͣеŪ˸ôĻȪô죡
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ѩЦҲҪģһչ˺ôҰȫġѩѸһɫ̻ס˴ҡ
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һҽУѪħٴαķ飬ѪٴβգƮ䡣ַѸٳѪӣ˫ƴŽɫβζһ÷ƣ

һǿҵط籩ϯ߿գѪ겻ƮһƬƬѪֱɢѪħĲҽвϴ
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ѩ΢΢һЦĹԪûлָǿʹãⱲӿ¡ַһſ˹ŽŽŽƮڶת
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߱Žһ񽣣һɽŽѸųһܽ˻룬һҫ۵ɫϳΣѪħλ״򲻶ַ΢΢һЦָԼƣ״Ҳ̿ʼˡ
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ī˵ʵַܵͣ˸ھŽ󣬾Žˡ̫ɵڶ࣬ӵŽŽһǿ嫵ķ籩ϯɵ֮ڣҶ㱻ܡ
ý̫ϽߣǵΪһ㶼ڴңڻý˵ǿ󣬵ǶھŽ˵ʵ̫Сˡ
ĲѣīɵţоŽػû˿ֹǡ
ַһԾɵԭɵ֮ϱж졣¥Ⱥƽ̨Ұһ޴Ĺм䣬ΧСڶʻϵĽַ̾һ˹ȥ
̫ɵ֧ŵϵ¥ȺɵģԶɵ֮ڣ˶ڣʲôֻҪõĶװ˽ָ֮ڡ
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ſСйɵ֮ڣһСرϡСɢŵζڻż滨տˮһζ
ۣȻ콬ɵ콬ζ㣬ٺٺ١Цóһ
һͺ´ͷȥֻСֻ߬ƱƴЦų
ЦĸСȰɣ콬ǣ壬ȫ
С۷ģһأ콬ڣֻˮԽԽ͡һ£СȫҺʲôˣȥҰɣ
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һ£ɫӰһѪɳȥɢ˦˦ּǰȥ
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һͺСԼС˹ڳص׺Һ壬Ҳ˽ȥܿصɫҺ屻޺ȹˣСþơǺþơ
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ʮͷ˦˦֣ɫѸٳ
䣡ߵ˵ϡ
ҡҡλַߣϵܡ֪㡭˶ôһƳأȫȹˣһΡҲûǡ˵ųִһá
ַ˫ű§ס˳ҵĽ㰡˶ٰ㡭ַͻȻסˣСҡҡλε˹ַȲˣɴССĿ
ַԶԣеĳϵСȻ˯ˣΣַ㽫СŵԼϣ§ųɵ
ɵ֮£īսƷܶεվԶ֮䱻Žš
ַַЦһ£СʱԶҽУһ̳ߡ
Ŵ˳ﻹһ޾ƣ̵ľȻҵҵȥ·ҿǻĲͷˣ̳ɢڶߣûһ֮ڵϲ
ַͷˣЦáַߣַļϵܷģǾھԵԶˣϸ绹ǵļȫأöưϵҪҪڣַ㼱æҡͷһЦͻȻܵһ߷Żַ亹
Զ˺߾ȵַ㼸ˣ˾Ȼ̫ɽĴңʵǿޱȣѾͶȵ뷨



85 
ַε̾˿תͷȥֻɵſλ𾪵ˡַ㵭һЦҽĻǶ˰ɣӽ̫ɵҪˣ˺һַ㡣
κַߣе꣡ɵԺǾȵЩ˲ԸĶҹ
ַһЦǾɵҪŻҪǵɣ
סڣŭɵ֮ϴɵ֮Ϻϡ
ҽдӰɵˤַǰӰһԾ£ѩ䵽ַ
ߴ󾪵ԪϣԶߺзˡȫ𾪡
ַɵѵ𣿡
ߵ㻹ûʸǵ
ַͷһЦŶΪʲô˵
˿̫ɵͨɵҲ壬Ӧǵ
ַж̫ϵˣ
ߵûж٣Ķǽ̵ġ
˱ס˺˵Ľǻýһ󲻽֮ա
ַɵҲ𣿡
е嶼ˡ
˵̫ɵΪΪʲô
һµǲ֪𣿡ַͷ
Цһ̫ɵǵΪϾ޽У̫ɵ£̫ɵΪ
ַЦĴ̫ɵ޽УҿǷƨ̫ɵҪǾȣ
߹Ц߳ڵǻûмɵľӢɵôã£վ
ַ۾Ƭ̺󿪿ڵԽɵߣߺȫһ
ַϵСһƴЦַתѩ輸Զ조ٺ١ЦվǰѣȻƵϾ޽УЦ
ŭһ죬ҡҡλεķϸ߿գ껯ã׷϶ȥҲããڸ߿׷ײ
ַнӹ֮³ͷۡѱַ㼸˵壬ԹԵվһԲ˵
֮ãϵĻҵײ಻ַ㼸˳Ĭʵģ˼ЦšԽԽľǵĻԽɣʵַ֪㿪˵˵ľ磬ַ㼸˵΢ЦʹԽԽе
ƺʧȥ˼Ū飬ҲѾȫ˹ãʢһЦЩǲ֪ôǼʶһ¾ȵһȣã˺Ķһβ档
䵽ǰ𾪵죬䵽ַǰЦĿɿڴԽɵĻȻ˼򵥱ˣ˵ʵ֮ϣڻýûеġ
ߵǾʲôˣ
ʿ
һ㶣ȣ
ǣͦء
ǵѪһ񣺡лǰ飡ͷվַ
Ŀʱַϣ˸ǿʿվ˵ַĵλҪ죬˶ݡ
ַ㽫裬Լ̤ǰڿԴǰݷɵ𣿡ҧҧ̾˿תȥ΢΢һЦȥλæ˵ĵӣֱַ㼸ȥľѡ
ɵ֮ڣߴַ㼸˲ϴһ·Ͽյķ䳨ŴţɺԵ콬أϹƷҲʧһա̾Ϣַתȥֻ軳еĳɳ˯ţϵ޻ʱӡ
īŸͣ͵ЦľŽҲʱҫԼΰַ㰲ȻһЦͻȻѩֵĴָһ£ѩЦɬصͷַЦҴˣӦõģ
ѩַЦҲЦƵַ㼸ˣɵȻ˽췭ظȥʵɵַ֪㼸ݺʵĻ¾ͲôˣϾַ㼸˵ľԶǵ
ɵޱȹǲ֪νĵ˶ʱŽɵһ·ڶַ߽㼸ˣһЩ˶ڿտյķʹޡҲоԼеˣȡܶණ黹ǣơ콬֮ĶΪˡ
˲ͣһ֭ʱ˹κָ֭صܡбȫǡáƣȹˣá
ַȥʱɵۣ輸ҲŴͣ߸ʹĲѡмٸĴСһޱȾ޴Ȼ֪Ҳڣ亹
뿪ĻҡҡλߵַߣһáҲ֪ʲôúȣǺȶκַЦһųǰȥ
Լһʱ߲ͣ˽Ųɵ󷽡һȽɫǰȻʮɸߡתԸ˭Դ򿪴Žɽͨɽķ飬ܹ
ַ㵭һЦСʲôôףһ鷳˵ųǰȥ
ЦⲻͨĴšű꣬Ӳޱȣܹ򿪣ɵԲ
վסӣִ˼ɫ˿ûܵ˺Цһųٺ١Ц˼Ȼͬ졭Ѳҳ
һ٣ϧŽХһУɫַ㡢һѸٴһĻס˼ˣַ߲㡣
һô򲻶ҡΣɻؿų֪Ҫʲô˦˦֣Ѹ뵽ϧ֮ڣϧŽ˸ҫ۵Ľɫãȥ
䡭
ǿţһɽɫ籩ϯˣĻ˸һ죬ƽ˲̤ɵͣš
Ŀɿڴī˺Ҳɵۣû뵽ʵȻ˸
֮һƬҡҡλε˽ȥַ㼸߳ĻȥɵŴվ
߹ţһϿ֮ϣԭ̫ɽĺɽϿ֮һ׿ʯڶ棬ȴ֣Ϊء
ǰʯ֮ϣҡҡλΣȻԷȥ˴󾪣ַ켱æȥʧڰ֮ڡ
ѩ豣ˣǰš֮ڴҺɫ̳ʱ֮⣬ַ֪ʲô鷳
ֹܿͣ˺߳ѩ˰ڰ֣Ѹٳȥ֮һƬأһɽۣҰܶ޺ղַһֻޣʵŰȫؽΣһ㣬˽ǰС
һͻȻԶѸٴһƻɢ˽ַԶ·˺ܶأǵٶ̫ˣҿǲǰȥɣ˵ͷͬ⣬̰°һֻ޴İһȥ
ͻȻƾճ֣ڰǰƿֱȥһ·ϹȻ˿˺ܶݾڽǶ޺ΪĽ󡣼ʹҲڶǻͨ߹Ȼ޷ͨʹַҪʶһɵηʥ
ֱײܿһ԰⡣⻨԰ľդƣں徲һСé롣
һڴ֪·ǰѰ£
ַ¾ַ㣬ݷɵ
Ŷȣôû֣ѵ壿
еʲô壬壡֮ϣ
ַͷ޳ɣǾ壡ѩ˲͵͵Ц
ڵ˶һ£õԷ֪λǰ£һ㶣ƿԡ
еٵģеĶַ㼸ľ㶵
һ䡰ߡһãѸһƣһɢȥ
ҪΪͿ޷죬Ҳȼƽϣȥɣ
ƨŭһһָ죬Ѹéݡ
䡭éݶʱ̤һãغһӰ
Ӱһɫ壬ŨüۣļΪϸ컹ҪһͷԵϸˣԷͷǰˣ˫۽ãϡ
񡭡ַС˵輸˵صͷ
ʵӵԺַ㼸Ѿܵ˹ϢԷĸʶûбԼݡ
ԷǾҪʲô
ַһۣ˵ͷַ΢΢һЦѩˣѩҲ˵ͷ
ַһЦ



86 ǿչ
ַЦѸԷԷüͷһ壬һƻ졣
䣡˽Եɳȥء쵭һЦѾ²⵽Էľ磬Ǻַͬļ̤ɵ硣
Է죬֪ΪҪԼ֮ϣΪֻǱһѡ
Է̫ɵĵǧǰΪĴˡõľԪҲõһ˿䣬ļ䡣Է磬սеĻħսһԴɵľսħ³֪
ԷＸ֮±ħˣһߡؼʱһӰͨͻħƴһԷǬ
ӰԷ֪ȥԷڼԪˡ֮Է˹֮񾳽磬콵ͷǴ֮ӵ˻ý硣ǧȥˣԷʼռŻħԼʵս硣
ԷûַˣԼĸţֹԲǧ̫꣬ɵԺý翪ʼ֮˵ڻýҲǾԵˣ
Էٹɵ֮£ش¼֮ʱŻ¶ǧĹƧԻħĳޣƢҲԽԽꡣ֪ʱʶںɽ˻ƽţܹͨƽŵΪضڽ֮ϡ
ַ㼸˵ĵԷΪţʶԡЩַ㼸˲˽ģ˵ײ壬ɺּ֮һˡǿ֮£ԷƢʹü˺ܲϲ˲Ż֣ҪλԷġ
ԷЦ˫ۼ˸ãĹȻˣǾʹսһɣַ㼸˺ǲ⣬ԿԷڲͬԼеħ
Էʱ׹ɳַ㿴ѩһۣѩᣬѸ뿪ŽХһƮַ㡢
ҲԷĲԶַ㣬ַҲ˰ɣܷ뽫շλ߻ħԲж
Էһȣһ̶׺䶯һɫ״Էֳ졣֣ҫ۽ã֣ɫã˸һɫɽ飺
һǿƱԷɫĳ岻ϲ
Цһֳ죺񣡡һãϲ죬ױ죬ã֣ҫãΪɫɽ飺
һǿƱ֮ϡ˸ϣһսʼ
ַ㼸˺󼸲ĿתŶˣŽХһǰԷɨ˾Žһۣ̾˿֪Լ϶ַ㼸˵Ķ֡ΪĹ񣬼ʹҲҪʣ
Էһ죬ɽȫն¡첻ҵȫ趯ɨϡ
䣡
һıըɽ۾ţһֱ̳ǿ˲䴵ɢ˸еľԭľĻ԰˲飬ʻһɨéԶɳȥ
ŽѸٲסַˣԶѩҲѸٲһĻŵסơַ˴һԷ˷־ȫһ˼ʹҲܲˡ
̳ŰɽۣӰֻСһãϲ죬츩̳һѪֱ߻¡һȣһã̳սָ죺ն
һãѸն£Էãսŭȣ磡һãڳ
䣡磬Ͻã䡣ԷﴩϽһ죬һæ㣬һѪ¡ַһ˳ֵ׼
Цû뵽˷˲ȺĴһǵһȻǾ˭ӷɣ˻𣬾̳壬ʮսԷ
ַ㲻֪ȻԷϾǹĴ֮һ˴սܻܿ˼Է˷Ѿˣȥֿ첻Уʵǲ֪ô졣
Էһ£ҧ˹ȥ쳯һȣսֱ̣ŵɫΪһֱԷȥԷȫãʢɳĽãȥ
䡭ƮգѸ󣬾նһն¡֮нãһԷѸٳնͻȻӭ档
䣡
һҽУԷϳ֮档ʮãһɫԷԷһмʱǿ
ԷһѪԶˤ˵ϡʮһ䵽˵ϣĮԶԷ
ַһɱԷ߳ĻߡַԶԷְɣǲǵˣ
Էվӣ˫۽ãѾ߻ħıԵҪٴȥˣӣԷһǵѪɽãʢٴַ
衢ʮͬʱ֣ʮǰȥ
䣡Էͣһٴ̧ѸźΡͻȻһ˻Хȥ
䣡
Էڲ֧ɳȥغȫ𶯣ӡ졢תͷȥַֻǴơ
ַվֱӣˣ˵ǲǵˣ㳤ʱڻý磬̫Ͻ鲻˽⣬ģԷЦȫãʢѸվֱ塣һ㶣Է
Է˻ţͻȻħɫĹã˲仯ΪɫΪ֮һȺײϺڵϡ˾ˣħˣ
Էȫħ˸ֻѪַˣֻҪʵҲҪѣǶҪԷЦַ㼸ҧأһȻħˣ
ַ㰵̾һεҡҡͷոħоȡ
ξ
ԪٳûӡĹԪħԣ
Ԫףηӡأ
Ц߹ŽַһϲĵЦת߽Լ뷨ǡ
Է߻ħȫԣŭһѸٳħֲѸٲ󣬾ѸٳԷﲻ㲻ܣֱ
䣡
Ǳҫ۽ãԷħӲˡ
ѸڤȪ򣡡Էȫһ˲䱻ӡǾұըȪ˲飬ڵԷһѪɳȥ
ԷһӰЦڡһǿԷϳַ㡢һħͬ壡
һæʵʲôħͬ壿
ַԪ䣬еĵĹħͬ壬Ҳ˫Ըһһħʵ
ﳾ
ԷЦħ죬Ѹٳ쵲˵ǰСģʵѾˣַѸٴһٻ÷ƣԷħһ󷭹紵ɢٶȶʱ½˲١
ûɫѸٹסԷȪĩ·
һɻȪûԷԷŭţ˫ۺãһ˲˺ɫȪѸΧȥһɫסԷѹȪԷһŭ̳Եһϣȫһ𵹷ɳȥ
Է챾壬ѸٴնַҲŮԷ޷ĵԪʶĻ
䣡
ǿû赲סԷķħѸٹסˣԷЦų˽ȥ
䡭
˵ĹĻ˲飬ħͬʱɣԷһƣ˿ѪٶһãŸѸٽ˽סȫһƣڻԷ
ĸѸһƣؿһںɫѪħʱɢѾ˺ܶࡣ
ַǺãûлӡɵʵ̫ˣ
ҧÿ취
ԷٴѸٲ󣺡ħɫѸٳȥԷȫѪ죬˫սȫն¡
䡭

ԷҽһɳȥһΪΣʮûϳƣԷźɫѪϵɡ
ѸڤȪ򣡡
Էһ˲䱻ӡһˡ߹ŽХһȥ˳򿪵СԷͻȻԷȫãʢ˲˻Ȫ߽ɢƣԷﲻУһںɫѪɳȥˤڵϡ
ַͻȻһѸٳ̧һƣֹƣַֹͨ澭Ч쳽ͬǶݵķӡʱա
һ󲨶Է˲ֹͣ˶·ʯ㡣߽ѸٽɹԷڣԷʹؽ˼ڵϡ



87 ָ
ַ˿ŽɹԷڡԷﵹڵʹħ⣬ȫڡ𡢲ʺãϱ仯
ַЦĸ˼ѲסԷŪһˡһ˦ջؿڵģǼ˱һħĹŪǱ治֪˵ʲôˡ
̾˿ַ㣬ΪַԪûôǿ׳ԷһѾˡַҡͷָԼơ
ԷﲻͣʹУ첻ģŶڵϿԶַҲǲ̣˫ۿʼ˹ˣҲ˵ˣŮҲ
Է˫Ѫַˣ̧Ѫ˹ȥãһԷﵹɳȥԪ񽣾Ʈַ˵ߡԷһǹãˤڵʹغš
ѩ˹ͺͺĵ棬Ϣˣѩַߡľ㶵ܣǺƾӵ˻ġ
ŮվԶԷСһ˳ϣ΢Цһ¡ѩŮʵλû°ɣ
ŮЦŵͷѾħڴҶҪСģ͵Ϯ˵ͷ
ַߣŶܵģѩòҪģǲµġͷֻᶯ˼¡
һ˻Է˸Žɫã־ض㵽ַַ㲻۾ãһԷٴαɳȥԪ˸Ŵ̶ĽĴ׷ɣշɵַߡ
ַ㵭һЦḧ񽣣һֻСѸ˻ȥַЦһתͷȥֻСͷ
ַסַŵԪϣԪ𶯼£һ֣Ȼȥĸоˬ֣ĵЦ
īĽѣַļޱȣҹ鶯˶ôϣҲһ񽣡
ַ۾ԼƣɵؽԪ񽣷ŵַߣѩ
ѩԶԷԷҽڵϲסͻȻһԾַȥѸٷһƽɻȥ
Էŭˣ˫ۺ졢ɫϱ仯˿վӣɨַһԷͻȻߣû˰ɣ
һһתͷȥɻɵЦСװ㲻סͷ˲̾һ
ԷվԶȫסħѾɢ˫Ҳָ˵ӡԷԶļ˵ʲôˣ
̫ˣ
ԷͷԼôˣΪʲôҵ޷ƶ
ǰ߻ħڹŽڰѹħʱˡ
Էɵɵ죬ţ֮˵лλ
㶵ѣ
ʲô𣿡
Ҳһ£֮ǰѣȴǵѣ⡭
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ܣղ˵ʲô
һµϵܵ˼˵ͱħַͷԷ
Է΢΢һЦˣܺܳʱ˰ɣҸо˯һ
ô֮ǰǸ˭
ħ壡ַͬʱ𵽡ַּһ䣺֪ǰħŮһ
ī˲ַ㼸ˣȫ˵ʲô
Է̾ΣգǣԶҲѲˣַ΢΢һЦվӡ
Էɵʲôˣ
ַˣԷһ㶣켸亹
ַһЦʵ飬Ӱ˴񵽾ȣӾȵǬٵԿ֣ý硣ԷǳȣǼҲǹĴˣ
ַ㱳˫Цôѵ𣿡
ԷЦܹܿģһΪֻһĴأԭҲµַ㼸ҲЦ
ԷｫԼʵַ֪㼸ˣԷ˵ַ㼸˴һȻԴΪ磬ݵʶʵ̫ˡȻ֪Σգ
һֱԷȹһһҹԷȫ˹߽ͨİҲɹڵħ塣
Էַ㼸˰һ񣬿Լ˶Ļ԰ʣķ棬ʼ磬ΪҲµһӣҪ϶Կĵ·
Էַһˣһ޻Ц̫ɵ˴ںɽ֮УħµĻͨͨƻ̤ʯţͨĽ߽ɵ
𾪵ԷＱæڵأӰԲμ
Է΢΢һЦħõħļ䣬ɵҲָƣ峤𡣡Իվվһߡ
ַɻ峤
Է͵ɵ֮壬¸أʶƾΪ峤һСַ㼸˵ͷ԰һ
Լæ¶еλǰԭ£˻һЦżǰɵ֮ء
һ·Էַ㼸˰ַ̾ɰɵǵľȻҪϼʮ
ԷЦϵ̫ˣ⣬͸ˣ
ַ㼱æҡͷϰԾӵĺá
·һСأԷһҼǵӦвƵģôˣ
Сĵַ㼸ˣεЦƳرģʱһʱڿʣͰȹˡٺٺ١
ԷЦһ죬켱æȡƣȻûк꣬ʣµĶˣϵҪ𣿡
ԷֵȻϸϲ͸ϸɣûʲô˵ġ˵ռ˼ǰС
һķһţһЩڷʰӣԷεؿַ㣬ַεЦ
ǰУյĵãտյĹ̨ʣһЩѪ̯ڵϡһЩһˣԷ̾һӣƣַͷ輸ˣһã˿Ц
ǰȥܿһ޴ɳ֮⣬Է㶵ſտҲɳءߵصͷִһõĺȶˡ
亹ϵСȴſˮɳءַʢŵǺ𣿡
ԷʹĵԭʢװΪ裬ߵкܴĺôղؼѡ
ַЦãСһεַ㣬ε̾˿ַȴί㰡ôͲ֪ϵƷһѽ亹ַ㣬ٴδһãæסԼ͡
Էżһ¥ǰ̤ȥɵ֮ϵ塣
һĵڣԷΪ˰һʢľϯ˿ĵš
һںȾƣǺССֻצɽץžƱ
Էȥʲôط
ַҴڻýһȻٻص̫Ͻ硣
ԷЦһĿ
ַ˼һīý绹ʲôĵط𣿡
īһµ˵ýľͷһƬ󺣣һȺǽǳΪ壡
壡ַһ·¶˾ģַҧȥ壡
壬ССȴʲôҲ֪˼ƺһβڵ˯˹ȥ
Īǻý壿
ַɻΪʲôС˵أɵΪѾ˵ˣСľ磬Ϊʲô
ѩҲҡҡͷԷﲻʲôϵ𣿡Ҳַ㡣
ַһС˵ĻǸо͸ɰ𣿡
ˣ
棿ַתͷȥֻεڵء



88 ֮
ԷħѾ֮ʼַͬ㼸ڻýε˿û뵽̫ϽһϢĽš
ַùŽص˾ȣԪƽų뿪̫ɵԴ߻Է;ȣУԷַһ뿪ɵ
ַ㼸˵Ĵ̽ý磬ʶûзûյ㣬Ȼ֪һص壬ǲûбʲôϣԼ塣һ̤ε֮á
ý֮ϣ̫Ͻ׹ۺɽѩ۾ԼؿڣüͷҲε¡ŮʱŮڱչ֮С
ѩһվӣ㣬ôˣ
ѩҡͷ֪ͻȻЩвҪˡ
龪ѵλ͵ܻܵ𣿡εĻҲ۾ѩҡҡͷŮԳĬ
׹ǿǧӣܳҲ˴ڣ׹ܰȶڰ֮УЩطȴһ
ԭһ֧һҹ֮ټȫޣɵĽԻΪɻң߲ӰƵطҲˣһ֧ļһҹ֮Ӱȫޣҷݾãû˿򶷵ĺۼ
һ粻𣬺ܿͳΪ۵Ļ⡣
֮һҹ֮䣬ʮǿɺͼ޹ʧɻǳڵļɽǷȫãɽ֮ϵȴǷһƬ
ûκףûкۼ˾޴ֻţЩɺͼϣһֿεѣҲһЩСڿֻ֮нɢ
׹۰Ȼƽȵڰɽϡ
ֹ˰£ٴһ֧ɼɼĳǿһҹ֮ȫڵĳ֮ڰ׹ǱҰȫȴ˿ûΣգҲֻбصİ׹˵﷢һѣһѡ
һʧٺһƬƬķ棬޴𶯣߿ֻŵĴӡΪ˱סԼеɺͼԽɢˣҹͬķɵסͬһ֮СһЩΪǰɽҰ뿪˳УҲһЩ߻ڷ֮С
ɽɢΪһɢɳͨѶ󽵵ͣܶû޹ʧϢ
˲ǣԭǬû⵽κΣգɺͼɰȷչţһЩٴһ齨Ϊһʵܲӵɡ
ı׹۲֪ڵķѩۼŮͼλɹƽӡ
֮һ鷢ˡһЩ֮ڣԭʧ֮Уһ߾İ׹أνǹǺɽٴνֻ֮У̤׹ۣҵ׹ڵļλܳ塣ߵ˵׹ҲֻܳѸٽ¸֪˷ѩۡ
ѩ۵֪ҺɵסˣεŮҲЩţշѩ۴Ů뿪׹ۣǰ̽
Цƺơ׿λҲҪͬŮһͬǰǱѩ۾ܾˣǿ׹ۣλ֮׹ۣɺͼ徯׹۽ͨѶʽ
ѩŮ뿪׹ۣǰ쿴
֮һƬ֮أѩ뿪Ů˷档
֮а׹Ǳ鲼ķɽڷ֮Сеİ׹ǽǰɫһƬûһ˿ѪŮ˷֮أûзκһѪѩأŮڷд
Ĵţʵ㣬⾿ô£ѩҡͷǰȥͷ¸ȥ
һε˷ѩߣ㣬ҿˣȫ˷棬Χľȴһˡѩ۵ͷŮ뿪
˲ϷУһƬƬͿճǣȻҲ˲סĳСѩ۽ٶȣƮһƬճ֮ϣŮɨһܣճ֮ڡ
˳ǲ֪Ϊ£Կ޹ʳֵİ׹Ż˳еķˣ·ϸɿݵ߲ˡˮʤصҶ֤ѾܾûˣȫΪֲͶļ԰
żһİ׹ǡʱҵ˳ڵļɵڣڰ׹ǳȺмҾһˡ
ѩ̾һһˡ֮ǰսҲԪħͨߵԪԲŻ׹ǳȺ޷ļ󡣡
ΪʲôûΣգǲǺǵ𣿡
ѩһгԽɵʵ޷ǣʶǲ¡
εĵôߵԪܿͻָҪôս׼ˡ
ѩ۵ӦòᣬͨħֻɾߣǴ˴ȴ˺ôߣҲǼָôģʱӦòв硣Ůͷת
緽ѩԣ֮ϣħĴս쳽վ⣬Ѿȫָʱתš
ħЦһѾ֪һУѾˣѾȫָˣ
ħˣǸô죿
ħַ㼸䲻뿪磬֮
ħ˸Ѫ˫ۿѪħ񣬵ھϤģһͨ־ָԪȥ½翴ѪħЦţ˫Ѫã˸ħת֣һɢҫ۽ãһħѸٳ뵽Ѫħڡ
ָֻҲһ˿ı䣬Ȼӻԭӣڵ̫ͼȴ˱仯
̫ͼ֣Ԫٹħ˻ָԪ潥󣬲档ħȻҲһ㣬ԽˣֵĲٿؾԽ鶯ʶûںЩ
籾һһаħΪаһͬħת
ɻ֮磬ֶͨĿƣ֮׼ȷҵ֮ءףһ΢绬λһƺߵ˵ϡһɺɫħƾճֽûʱħʧֻʣһ߰׹ǡ
֮粻ϷУһλλ߱յֲϵѪħڣѪħЦţԪѸٻָš
֮󣬷ѩۼ˻ص׹ۣ֪֮¸֪ܳ弸ˣ֪ͨڶɡܶߵ֪֮º𾪲ѣһЩǰΪ˲ɺͼ壬Ը뿪ˡҲһЩ˱Žҵ֮ڣĽɺڸеߡ
Ϊ˼ߵ׹ۿʼ֮ˣѩ۴ŮλһƫƧĵطȴصߡ׹۵ľٶ޴󲨶еǰ׹֪ĵص㡣
֮ɲƮһһ߱յһЩ˳ɹ˷ѩۼڵĵط
ѩۼ˹ͬ˵صߣ˷ѩۼ˵ı֮ȫƿѰұȥˡ
ºҴȫѩۼ˵ĵط˴Ѿۼ˽ǧ˵Ӵݡ
Ϊ˱֤ߵİȫѩۼ˹ͬٳ߹Ž߹Ž߷š
е߾ۼڴ˴ջ֮Ҳȫһɺɫķ籩ԶƮ߽ŵŷѩۼˡ
ѩ۵˽߾ȫֿͬǧ߹ֿͬǿȾħڴ˿Ҳͷһɡ
һʰ쵵ϹסߣȫΪϹӦϾ˴¹˵
籩ܿӽһϾѩۼѸٽԪ뵽֮ڣ߹Žڷѩ۵֮Ҳ֧ϵȶ
ȶɫ籩ҵײϡƺƹһЦ˫ѸնʱܲһȣʱȺ׺״籩첻ϣؾ𶯣ǽмɻ֮类顣
ε籩ͬͨķ籩֮϶ɣǿǿ֧Ų˶ʱ䡣
ѩ۵ǳȥҷ籩ȫ˵շѩס¹Žһ֮³˳ȥεҲѸٳ˳ȥ
εŽһŲʱʮɻ֮类ɢʮɻ֮Ѹٳεεת̷ȥ
ִ̧龡׺˲ʮɻ֮磬ͬʮɻ֮ȥ¼ͬˣֱʮɻ֮磬籩ʱСһЩһ
ѩǼǧĹɣʵǿܿ׷ԼĻ֮磬Ļ֮硣
ƺơЦ׿ûйŽİ˵ʵҲǲݺӵġƺƺͼ׿Ҳ磬һǹһһһ緲˵˺ɱ㴩ڷ籩֮С
ѩսָ죬ѩƮ䣬תϰٹɻ֮ѸѩЦһѽɨѩѩڳѩȥϣʮɻ֮类飬мʮ
ѩ۵˲ʮ¹ŽһХҲ˳ȥ˲󲿷ֻ֮类ݻ٣ֻмɲзѩ۰ֵգһָɨѩ˸ҫ۵Ĺãȥ֮ʣµĻ֮ȫ
籩ԽԽСۿȫǰͻȻʣµķ籩ͬʱը޴ķѩۼ˲䱻ɳȥҲȫˡɲзѸߣ˲м߱
߱Ͼʶ㣬ʵ߹֣ͬʱɾ£ʹ֮ϵĻ֮Ҳܲסʣµļɲз˲飬ػָƽغһ
ڴ˵ȴһʱ䣬ֹл֮˺ߵһ²ټ֮ټ˲ŷ˽ģڷѩۼ˵ע̤˻ؼ֮ãѩۼҲ׹ۡ
֮ϣѪħֵͨİȫָˣͨһʱ޸ħħ˵ע̤ͨ



89 ͨս
ѩۼ˻ص׹֮ټܳ壬ܳ廳żݼ˷ѩۼˡ˴Ϊߣ׹ʦ湲֣ͬɹֹѣ׹۵Զˡ
ܳɽںм˷ѩۼˣϲǷѩۼȴɫһ档ѩ۵Ԫˣ֮Ԫͼı
ܳʦǺ⣿
ѩ۵֮ǹַ㣬лָӦΪ˷ܵܡѩ̾ϢһܾܵܳκβǴǰýѰҡ
ܳʦҪȥý磿һû׹޷ӭսѽ
ѩ۵˴Ҵε顢Цǰȥʣµ׹ۡ
ƺƵ½ǱȽϤһͬǰȥɡ
ѩ۵ͷ˼ʲôյͷһͬǰȥ׿׹ۣǻҪ߼ʮӢһͬǰ˵ͷܳټ˵ӣѩ۴ε顢ƺơЦͬʮɵӺʮɵ뿪׹ۡ
Ѫħ뿪磬֮ͨϵҵ޵ˣѪħޡħޡˮ޺ǧ޾Ӣ뿪
֮ϣħЦţǰ֮ŷѩۼ˵Ӱħתץʱˣһ֪ͨѪħҪͨɱɣ
ħ쳽δս㲻ó֣ɺǰȥ磬Ҫ֪Ե³
쳽˸ɫۣһڣħЦһʼˡѩۼ˿֪ԼΣգʮ˵Ķͨš
˲֪ýʶŮ߹ŽѪħõħָ֪ͨ޼˻ٸͨڷѩ۵֮ǰڴˡǧ޾Ӣɭ֮УѪħվڶڵȴŷѩۼ˵١
֮һµİ棬ѩۼڽӽͨЪϢ˳ɭϿաʱ֮ɽѩͣӣŶڵѪħˡ
ѪħһЦɣþòˣѩһս׼ƺƳ˼ƬĹķշɭ֮صǧޣЦһԪעɽ¡
Ѫħһ֪Ҫȥʲôطǿˣú̸̸
ѩ۵˵⣬ǾҪô죡
ߣѪħһִ̧һħѩۻӳһħ֣硣
ƺ̴ۺõԪʱʮߴɭ֮Уҽвϣʮޱ
ƺƴһ׹۵ӳɭ֮ڣʱ嵴
ѪħһѩۣѩһϣսһһɨЦȥЦһЦϲ죬ڸ߿սεһۣͬʱħ޺ˮޣһս֮ɽչ
ãεŽ˲ƣħ޺ˮ޷ղټϹ԰æ޸ηηš
Ѫħע⵽޵Ĵħɷ죡ħ˻һŮѩͻȻ֣ѩ
ۡħ˲䱻һȫѡѪħЦһһնѩۣѩ죬ѪħֱŮͻȻʮѪħһѸٷ
֮󣬷ѩ΢ЦĵңαȥԸأѪħŭһѩۣѩսָ죬ʱѩѪħսֱͦѩЦǲ֮ʱҽвϣȥһƬǽ壬ʮ޵ʬڵϷ
ѪħǺ⣿ĵң
ѩҡͷҵĵ磡˵շѩ۽¹ŽȫãȫŽ˸ɫĹãѪħѪħŭѣȫħ
䣡һ޴죬ħɶء
ѩͻȻʱѩ죺ѩأѩ޺ۣѩ⣡Ѫħһ֮±⣬¹ŽѸ
һ죬Ѫħӡ̺ὣ赲һ죬ѪħŭűԶ
ѩۺȵҪս̽ͨƺһȣٴδһԪ˲ļʮޣżӷͨλҲǴ֮ͨ
Ц΢΢һЦһƺ޶ԹĲɳȥѪһ޴ĽѪɫβޣ˫ֻżӵĵ׵ն
䡭
޴Уɫƶķһƺߵɳȥƶʧ󲻼ЦӰתȥֻЦ΢Цվڶ
εץס˲ƶȥŮ̳ڶڣѩ΢΢һЦͨ
ѪħŭһѪ죺Ѫħ죡һɫĻ̹ס˷ѩۣѩһӡ䵽˶ڡѪħŭų򶴿ڣֻ޺ҲѸ˹
ѩָһָѩл֮ŭѩɫʱ䣬ƲϷѩˡѪħڽУͻȻӭһ⣬֮ĳһơ
䡭
Ѫħ˺һŽ˲ƶأѩ۴ε˽ͨѩʧ˷ŭŶڣдļվڵϵˡ
ͻȻںѪħЦųɽ޺ЦһҲ˽ȥ
ͨڣѩۼ˱Ҫ̤ȥͨ˭֪ħͻȻֲ֡£ɵӵӱ֮ͨڱ˺飬ƺҲ˵ˡѩͬŮЦͬʱ֣Ŷһ١
ЦͻƺƻʣµʮӽͨѩŮͨħˡħһЦͬħŮŮ̴һơ
䡭
Ů˺һսٴǰһ⻬˴̵֮˼ŽһХصεߡ
һЦѪħɽڳһƴŮѸٴһ龡׺
䣡
޴ͨڴѪħһƺߵɻȥѩ̴һϻסŮŵֵסĲ
ҲϵĴս죬Ů֪롣ѩɨ̾ǰý磬ǶҪ
ĴħһߴıħѩŮ̻ӽִֵħԻ֮Ů˼ǽѪ
ŮһŽ̹ãʢһɫѪħȥѪħ̧һնȫʱһ𣬲һһѪ
ɫŽһ˿飬֮ʱ뵽ѪħڣȻѪħƣҲ˵Ԫ
ħ״̴ħŮŮͬʱתһܰѽǰ̣ȥ˲ħ
ǰУܿͽӽ˻ħ񣬻ħ󾪶ܣǽڣɾ޴ɢɽ˳һŮЦ
Ž¾֮µԣǿĽ֮ڽȴǿͨ൱ԪһԽĺܴ
ĴսŭһŮҲ߾ȫŮŮٴλӶŽ֮ˡħȫֿ첻бˣĴսͻƽ֮һƻŮ
ŮæһƣŮƺһ˼ĴħûȫһŮУɳȥ֮ͨڡĴħ׷롣
֮ͨڣѩ˵ĹӣĴħ׷ᡣ
̧ץһֻɫצŮѩ۵ֺƣһɫȥȴûκЧצһؼʱεץסŮ˲ƶȥצ˿գ˺顣
ĴħѸ׷ȥһúȣ˫λΣֻ˻ͨڴĴħ󾪣æĵħ
޴ͨڻص˲ͨغɫĽ߲ϲĴսȫһҧ׷ϡ
ͨ׷ţĴħ񲻶ϹŮεظ󣬱Ͼʵ
ŮҲǾĲѣĴս׷˭Ҳù



90 
֮ɽͨĻϲЦƺƴʮӳ˳غɨһ̷ۣ˳ȥ
ƺƵǵ֪ŮˣԷĴħ񶼳ˣŮԸ𣿡
ЦȰѵӰúãȻȥæƺƵͷ˼ٷȥ
ܿһͱڣͱڸףһڹʯ֮ϡ˵ڴ˶ܣȥŮǧҪ
λԥһλɵӵһȥɣ԰æ
Ц̷У˶ڴ˴ǻǵģ˵һһã֣ЦץɽˮѸȥ
ƺٳϻǹ֮ûлѰҷ㻤ͽˣǷ㻤òƺưǹţһãǹڳַòƺ̾Ϣһץǹȥ
ʮĿŶȥ֮¶ɽ֮ڡƺƶ˻ص֮ɽʱŮĴħս޿ǰѸٳˣħ޺ˮҲˡĴħ죬Ըֻһλɺʵľȣռ˾Եơ
ѩٴδһ֮ŶŮƺƶˡѩִ̧̧ƶ֮Ůûƺƶߣһ£ʧѩ΢΢һЦ̷ߣĴħѸ׷
ɭкܶԱĶԿѱԱ֪뿪֮һֻС¹Ͽȥ
ѩ˵ߣѸȥһħ׷ܿ׷ˣսٴοʼ
̫Ͻʹõȫɾڹɭڿըɭֲͣš
Ͽڣľżǰ쿴С¹С¹֮ɽľľȰԱ󵥶ȥ
ѩһжεͨٶȵʱס񣬶鼴̤ɣǿԸ˹ħ񣬶λλ콻ѪħͻħЦѣѩѾˣڶ˵Ĺ֮´ڱ֮С
Ѫħһսѩۣħ˲䱬ħѩۼæܡͻȻħԣһѾն£ѩ۴һãһŽڳնħ
ɣһ죬Ž˵£һĻ𣬷ѩץסӳ˵ĹΧ
ħħȫħħֻ֣Ѫ۾ŷѩۡѪħȣʱܲȺһɫϲѩս죬¹Žãϱ仯ͻȻʮɳã֮նˡ
Ѫħһȣȫ˲Ѫ죬һѪãã
䣡һǿĴڣѪħˣǷѩҲһѪɳȥ
ħѪٿħѸѩۡһεڷѩ۵ǰ˻ųħ
䡭
̳ţħ䣬˲Ĵ
һã˲һ֮´̴ε磬εȫһ𣬶ʱήкѪѪħٳħֱεؿڣѩ§סε¹Ž˳ƴ̳
䣡ѩ۱Ͼ֮Ѫħ񣬶ͬʱɳȥλħһŮҲ˹ֻħֱӳŮ
ƺһȣȫãԽɫһβѸչһ֮»λޡƺǹָ죬ʱǳ˸ʮɫڶŮǰƺƱҲѸٳ
ħըǿ˿ռ䣬ħķȥλħħʣµͬʱըԵ˲ħλħȻҲ˳ȥ
ѩ۴ĻסεԼǿֵס˳ǿĻһƺٶ˲һգ۱˷ѩ۵ߡ
ͻȻãһ֮¶һ粿̴ŽХżĽԶߵַѩʱ˵ϣ˲⡣
ַŭһ뵰ٻޣ޲ַ֪ΪδæʮɵΣַȥ
ҲȥܣʲôˣΪʲôôַͨķѩҲԹԵվַԡ
ַСǰɭ֣һ˻ϲ죬ʱͨС
ɭֵŽɲɢŴ̶ĽҰ޺ѸԶɭֻҲڷеľһ㶣æӿٶȡ
ҧгݣ˵ļָ̻ԭŭһƴŽŽһȥʱħƴһħѸٻ˹ŽŽһҡҡλε˷ѩߡ
Цæսѩ۵ߣĴħˣ˵
ѪħɣҪٷˣ㲻ǵĶ֣翼һ¼ǣǺܻӭǵļ롣
ޣͬʱһڣѪħŭħ죬ֻ۾˲仯ΪѪ죬ħ𶯡ħҲǷŭѣȫħţһǿƳˣȫǲˡ
ѪħǸǵĶ֣ƾʲôǶѩͣǱĴħħѹƣ޷֮֡ʱһλǰס֣
˶ʱ֣ͣתͷȥһλվ֮ˣ峤ľ
ѪħǺˣ
ľȭǹ峤ľλǰ֣ͣ
ΪΣħ񵭵
ľһ¿ˮλǰˣΪǿֻǰĴս壬Աǰˣ
ϻһŭȴһƣһɫħȥľ֮·߿նܹȥ
ѩ۵߰ɣǵ鲻ܣνѸ뿪ľ޻˵ɨȺˡ
ѪħȵɣѸˡ˻һѸٴԪֹãԪ㼯һǿķ
ľǿ˼Ծžˡ
ħҲħǿ֮ڸ߿֮ϲཻһѸٳΣɭڲɨ
ľĿɿڴѩʵΪѩʵϾˣû뵽ϵȺ˾Ȼǿʵ
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֮ϵȺ˽Աˣ˸ʵǿھ̫࣬˹֮ͬ°Ȼ˼Ž֮ͬҲûܵסǿһѪɳȥ
ŽѸٳ˷ѩ۵ڣֵһֵʹˡҡҡλΣŬĿԼڵûˤȥ
˹Цͬʱˣľ̾Ϣһ˲ףΪҪಫ
̤һȫãã֣
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鰵̾Ϊÿ˶Ҫҵһأ
һȦȦɫⲨչɭ˲ر𰲾ֻصšѩۼĵŹ飬ûע⵽Žһ֮ʧˡ
һͬһƣߵħѸȥɫⲨɢħѸٴɫĹⲨͻȻһߵħ˲ɢһ㶣Ź顣
ѪħһȫħħХżĽȥͻƼⲨͣ˿СһⲨħһ쵹ɻȥѪħһƺߣѪ
˶סˣ˭û뵽ľȻ˱̬۾ɫ⻬ɫβҲţС΢ţ߶֮亣ٱ̺
Ѹ˲仯ΪຣຣХžˡ˴һæȫຣһסˡ
ຣӷХʮסһɫħ֣˿ŵֿຣĹ
Ͼ֧֮ţຣ˲ɢ𾪵鴭ϼ˹ȥӸ߿ˤ£εæ˲ƶס
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˱ŭʣ˶ȥѩɨ֮ڵıŽɳ¹ŽУˮŽҲ˽ȥһŽ¹ŽΪһ塣
ǿɫɣϤһĻۡѩս񽣣ȫ̱ѪۣһѸ˺˼
ѩҧսָ죬˲䱬ͨãȺ˸Ͻ֮ڡѩˣ˲ն£նܣȫʱħ졣
䡭
Եٴϯɭ֣زѡѸٷΪ߽ʧѩ˫һڣˤ䵽˵ϡε˱Եʱϼˣͬһͬˤ䵽ѩ˹ȥ
֮ȫǿѪԶľҲһѪ˵ϣûιȥ
ѩ۵һΪ򵥣ֵֻһʶ˵ֵסһȻˣħ˵ⲻʲô
ѪħǵѪЦһŵϵˣִ̧ħͻȻãһħɶأ˾߿գַֻƮڿдŵϵˣ߽Ʈ󡭡



91 ֮
ַŵϵķѩ˷ʧ˻ǰѵ𡭡
ַͨ޺ܿ͸ϵ˹ɭַ֣ٻŽŽİ¸Ҫϵ֮ʱѩٻ߽Ž˻ַϵ֮ʱǷѩ۵һַֹɣΪַѩѾ֮޷Ӧǿġ
˿Цãʱ˽֮ԪʣѾࡣַӣΪַѾȫָ޷ٶԿַ㡣
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ַĻ̹ˣѪħ񵥶ľ㶵ϵַ㼸ˣԾǺǰһġ
ī֪Ƕ֣䵽ѩ˵ߣԶԷҲ缸˶ȥѩҲסŽħ
Ѫħħȫַ㣬Ӳһ
䣡
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˶ԿǺԼͬˣҶԷǿ֮ĩܿռϷ硣缸˱ߣҲ׷϶ȥ
Ըˮޣһ滨סˮޣˮޱתŭѣſٻŽϧŽ֣Ʊ˳һ£ˮ޴ħϧŽ
䣡
һɢˮ޲ҽһɳȥ׷ȥһٴն¡ˮɢħɲֹŽƣһҽٴαɳȥ
Ҫ˵ˮ޵ʵǡһСˮ̶ˮ޷·Ͷеķɱ꣬һֻˮ̶֮УӰ˲ʧ١ĳҧţִ̧ʮˮ̶ˮ𣬵ûзˮޡ
Ϊˮ̶̶ˮ޷ͨˮߣֻóץʱˣͼߡ
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⻹ŴֱӴˮ޵塣ˮʹҽţ屻Ϊİ룬ɻвûƮˮˮץסٴλָƣæߡӷŭ춼Ҫˮޣξɱˮޡ
ã׷ȥͻȻ꽣̻ȵ꽣ɢ֮ˮѾӳԶһٴ׷ȥ
ԸħޣͬŭǣȻħħڶܴ࣬󣬵Ϊʣ࣬轫ıˡħֻ֮ߣϣڤȪ򲻶ϵķӡħޣܿͽħʣȫľ
ħĻ䣬һαӡ޷֮ۿҪڤȪͬͻȻһħ˲˹ڤȪһħŷħޡָ̧죬״Զħš
նһȣһ޴ϽնԶħšҽУħһ󷭹ߡһѸ׷ȥɨһҲѸ׷ȥ
ѩսŻħڵַ˻ħѩû׷ϣǷַڵķ
ԷԸ˵Ǻ󣬶ǲ׷ıƢ˵սǵضɽҡʮɵΣԷǽɽϹ
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ǿĴ䣬ͬʱ˼Էѽһɨһز
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䡭ãϵ˸Ѫһͣ˰ա
Է˫۽ãϣãҫۣ˫̱˻ţħϷֻѪƸʢ˫ٳɶ֮ơԷͻȻ𣬽ǰ
ۡ
һһ㶣ͷȥֻؿһδСѪס
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ţֱۻħų˵ĲλԷһ֮ԣãһһֱ䵽ϡ
ҽһѸٷȥصֱۻħţħųԷԷӶɽһɽɫ籩ϯսħ˲䱻һߣԷѸ׷ȥ
ѩַܿ˶˽սĵطѩһַȫѪߣӶԪ񽣲ѪħȫȻһåܣѩһ亹
ѩ˲ԣΪѪħǶûйַ㣬Ϊкܶشַġ
ַŭ·ħ㣬Ѫħȴǲסܡ
ַһЦɽʱѪ˲һնȥٶȿšѪħ΢Ѹ̧ᵲһ죬ɭ־ҵ𶯼¡
ѪħҽһɳԶַѪԪѩȫһΪַ˫ҲѪɫڵһֻӵӳĶħ
Ѫħ㾿˭ѩѪħ
ַЦӶԪ񽣵Ҿңá㲻صģΪͿҪˡ
ѪħߵʶϽ뿪壡ַ㲻Ц˴ЦѩŶˣ֪˵սʲô
ʱַǻһˣѪħƺںַ㣬Щѩΰ㣬ʵǺܷѽ⡣
ַ㿴ѩڵϣĪһŭƾɵ⣬ַսѪħѪħʱַĶԽԽ죬ıҲԽԽʹࡣ
Ѫħַ״ֹ֮ͣ˹ַҽһȫѪĹȴûֹͣһֱѩĵ
ַϰ澭ڻһԪ֮ǿںϡַ㲢ûз֣ڻһɫİߵ㣬ɫİߵ뵽ַѪҺС
ȫĵһ澭ҲʮȫʮַһħַѾΡ
ħַ㱾Ԫѹƣ޷ɳ˴˵ķѩˣַļȲȣԪʩŵб˷ħץסλ뵽ַľ֮Сھ֮вַѪҺɫߵܿ׳󣬲ʱȭͷĴС
ɫߵߣ紥ְ쵽ַӶַжǿַĵģҲǹԪӶȫַ塣һźɫַزźɫħַĵġ֮ģ



92 ħַ
ѪħҧгݣַĻЩ̫ˡתȥһ㶣ֻѩƮԶŶˡ
ַ㡰桱ЦѩʲôʱģѩŶ˲
Ѫħ˼ƬѸ̧˫ƣѪħ죡˲仯ΪѪɫһѪɫϹסַ㡣
ַЦħҽáֱַ̤ӴѪ߳ʶһʲô澭˵ַȫҫãԱӡɫѩѪħܲסǿҵãֵס˫ۡ
Զĳ衢Ҳͨãŷ·ΪɫԶû׵׷ʲô¡
ã֮ﻯϣԭ̵ľҲΪɫѸܿͳͨһ˫˫ɫ۾ˣֲĴڷ·ҪһС
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ַЦʮɫûɳħţħ֮гֻ޴Ѫƣʮ˲˫һ
ѩһֻ޴ѪӡȻڶַĸıɻ󣬵ǲƿַ㡣
ѩȫҫ۵ã˲ɫĿѪ棬ѩȫһơ
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ַЦһȫѪ˸˸֪Լжôǿϧˣ
ѪħЦһһַ㣬ַȴ˿㣬Ҳ
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Ѫħ˫ַϣַȴһҲûСͻȻѪãһѪħƺһ˼
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ͨչʣµŽҲַߡ߽ԸеַĲԣȷַϢ߽Ҳʡ
ѪħһȣħħħѸٻΪ޴һ֮³ѪħСħַַ䣬߽һһĻǴȵ߽һ
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Ѫħֻʣһֱŭֱ۱һħǣϵֱתͷȥֻѩۡ顢εŮƮԶ
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ħַ˾צһ£˫Ѿָ˵ӡ
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ѩѪħɣǡڷ˳˹סѩѩ˵ҲǳԾŮַѾħǿֲַ񣬲Ůûз¾֮ģҲûи¡
ħַԼؿɿ񽣣񽣻ߣɽ˸УֻŽ䵽С
ε͹鿪ĵرס˳ͨ˵˽ѩݣԾ֮Ϊһ˶ġ
ѩַߣַµܾܵʲôôϲɫˣַ߲תȥˡ
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ħַһƫƧҰأϢڵĹԪȵķֲԪԪĻָٶˡַڻһصĺɫʣһ
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صĺɫʵΪùؼ֮Ƕùκˣ԰
ù˵ûжôַ㱻ֱʮùЧ˾޴áַľùʻסӼ̣ĹԪҲʳʵţʹľԪǿ׳
ַľԪɿָħַûа취ֹһԪȫָ޷ַֹʱֻбĿˡħַҧ˼Ʋߣնֻ̾Ϣ᳡
ȥˣħַ㲻ֹһγԪûܳɹԪָֻ˲١
ѩѾָ٣̸֪˽ڻý֮ڡ
ҵˣڻƺƵĴҵ̫ϴʮӡۺһѰַ㣬Ұ֮ҵַ㡣
ǰˣħַ㷴һŭ⣬֪Լʵɱǣħַ㰵Цѡ



93 
ýַ˴ս֮ʱ̫ϽҲش顣
׹ƽ簲ȵ׹ϿգһСͨչ쳽˸ŵ˫۷˳
쳽ɨһµ׹̧ۣͷաͨ£΢Ử쳽һּͨµƣ쳽Ѿȫָ˿Ŀľǿ硣
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׿ҡͷ֪ΪΣͻȻоۣȫûһæɳ˷䣬㶵ɫա
׵ڵϣǵǵգҪĵѾ۵˰ϣûлԵĵӼ
ĬĬæص˷Сµı׿ҲµʲôЦ뿪ǰȥýѰַ˹̫Ͻ綼Ѿǿˡ
ǵô죿
׿ЦһѾûˣ߲ˣҵʵҪ˹ֿǰȥ̫Ͻȫˣҧ˵ͷ̷ɳ˷䡣
쳽׹Ͽջصţʱֲ˻еӷŭϵ쳽ޣȴΪ
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·ߺ޵ϵ쳽ޣٻŽýںͷѩۼ˵ʲôͻȻŽһ𶯣ɳڽ֮ͨڡ
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ѩ۵϶̫Ͻ緢ʲôòٻŽѸٷأ
˵ͷΨַ߲ѩ۲ϵôˣΪʲô̬ȣ
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ѩַԶȥıӰѩϵչ˺ԼСģǷ̫Ͻ磡ѩͷѩۼҲͷǰͨȥ
Ϊַİȫĵӽ˻ý磬ѩʮӺ׷ַȥ
ŽܿߣսŽֱ쳽޶ȥ쳽һ£û뵽ȻЧ
־һս֮ѾıˣƽΪħת쳽޽ѹ磬ߣȻһȵġʳŽΪħʶħԵ޷Ϊ֮¡
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֮ڿɼΧСսֱ壬ͻȻãƿѸٴ֮ãɴڣ̻ӽնȥ֮ãɢ¼ȥ
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ٴһ죬ãͬʱʧ»սɳȥֻɫצ˲佫߬סצһ𶯣һ챬ըĨǵѪս쳽ޡ
ѩۼ֮ɽһ˶У˻һ۳ǰ̫ϽͨͻȻסˣ֮ͨںڰһƬҿޱȣ޷ԣɫķ籩ͨŰš
һɷ籩Ѹٷһɫϻסˡ
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׿ϲ顢ɡԪЧԴ˼ʵް취ԡ˿ĵЦ˼׿˼ʱǹƼм񵰲Ͷϸ߿ա
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´ϲӹ׿Ӹһܻǹ쳽쳽־ĺţɫצϵĳǸһͱ̻ҡ·ɵն쳽۾һͻͻ쳽ʹæ֮ڡ´Цţ˭֪ǹȴϨ˻
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94 ͻԹ
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һֻɫצһ㿪ˣצãײһ𣬶ʱ䣬ɫĴ衣
һãö£һ֮»塣һѪ棬ֻ޴צѸ׷ͻȻãһֻצ˲飬һãסһʧˡ
쳽һŭ׷ȥͻȻɫܲձӳ˲ɫ쳽һ˻ٴγ֣ɫȴֱ
ܼĺ쳽쳽ҽűǿȥ״岻˸ãȫʧѲãӰ쳽ŭһ׹۶ȥ
±һãסãٶȼ죬ͨȥ㶵ɢŽãӣӵòģΪƤҲǽɫģ·ûɡתͷȥ´һΪɫӰһɫ񽣣񽣣
𾪵ŽɫӰʱŷӰǽɫ˫һ硭ɫӰһԲ§´ڲ֮ϣɫ۾þòɢ
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ѩѪɫԹڻǰУͨͨ˴Ĩǣܿ˾ʧ˷һ紵̷˭֪ѸٻΪɫ֣һ˲ɢˣ˵ӰҲʧˡ
˾Ȼ˲ͬĵطȫɢ
ѩڵһƬĺɫռ䣬ҰҲֻǿӦˣؼرѡ
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ѩѪɫռڲ飬ʱ̲ͣزߡѩһѩ˲е磬һѩͬʱѡٴ飬м类𣬷ѩۿЦһڿռڱսѰҳ·
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Էں֮ϣͷѪɫգйҺڲʱֻĺޡԷս֮ҲУɿͷƺһˣ
ͨĳ˺֪ѩ˵֮ɽɽסڳĽ£λͬīźľص壬ȴϢ
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֪˶ãɫӰһɫͨڣ˼Ƭһͷһ󲨶󣬽ɫ֮ͨϳһɫѨӰһ˽ȥɫͨ»ָԭ
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߲Хȥ֮˲䱻ɨ֮ͨڻһʺĹãĻ֮类ɨ٣һ֮ײһǽȥ
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۾ɽ֮ڣֻһɫӰˡһλعĽɫӰ
ַȴͷ˼ʲôΪַ㣬ûйľԪʶܲͽɫӰϤĸо
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ͷȻŽ㣬Ϊʲôֻнһ˳ˣ̫Ͻ羿ʲô£ѩúȥˣ
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ѩ۶ηսֶͨ޹صĽɫӰûٳֹεصȴַĹ



96 ɨԹ
ַ뿪ϿȣƽԪַȥ߹Žڹڼַ㡱
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ѩվͨԹ֮ڣȴַĵԷ˶ַҲ޷ֵͨĴ´ͨĴ򿪣ֻ֮ôա
ַ޵ıͨԣȫһ˵ķ緶һַ֮ɽɽµķѩ۵ˡ
ַĹ˴ϲǰȥӵ輸ŮǽסķɵĻ˼Ůַ㻳оͿСѾͷϾĻ١
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ԪһľȥͻȻɫ֮»Ԫ񽣡ŽһʱΪ޴Ľɫ˻׺ľ
صĽɫٴγ֣׽ԱɢҶѸٹסԪ񽣡һХɫǿҶ˲䱬ըΪŽϡ
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ַŶѸٷȥܿռ䡣Ԫ񽣣Чַ񽣣һ֮ʧڻ֮С
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˳ӦַԶһɫ籩̳ΣɢżĽСȥŽΪԿֶԸСǿԪ񽣵ļŽʵɱ
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ַͻȻһ㶣ѩ˲ַҡͷ̾Ϣ
֮ϣħתٶԵħЦллǰҳȥԣ
֮ͨУַ㰵̾һѩ̫Ͻȥ



97 쳽
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쳽С򣬱˲ʹȫĶԸַ㣬˭֪ͻȻ鱬ը޴˲ɢ֮еצ쳽Ҳˡ
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ַĻ׿ɵˣԴͣҡַЦ׿߽׹۶ȥ



98 ħ
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ħظоԼּеϵ·֣־
ħһΧħʼ˲תӵƤˣ㡣ħ֣֣˾ȫָȵǿʢʱڵ׳
ħЦȫΪɫħⲨ˫ۺںɫת綼𶯡



99 ħ
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ħһһֻΪһʱͨħЦһڡ
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쳽֮ĴɱΪ֪ħ쳽ͣΪԼѾ˺ܶ࣬ǹصħʹúϤ
ʱ䣬쳽ƾѾȫָˣϲħѾ֪λħ
ħһͬ½磬Ҫ糹ױǵ磡쳽صͷħһ֮ͬͨڣͨѸٺʧħ쳽Ӱ
˿̵ַ㼸Ѿص׹ۣǴʱǰý磬ѩ۵˹ͬԸļλħ
µʱ䣬ħ˼µʱ䣬ʱΪƽʱ䡣ַ㼸׹۽̸Ž飬˭Ҳû뵽һδйĺƽѾʼˣ
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ʮ˺ǧߣħһ֮ȫӡ
Ѹٺڰ޾ħڣƬ̹ÿ˵ڶħħħִͨħصĹܣԻߺͷеħԣʹ֮ȫԼ
һڽм˵ûһ˿ʮһתۼħ¡ʮ˲Լ֮ͬϵħûбֿƵҲգܿǾͲħߵ¡
ħЦһĳУһбħħҲΪ֮ˡ
һʱ䣬ѾʮбĿܣߺͼ˿ʼĳУս𲻶ӣٴս֮С
ħ쳽ʿɱѪأѪŨŨܿ׹۾͵õߵͨ棬ַ㼸ǰ·ص쿴
ַ֮㡢ѩ졢ԷһսҵĳϿա쿴ϰλѾַ㼸һ㶣˱ѯΪιС
Ǽ߸Ӷٱɽַ㼸֮¿ʼԪ߱棬ץסһߣѸȥ
ߣħȥЦţһָһħѸٳߵڡ
ƫƧҰ⣬ѯߣ߽Цˡ˲֮ʱ˵ˣȣþòˣ
һ㶣ַ˭
Цһħ
ʲô˺󼸲
ߴЦվӣ˫Ѫ󣬿ҲһѪ˰ҧΪħߵ壬Ҫʲô
˼ɣкܶǶףֻ֪ǶҪ
ЦͻȻһħ߱һѪ˶ȥѸٷѪɢȥѾȫʧ
ľһţַħѾȫָˣֱˡ
ѩ𾪣ô֪ģ
ַ̾ϢŽ䶯뿪磬Ѿ̫ˣĿɿڴ
ַҧ̷׹ۣټܹټһߣѸ뿪̫ϡֻҪý磬־޷Ըˣ˵ͷһŽ˲ƶȥ
ħЦżڸм䣬һһĳбƣѸٲкûбƵˡַ˷׹ۣٵ֪ͨɡ壬ټܹټһڰɽ¡
֮߻㼯ڰɽ£ַ㡢ѩ졢Է׿׹еӴߺƺƵͨȥ
µʱ䣬мʮ߱кǧ˱ɱӵ˿ֲмǧĿܷˣ
ַһд֮ϣܵȾʼղԱҪǱȾڻһħж߻ᱻħɥʧԹˡ
ħʧ߶ʹҲܵǣƣһȾٻᴫȾ߲Żľħһϰķһֱ
ַ𾪣߸ʹģЩȾߺͷ˶޹ΪԼİΣΪûܵȾߣɱһһߡ
ַյȵϢΧֹħ塣߶Ƕˣ˭ûأֻ׹۾ĸļǧûж߼ʹ΢ĶҲᱻȾ
˾ȵٴαȾȻ٣ļٸͨȾ߿ʼΧ׷½أ˺ɱʼղϣַ˺ѷΡ
ħƺϲ˺ɱ߶ǰַɵˣŽҲɵۡ
Ⱦ߷·𼢶Ұް󷨿ԣЩʹַĿ١
ߺĴɽɽ纣˰һһǰȥʮ򱻸Ⱦ˲䱻ķ飬ħ಻
֮ϽӰܼħ죬ַ㡢ȫŽɽ޾ħɨ𣬵в߱ȾҲ
ͷ۵޾ȾķҲϵķŹҲɱַŭģ˫ã˲ϵķˡ
ż˻𣬼ʮɵըѣʱҰ֫׷ɣ˲䱻
ѩһַķߺ񣬼Ҳġ
ѩָ̧죬ǰֻ˲Ρѩҧ˫˫˸ҫ۹ãЯź籩ȥ
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Ĵħɫٶȼ죬ߣķɽ֮򻯡󣬴߱壬ħҲһ١
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ʱַ֮Ĵ¼ǰͻȻַԺһһЦָ̧죬˲
ַֻȫãһλɫĹ⡣ѩ㣬ٻȺ⣿
ַȵǾ֪ˣ
ɫӰѸٳϲ죬ɾʯʯѸ󣬽ľȳˡַһ˫־Ԫȵ˶Ԫȥ˲⣬Զ
ĸ·սѾûжˣΪ棬˽עַϣٳɶ࣬޾Ԫڡ
ȱҫ۽ãѸ󣬽һӾʮĿɿڴ˭Ҳ벻ȿɴС
ַָ£˽ڣַѩλ档ѸСڵҲСˡȱýȭͷСַָ֮ڴ˷ȥ
Ŵ۵벻أΪβô
ַεǺܾǰ֪ģ겻Щȴˡ粻ǾѣԶҲ벻취
˿񺹣ôģⶼַЦ
˵ĻٶȾͿܶˣҰȫҲ˱ϣϾ˵ĿҪСĶࡣŽİ£Ѹٳͨ
㶵žȣҲ벻棬ԼȻҲԽС׿׹۵άæҴڹ
ַڹŽİµȷ˺ܶ࣬һɹɵоԹܿ˾֮ɽħ쳽ѵˡ
ħַѩ󾪵֪ǰԷħ
ַ˼Ƭ̵ħˣ
ħЦң벻ĵӶ˵㣬ȻΪҲ棬ǵ˵ĻҵϲЩСѡ
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·һǼ磬
ɱɱѵ㲻𣿰ְɣ֣ûĶ֣ΪλҪк޹
в֮ҶҪȥ
˵ħһƻַͬһơһ죬ãħ̳ʮɡħһȣַƺһɻȥǽһ˿Ѫ
˴󾪣ħʵǿʵȷֲ¼ħЦˡ
ַ㰵̾һŽɳڣԪƮУһͨչڤȪŽħߵڵ״̬㻹ʹ𣿡
ַЦأħһ㶣Цݶʱˣ˫ַ㡣
ѩһץסַַ֣ѩһۣúչԼַѩС֣ŽѸٺ壬ĹԪ˲⣬ɾ֣
ѩ汧סַ㣬ַѾʼѪѪȾ˶˵¡ַ㽫ָѩϣŭȵߣʮ־
Ļݣλ¸λ񣬾űɣʮһԽ˵ԽħҪΪ֮Ĳ
ַȫѪӿǿܡħĬĬҧδ˴ζҪͷ󻼣
ѩ˺ѷΣȪӿҲ絶˭ַ֪ƴһѣΪѣΪ壬Ϊˡ顭
ҧסѩͨȥħûˣĿַֻ㣡쳽ҲѸٶԶ
ַþֻأֻ˺һȻ
ɫϹؾ𶯣ħҵȫ֡Ѹֶַȥַһ񽣺Ѫ¡



100 ַ
ȫһħĬֵַһɽ飬˺ѣԵɨʡ
ַɻأСħڣħҽһɳȥǿģַѪƮţɢżɫһɫβζš
һ죬ˤַĹԪˣĽɫַַ΢΢һЦ˵ϣѪ⡣
ڻýķѩۡ衢ε¡顢ƺơЦ˶ʱһļ£ؿڶȥͬһʱ䣬˶Եʲôַ㣡
֮ͨڣѩĬĬ̫ϽͨڣѪɫ´šѩ·𶪵˻ǣ᲻֪ٴӿʹĵͨһۣǿסѩԷȥ
̫Ͻ磬񽣱˵Ľصؼþòƽˣ۱ȾĻûбȾģסˡ
񽣽һͨڣصͨѩС񽣷ְˣѩڣѩһǰȥ
ַµӰſѪڣĺڽУͿҪߵͷˡħĨһߵѪЦŴַ֣ͬħȥ
˴һħҲܵˣٸȾߣɱַ쳽޻ص硣ֺħͬĵ쳽Ҳȥֻڵתţڵַɻԡ
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ѩ˺ܿ˻ý磬Žİ˲Ʒ̫ɵȥ֮ɵڶɵӳӭӡ
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ѩ䵽˵ǰһ˿ϣܵأ·ʮֳء
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ʼ룬ǿ̼ˮҲ޷ͣйʶû˸е⣬ûаοҲû˳ĨˮС䵽ѩϣСצҲ۱ߵˮ
һ̷·˶֣㶵ŷѩˣмѾϳ˷ѩۼ˵ݣ²⵽ʲô˿С
Ӧһһ˷ˣҲסˣ˶²⵽ʲô
ǧ׹۵ӷ˷ѩ׹۵ӵı֣Ҳȥ˵һĻˣ֮ϰ˱潣˸Źãɢű˵Ľ߷ڵϰѩ۵ˡ
̫ɽˣžˣŰ˽ıˡ
֮ϣַ㰲ſڣɫħתħˣ쳽Ҳûٳ֡
Ȼַָһ£۾ĴѾȬһ΢š
ַѵɨܣ֪ΪԼûܻſ϶Ǻõģַôġ
ַһħħͻȻһħַײڵأߵɫ͸Ͻ⣬ַ㳹׷ڡ
ַһѪڵϣѪʧУַ˲ΪʲôħԼ
ַĹԪȻˣڣֿⲿǿ׳ԼַһЦɺԼΪʲôûŻ
ַٴоڵı仯ϵԪȵط뾫Ԫ֮侹Ȼϸ΢ϵ
ַ㻶ϲѣ龫Ԫȫûб仯̾һַϥ
ⶥ֮ϽγһɫԲַʱһһſŽɫڷɳַֿ֪ʼԼľԪˡ
žԪɳĻеѪΣַ֪Ԫľ֮ȥЦλͬƵĺ徫Ԫ͸ϣ
ַ̾ϢһͷϵĺɫԲϴ
ԶڻýһصϿڣһµ۾⡣
ӳƮƮ˫񣬳ַͬӢûǱַĺħַ㣡
˵ħѾˣΪħѱַȫȥͨڤȪŽ塣ַһ˼뷨ΪתһŽɫĹԪַͬһĹԪ˵ַ㣬ַ
λַ΢΢һЦ죬˫۽չڹԪת֮ϣڵַ΢ЦţеĹѸͬĻڲĽɫ
ַڣȻֵķϣΪɡ顢Ԫ޷ӡ
ַеĹİ·֣ʧڿв֪ȥ
ڣַʹЦһһѪǣ廯Ϊɫɢˡ
ʧ֮ʱַʮټַʧˣ׼ȷ˵ˣˣûС
ýϿڣַ΢΢һЦصɽ֮󴫳һ仰ʮټ
һַȥˣһַˣûע⵽߹Žʧһʱ䣬ǺСɹַתʮ
ڣѩһ˽Ʈƽ̨֮ϡͬһƮĻжϻǹɽˮȡɽɽɽ˽֮ϲߡ



101 Ĺ
ڵַ֮û˿յϣԶħ
ҲԼ˼룬ϵձȾķħĸԸĸ
̫Ͻ绹żǧûбȾķ˺ͽߣλݼΪˡ
ȣ֮һźŽͬľԪƣ֮һźŽͬľԪ
λչ񱾾ֵܣ޸ĸչ˵ܵϴĴƮң
ֵܶǰλ֮λ񣬴ʱһɽ
λľҲʮֵĿģΪλ̳еĲǵľԪǼ̳ڹ֮֡
λżȻһͬλ˲֪ʲô䣬һɽˡ
֮һλڻȥĹʹ֮ȡĹԪ˼꣬Ϊɽֵܡ
һϢĹɵۣΪֻжʮͣкܶǲġдĹֲЦλֵܣ˻Ǳץɽ
û˵ǽԼͬĹԪע뵽ֵڣ򵥵˵˼Ҳˡֵܶ˸оһΣΪڶһ֮´ӷ˱ߡ
ͳԪöָɽ֮ɢˡŹɢֵܶĪһ󣬶ֵܶڶǱ
ͷڼǰħ½磬λս֮бˣΪʱλΪߣû˷ֶ˾Ȼǹ
ֵܵõԪ֮󲻶ԭ˵Ķ˵ǼѣΪǸֳ֪ȼߣԣ֮֮λֵܿʼ
λΪڣɽĹ˵ʵڲԳơսҲϣʼմڻ֮Уλֵܲһֱɽ֮УҲַ֪Ѱҹ
ֵܶ۾ΪַҲӰ쵽λ񣬲֮ж˾ε硣
ûս飬ֵܶ˲¶ԼݣɽɷڿտҰϡ
֮һУѾһ棬ʬǳɽ˿ֲĻҲǵһο־
Ȼŵܵڳ֮УǾȵķֳ֮ûһڡѪȵϢʹöԸŻ£ٳɽȥ
ı䶯ǲ֪ģĿĵķУֽһ֮Уڻս
˽ӽ֮мȾĳ߳˲֪ʲôֻɽѾ
˴֮Ѹٴɽɽ˷ɽֱɱߡħˣΪĶ˵Ӱ졣
ʣµļ߳ȴҲƣȾ߾ȻۼڽеһԪһơ
һȫ˼Ѫ
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Ƶ磬ΪʲôҪɱǣҿö˶ˣ
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Ʋ˲ͷ亹ſȣͻȻһɽԻѸһƣһķɽɻȥȲߵѪҪһʱˣǲŹǵģ
ŤͷΪʲôҪɱǣ߲ɽϳֵ֮ܶһ߶һܡ
˼ʱѾƣٶȵɲ˰ɣǿȥϢϢɣǾͲ͸λˣ
ͷԶԶԣλؼϢɣ극˯һ
ЦһۼڲԪһԪٴδն˴֮ѸߥǵٶܿĹԪƵٶȡ
һ󣬶һѪ棬ˤ˵ϣҲˡ
ֵܼѵ˿Цѡո߳ɽߵ׷ɱһǷĲҪ׷ɱ˿̶˾֮ˡ
ֵ໥վһԵȫ̺˲١˲Լ壬ֻɢŵãӶ˾ȫָˡ
ԭһ㣬ǿӡڹԪ֮Уơ
ȵ治֪ڵǸʲôȻôκǵˡֻҪǲƺܿͿԻָ
Ƶͷô죿Ǻǧˣ˶Ҫ׷ɱǡ
ȵҸоӦ߻ħ˰ɣԲŻɱǡ
Ʋȵ˼ҡԴҲ˵ʲô߻ħģʵҲǾʲô˼Ͼ˳Ϊߺһγ֮ȫ
˿ЦãʹΪЩʶ˽⣬˵˭Цˡ
Ȳ֪ôŵܵǰδ֮ŵܴ֮ܵУȻٶȺҲŶˡ
֮һɽ£߿ƵĴɽֵܶɿգܿ˾ɽϡɽһСɣѾһˣһ۷ڡ
˷ɵǳߵģڶĴƮһ֮ҲǲģǶסСڡ
˲ټһӰ·ֻʣ¿ֵܡ
ΪԱ˾ս飬ǾԴдֻ꣬еĽơ
ֵܶڷ֮ɹ̫ѵõƽһֱڶܿģֵܶ˵Ȼ֪㣬ϾҲ֪Ļҡ
ܳ㣬ֵܶڷţ֪˯˹ȥʱһƴ߷ϻħ֣
Ѿյٷ˵˿ѾȫָˣڵĴƮϵĸȾߺͷˡ
ֵͣӣ˯ֵܶˡħתţħ˶ȥħ壬ַֻΪûж
ƾȻмɱˣһ֮·ȥ
ֵܵǲ˲֪٣ûټֻһɨȻûзֶתĹԪھͳʬˣ
ѩ۵֪¿¶Ҫһħ֪¿ĶҪѪ˭ܹ뵽λȻֻڵΪ



102 
ѩ۵ȫָΪħǲַתģԴΪַԶҲˡ
ûַᱻ߽СתĻ¾ַ磡ħɹ֣ûĶ֣˾ڻýļλħ񿪵
û֪ʵѩҲַͬһԪҲٻʹáʮ־ѩǹɣûйɾԪҲֻʹһΡʮ־
ѩ۵ĴѪħˣѰҴɣֻԶԸħȥҲֻ֪֪뿪̫Ͻ硣
ַ㲻֣޷Ӱ쵽ýˣҲļʱеǡ
ʱ˿̣˼һͨũ֮УһӤոճӤüĿ㣬ü֮ʮ㣬ҸոճȻޣʱ΢Ц¡
ĸĸûע⵽ӤķæڹӤиǵĸĸҲӤүү̡
Ӥתַ㣬ʱǰļ仹ЩģɣȻΪ֮塣Ϊ죬һ·үүΪȡ֣λүүַʶģȻ˾֪ɣ
죬ǻͨ죬ζַļһֱ磬׵ΪʹԸõĻָ֪ӡļ䣬ڵũס֪Ҫȹʧʮꡣ
ý֮ϣһȸ֮սڼѩ۴ȫԱѪħ˿ʼȫ׷ɱ
̫˵εڻý֮Уܿҵ˻ħ䣬λħ֮⵽˷ѩۼ˵׷
Ϊ˷ֹħӻ磬Էƺơ׿Цλ׹۵ӿ֮ɽѩ۴Ů͹츺׷ɱħ
Ͽڣ뿪ˣصϿȣһַ㡣
ħˣĽλħһѸٷ죬̼֮仯Ϊ棬̧֮ͷȥֻŮսΪС֮ŭǣʮҲԴ
˼˵⣬СΧĳŮѸٻӽķѩ۽ħɢɫĹãαɫʥ֣֮ǿ䡣
ǷѩͨССɱʺ߽󷨣ɱħλħ״˹ΣŮʵСķˡ
ΧŮָѩۣ֮ŷѩۼתѩ۽ָħһ֮֮Ǹȥ
֮λħǼģ˴ֻ߽֪ͬߵ֮кһΪҫã൱񽣵ȫһλħ֮Ѹٶܡ
ãת۾ڷѩ۵Ŀ֮±ը񱩵˲ϯλħȫֵҲܲסҽУλħ˴ڿУ֮
ŮͬӳСѸһȣħħ
λħ־֣һŮСһɹȫһһܣο˻֮
ؼʱ̻ħһӰʧεһ̧Сһûһһ߲ãе˲ôҲҰ
ħʹõľ֮һħ֮ʹһκķ˴ʹõε˲Ʒ
Ȼʱ˹ȥСν׷ᣬ֮ĶܱȵùȫʢŮ
ܿλħŮ׷ϣεִ̧ŽŽ˲ƶħٳħպɨһ죬ŽֳΣλħ񲻵òͣ¡
Х֮Ϯתȥֻһɫ֮Ȼһ˲ħ죬ħֶˡһ죬߲֮⻯⣬ħ˲ɢڵλħҽһɳȥ
һؿһѪŽħҧٴκɨһ죬Ž˲ƻصεϣλħʮ
ʹתħؿѸϡħٴ˲Ʒٴóȥεָһ㣬Ů˲ƶȥ
ܲǳ֮ʣħ֮֮ɽΨһϣӻ硣Ůλħ뷨׷֮෽ѩѸѩ
λħܣͻȻѩλħѸħħ׷ɵѩѸ滨ѩ֮гɫǳħǿҵط籩Ĵɢ
ִ̧ŽŽɢҫ۵Ļħ⣬ɢħѸɢλħҲҽѸȥ
ѩ۱䶯ѩѸתѩãһǰʱΪѩ磬λħͣڰգܵӡ
ѸڤȪ򣡡Ȫ˲ӡλħ
ħѸʧλħתħͻƷӡһ߲֮ãٴγ
һħѪ˲仯Ϊʮɾˡһ죬ոջΪ˵δֱ㱻߲֮ã򵽡
һҽУ壬ħ㼯ֳΣ־˫㶵Ůħٴס˲ƶȥͬʱŮҲ˲׷ȥ
׷ɱλħ;ĩ·ΪħṩŶħһֻ֮ߡ
һ֮λħƣڸϵ֮ɽŮҲ׷ɱλħ·ϣѸٳ֮ɽµɽͻȻãλħһ֡
뵽˾ȻﲼµӿأЩ߶ʵǲСɶû뵽ãߴĽλ
죬ħλħĿɽҽУһѪɶءٴһ죬ŮͬһƣƺһΪɫƴλħϣλħҽһԶ
ãһħٴδ˲Ʒֱӽɽ֮ڳ֮ͨСãһŮ˲ƶȥҲ˽ȥ
֮ͨڣܹλħŮЩŮӶײɫãתɢˡλħĿɿڴƼ򵥵һû뵽ǿ
֮ͨŮתԪСɱɫ֮ãҫѪɫͨλħѸپۼħһħǽ
ŮͬʱһúȣһСδСɫǰһħǽûбɢҲɢţɫħǰλħȫֲѵħǽ֪ħǽʧһ١
һӺڿͨľͷ˴ϲħǽҲơ
ãһλħ̫ͨϽ磬Ҫ̤ͨͻȻɫ֮ãͨλħ󾪣Ϊ֮޷ͨͨͷĽߵģǲ֪ΪζԴɫ֮ãЧ
һλħҽһɳȥĿֲȫȻֱӳʯǽ֮ڱ̫Ͻ֮ɽ
ãһŮ˲ƶãħþħ˲ƶȥεѸ׷϶ȥ
Ҳ֪ɺϻעλ֮ؾ֮ɽԶǡ˲ƶλħ񡣿λλħѸٳһ֮ץס˶ˣãһŮ
ħŴɱߣ
ѩħȻ˱֮£
λħ̾һٷϻȻɱ
ȴ󾪣Ƿҵܵܣ¸ʣ
ħһıϵٷϻû˵ķݣ
һѪıħץƵĵ磡ôˡ
һȭҪϻ죡ҧ죬۾Ÿȡ
ѩü
ħѸȥǾͷǣ
Σѩѿڶ
ʱһ֮ͨչһѩ󾪵֣һ֡
ֱĴƮͻȻܵˡ߹ŽϢ̫Ͻ磬ѸٸϹ˭֪Ȼλħ
λħһ£ЦѾɹ֣ǻôǶ
ѩҧгݣҪ׷ɱħ˭֪֣´ɲˣҲ֪ħǷڸǵ½磬ħȫȻ֪
ۣ֪ƾԼڵΪ޷ԿλħģҲ˺ĵܵܡڣһǿתǹԪڵǿ
򵥵˵˼仰ھͰδ򿪾ԪڵǹΪֵܶΣնķӡΪλֵֻǷˣܲסǿʶ˷ӡ
ΣգλԽ⿪ӡǿǾһĹܲˡ
޷˽⿪˷ӡǿתԽɫһԽɫβ˲չλħһѪɳȥѩ۵Ҳһǰλ߾Ȼλ
ǿȿԳܵģһҽУȱֻʣһɫĹԪɽƮڿС˳һֻиһˣ֮Ҳ⿪ڵķӡ
һ죬Ʊ壬һŽɫĹԪһɫɽƮڿС
Ů㶵žԪͻȻŽŽֶȥŹԪ·ܵٻŽãһȻŽ֮ڣɽȻҲԶŽڡ
䡭
Žǿɫɫɷ籩ʡŽɢҫ۹ã˳ܲסǿۣ־ȻҲƮڰղ
֮ǿ⽥ȥһ
ŽѾһ壬ָ֮Ʈ˿Ž֮ϵֱΪŽȻΪ񽣣



103 Žһ
ŽΪ񽣣ŽΪ񽣣񽣽߿գɫɫɷ籩ڱβ졣
˴Ϊ񽣣ǿɢѩ۹һ£ÿ񽣵Ѿ൱߽ûн¾ʱ񽣡
˽˴һȻֻŽĺ壬ҲǲɷϵģοŮе߱Ž
һХʧħλħͬʱҽһɳȥؿڽһѪһãƶ˼תһܣ˼̱
ŮһͬʱֻϲѣŽ֮ǿٶǰʤһ
ͻȻƮ£һصεУҲɻѩС
ǿɶɢ¾ҲѩΪֱɶ㣬ӵ򣬴ʱ˿ȫԽ
εΪ磬񽣵İֱ֮ӿ򣬶ҾʮȶʹҲ˽ףһɹɣ
ַɵλħĵطħתλħľԪħȫաŮ䱸ɫ֮ãѸٻסˣŮй
յλħ񱬳ħԪħħҲΪħգݵƽŮĪĻţ˭֪Ǳǰƽ
ܿ־ϣħתɫѸٺڰڰ֮ɫãʮҫۡ
ϴɻתţƺʲôҲûзŮȫĽ䱸Žֲɢһսʼ
Ůȳ֣ΧŮԪѩۣɫԪΪϣһɻԵڡѩսָ죬¹Žͨã
һͨãѸն£ǿɢ¹Žϡһ֮ϲףҫãһն£ȴǲ㲻ܡ
䡭
һ̳һãڴ֮ϣã֮һʮףʮףߵľ޴ϿȡϿȵϷã֮£һɫľ޴Բ֮ϲɫ磬µɻתš
һ죬ɫԲըɫãʱɢԵķ޾ɭֻΪɻңɽʯƽأر÷顣
ŮԵɫ֮ã״βڵŮȻһ죬ɫСαԶһ֮³ȥ
ƶŵɵɫ֮ãͻһСħײɫ֮ãʱŮֳΡǿϮŮѸٲΣɫСɱٴγΡ
һСħٴγͻȻһãħһ죬ħãͬʱɢ¶ڵʵ壬ֺ񽣡ʱ࿹һ˭Ҳȴ
ⱻһصĽʻƣֱֹֽ塣ֽʷ·ãֻ񽣺֮ûκζ񽣵ȷһصֹ⡣
תͻȻһ죬񽣵ɶأûз־ʲô񽣡
Ե࿹֮ʱǿɢʱɻأãһŮ񽣲ټֻΪһɫãѸ׷ȥ
ȻһãֱӴãһ죬ٴʧֱ죬ʧںڰϣ·ڿ֮ڡ
⣬֮ɽ£Ů㶵֮ɽ׷λħʱεʹõ˲ƷһǼŮ֮Żһ˲Ƽ
˴һ˲ƾͽŮһ񽣴˴һѸٷظһ˱̬ٶʹŮЩš
ãһ񽣹ѸŮ˲ƶȥһɫŮ֮غΪӣ֮ٶȾȻҲ쵽޿ɱĵز
׷񽣲Ϻըһ޿ӳڴ֮ϣ֮ɽҲ⵽ƻڱȫ½ءɲ˲ƣҫ۵ã˸֮ϣǿز𶯡
֮ɽһãѸٻһ죬֮ɽµֱͨ򿪣һŮѸٷڡ
˵ϣЯ˲ƶȥٴηءŮ񽣺ٴ˲ƶȥԶȥ˵ٶŮĿɿڴ񽣵ĶٶȾȻ쵽ضûбַٶȿ쵽ֵز֪
񽣾ȻȫԼ뷨ֵ֪Ķ֣ʶ֣񽣳ûͨͨŮ뿪̫Ͻ硣
û׷ŮȥǳʱߵֶȥȻ޷˲ƣٶҲ쵽˼£ܿͳ嵽˽
ãһתۼЯ񽣳ϲ죬죬ɫ˲ָԭ
챻ڡɫǣɫʼղϱ任λãϸ֮¿Էãϻ
񽣽ٶ¼ޣҲޱȡΪһĻ壬ʼ޷ֵı塣ֿʼתƲ죬񽣴䡣
һεѸٳ񽣣񽣸ӦΣ٣ЯѸٶȥһ׷ȥͻȻһɫãֱϡ
䡭
嫵һȻˣɫãҲɢˣ¶һɫ񽣣񽣵ĺ彣
񽣺壬ѾʮֽӽŽ
Ȼ˴γɹ֣Ҳǵ˼ɣɺˣȻ֮ϡ
񽣺ʵȻӽɣλԪĽ飬ԭ޷˵֣Ϊ߽Ըֵ
ȻˣǶ˵ǳĵơɢħѸʮһ״ֳ֮ǰ
֪УŮѾȫ뿪ҲûбҪðսӴһС
񽣳Цķǰ˿Ȼְ֡˼¡һɫ˲仯Ϊɫ񽣶ʱͣסΡһס񽣣ʹ޷ƶ벽
񽣵ĹܿɲֹЩͨҲǹŽģȻס޷ȥһͨѸչȻֱ񽣡
񽣽֮ͨͨѸʧͨһͨչ񽣷ɳΪ񽣳Ů
ãһѩڣֻѩİɫ˲仯Ϊɫѩĸоɫ
ãһ񽣽εڣεİɫ»Ϊɫ£Ҳоɫ񽣡
Ž֮øŮϲѡȻӻػý磬񽣵ŮģҪýѪħˣͽŽΪ񽣡
ѩ۲²⣬߹Žȫ񽣺󣬱ض󲻵ЧŽסŮͨŽ񽣵Ḷ́ŮһŽλľԪɽŽΪ񽣣ˣô
Ůˣ»ŽýǡλΪ񽣶λŮ뿴ġ
ǹŽ޷񽣣ζԿ֣ѩ۸оѾܺ͹Žˣɲٳˡô죿Ůͷ˼š
̫Ͻ磬ֳֺɹѣʹִ̫Ͻ׺УлΪ棬з˺߽۸ȾģûиȾģ˿־Ų죬һ̷·ĩգš
ַйһ󷵻磬űȫ
Ůܿͻص˻ý磬֮ɽǧ׹۵ӽŵȴţŮȫ˸ߺѾϵ֮ɽλ˵ԼŮ׷ȥĲ
ŮҪ߶һͻȻѩĽɫºεɫ£ɻλôװˣѲɲϲɫˣŮŮҲտڲʵڲ֪òý֮˵
ŮûпڣҲ֪ô£ͷλҲŮ
Ƿѩ۾֮£֪λԸ֪֮£µͻṱԪԶʧ
սѣѣˣȥѩʵǲģŮ򲻵Ѳ֪֮¡
˵Ů뵽λλŮǰԱŮȻ޷ֹȻҲûзݵԭ򣬵ŮʹѣϾ˵֮ˡ
˵ʹλͷ۲ѣ컹ΪԼ˵ʲô˼ȥ벻Լˡ
ѩ˵λ飬˵ǹֶӱ˵û֪λ֡
λոճñѪսȻʲôҲ֪ȴΪŽṩ˹ԪӰ˾ȴæǵȻԶǵá
ѩ̾˿ΪаˣŽȴ߱Žܻûбȫ֡ѩ뵽˾ȣҲ󲻵Ȼ߽ϵַλ䣬Žء
ԪɴڣɽƽҲձѩ񽣣Щƺֻ֤˾ȵʧܡѩۼ岻Ӯʤ



104 Ѫ
ҹѩ˽Ͽȣˡ
ŮǿģСߴͣԴľΣŮǰֲ˵ʲôīŮһŮĽ£ǰ֮ɽΪ׹һԱ
һãڳϻСӣСĵغţצлӣŮЦ֪ȣûи㣿СԹԵؽһӷڳϣѸٰһе콬ȵĸɸɾ
סСĲӾһҡΣСҸҴۿۣСסڶ˫צС۾Ǹų˴Ц
ѩĸ첲·Ưôأ

û˷ЦŮҲüͷ˲⣬ľ԰Ϊβǰ
Ůͷг˼ѩЦܵҪûǰŮѩۣѩ۵һۣŮæͷ
ľɵӦһ˵Ϊѩ˰˷䡣
Ůڹ޹סˣΪڻûѪħ˵Ϣ֮ɽǧλĴȫػ
ưôɴҹ֮гһطڽһս
һƫƧҰ֮ϣׯһƬѪѪϷвϵѪ֮һѪɫӰһ͸ˮ״ӰսţǵߵѪħˮޡ
գѪħַ׷ɱ֮·ѪһߡѪħŭı˳̳ԣһׯѪϴһ߱ɱѪֺܿ췢չѪ
콵꣬ѪħٴѪϴһׯѪڴں֮²ѪħЦţ޾ڸ߿
ˮ֮ܳߣһ֮ڻָ콵꣬ˮѰѪħ˵䣬ʶɳʧҹ֮С
еˮٶȼ죬ʮֵΣû˷лһ͸ˡ·ׯʱˮ޵ע⣬Ƿ˹
ˮѸ꽣鱻̴ɢ鱾Ϊ֮壬Ǻģˮħ壬ħȴԶԸ飬ħȻҲԡ
ѪħڿЦͻź󣬷ȥѾһӰƮաѪħƢ֮ˣ˴ãͻȻ˴ţ޹Լô飬ŭգ˻һˮ޶ȥ
˽ˮ֮壬ͬħ壬һսŹ֮Ѫڣ꽣ϣ಻ϡ
ѪħһŭȣѪгϲ죬޾꽣Ѫ˲ʧѪħŭѪϸ߿գˮһ֮ʧѪħһعܡ
һˮ״͸ӰѸٳ£޴ˮͻȻնѪħһʧѪ֮УˮѸͣӻص˸߿ա
ɲϣѪһȦȦѪѪƽˮ˼Ƭ̣һЦֶ
һŭһѪǽϰɣ˲ִѹˮޡˮЦȻ㲻ܣһƬѪ˲佫ûӰʧڿС
ѪħЦ֪ˮѾѪ֮УѪ֮ǿġͻȻסˣǰһˮ״͸˸ֶȻվѪ֮ϡ
Ѫħ󾪣ô£㾿˭ΪοҵѪ֮ɴ󣿡
ˮ޴Ц֮ˣѪвˮڣҾͨЩˮɴѪ֮ڡ
Ѫħ磿ΪʲôҲ˵ˮ޽ʽ˵һѪħҡͷϾһֱڻý磬֪滹硣
ʲôڵ޷ɱˮ޵ģˮȴɱΪˮԽ࣬ѪԽͬԵĶ˵Ҫ
ˮ˵ַ֮ʱѪħһ£֪׷ɱ֮˵֣ˮ޵˵о˼⡣
õˮ޵Ŀ϶֮ŭԴ󷢣֪׷ɱַ졣ˮ޵˵֮Ѫħ磬ԱҪġ
ѪħħһмλѣȻ統ԸȰ˵λһͬ硣
ˮ޵ã绹мλħ鷳ǰæѰһ°ɡ
ħĳƺѪħ˺ܾã֪֮һֱиƺҲʵĴħħ֮񣬱ħ֮Ҫֲˡ
ѪħͷʮֻѸȥѪħȻ;Ƕͷǲȥɧһ
ˮ̾Ϣ̫Ͻ磬ɧţ
Ѫħɻ̫Ͻ磿ô˵һȰ
ʲôˮ޳һȾȻڻý磿
ˮ޲֪֮£ͷҲǰȥ̽һǰȣһƬѪԶȥ
ˮ޵İѪɣѪħָ֮º̫ܿɽˮ޾ȵſСȡľ޴ʯĳڻýˣ
ľǧⶼԴڵߡڵľȸһ޴ĳУľ֣ʻҰƻַ֪ͨ˲֪кθ롣
ˮҧгݣԾȵĳǾ޴ģǰƽľȲŭ졣Ȼŭɺǣһ˽ȣڴڻ֮´һƬƬ֮䡣
һʱ֮ˮ޻صѪħߣȵļλŽ֮ڣǴõĻᣡ˹һЦȣ޾Ѫˮɶȥ
еߣ˷ɳݣ֪·꽣˲䱬޾ѪѸûݣڶ߳Ծ֮·߿գµѪ
ѪѪϸ߿գ֮Ҳ꽣Ҳ֪˭һȣ߹ͬһͷĻڱβ죬ҫ۹ãȡ
ڹãҫ£˿һ͸ˮ״֮ˣҲѪ֮һѪɫӰ
ӦǾ仰Ž߹ͬķĻˮ޺Ѫħ޲ߣĻɽˡ
ˮһʧУѪ֮ϡѪħʲôΪʲô赲ǵĹ
ˮ޵ͨõķĻ̫ˣĻں֮Ѿʮǿ˲ǡ
Ѫħߣѵ𣿡ˮſеߵͷ
ߴŭɽ侰ʵ׳ۣ
ˮ޶ĿɿڴɽǺεȵĿֲħҲͷһ󡣶ѸѪ֮ڶܶȥɽ뺣ѪҷѪˮ컯ΪѪ
Ѫħ𾪵֮ǰԸ˶û뵽ҪԸϰˣ
ˮѪħѸӳɽķΧվѪϵֻ͵ϮˣߣԸŽ֮ڲϻ
ѪħŽ֮ѵô𣿡
ˮ޵Ž֮Ƕ˿ԶԸģֻӿǧҪ֮Կ
ѪħиʲôŽ֮ҾͲжѪ˭ǵĶ֣
ˮ˵ʲôҪ㴫һ𣿡ˮ޴תͷȥֻŮĿŶˣ񽣡ƮŮǰ
ˮ𾪣˺˼߿ŮԻѪħмŮǾǹŽ֮
ѩ۵ѵ𣿡
Ѫħһȥѩʱһ£ԭҲǹŽ֮ѩŮһƮڰա
ðŮѪħ߸Ů˶ѣʲôÿµģˮ޴󾪾ҪֹѾˡ
ãһ˲ҽһķ飬ѪˮѪˮ½ϻΪˮޡѪħŭһѪ޵Ѫ֮ڷɳϵߡ
ãһѪħ˲䱬壬ãһ黯ΪޡѪˮѪѪħ帡Ѫɲˡ
ˮģס֣Ѫħˮޣǲˡ
ˮЦ߽֮첻ʵʤǰˡ
ѩ֪ҹɱѣ֮˻ʲô֪ģ
ˮ޵߽֮ʵĶԿҶ˶ɥڴˡ
ѩȻ֪
ˮȫһǿѹסĵطŭȭлл˵סѪħѪѪѸȥ
ѩ뿪ʵΪף
һХѪ֮ڣѪгһ̫ѪڣѸʧѪħ𾪲ѣ֪߽֮Ŀ£֮ģˮȥҲѪȥ֮ʱѪȻѾʧһ룬ʹö˸𾪡
񽣽ãСͽãɢڽ֮ϣʥǷһ񽣳ȶȥ
ڣѪֻ֮ʣһƬǽ壬䵽ŵķݣһЩŮ߿Ϊʲô˻ý磬˾Ȼǲƽ̴˵УĵصͷԴ˿ɼƽ˵
ŮҲΣȱΪʥأεģﾹȻҲ⵽˹ҧ㣬ΪʲôǶˣ
ѩ̾ҹɱ˶˺ѣοǾȣѪħλħûг֣Ҫֹǵ͵ϮŮͷ



105 
ˮ޺Ѫħһ½Уˮ޲²ΪξȻý磬Ѫħ˼ζԸŽ֮
Ůھȶգ̤֮׷ɱ;Ϊ˷ֹɦžȣѩ۽Ԫƽ˹ڣˮ޲ɦš
ڶ෿֮һ¥һƽ̨֮ǰȵƽ̨¥ڶػŴ˴֮²̤㣬񽣾ͱ
ʱ䣬񽣽Ժƽֱ죬Ԫ񽣽һХȥֻƽƽ̨֮ϡ
ˮڻߵѪħ´ڻɽϵ֮Уҹ֮ʱ鷵ر
ˮ޵Ҫȥʲôط
Ѫħʯ֣ҵһλѾ
ѣˮ޲⡣
Ѫħͷʯħ
ڶ죬˽һɽ֮ڣɽڰ׹ǱҰĲֹŹֵʯͷվӲŶˡˮϸ۲ţְ׹кܶҰ޵ʬǣʯкܶߵĵ
Ѫħ͵ʯħ޵ڵߵѪ⣬Щʯɱ˱ʯ񡣡ˮ޵ͷ˼ǰȥ˭Ҳûз֣ԶһλİŶˡ
һֲĺͣ˽ŲѪħЦħþòˣǰ˻Ӽһ𣿡
һֲЦɽźڰ¶һ˫ɫ۾۹ԽԽˮ֪ʯħԽԽˡ
һƮĴӲʯͣ˶ǰмһ˫ɫ۾ɨŶˣҵ˭أԭѪħ˵㱻׷ɱ벻湻Ӳģ
ѪħһЦħᰡ˼ҺͼλħѱЩϲɱˡ
ʯħߵҪôϻˣѵΪʲô¿˵ɣŶˣ˭
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ԭýΪһطһԽΪ״̬ѩ֡ѩУһƬĵ
ڽ׵ıѩ֮ϣˮ޲һ磬Ǽ֮Ϲһ麮ħ겻Ӻˣ
ѪħͷŮʵʤǰˣ
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ħһЦóһɫ
ˮ޽ӹüһϣһůȫˮ޲Щȣôһ۵徹ȻصЧ
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Ѫħ͵ħħ֮ǰƵһߣˮ֣ڻýǳģ
ˮ޾棿λħ΢΢һЦǰȥˮæ϶ˡ
ѩһߣ˵زͨ˿ԾסĵطŮʵɵ͹
ƺѪħͣӡˮʵʲô
Ѫħѩ֣һֳëҰޣкܶѩ֡
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ħһЦȭ׳˵ħǰȥ˫֮ɢŵã
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ħһȣȼϸ߿գĵػѩӳΪ˺ɫѩѸڻֻξ޴İëѩ¶Ρ
ѩư׻ɣëֱɫ۾ⳤݣһֱ۴ֵɫβԶİ˵۵˧ѩְ
һŭȣħһֻѩֻ֣ѩſһɫԵػ𼫶˵ħ˵ֵһᡣ
ֻ˲ʧħ׹ǳСһһȦɫķֻѩ˲䱻
ѪħѸ˵ˮ޵ˮ޲⣬ҪȴѪħסˡѾˣˮ޷ŭغһû뵽ѪħẦ
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ѪħЦõģ㲻ηͺˣˮһ㶣ЦãȻˣԭ龪һ
ħָԭˮǰϵܲصģǲµģˮüͷһ壬ϵܡƺʵڲϲΪͷЦ
Զİ˷ŭˣֻİƬƬںڣͷյһ룬ǣ
һúöˣ˾ҴűϢ
һɱѩ籩ֱͨ˵һһȵģһģǻû꣡
ħЦ겻ŮƢֱˣãԴ𣿡˵ħȫ棬ǿҵĥŷ籩Ҳֻǰķ籩
й©٣˹ֿǰĺ籩һ䣺ù

籩ܿ͹ȥˣҲ籩Ļѩڸˡ
籩ִ˱ŮħΪʲô鷳
ħҶˣֻΪۣΪġ㿴СѪˣŮĬһһãѸٳ
ѩ֮У˲ѩŷãϤƺߣãأһλΪ޵ĵɫŮء
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Ůһúȴ˫ƣһѩǽ˲䵲ǰϢӭ·ˡ첻ﲻͣȻȥŮЦԼĺǺŵġ
ٽ̧֮ƣȻֱӴ˺ǽڣһ˴Ķ¶ںǽ֮ϣ֮ѽѽ䣡ܲˡ
˴󾪣ѪħħױŮʵĺǽ̣ɢĺ˶ܲˣ쾹Ȼһ
Ůţˮ亹Ϊоʵܸǿû뵽˴׵ķ뿪



106 ｣
춴ǽ˱ŮϣѪħ˸뷨Ůߺһתȥ̸档ûע⵽һãѸٴӺǽڳ쾹ȻȥԶԶĸѪħǡ
ʱ˿̣ŮһԭɽصĽ紦ޱߵĲԭƽֿ񱩣ԭǲԭƬ˸ãƣ֮ףֺ֮Ů˴
ߵƣ㣬ƺڽһսҸолħζ
ѩ۵ͷѪħϢû뵽ǾȻܹԿ֪ǺηˡСĽӽȲҪ֣ǲҪ鷳ŮͷѸٷȥ
߲ԭ֮ϣλħ
ħվڲݵ֮ǰǰѪħһλ׷ԲԵλħϣ˶Ϊý֮ɡħʵΪǿ󣬹ʶ壬֪ɡħ屾ͬ壡
λ׷ԲԵ֮ǰʱڱ˳Ϊ֮ͣΪ񣡽û䣬ֻ򰮺ô轣ʶ˳Ϊ｣Ӵˡ｣ͳλ䡣
｣˻ý֮ˣϲ轣֮ʱָܸ㿪ʼУӶ뽣ģԽϵĸ׷󣬵۵ĺͯѾϻΪڶԽ̼ʶһˣ｣
｣체ԭݷʦ֮ﲻ｣ʼղͽԭĻϲ⣡
һ֮ǰλħ޹ʴ체ԭԭ֮ϵ체˶˵ע⣬체˳һ
체֪ͨ⣬֮ʱٶȳȺ̤֮죬ޣޣ
체ԭ체ķ֮أٶȳȺҼѱʶٳ֮УɡħҪ
｣֮ʱżȻһֻ체체Ӵ׷ң｣체
체ڲԪ˳ɵ˵κƣٻǣת꣬ǵҩеļƷ鵤żȻϢħĶ֮Ѫħ체ԭ체ڵԪ
ʮ־λħвиýһսǲдˣȵ׷ɱʹ˱Ȭ
체ԭ֮ѰңѰһֻ체ħ֮체Ͷ·˻ŵó｣Ϊʱ체ħɱȡ˰ɫ״ԪѪħ֮ͨˣڻýҲˣԪȱħ̵
｣체鼸꣬ĸ飬ʹֻҰ체ҲʹʹĲѡһŭȣ｣κɽɫڲɫȫɫһȥ
λħЦΪħ񣬶԰ӻý磬ĽƲۡɲ֪｣ѵǷ켫ѳԽ֮ǵڣ򷨹һ
λħ˦䣬ħ֮ȥ콣ȻֱӶλħһѸٷ𣬼ԽŶ
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ħһ޶ѣħͰе체ȫɱ⣡
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Ѫħһ㶣ϸϸĹ۲｣Ƭ̺𾪵ĵɴ۾ĵ˵Ѵﷵ豹棡
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䡭
һǿѪħ｣Ҳ˺󼸲
һѪħɹһħ｣ڣҲ｣ˣ˵Ĳء｣ȫһתħ˲䱻˦ֵʾԣΪ㻹Ҫ壡
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ѪħѸ｣｣ֻ֮ӭս˴ڸ߿֮ԡƣ｣޷նǷ豹֮ͨ߿ԴﵽģȻշУ
Ѫħһȣħɢ⣬｣Ҳһȣǿȥ֮䱬⣬ǿɢϵƣʱŮҲѾ
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Ů𾪵｣Ϊ｣ûѪħĺɫħҲûĽɫħȴһε赲ŲǰУҾȻȴƣ˹ʹŮһãȻ
ŮŹֵʹ｣ľΪ֪Ůǲħһİ֣ǡ
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ֻһɫӰ˲ѪħǰɫһĳһɫĹⲨѪħɢȥħ˲䱻⡣Ѫħ󾪣δһٴλһɫⲨɢѪħһǿɳȥ
ӸոշɳףֻһãѸٳһѪħҽһˡٴηɳףһãͻȻɨѪħˡǷɳףֻһɫһƻѪħϣѪħһѪ˵ٶ˲ϼ
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˾֣һ˲䣬｣ͻѪħ񣬶һǳ׵ĻܣѪħѾ޻֮ˡ
һ˲䣬Ѫħ｣İ˴ιҺ޻֮ʹţҪ֪Ѫħɵʵ
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˫ıʹСϴ棬ԽԽ｣ḧСĳοСͽ｣Ψһˡ
ʱ䣬｣С˯֮˹ΪˣС˺õĺܿ졣｣߳⣬С֪үүҪȥˡ
｣Ǹ체｣ÿ춼ȥ체체ѡ
һƥɫĿ֮ĲݵϢϦһ˿ůɫĽɢķڲϡ체־체ʱڽΪɫ֮ͻữΪɫ
｣ЦǺ체ߣ체ͷС찡Ϧ𣿡
С˫ͷ｣ղһƥ체ɱˣûܾС۾ӴصһͷŽ｣Ħ
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｣ЦҪģүүֻһЩ¶ѡСͷԹԵ｣ߣСڰڽ׵ë˶ǰ
Сϲ체ر｣ֻΪףףҳȥҺȥ档
С｣һۣͷСĵϡСλСһ˳ȥ
ԶԶССţСЦصڲԭ֮ϣϦҫôá｣Цصȥˣ֪һСԺֻˡ



107 
ԶԶűŮһѨ˱Ѩһĺϣһٲ֮¡ٲɢɫΪÿǱŮĳ
˽ѨУŶڳ˼ͻȻֱһãѸٻüͷһ壬ϸ۲ű·
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ӽһ߹۲ź׵ˮ֣һ߹űѨܿӵϷ˱֮µˮڽĶԼɫ۾ɢŵãƬС첻ͣš
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׵ˮǱǿһףץѸٻص֮ϣѨĺߡϵȱһˮָֻܿԭ
ߺѾһ㱡תϵıڻһˮɢȥƬ֮һѾָ¶ȡ
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üͷ΢壬ɢĽãץȫ˹ӱǿ𶯵زϻζʼûжϵüͷһӴתǽ˿
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Ѩд̤Ů˳ȥԶ쵭һЦ档
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ħŭéһ۵ô죿
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ѪħȵǾȵˣҰæһϣ˵ִ̧Ѫħ֪£ҲػħŮûж֡
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ѩѽһܣɫѸںΧתʮɫ˲Ρս죬Ʈһƣɫ˸䡣
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ӣɫ򻺻Ρħ󾪣ǰ죬г֪Ǻá
ѪħһŭȣѪȥѽ۾ɫԶ졣
֮ϺϣѩһɨѪħħѸٳ֣ѩŮҲ˼ѩ̧֣һã𡢺Եħ˲ɢһ㶡
һѪħ̵֪ˣ񽣵ٶԱȵϵģҪ񽣾ҪһãͻȻϮһ֮´ƫ񽣣񽣴Ѫħ·
ѩȥֻħվɽ֮ϣҲҵѣҲܲǵѩҡͷһЦٻ񽣡
ѪħЦѩȥŮλħҲɨѩһ۽ס˹ŽɫѸڽڡħ˺󼸲ħ״׷Ѫħȥˮ޼˦ħ׷졣
λħѩѾ棬ħ̾һѩȥɫħһѩһæܣħԹ֮Ͻһ㺮
ħ״Ѹ̧˫ƣȫȼ棬һ״ɫĻѩѩһҪ轣ͻȻһ󷭹ȫȼɫ
һãӰһ֮»Ӱըѣ䣬⴩һ𵰵նĻ·ܵٻ𵰶ȥɢҫ۽ãлȫˡ˲Ž𵰣ʲô
һ죬ˡħȫãҫأħ籩Ϸ裬˴սһ
ѩ˳һۼ𵰣֪Ҫˣ
һķ͹ħͬʱֻͣҫ۵Ľãתһֻɫ˵Ӱ˸䡣
λħ֣ǵһοˣ֪˾Ǻʵ϶ʧһֻСĽɫ˱˫Ʈɫ𲻶ת
ޣħ˾ѩ֣һĵػ䣺㣡
ɫɽ˫ۣҫ۵Ľãأһɹɽɫ𲻶ڷڡ
Ůֹ˵մħҲ棬Ѫħִֻ̧Ѫצħûж֣ΪַĽɫĵػ滹ҪԵ֪ǳȫ˷ˡ
λħħͬʱСɵķˣѩûֹΪ֪ķ˲Ҫ˵İ
һȦãѸɨ˵ħ˲ʧãϮ̷ãһصڣλħƺһɳȥѩȫһܿڵ͹ħȻҲȻ
λħ㶵ŷˣ޷һֻСɵھʲôѩʲô޺ųƲǹǳԽȻ
۾۾Ҳǽɫģɫβ˲ɫãѸתΪ߲֮ãǿķѩȻǱɳȥ͹ħԶЩֻ˼ʹҲʹ־ȡ
ѩĵˣ
ͷһЦħץסѸȥλħҲ׷ȥѩû׷ϣǾķˡ



108 
ѪħѵķһɽۿѪħ
Ѫħ񱳸˫֣ħƮԣѪ۾йϤϢ㾿˭
䵽ϣԪ񽣽У׵ɴ֮һ˫񣺡𣿿Ҷȴʮ񡣡
ѪħЦһסħħķüͷһѸٺƮʮףԭǼװҴ˵ģ
ѪħǺˣҶԿ֮˶Ҫħɷ죡
Ѫħѽɨħ֮гħ˻졣һϸ߿գħХһ׷϶ϣһӶ񽣣Ԫ񽣱ʮɽã˳նȥ
ħ壬ħڱߣѸٵˡħ֮д˻ʣħת֮ӽն£ħͬʱ壬ǿƺһ졣
һã׼ȷѸٴ񽣣һһã߿ԡһ죬·ôãɢ¶һɫħħ
һȣѪħħһƴ죬̷һơ
䡭
һȦħɢȥƺһ죬Ѫħһɴ˺ɫ֤ˣѪħʵ֮ϵġ
ն
һȣһɫãѪɢã֮ϣŭһһն¡
Ѫħǰһƣһħǰȥһ죬һѪ߿գħѸ׷ȥԪβϡѪħҲƺһһڳײѸ˲ڵ
֮ãϽӴԪ񽣻첻ϵֿħĹѪħ񣬵εѪ˳ɴ¡
ѪħĨһǵѪΪһħãȥȫȻħĹ۾ųħãǰɫ粻Ͻ֯
һŭȣϳһСĽɫ򣬹ɫãħãȥһ죬ħãŽɫãϣ˲嵽ǰһѾĳ
һȫҫ۽ãһƶԳ
䡭
Ѫħҽһǰ棬һ٣ԪѸ֡ħХһѽһɨħΪһãѪħ
ħͻȻ˲ϣҽһԶһħ׷϶ȥħҲ졣
סΣŭһսħţһȫն¡һ죬ǿķħ˲ɢ¶˹ħӰԪ񽣻һɫħ֮ϡ
ħһһƻҲһƣͬʱ˳ȥ
סħħסҲŭĿ
һħƷΪˮ޺λħӰɨһۣ֪ԼѾ޷ԿħŭһתѸȥ
ħԶȥ˭ַ㡣ˮûлشħ⣬ѸѪħߡ
Ѫħջħħ֮ϵһ˿ѪЦѾˣԭħħԿ֮ʱѸٴ壬Ҳβߵġ
ˮĵ˵ôˣ
޴󰭡Ѫħɨλħһۣλħеһļ¡Ѫħлλ磬ԺǾԼˣλħһѪħһ
ħ䵽Ѫħߣַ𣿡
ѪħҡͷʵԶַ㣬ֻϵǹϤϢҲ⡣
ȲЩˣҪ뿪ﷵ磬֮ɽ±ռţҪԲ߽ͨ
뿪ӾȵĶ򣬺Ϊʲôַһֱûг֡
ˮ޻ش𵽣Ҳ̫ȥģûзַӰ
Ѫħ̾һǲ֪ħǣ޺ħôˣ
ˮ޵ҲûǣʱɢˣһŬѰǵġ˻취뿪ɣһӵġ
ѪħҡͷһҪǲعҡѾ취ˣֻҪý磬ȱ𣡡
ħߵĲϼǲľԮֻԼ뿪
ѪħЦ뿪
Ѫħɻа취
ѪħЦֻҪҲҵѪ֮ڣȵĹǿԵġ
ˮ޻Ȼ򣺡Ǹ÷ǿԲѪӽ֮ɽֻҪͨȾûа취ˣ
λħ֪ѪħѪк⣬ˮŵùġѪħͷȻ˴ҷ磬Ѱǡ
ˮΣ˵Ƣ֪ģֻõͷͬ⡣̵ȻûˣҲûȥˣټ˵תȥˮҪ˵ЩʲôǱħˡ
ѪħħԸǹƧֻȥˡмλħûȥңԺҾȥǡˮ޿Цһ뿪ˡ
ѩķ˴ڰ֮ϣѩͻȻУתͷ㣬Ҫ뿪һ£ȷؾȰɡ
Ҫʲôһȥɣ
ȥҷǣҸоٻҡ
ٻãǵܵܲǡ
ѩҡͷоһϤϢַ֪ġ
̾һðɣԼСġһ󲨶һ̤һȥѩƾһȥ
ʱѩһϿڣϿ۽мʮ׿ֲֻѩϿǰУ֪ٻ˾
ǰ˰ʱǰȻʡϿĵضκǿһСϪͨϿضǲֲ֪һС
ѩٻԽԽǿңֲѩ˳СϪǰȥһɽʯС·ͨʯ֮ϣѩ̤ϡ
ʯ·֮ÿһξͻῴһÿɫʵСѩ˳ժһŹ۲šֺɫʵѩҲ֪ʲôЧȻҲ֪
һ˻ѩѸٷǰȥԶһͷվϲժɫʵȻޡ
ѩͷһЦ˹ȥ޿ѩһȥѩ䵽ǰСôٻ𣿡üҡҡͷѩ⡣
ЦһתͷȥѩһѸ׷ȥһ޴ѩһɽɽڴķ
ˣɣ
һ޿ѩһ۷˵ϣǵѩЦ
붴Уһϥ׵ɴϲѪ졣ѩüˣ
Цû뵽ѪħʵֲһָٶҲôˡ
ѪħħĸӴ֣Զλħɱȵġ
Ҫ뿪ˣҪֹǡ
ô֪
о

ѩЦһͷƬ̺С㾿˭Ϊʲôٻң
ЦҲ֪˭Ī֪һЩ飬ָʾôİɣ
ѩɴ۾ʵַ𣿡
ҡͷֵͷҺַȷеĹϵҲ֪ôݡ
Ԫ֪ǰַõ񽣣û˿ٻԪ񽣵ġ
һ񽣵Ҳ֪ô£У⽣ˡ
ѩԣ˼Ƭ̵ôС
һֱңԺҵĻ
ѩһͷûʲô˵𣿡
ɵʲôҪ˵ģҶ˵ѽ
ѩʧ̾˿оǰַ㲻ΪоڵĹԪȻǾԪϢ
ѩʧҲ֪ô˵ˣ˰ڿڵʵҲЩ˵
ѩϲʲô
̧ͷŶܰԵ𡭡ˡ
ѩ亹һЦʲô
ù
ùʲô
䣬ܽ˶УצС֮ȫǻùʱЦá
ѩȻַ㣬Ȼ޷ַȥǵĹԪ֤ȷʵַ㡣
ûзԣǰɴ棬ѩȻԹϲɴһദѩԽԽԼжϣѩʼҡ
֮ħѪħİ뿪˻ý磬ѪħѪħ˻ý硣ϢѩԹ뿪ˣȻ֪ǻ뿪Ϊʲô뿪ģ
Цֻǲ²ѣô뿪ô֪
ѩһؾȥ
Ҳȥ
ڴ֮УҪȣ
Ǹʲôϵֻһ߶Ѱ
ѩЦһԪ֪ǾǷľԪҪٰһȥǻܿĵģֽһɳɽѩһѸ׷ȥ
ֽеңҲŲҪٰأѩҲΣҲõ¡
ѩĽ뿪Ͽȣ˿ʼڻý
ܲΪʲôѩҪԼҲֹһεʹѩҡͷʱͲѯˣϾŮҲǲ£ôġ



109 
缸˴ħ뿪֮󣬾ڿԺúõϢˡѩ۴Ůھƽ̨֮ɹ̫ǳõĽ䱸˺ɱ̫ˣϢ֮ʱŮҪī
λҲϢǱŮǿߣԭ̫̫ˡ߷ھ֮УһƬΨΪ׵ĵطգλƽƽ̨ϣλҡȵҡȣɡĴɡ泩ӡ
ڳһֱһˣ˾졣Ӱַ̫ټԪһֱߣʱΪǵַܵ㡣
ַҶ֪ģûа취ָоԳû˵飬ʹѩҲǲݲݼѡ
ÿÿԵĻϧŽַܻ㽻Ž֮ʱ龰Ļ䡣Ͼַ׵ܵܣ¼ҵѪ
Ѿ˿һˣѩʼûϢķѩҲüͷǳɲ³ʵԣһֱڿһ⡣
ǰȥѰ죬ǵַܵ㣬ؾȣǣͰѩ֮һ㣬͸ôˡ
֮ѩ뿪˲ѩ֮ԼŮͬǰʱܾˣ˿ھնȥ
ѩ뵽ħѾأýӦû˿˺ʶû뵽и档
뿪֮Դڸ߿֮ϣԵʹʹٻޡ޵ڲеįˣСҲųȥ
ѩ֮´뿪ϿȣѩڣлΪɫ¸ϡ˻һʼѩڣ첢֪һ
ѩİɫ±ΪɫЦ벻ʵãڣ֮¿û˿˵ˡ
ѩЦЦһɫɴԶϣĴ۾գѽգ졣ЦΪʲôҪѧأɴժ˰ɡ
ѩҡͷȻ㲻ҼĿҲñ˿ҵӡ
Ƭ̽ԪУ񽣵ΪҴ𣿡
ѩҡͷҲ֪˵Ӧÿ԰ɡ
ô
֪
ѩ˼Ƭ̵һ¡
첻ҡҡͷץذڶԱΪ·𣿿·Ҵϣ񽣺޷ӳĵİ񽣱ðɫɴڱϡ
Ϊʲô񽣷ڽָ֮أ
ԷͻѩͲ˵ʲôˡ
϶˷ìܣΪֻһˣջѩȥ촹ͷɥĸ޲С
ڴ֮رۣΪ˽棬޳Ҳ졣챳İ˭ҲԿһǸо𱣻ѩģʶ˶ѩ˺
ںԭʱõһɫⲻһͨĴָıɫʯ֮һ󷨣ʲôͲˡ
챾ѩڵȤŪ֮ѩɫĽָ֮ҲһЩЩ춼ϵãƺһŮõģҲȱʲôԽָĶûϸĲ쿴
ѩһֱ˼ַĹϵоӦͬһ˲ŶԣʼտǷؾȡĳѩ²ӦúַһһЩͶַ㶼ôƣ񿴵ַ㡣
ţѩСͺͨͨˣɴϣû˿ɿԿһ˼顣ûĿģûзȫǹһסһ꣬һɽ죬Ҳڡ
һطС˳֮ǰѩȥķѰţ֮ҵǸصϿȣȥˡûע⵽һһֱڸѾ죬һڽʱɢ
ѱɽڷ˼ƬƵƬƬ֮ϻż˿Ѫ²µģϾսѪħ
Ĳһ˿Ϊַ㣬ϵļƬƬвЩʹת߳ɽҪȥ֮ʱһãӭһѸٴһơ
һ죬һѪ˶УС̻ǰãȥһץУȥһΪǺѪħ
Ѫħô
ѪħһЦôΪȫصʹشˣΪһѰһһһȫɱ⣡ɣѪħŭһս
ֻһ죬Ѫħ񾪽һʲô˶أһЦǰĻϧŽղΣ֮ʳٻŽŽͨʱͨһѪħ񡣲Ѫħһʱʧ󣬵ƾʵѪħ񣬻ϧŽҲħ
С̻һɳλڳǰжһְ̾һΪʹҲѪħĶ֡
ѪħһսٴγС˻һſ˫ᣬҫ۽ãѪħһ촫ɽҵĻζţһſžʯ׹ɽʱ̳ǡ
ϧŽ̻ס˳̳֮дѪħŭ𣬽һã˳ߣͷȥޡû죬һ˿Ѫһְޡ
ȴ̳Ѫħħһն֪Ƕ֣տҪɥڴˡǾǿһֱԸȻӲ޿ӵΪСҧס˹Žעȫ֮ɨѪħ
䡭
ɽ˲СѪħͬʱɳһ˦ֽС׳ߣ
Сһҡͷе߽Ѱ졣Сһų֪Լ֮ﲻʲôԼؾȴѩ۵ǰʱĻԾȵ˳
Ѫħһ˫ƾȵѪħ죡Сǰһ󲨶ʱͨҪ򿪣ͻȻ⵽ӡͣڰնˡ
ʱŵóһúȣ˽ͬ⵽ӡĳȫתԪ˽˲ƿԼСķӡ
ѪħһŭȴһħʱӽѣŽѸٻʱͨ򿪣С˻һ֮ͨУ֮ʱħ˹Ž˳ϡ
ͨʧһѪˤڵϣϧŽԵ֮ϡѪħ֪Ѿ޷赲ȥҪսپȫħħɢŶħȴá
ؼʱ̻ϧŽٴγڿħԿһħǿ񽣣ǻϧŽԶԿġ¾ĹŽҲôĴһħռϷ磬ǱŽˡ
ŽǿԶЦһҪˡ
Ѫħһٴδر۾ȴûпյһ󲨶
һ۾ֻħͷֻмֵľ롣εѪ׵֮ϣħмһɴССѪųסˣѪħҲһ㶣û뵽СȻȥ
ħһ˳СصѪħУСһԵ˳ĻУѪȾ¡ʹȴ޷ڣȵ֮ˮʶʺС챻ɫݽҧš
Ѫħûٳ֣֪Сûзؾȣȳ޳֣ޣԼ֣֮ѪħҲеĲ̡
С۾ֹͣ˺ЩʱŰСоͲƺ޷ƽƬ֮ƽ֮ǰôҪһˣȥһжѲҪˡ
Ѫħ̾һħħٴɢָŲʣ˫۴ŻеСҲѾֹͣˡ
СͻȻ۾ȫҫ۽ãŻΪһãڡһѪħҲһħħ׹ǳѸ
һϳһ޿ӣˡѪħҧгݣ֪ûӰڹؼʱʧˡѪħܣ֪ڸһãߣѪħЦһѸ׷ȥ
㶵ԼɢãСôˣɣǺ޷ӳԼڲܿƵķš
һɫڳγɣ޵ıԪ֮ʱľһ٣ʱ޵ıԪĹɾԪڣ׼ȷ˵ǾԪ޵Ԫ
ˣηǺľеɡԪ飬ʱԪ֮ؽ״̬Ϊ
Ѫħߺ޲ѣû뵽޾ȻǼװǿ壬ԼΪۻóĿ״ָ̬Ʋ硣ٲֹԼһжһա
뵽Ѫħߣȫħһ󲨶ħ˲ɢѪħε̾һΪǿ޵Ƕ֣Ѫħ޷˺ģϾҲΪ
˫ۣѸȬ޵ԪԽԽĹɾԪԽԽǿһصȫһʶԺ۾˫ôĿն
ĳ˫ۻָǣǲ˸䡣Ѫħһ֪̾޾Ҫɹˡ



110 ɷ
ѪħųΨһֲİ취֮ʱɱ
Լɢã˫֣֪һжģԼֽԼ͸һжѾ޷أעˡ
ԪѾʮˣ壬ٶȽͣ˿СѪħͣԶҲ֪ºĳǺΪҲ֪ᷢʲô仯
ߣоԪɢȴɡֵȴѪħ˵ǲпģһɺ
̾һһʱͨչϧŽһһķֽӽƮݡԪ񳹵׺ľˣһԺ֮У̾һʱ˿Ϊɣ
Ѫħ۹Ѹٳ֣ħ˻ȥ֣һ󲨶ħ˲ɢ
ѪħһѲ²⵽ܻõ޵洫ʱˡոսɵĳҪһʱ䣬Ӧڵ޵ķѪħ϶ᡣ
ʱǶעѪħѸ绬һն¡ĳ˻֣һ󲨶һص⡣
һ죬Ѫħһ鵹ɳȥһûı塣ԼͷʹӴ
ղųԺе޵ķ֮޳õķһ޷֮ʱʹõģЧſ˫֮ʱǹص㡣
ͬʱʹã֮赲ħĴ󲿷صɹĵֵѪħһ޵ķĵһصҪԪĴ䣬ҲǺܴģԭ
Ѫħŭһѽָ죬Ӱһ֮³ȥӸ߿ȫ¡ϣǰһ󲨶һʱͨѸչ̧̤룬Ѫħź󱳶ʱͨʧ١
߿֮ղ߳Ĵһ۷ֻͷ롣Ѫħвãȫ޵ķ޷ٻɱ
һȫħħ죬ֽһѸȥǰһ󲨶Ӱ˲ʧɽ֮ϣֽһײһʯ֮ϣеʹ
Ѫħһ㶣ʱ޷ȫ޵ķץסᡣѪħһħɢȥնʱڰ
Ժһһͨչ̤ͨʧˡѪħɨţһŴղϵĲš
ˣ
Ӵһ£ʹԼĶͷ
Ѫħһȣһħע£һ̳Ƭ˲䱻ݻ١һ׵ľ޿ӳڵϣѪħЦ
ˣ
Ӵ
һѪħתͷȥһ¡ǸɽۣǸʯǸλСԴһ¿ȥʱʹŶͷ
ѪħŭȻ޷ɴͨӹԼļξȻһϵط֡˾൱ϷˣܲѪħ
Ѫħŭһָһָһħ£ֽһٴν֮ͨʱȻڰ׾޿ӵϿաڻ֮ʱȻˤ£˳ſӱڹ䵽˴ӵײ
ѪħֱҪˣεĵطȻͬһϣǳĵƣħХһȥ·˵ĳѸٷͷһ󲨶ٴʧڰ֮ϡ
Ѫħָָղŵɽۣһħ˲£ɽ۶ʱƽѪħƽɽ壬ͻȻһ춯תȥֳӾ޿ӵıԵ˿ӵס
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ѪħŭħûĿĵĿţһ֮ٴν֮ͨСεĳԳͨʹ÷ԭ
еΪѪħı󣬹Ȼ֮߳ʱѪħı󡣳ϲһѪħıѪħѽҽб߷ɣЦٴνͨ
ѪħǧħͿԶԸģٴγ֮ʱֻǰһӰԽԽ
ˣ
ӴǰѪħѪħǰϵһţ֮ʱֱѪħһ˻ȥ
߿֮ղԴѪħѪħһһָħڣ֮Ѹ
˽޷֮ɽ;ƽ̨Ҫһ㣬ҲǱ־֮³뵽˾йŽƽ̨
ͨƽ̨֮һ󲨶
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ѩۼתͷȥֻεƽ̨֮ϣеĻϧŽϲ˺ߡ˽ͷת򣬳뿪üˣͻȻûзɹһôһͣ
ĴȷȷǾȺĵЦʱͨʹ÷ˣ
ѩ۸ҪڣȵѪħţ߿һ󲨶ͨչһ롣
˴󾪣Ѫħ񣡡
ٴηѪħڣǱģѪħǻŭ𣬵ǼĬĿͻȻסˣһɺ⽥
Ѫޣ˵˽һѪħȥѪħľһֻӽն¡һ죬ѪħҽһɼؿһĶڻѪ
뻨ϧŽ˽һǹŽ֮ⱻһص㻷ơ赲ħϧŽûֱ봩ض
ѪħѸħ˿Ѹٻָ˼ŻϧŽϧŽһٴγѪħ񲻸ԣһն¡
ͻȻϧŽãһǿ֮ɰһصѪħҽһСϧŽѸٳȥŽһѪħһֱֻ۵У֮˺ķ顣
Ѫħ󾪣Ѹɢȫħѵ֧ԼΣħ赲ŻϧŽĹħڷвϷһһħħвϵײһãͻȻһƻѪħѪħ̧һƵֵ
䡭
һ죬֮͹ħʱɢ˱ǿ
һ٣ϧŽѸ֡ѪħҧųղŵһѾ֪ɣȻʵԼҲ޼ˡ
һħѸٹϱ³ûгûĬĬ˼ʲô֮ԺֶһЩ·𱻷ӡļ´򿪣һԵĸ֡
ǹصĸǵת˸򣬻һЩǵӡڹŽ֮ڵһЩ䣬֮ⲿּˡ
Ŀ⽥䣬ɫ򣬻ϧŽɢһǿѹѪħе㴭Ѫħȵųû뵽֮ĸıô󣬿ڵĳо񿴵˵Ĺ㡣
ЦһѪħаɣɫŽ֮ڣһɫɽѸٳѪħ
Ѫħ񲻽˺󼸲֮ʱ˽ȻʮְԵڳɵΪ˽϶ֲ
Ѫħ֪ӲѸٳϸ߿նܣɫɽѸתȥٶȿ쵽˼ѪħۿֻܲӲͷƤȫһħ
ɫɽħ֮Уħ֮ڼѪħѪħսħȫն¡һ죬һǿѪħɳȥڰնʱ
Ѫħ𾪵ųкԽԽŨԼϮû뵽ھȻΪ˱ɱĶ
ûм֣Ȼ˽ѾʮֲֿûдﵽеĵزΪ䵱е˽Դﵽɱħĵز
˼Ժвȱļ䣬˼˽÷һɫٴγΣǳȴãƺǰѪħ
ѪħЦһѸȥڵѾûɱˣԴУѸȥԺѰһٱش˳
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Сɱ󣡡
һԼľ롰Сɱ󡱾Ȼʮƣͬ˽ԼԪ
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ʮһŽߣһλϵڰ˹ŽɴͽԪ񽣣ѩҲƽ񽣣ѵĶ񽣣
ڷѩ֮ҳŮڵľԪҲͬŽ֮еĽԪڵĽҲͬȻԺ嵫޷Ĺһ
ڳҲ޷򵽹Ž֮еİ⣬ƺҪʲôǾʲôö֪Žкܶ໹δ֡
˼˰ɺͷĳͷʹˣҡͷȥֻ߿ֻʣԼѪħ񡣴˿ѪħӵĲ֪٣ڵĳ֮ͬǰĳΪ䣬Ž⣬򣬳Ϊһɣ
ϧȻ֮֮壻֮԰£ɴ仨ϧŽ֮֮ãΪ֮
΢΢һЦһ˿ϼ߻»ҡҷһ˿ԣ˲俴Ѫħڡ
һЦһ˦ɫɽѸٺһ뱾塣ǰһ󲨶һʱͨѸչ̧̤ʧ



111 Ӻ
Ѫħ̶ֻӣѾ𾪵㡣ǱĿʼ˸ÿÿ뵽Ŀܻһɺ⡣ǧħ䵽ֵزѪħҲΨпЦ
һɫɽѪħ֮»ӽᵲһ쳹ʣѪħѪɳȥֻϳս
Ѫħ𾪣ղŵһħѾȫ赲Ǳǿˣ˵һɱħ
һ죬ħӦϣѪħһѪήأһĵز𡣳Ů·ѪħǰϧŽѪħ񲱾֮ϡ
֮ƶˣһÿʻѸڶߣһͨϾȻҲʻƬƬƮƮ䣬¶˵ϡ̶֮꣬˳ΪɣħƷڽ£Щš
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һСĳڱˡʱѾΪһƬŨ֮Ʈܡ֮зɾţһλħʬڵϡ
ϧŽɢһͽ˾ȣ۸֮֮ͨѸҵѩ䡣΢΢һЦ̤ͨʧѪħʬ建ɢΪһƮ֮ɽ
Ӻһܿĺ֮ʱһƬ꼾Ϊʶ˳ΪӺʱѩںϢϥ˫ֽϣͷշ
ѩںϷˮΪͬ࣬޶ѩкøС췢Ѿܾˣѩ֪ʲôҲûֻԼٻ÷ζ
ѩ뷨һںˮ췢ĹȪĸо̻죬Ŵ۵ҪʲôûҸ
ͷһתȥԲĴƨǰҡΣϵβҲͣڶﻹʱЦ˫һѸվһƨϣ޹ֽŷɽ˺Уһ˻ں
׼۸С
ǰҡƨɣȫҵĴˡ
һһʱˣû㻹һ𣡡
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ѩͷЦһҲѩоһ˿쳣ôˣ
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ʵҪ˵ǡҸоƺһΪ±ᣬԲû˵ѩ֪ǲشҲûʣ߿ˡգķ
ʱ˼һͨũУ֪챧Сڰɽ֮ũСԹԵ֪ϣ۵СһҲţץ֪ĺˣ
֪װһСͷСôûò˼ҵĺˣ𣿻ſСٺһЦƺ֪ĻСקһ£۵֪ü죬С쾹Ȼĵ
֪첢ûظСԴ쳤ɣ㳤ͻָˡ
˹һһŮǶʮӣСĸĸеΪɣŮΪ
ɴ֪ߣ۰ظСԴүү𣿡תͷһȥɣѾѷ׼ˡ
֪΢ЦŵͷС콻תȥɷ򸾱߶ˣ߸ں棬˺ܿͻص˼Сһͨļͥ컹һүү̣ûסһһųϰżũҲˣƿ׾ƣһβ緹ˡ
ΧԼιԷΪ֪һƣ˱ߺȱġ
ɵЩæչ죬ʵûʱչ
조ǺǡһЦۺӵЩʲôҺҲԵҺϲӡæǵģͽҰɡ
ٴΪ֪һƣԺסǼɣҲЩ
֪ЦҲãֻҪ鷳ͺá
ɴЦﻰǸ鷳ˣһЦ˱оơ
֪óһУɴ򿪺һ澹ȻȫǶʯСıʯ֪ЦҪһȵļͥЩʯȥ˰ɣԼ⣬Ҳù㡣
ɽ֪У˼ҵģҲҪȻɻ¶޽ͷɣ
֪˼Ƭ̵ɣЩǮҽģԺٻҾˣҲܿɣ
ԥ֪콫ŵת߳˷䡣
ԺڰСϴ裬ƤС콫ˮŪøߣ·Ūʪˡһ߶ˣһߵˮΰϴ裬һ衣
֪ĵͷȥˣɴϵĲ֪еıʯֵƣЩʯǵ϶¶˱ʯһԺеĸӶȥˡ
ý֮ϣɴգͻȻ߿֮н˲վ䱸š쳣ӳѩҲ䱸߿ա
ײϣһʱͨ򿪣ɢ㣬һŮһ̤
㣡ѩϲ֣лЩ⣬ʱѧ޵ķģ
ͷȥ΢΢һЦƮ䣬ۺɫ겻£̾
ѩ˽˳УѩĳЦüͷһ壬ܸоˣڵĳԶڴǰ˸Ƶġ
ſѩ죬΢΢Թһ˿ˮЦּˣϴζлǶԸ磡
Цϧܵˡ
ҡͷһЦ§סѩСΪʲôɴأȥˣ
ѩҲҡͷһЦ죬첻˭
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񽥽ãҲˮ쾪ʲôҺûʲôɣ
ѩҲ׳Ϊˣĵסĸ첲Ĩһ۽ǵˮܿһ𣿡
һ㶣˳⣬ַ֮ͨϵ֪λɺŷͬһĹϵѩҲ׳˼졣޷ԼȫǾ֮ޣͶܿˡ
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ŮմƬ̿ĵˮַϢڶŮھȣ˵ǸشϢ
ס֣ʲôطҪȥ
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ͷҲʮͬϾڵ粻ǾȿԶԿģ֪£ַĴʮΣաѩĵǻؾȰɣʱ֪˷һͬѰҡ
ҡͷҲȥ˿粻Σȣô˻̽Ѱý硣ַǰиҵ£оý֮ܣǰȥ
е⣬ýкܣȻַҪ󣬾Ϳ϶еԣֻڲ֪ýڻж֮ˡǹؼİȫϵַŮϧһд۱졣
ַ˵ԼҲ֪˵ǸоѰҲֻ֪ˡ
ͷеʱ䣬ЩʱҺû߱㣬һͬѰң
Цãһ˾ȻҪŮ˱Ůʵ׵ģǵȷʸ˵⻰ֻƤЦⲻЦصͷӦˡ
΢ЦóһɫɴϣѩЦΪʲôɴժð
ǲһԺǾͽɴ˰亹˿ֳַǰӰˡ
ɢ˹ѩųȥ˶Ůһ޵ͷо˾ʵһ¡
һתʽЦԭؿתϵĶŮƷڵءŮУ죡
һЦȾܣʽЦҲȾܡŮһѸ׷ȥһֱȥ



112 체۽
ͬһֱУַ˵ġܡͷڶŮ˵ⲻҪģҪĵȻºͷһ¡
ĽָڿвٽңȻڻý粻ͨұϾǽӣǿԻģг˵νˣΪģܳԵܶԼζЩӶ˵ֱ̫ˣ춼ǹĹĵġ
ѩ³֪Ѫħ֮£ҪСΪԼӢ֮¡ȻʹʹҲûٱԹʲô
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ǲҲЦá˸֪ޣȻߣǵﶼǷںԺ񷿵ģ˶Դǻͷһο
Ȼ켫ԣڶŮʹĵֲòӦˣֻޣ춼ϵģ϶ŮЪϢˣķʼղƽ
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ѽһ촫ŵذһӵ
ڵĳҪǲ˯Ҫű˺𣿡
첻ҪǻһΣ

ŭڴſŵޣһ˹ȥֻһ죬ɢſڴϡıϣεſţֻгίߺޡ
ڶ죬ķʹˣŮɢ˳ǸôҲû˯á
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ҹ֮ʱһ߳䡣ԣһڷҪĶࡣ
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Сͷ˵ҹߣΪʲôأһͣС
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Сص˵ͷȥڶСϵ͵죬ɴӳ˺档
֪ö｣סڴ｣ãϷǰӭӣѼ£һӰ߳һ£ĺ롣첻һ㶣оʵͬһ㣡
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ЦǰʵΪڴˣβɹͽأ
｣ûãû棬ʹҲһģȻ˺βƽƽ
һ㶣˼úȻ򣬹ذһ񣺡ǰ߳ǰ｣ѵǰһ֮ˣ
｣΢Ц⿪ȡԪ񽣷｣ǰɢãӡ
｣ȵ񽣣СѾˣѲ壿ҹ˽ԣһ潣Сѵݷͬһ㣡
˽һǰһǰڽļ⡣
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˰ټ֮ףԢʵȺҪ˽һά壡
Ϊ壿
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䱾ƶ񣬲аԣν޷Ϊ֣֪̫ƽ˳⡣
ƿԣ｣ĻȻȴΪʡ｣ԣ統ûоȣʮƽȻǧһνѣǶڶԵȷƵ̫ƽʱ
ʮλɡӰ쵽ǧ磬Ϊ²սȴһнѱ򼺶壿֮ǰ簲Ȼϵħ
һƺΪŽ𣬵λֻ뵽ζԸ磬ȴû뵽г¶ˡλ֪ڵ״Ƿ񻹻֮·
˿гìܣ｣񽣵㿴˽ȥֻԪ｣ɢὣɫ⻪ȥȫ޹⣬ֻʣ°塣
｣Ž½ˣƽзҲӦˡ⣬˵һģ˽˹ߣʵǴġ˰ټ֮ףҲԼǵѣ˵Կɴ˽һ
｣е񽣣һɢɫãǰΧ컺ת΢΢һЦȥ񽣣｣ԢЦһס񽣡
ɢҫ۹ãСȵı۾쾲񽣣˫ãݷһС췢｣΢ЦŴС뿪ӡ
Сľүү˭ΪʲôǱΧת
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ҹܿ͹ȥˣ峿һб뷿УҫڷϡͷŽɫЦĪˣԪ񽣵Ĺ⻪Ѹٰ޹⣬Ѹɢҫ۹ã˷Ρ
֮ԪһΧתһ֮½ڣȫɢããȥ츧Űɫ΢΢һЦѾܵԪ񽣻Ϊ·ϡ
߳⣬ѾһƬԶ｣§СߵĳϼڽɫôʥȥȡһɫСϡ
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˲Ŷ｣ľߴһСصڲԭ֮ϡľһУߵĳϼ｣ʲô˫һģĻ棬
｣ƺħһƥƥ체ԶϼֻͺӥҲǻء
｣ǻ˺ܾúܾãҲ֪ǶáֹͣɳľУ｣΢΢һЦת˵˵ͷ
֪ʱѩѾ˲ŶŮûгҲš
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ôˣ
С͵ܳҲǣֻóѰˡѩҲͷ
Ц˼öλˣʵȴʱ䣬λҪ
ŮҡͷһЦʲôˡ
ͷһЦڶ체ǰҪڴӶã｣΢ЦתУʱƮ˷ζ
ߵſڣ｣ŷˣʱһλͰ׵үүϵСڳ˯ˣЦ֪ǿɷ£
｣ûתСԱɡЦŮҲЦ޸ӿģΪ˿̵ͰãҲ뿪
체ɢȥˣԭֻ֮޺ƥİֻ޿ĵرţ˻Хþòƽ



113 체
체ԭһƶѾˣַÿ춼｣֣ÿжĪࡣ
޺체ѾʮҪãֻ޾һϷżϼȦ｣체ѾԪϼޣȻԽ체֮ϣڼ체ɲǶ֣ٶҲ
체ΪóľǱܣ｣ƥͿ̤졣ÿĽϵİĸ첲Ҫץһֻ체ΪģΪ˺ÿ
֪СߺʼղʹӦ˳｣ԭϵ체Ұޣܹѱǰȥץ
ĵЦѩ˳ȥڵԶȥˣиеһ˿ģϾҲ
ڲԭϿģȿɾһšΪ֮ʱؾȣһ仰ȥ仰סˡѩ۵֪Ѫħڻý磬һǵĳİΣǵĻý֮ڻ֮ˣ˾ȵİΣҲܵӰ졣
ʱ֪ںηǷˣŮƽ̨֮ѯʻϧŽǻϧŽҲ֪ںηȫܲϢ
ѩ۽׹еӣܳĴɢѰҡԷҲ̫ɽѰң干ͬѰңԴųĻλıȥ
Ϊ˾ҵҲΪ˲ѯý֮˵䣬Էһ뿪˾ȣŮҲ뿪˾ȡЦƺơ׿λؾȣٶԸɷӣɼʮɴ죬ϰɢɣǻھΧ
Է˵ҪĿ̽Ѱý֮Ƿ֮ˣѰѩ䡣
Ů֮Уͳ꣬Ѿһ˿֮ͬУƾ˿оŮǰȥѰҡ֮ŮһɽȣɽڵǸϿȡɽ˿صʯľһսһ뵽ǳѪħս
ħϢѩ۴ѸٷȥܿһɽСֱߣƬʻʢľ֮ϾȻҲʻ
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費ѩ۽㣬ɻôû˵
ѩ۵ͷɵĵҲǲͬģλõĹ֮ɷܵܵĹ֮⿪ٳĵϹŽĹ֮ʶǹ֮Ϊ⡣
ϲǶʲôأ
ѩʼ磺ô֪ǵʲô֪
ʧ͸ô֪õĵģ
ѩЦͨŽģϧŽͬЩԺǾ֪ˡŮͷӦųϢŮȥ
체ԭϣĵ׷һֻɫС체ѩһЦС체ٶҲǼ죬Ϊķ˵체ƾٶ׷š
һֱ׷磬׷ϣѩĵڵϴһץסС체
ЦȻѾץˣǸϽȥɡͷץ체ߣ체ӣѻ˳
һС체Թǰȥһϲȥ֮｣Сһʮƥ체
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ѩһЦ㣬ʲôˣʵ˵İ
һŽ߷ڵأתŭǸͷֺֿݣ˽һֱҴͷʵĺܸߣ治֪ʲô磡
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ŮĿɿڴ΢Ц㻹ѧ㲻ѧҾȥˡ
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ڶ죬һսĿʼ｣ʵҲһգҪһʱȫճȡ
һγһ˺ۣ¸ǲơѩЦΪ˲£ܿĵӣʹʮֲ⡣
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ƺʲô｣ĥǳȣƽ⣬־ͿԼ׼
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еͷʲôҲûн̸أ｣΢ЦתУúһʼˣ˼Ƭ̰Ц
ѩǰûн̸κοھֻһζԿ⾿Ϊʲô
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ѩѾǼˡɨŮһû˵ߡŮ㶵죬˶ϸоϤϢ
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ѩɻưƣѩͷһЦߣѩҲߡ
ҹ֮ʱƣ˻ϲû˺ֻۣ֮ȫĹ⡣｣ҲЩԿ֮ǲƽģĸ
ѩ۲ѩѩŮ˳ѧ֮£Ůȫסˣ｣ʵš
ڰ죬һսٴߴ죬ѩŮȴû˼ǵעȫϡɴͷѩҲֻ͵ЦŮҲ֪⾿ô¡
ʱŵóĽúȣ˷ˣ׷ƣããͬʱ˴սɡ
ЦѾѧˡ
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｣Ц¹Ҳָ֪СǷҪѧ
ֵͲˣǺǡ｣ͷһЦ
֪ʱѾһɴƮƮأ¶ַͬһò
ܵܣ
磡
Цãͣ˭֪ͻȻֹ˫г⡣
һ㶣ߵĻȥֻſ˫۴Цַܵˣ



114 ȸŮѩ
ŵװַ㣬ѩͳһ¡輸ŮȵС죬гˮѩɻȷǷܵܵϢǡ㲻Ѿ𣿡
ۿ𣿡
ѩƿԣ衢¡ε鼤ס죬ַܹ㡱Ȼ˭ܿġ
｣Ц벻Сѻڶ¡
ͷҪϹ˵ͻȻأ｣ҡͷһЦתС
ѩЩɻȻϢûдҲоַ㡱ǰЩֻͬԼ̫ѩ۲ɵÿЦ
Ů亹ݵƺҲ̫˰ɣŮߴߴѯʣ̧ͦͷ׫Լյ£żȻ£Ƶġ
һ֮ҹȫѩİˡŮͷһЦŮʲôѩȻ졣
찵̾һʲôҪ˵𣿡
ôˣ
˹Ԫȫûˣ
ѩüԪѾһˣ
ûʲôģֻЩʱռȿȬ
Ҫã
ʮ꣡
ѩ۲ĲʮſȬ˵Ԫܵ˼ˣΪʲôַ㡱ûܵһ˿Ӱ죿뵽ַ㡱ϰ澭ѩ۲һΪ澭Եʡ
체ԭ체ǸץһֻΣԺͲ÷ˡ
첻йŽģΪʲôҪأ
úߵ˧һͬƥͬǰôɰ亹
ѩͻȻã쾿ʲô£Ϊʲô޵ʱշѪħôˣ洺⣬ŵ÷ѩ۵ɫѸٱ䡣һǿڱ輸Ů֮Ѹٵɶȥ
̾һֹڵСˣǰеͷҡѪħѾԶʧˣ
Ŀֲֿѩ۲һŮСѪħˣͷ
ѩϧòҪģޱػޣʹ輸ŮҲο˼䣬ļЦûЦʲô
ץƥ체չŽɫץֱ̫˧ˣε
Ҳ¿輸ŮӦ˳ֻзѩĵһؾٻ׹۵ӡ
ѩתߣͻȻסѩ۽ȲҪߣһЩҪæһ¡ѩɻĵͷ
һζһɫе˷ѩ۵ǰѩ۾ϲ֣ɵѩ۽ʶ
ѩ۵ͷЦǵһɱһ㶣ѩ΢ЦŽңԶĹȥ֮ǰʱѩʮ䶥磬е֡
˺֣λֵͨĸҲǱѩƾŶصļһ˿ռ¾ʯɱͨϿ𵽾Ч
ڵǸ֮ƶ裬ڷѩ۵пԼټ֮áɱΪףʱ䷽ѩĽĻġ
һսѩ۹Ѳڱˣħ֮ƾѩ˲ɹ֣ӻ硣
Ѫħ񡢻ħλħ׷ɱѩ֮޷ֿλħĹ֮˻ý硣
޷̫̽Ͻµ磬λħ˰ħý׷ɱѩۡý֮ߣʼ˶˺ɱѩȸŮý߹ͬԿ繥
սȸŮ˻ý磬Ҳλħע⣬ȸŮһսѩˡΣ֮ʷѩȫƽɽȥӴƽʧȸŮûٳֹħ֮󷵻磬ýΪ˼ȸŮȸŮǡ
ʱѩܻħһħƣ߶޷Ȭοѩ۵֮һƬԭ֮ϣѩ޳ǣ֮ʱʹָڱ֮Ͷ˺С
ѩںϻĳɹת廯Ϊѩ˲ԭļѩǣ˽ĺԭϧŮںԭס꾹Ҳûзµı䣬ű죬ɱٴλص˷ѩС
ͷֲ֮ڵҿԭѩ۽ƵġȻѩ۽ͻаɣ
콫˷ѩۣѩ۽мѣɱʵͿԻָȫʢʱˡ
Ȼѩԥ첻ôˣѵﲻ𣿡
ѩĵҺĬҿܻᡭ
ҲԥûйϵĴ㣬ֻҪ㻹Ǿ֮˾ͺã
ѩۿЦһᾡԼƢģ˵ս֮ϡ
ͻȻҫ⣬һɺ֮체ԭ֮ϣʱޱȣһѸٲȡӦʩ
ɫΧŷѩתѩ̧˫ۣһ˿˿ڡ˴󾪣ʱ˿̷ѩȻɾ磬Ʊ޿ɱĵز
䡭
һԭ체˲䱻ᣬ켸ȫԽԽԵˣ
绬գмһŵ֮ڵķѩۡɫ˲أҫãڱ˵۾һǿķ켸˾Ȼ˲䱻⣡
ΧͻȻ¶ڵķѩۡʱķѩ۱һȫɢҫ۹ã˫ۣ˫۾ٹͷɫ²֪ʱתΪɫ¡
һѩۣϵ뷽ѩڡϵ룬ѩɫ⻪Ϊɫ⻪Ҳ˲仯Ϊ˱ɫ
һͨɫãס˷ѩۣѩһ˫ۣͨãʧɫָ֮ϳʮűɫǳųһķţ˲ָֻж
ŷѩȫ˫ۣ체ԭָֻԭֻ˸ʮűɫǳ𾪣ʲô䶥
ѩۻ۾Ϊ֮һһ죬˾ȵס˫ѩ۵۾˿ȫΪ˱ɫɫ۾ɨˣ˸оһɺ亹˭Ҳ֪ѩ۾ǲ֮ǰǸͰ׵Ĵ㡣
ѩɫ²һ£һɺѸٻ˲ܿƲſ־Ĵŷѩۡ
꣡ͻȻһЦѩСЦ亹˭Ҳ֪Ǻ⡣ѩ۷ЦҶ˵˵ҺĬǶ֪˰ɣ
Цѩ۽㣬ڻ֮ǰǸ𣿡
Ϊأ
ЦΪ֮ǰǸЦݴ˺ͰĴ㣡ŮҲ̴Цͷ
ͻȻһɺ⡣ȥֻѩĬˣƺԶһУ𣿺ߣǵЦݾͱˣ
ʯĵˣԸѾȫˣ
㲻Ҫˡ
˭ˣ
ʱɵۣĪԼĻ档æѩ۽㲻ҪֻܵǿЦѡ
ѩǰЦ˼æͷ
ѩһתȥ˫ϵıɫǳ˲ͷųһվԶ
ģѩ۵ºָֻͣղŶԲˣһûӦҲٳȡİɣһҡһ
ʱ｣˹һѩ۰һ񣬵ݼȸŮǰ
ѩûת｣Щʱնлչ˷ܵܺλãһЩҪһ
｣ȸŮǰҲһ񣺡ʹ㣡
ѩתͷˣһЦˣ֮ܵܺλöСģȥˣ˵ǰһ󣬷ѩ۵Ӱʧ١
˴һ˭Ҳѩ۾뿪ģֻ｣ͷһЦͨ｣˵˽⣬ԭѩͨ˲ۼ֮֮ȥЧͳʱղࡣ
˾ϲ֣ѩ۴ʱʵֲھ˵һ¡Ժ˿ɲЦˣƢһ֪ʲô뵽оһ󲨶
ѩȥѰ체ҪѰɫ체ƻˡ
｣˵체࣬һΪɫżкɫ͵ɫ체ɫɫɫɫ체ҲУϡ٣Ұ겻һ
ҴųתϼȦˣ˭֪ģתҲûˡ체ԭ㣬ȫ˭֪ᵽʲôʱżŮʹ˼ɫŮ˼ųʧĹ̷ȥ
һƮڲԭ֮ϣȥʱؽͨʱͨ׷ˣһðӥץСϷڿнУЦƮ
⣬｣ǺһЦۺ룬ԵСĽ߼ˡ



115 ħ
체ԭȹʱ⣬ڴ뿪ˣõ˳˵Ͽɡ
ôżߣٴһʱɣ
˺գҪã
ںٴʮģȵҵɫ체Ժߡ
ε｣Ц¹Ǻο࡭
ߵͷܣǱĺ룬ΪǾȵϰ
˺һĺɣҿɴȥˡ
ŮҲæͷתߣæסεµǲߣҰɣ
εҡųĵŹǰɣЩʱȥԭѰˣǲȥˡοǲǴﰡ˻ûҵأ
˵ŶһǶԴΪصġ
Ƭ̺ЦεúңżλŵܵܳȥѰ֮˰ɣ

ĻסˡͻȻЦҾ취ʵ̫ˣͬ⣡˵תߣԥһҲתˣ˳һҲȥˡ
ѩûжųúúñܵܣѩͷһЦҲת뿪ˣµε¶ŮۺȥļˣǱץţ˿϶Ҳ뿪ġ
ߵλЦε˱亹޷뿪ֻÿЦ｣һʵ¹ﵱҪѰɫ체ʮѵ鰡
εҲϣųʮֵľİ㣬߬ȭͷǰǵȻйǾȵϣΪ˾һкηǣߣ
Ϊ˾ȣŶŮ޷˵체ԭε˵ЦãڶֻԸԼ̫ܵץסˡ｣ŵԶȥĳͬʱε¶˱ʾͬ顭
Сүүɫ체𣿡
｣ͷ֮ǰ˵һ체ԭͬʱܳɫ체ˡԭ֮Ϸɡħ֮ս
Сȵô˵ɫ체֪δ
｣ҡͷҲֻ֪𡢰ס졢ɫ˵ɫеɫҲûмСͷ｣̾һСصС
켸뿪체ԭһСϣ輸ŮľǵפΪ˲˵۹⣬ŮԴɴ֮Сãڲÿųй䡱ˣΰѺͷŰɡ
һ̨˵ע⣬ֻվһ׳󺹣һ顰ס̫ϽδйΪսµǺܶ࣬˽˵켸˲ġȤԶۿ
̨֮һλЦյվ̨οɿһλи̨֡һ¥֮վһŮӣǲгˡ
֪ͨһԶļе£ΪԲһλи֡Լڴʵۺ񣬼֮ӿֳţΨһŮѧ
ʮˣǿдϼװ¥֮ϣⳡûһۣҲôͼˡ
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Ц˼
ôѵ̨ܵһԣ
켱æֵ㲻ҪᣬҾ޴⣡ԼŮЦ
ʱһ󾪺תͷȥֻ̨վһ̨꣬ӿѪڵϣ̨Բ˪
¥ϵţҹ磡
̧ͷЦñɣ
Բŭȵҹʲô
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ҹЦ¶һƬ飬ȫ
˵ˣﲻӭ㣬ѵ㻹ҪϷ𣿡
ҹ˺󼸲ȻԲʵ
һЦֻһ¹Ӵһ̨ϡ
̨˾һ˺󼸲Բһָֻܿ˳̬ħʲô켸˳һ˾Ȼһλħ
ħЦȮӶǧһ飬˴αħ׵ģ
ҹǰҡ
ħЦҹֶҪ˵ʲôѵΪҼҺ䲻𣿡
ҹȭǰѾ˽ǰ
ħߵ˵ǶԼΪ´ޣ
ҹƿԣʵãü޸ɱħʵڲġԲЩѰ죬֪ħƢֻܾһս
ħ˲˵˭ڴˣҵĶϱ
еҹ磬ҲҪ޸߰ɣħһ̧ץʹһȫһץĴ·¥ħߡ
áɫе
Բŭ𵽣ħҪʲôԼݲ˵һƻħȺ֮ͻȻɳһӰԲӰٶȼ죬һգۼѾԲߡ
ԲһѸٸı˳Ƶķ򣬵ΪʱһӡѾӡϡһҽУԲһѪһˤڵء
һ欵ŮߣЦһһħǴһӹġ
־Ľţҹң
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ħҹħʲôһ̰֮ˣ˭ҲֹҼҺӵĻ£
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ãҹһ׷ȥԲѹҲ׷˹ȥһɢԹħİԵ
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òҪ£ԺǼҵˡ˵ͷϳ˳
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ҹžʹ΢꣬г˷ŭɺɺһɨһƣҹҽһɳȥ޺šҹ硱
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ħߵںе㽻ķϾһɣ
ɺɺͷȫ⣬˫֮ȼɫħħתԲҹ󾪵ס֣ʹԲǰ
ħһƽҹһߣҹ缸ѪҲվ
ɫħܿ콫ԲΧסԲʹ˹ֿħɺɺħһЦţϲű˵ʹࡣ
絶б˳£ҹҲʹԲԲ
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ٿ֪꣬СħɱʮһħвʲôɺɺħħǰԵԲԼֿ˶ʱ䡣ˣҹһ۵ȻϲŮԺһȳ
ҹһ£û뵽Բô˵ħЦҿʲôʱſʱѾ
ԲҧһҵŮҪסγޣлΪΪ𣡡˿ǾƣҲЩħȫȼΪɫ

Բ
ԲһžʹλħλħЦϼһŲס˰ɣԹҼҺ¿ڵҩɣ
ħЦɺɺħ尮ݵŸĸлˣһŬģҡܿ͸һӣ
ħЦĸǲɺɺҲЦŵͷۼҺǰΪűඣһ˹Цҹˮͷ
ͻȻһãԲڣϵħʱϨˣλħȵԶֻԶһŮ΢ЦλˣⳡϷҲýˣ



116 ټ
ԽԽħ˽ˣһŮӽ¹壬˽Ϊɫ֮˾ħʹħжЩŭǽ˵㣺ʲôˣΪʲôǵ飿
ЦһϷβЩ˸Уıһ½β
Ǻˣ
죡
Ůһ¡˵͹ǲַ֪㡱С족֣ѩΪ˵Լ֮Ҳڲѣһʱڿ쾹ȻԼǡַ㡱
ԲСֵܿЩȥĺˣħǿԶԸģҹҲЩˣ˵̫ˣҲжԸħʵ
Цлǰĺ⣬Сĵġ
ħŭȵСС˿˵־ħѸٻһƻȥһ죬ħķħͬʱ˶أɴҲǿˡ
תܺ䵽ߣȵչǰе
ɺɺħúһŭ꣬ղŵһѾ˴˵ʵͬһ㣬ʱ޷졣
΢Цû˰ɣ΢΢һЦҡҡͷԲ˾ȵˣ˭Ҳ벻˾ȻſԶԸħʵ
ħղһҲ˵ʵǿޱȣ˵ҲղǰǿӲˣǾǺˣ
Цǲ֪ڷ
λħüͷƾʲôȥ㵱˭
ѩߵ㣬˻ûлָɣ
˰
Ҫݣ
Ȼַ㣬ַĹԪġЦһҲãǾͽˣСЩ
ѩͷλħ֮ڱһǿɫ¾ҵĲ֮мԹһ˿ãλ
λħǿһȵѩԲҹҲסˡħҧ


ħȫǺģһ㶷ſܳ˽ԲĻСΪڴˣħΣգɺɺתȥ
ͻȻס˵ȥ·ħŭһתͷ졣̾һһѩļ򣺡ȥɣ
ѩǿʮħ
ЦЩ޹أ߰ɡ
ѩһֹڵҲÿһ·
ħ㾿ˣ
Ȼħ˫֮н˸ȹַ㣡Ľɫ˫ħһɺɺ뿪ˡ
ѩ죬͹Ҳֲ⡣ȫͻȻһɻҸղôˣŮɴ˫죬ûΪʲô˵仰찵ľڵȷһ
ȹַ㣡仰ǻУѵַ㣿˼𣿡ɻѡ
ԲߣлСֵȣ
ЦЦߵҹ߽ҹѾɵۣǰԼ䲻µ˾Ǻ֪ôˡ
ЦǰΪβԸŮҹϵܣ
ҹħ֮ˡ
ɱ𣿡
Բ˼Ƭ̵ҵû˵
ǧѵǳһƬ𣿡

Ϊѵ𣿡

ղûо𣿡

ѵһŮ𣿡
ԲȫˣĻҲ˵ʲô
ĵ˴Ĵָ۾ϵת˼£ʾ˵ȥҡͷһЦҹϵܵȻħ֮ѪΪһŵģǰΪβͬأ
Բ̾һСֵ֪Լ壬Ůһλħ֮˶ԼӰ졣
ﱻץ߲ºͯΪԼΣҪŮһҪ

ԲԽԽˣ˵ˣðɣҾͽŮҹ֮лպȥɡ
üΪʲôҹԼң
Բƺѿջ˵˳ħħ֯Ϊǧħ壬
Բ˼ħȥǧħ塭кܶԱ𣿡
ԲͷӦħ֯ˡ
תͷϸǻھ𣿡
ѰˣҲ֪ڲڡ
žȣټ׹۵ӣ̫ɵϵĵȫϡ
ܣҪʲôѵҪħ忪ս𣿡
һȺɱħҸож֮ˣ
ʲôܵ˵ħ壿˭Щأ
˼Ƭ̵ҲµĲӦޡŮƬҲеΪλħѾȥλħǲģǶˡˮ޴żλħ뿪˻ý磬ħҲ𣬴ʱֻ޵ɲ
ͷԶڤȪŽХһͨ˴ԲҹһļŽɽٿŽˡ
Ҫˣ
һˣ
һŽ˵ˡַ㡱ɹŽûȥǻƮ졣
ЦڤȪôˣڤȪŽɢĽΧתһץס˹ŽСȥɣúڤȪŽһֽ֮ͨС
תͷȥֻԲҹ첻ôˣ
Բ㶵һˣ̫ɵѵһˣͷһЦתȥŮȥ
ԲҹѾɵۣһ仰ȻԵһˣڻýǴδй̫ɵ֪ģȻҲ죬ǲ֪Ǻݣѵȹͳе
ͣŮǺǰзأҺҹϵȥһҹħ
ѩĵҺһȥɣһ̫Σˡ
ЦİɣµģҪԼңԷħϮ
ѩ֪˵⣬ɨһۺߵرס졣첻⣬ѩɿҪСġһ˵ͷ
ղһ֮£ѩڵķ˻֪ĽڣлѩҲԷһ㡣һɫɢҫãԪһݲԲȣѾҹȥˡ
תãȥԭλô˴Ҫȫǧħ壡
ͷתȥˣѩһЦѩþòˣǹġ
֮Ǿȥ
šŮһЦĵŶŮ˶ǰԼҡ
Уѩ۵õ˹Žԣټе׹۵Ӻ̫ɵϵߣھѡǧˣһ澫Ӣ׼
ܳ岻ʼ棬ΪʲôҪټô֣
ѩܵдãǸŽȥȿɡ
ʲôֵַܣܳ循ϲ֣λҲһ¡
󻤷ǧҲΪַȥ֪ģַ㻹˼ѡ
ѩ۵ͷ˰ɣ˼ȿɳҹϵַָĵط

һ澫ӢλڤȪĴ·ɳ˾ȣãء
ԼҶǧ֮⣬һɽ֮һŶǧħ˶ڶ䣬ھסʮλħħ
ʱһ֮Ѩ£еħۼǰһɢɫãĿǧħͳ죺
ħɺɺħǰ˵Ŵ˴飬ħҪԼй֮ޡ֮һɫӰȻٱ֮ϳһŲ϶ֲֿɫӣ
ʦô
ɫӰһƵħ˵ļ˷ͬһ㣬ĳɵ֮ˡ
ħ˵Ǿȹ
ʲô
飡ɫӰбվ
ôˣ֪ˣ
ɫӰ߳¶ȫòޡַ㣡
ħ˵졣
ʲô֪죡»ˡ
ôˣ
֪Ǻħͬȼˣǵ˵Σħħ˵֮£˵ϵļħ壬׼Ϊʵ
ħ컹֪ҲᣬߵλŮΪߡ
޵˿϶ǹŽ֮ˣ֪컹죬ȶܹԿģӦַɡ
ħҲû⣬ֻǵһʼ˵Լ졣
ڹŽ֮ӦþԼңǲȥ
λħĸ֮ˣŵȫһλħΣŽ֮Σǧħʮλħħѵһ𣿾ֻһ³ɶѣ
޺㵱ôöԸ𣿾λλŽ֮ǿħҪľƾǾԸȣֱ
˳һƾ費֮ԶԿλħħ޵ˣħ֣ʵԶԿʮλħǿħҪľĹŽֿ֮ԶԸλħһû뵽ģŽ֮ȻȴǷ֮壬ûħǰǿ
ħѵҪҲܵģ
Ц֪ȵʵ𣿡ħҡҡͷ
֪̫ɵɣ
ʵһ壬ҵȻ֪
ܺáЦ֪̫ɵֻǾȵɵȵķ֧㲻ϣ֪ж𣿡
Ѳˣ
ɨһۣ򣡡
ʲô˾֣ΪԼˡ
޵˵һ飬ˣ
еħɵۣʲôǺʵɨƽý磡
޵ĹŽ֮ʵǿλħ˱ߣҲ֪ȵ֪˴һλŽ֮ͿԵƽǧħǶˣȲǿǵģйϵǽԲǣ
ʦ˵һǿУѵǾ𣿡
̾ϢһͷһսȻСħַ㣬Ѳˡ˵һ飬ֻſɶԿ˭Ҳ׼ǣħӣ֪ôģ
ˣȥɡħһȥˡ
ʦҲȥϢɡ̾Ϣһתȥˣ񶾵һȥӣֻʣһãڶѨ֮ڡ



117 ҹ֮
ħɺɺħص궴ڣ˿ʯ֮ĸΪʲôɱǣñǴˣô죿
ħģġ
һ»ЦǸƯǲץɣ
ħüͷһ壬һŭʵ޷죬Ž֮ô׾ͿԶԸģҵʱҲûпŽ֪Ž׳֡
ɺɺЦȥȥɣΪ취꼤صͷϥɢ˿˿ħѾ
ħתŭɺɺħɺɺһ㶵Ҹʲô
㻹Ҫʱʦ˵𣬲Ǿȣ
ɺɺħҵͷ⣬Ҳ˭Ҫù
⡭ħҲҲҲܳҪҲҲȥ𣿡
ںҪ裬һȥץӦÿԶԸ
ȲǣοŽûг֣֡
޵ĻûãʲôŽһѽҾͲŹŽ֮ô
ӣǻǴӳɣϾҲһˡ
ðɣ㶼Ҫץ
úá
Բ˻صԼңѩٺΪϱʱѾ´ɴŮĬأ˵ע⡣
ԲҹĻȻ󲨣֮ҶֱꡣһλԼԪǰҪ˼ҹħ֮ˣԼҶԼǲáԪһڣеĵӸӷˡ
ԲһƻԵվԼҵ˭˵㣡
һ˽ԳĬˣ˹˵ϣӲҡ
ԲŭҵǾȾȵģҲǾȾȵģǵĶˡھȾͳ£һӶķԸολԼұԼңҸᷴԾȵŮ˭Ҳ󲻵ǰλŮӾȻǸ֡
Ԫϼֵħаһ壬ߵĴУ¶ԼԺ
ԲŭûоȱԼҿ϶ᱻħţ̸棿Ѿˣ˲÷ԣ
ԪϻҪ˵ʲôüͷһڱǿǰʮλӰԪ϶ʱɳȥȵǾȹ׿Υ˻һ˽ɵۣԲҲסˡ
ʵ̫࣬ԪҲ˵ʲôˣԲڰ֣˰һȥˡԲתһλ飬ҲΪ˼롭
ѩһЦǰģǲɱǵģղżǰʵѰ죬ֻó²ˡԲһ
ԼķڿĴ磬ȴպҹӭȢ
체ԭϣ˹˵ͷҪڻýԼʵܵܵľǶԵġãҲȥæŮͷһЦתߣͻȻҪżأ죬벻ʲôεһ˲Ʒȿɵ
ҪҰ
ǵȻҵΰ룬ȻҪץʱˣͦظԺ˵š
һ亹Ұɣˡ
ߣץסȻ˾㼸ɣˡ
㣬Ǻշֿɣ
ôˣԼѵ𣿡һ亹кܲζ
סĸ첲Цã֪ǣúÿİ

֮ҹеľԼҵĶŮŮȥЦãƲϼ˺ҹգȾӢˣ
ãŮϸ߿նãն˾Ӣ̤ݣμʦ棡
ãһڤȪŽڣЦλ𣡡
лʦ棡
λܳǰλúþò֪ɺãôֵܣȥˣ
³ȥˣһ֮ڱضء
ֵĻţҺÿİ
˵նЦ˾ȵգɽĹãСԼҵ㶵ôˡ
ԲЦ˰ɣһǾǵģ֮Ǿͻȥǧħ壡
еĵӽ˼ħ֮˵飬˴ξȻһٿԼˣһΪԼҶ޷ԲҲĻϲһסԼңԼҵƼֱǿˡ
ְۣ
һŮٴ̤ݣμʦ棡
ͷһЦλ𣡴˴ǾȹԴңҶ
ʦԸ
תͷɨһ۵ôͷ
Цλϸ
̾ϧˣλϸڣⳡսͻ׵Ķˡ
ЦЦͷԼҵԲǰṩһϢ֮عȵϢ
ԲεԼҴش󣬵û˶ķ䡭
Ц跿䣬ֻһ֮ؼȿɡ
ԲһϲȻˣλںԺϢͷ
תȵɦԼҵӣؼΥֱȣ

ս»ĽĻ˵ӽԼҺԺ̫࣬Щ˸ɴڷ֮ϢҲõԼҵϿɡ
ԼҵӼ֣һסԼңԼҵк޻Բôκ;ˮ»֮ܲһվſ
еĵܳԼңС֮еļͳ͵һУбƷܿ׼ȫˡƺơ׿λֵôװεôϲ찡ǲҪ鰡
ԲЦСŮճס
λЦһ£ôҿ
ԲǺһЦתȥʱ˹
磡Ư治֪˭ôõĸȢôƯϱ
ߵĶ㵽Բĺȴ̵ġ
ӴӴӴ߰˴Ц
ԼҺԺɽãҫ²ϵı仯ɫĲʵơЩͨǲģۼ˺ܶĵӣͷӶ̾š
һ߽סھڣ԰Լ˾֮ˣκ˶ԼľǾȣʶ˭Ǳ֡ϥԺӵְ
Բ̾˼û뵽Ҳ˵ĵ͵
Ů΢΢һЦλܳм䣬ҸλҲ֮СˣеԼҵӰȥˣԲصͷ뿪ˡ
峿Ůǰ£ʱҹ̤Լڡҹѩվҹϵˣôܵܣ
ҹȭʩǰͼҸжϼ
Цҹϵܲ˿ƽƺȿɡ
㣬˭
ҹվõĳ֮գǷܵΪǽµԵ
ϲϲȥɣ
λܳӵҹԼöȥŮҲ塣ôǰӵţʹҹеܳõ»鼪գּѡ
ˢΪ˺ɫһɫ̺֮ڣڽ÷϶ǻƺơ׿λˡúѴ˼װȴҹĵļ»ŮΪϵģҪ׵ŮоȻҲ緲˰ЩĽˡ
ҹҲƲסеϲãĵ˹ȥסҹϵܲҪżģ㲻ǹءҹεЦҲ֪Լ̫ļˡ
ʱ䶨ϣҹȴһ죬ӭ˺ҹ
Ů£ɴ䵱ӵ˵֮ڣҹڹܳҲ̤ĵ֮ڡűͷҹϹ΢Ц
֮ǰݷõߣ֮һˣ׳޷Ա
ҺûϤתͷȥֻһũԶſڡ
ϵܣ
磡
㣡
ֵܣ
ˣ


ǰ

һ̣˷ˣһӵչڷɽ֮ϣַ㡣ǰݷõ߼˹ݣȻҲ˵ϡԲԼҵӹַũ˵ǰ
һ̣ΪַеԺЦź͹ӵܳӵŮҲӵһ¡
𣡡
վŮͷתˡλҹħ˭Ҳ
лСˣԼҿСϽǧҶϷмҹħȭһһĻ˵ϣΪħ԰ģҹħ˵Ļûм
һдз˳״˹ǡԲЦҹħԺǿɾһˣ˵˫ֽյһ
ݼݼǰҹȹء
úúöԴӣҪ˵ĺ⣡
ǣǣ
ˣЦһ̣˷ʱ䣿Щʼɣ
˻ţӵãλЦǰŮûйȥͻȻһ£ϵܣʲô𣿡
ʲôûаҪʲô𣿡
Ц¼ҾˣܴܵʲôʱΪǳ¼Щأ
һ㶣ŴԵų㿴εôһʼͶһƬ飬ȣҲһƬ⣬ѩóڣ벻㡣ȢĸɴȫȢ˵ˣ
ˣ
ӴŶͷİί졣
Ҫҵݣ
Ȼ򣬿ɫ체ԺˣȻ죬ַ㣡ҺûҪ鷳ˣ
ε̾ͻȻüͷõС̧ͷȥֻҹħʲô
ѸٳȺץһ˷ɳԼңŮ͸߹Ц׷˳ȥ
Լ֮⣬ſǸˣȻ꣡ŭ㾹ˣ
סϲ֮գҲɱ㣬߰ɣԺҪԼңһһתȥˡ
ܣΪʲô
Ϊʲô˵أЦϸ磡
ˣЦͷһЦ׷ȥŮ⣬׷棬ҳħڣ
˹һЦתԼңԼһƬ



118 ħһս
ҹһ߽׼ţ׼ǧħһս
콫еӴԼңһƬյ֮ϡͨǰ̸ҶǧħҲһ˽⡣ǧħǼħ뼸干ͬ鴴ɣħ²ʮˣħӦм򡣡еӳһΪʵǼռƣû뵽Ȼħʤһ
Ȼħħڶ࣬ǵľʹעҪǵϡħ֮ڳȴħһЩħ⣬޷еģ⽫ǵƣҶǴϵߣҿշаɡһսҪսڸ߿չħĻ˶Цˣħţ׸ˣҲΪʲôڻýΪһǿԭ
ʮλħҪǼ˶ԿˣƽһҪԿλܣ𣿡
ͷǰ˵ˣħ岢еħǲ֮˵ֿܹŽһħûмˡԱȵĻֻҪܹǰ֣ͿԳ׵ǣ
ܳǰֵܣЩлвɵӣɵҲˡмѾɣҲԶԸλħɣ
쾪ȵӳԽɣô˵ýûƣܳͷһЦ
쿪ĵãԽɵĵͬһԸħħԸ֮˲ʮλӣѲ˽֮
ܣǺʱǰ
磬ʱħΪʱЦϸ磬ǧħжԶ
Цǧ˵ʲôʱȿɸϵͷ£ԭض׼
ڶ峿ԼҺͼĵǰ;ȣ˾ӢߵĿĶ½
ౣأԲͼλ峤˰һԶҹħҲ˵ͷͷһЦŮ뿪ˣһսʼ
ʱǾϸģ˵֮ʱǡ硣ʮҫۣҫǧħĶڣƽ棬һħûС
ɽߣ˻ɽΧסɨţ˻ɽߴǼСɽһһƬҰ֮ϣɽǸɿݵľ֡СɽӴΪķֳһС·ǳħ߹
ʾԶ룬еΪԲηڸ߿֮ϡɢãԪһָԪɢŵãָƶãҫۣΪ˴ãһȣһָָ򶴿ڣԪ񽣺Хһ붴ڣǿڴ֮£ҲһѺ۳ڴ֮ϣںϡ
ãһԪ񽣴̴ػصڻΪ¡
䣡
Сɽ³ʮףشСɽķҲʼݣշԲ׵Ĵ³ʮסֵûħ񽣵һܽħһ򾡡
ͻȻȵһѸٴϷĻһɫĻ˲չڸ߿֮ϡ䣬ħնȥڹĻ֮ϻΪ̳ˡ
ŭһһɨԪ˲ϣ˲ȫնɢħĴءһ죬ؾҲһ׳ϿȳڴϣڿľùǲۺѪڴ֮ϣѪϢ˿
ֹþòˣ
Сɽ֮һʯѹˣѸƹɢͣڸ߿֮ϡֻСɽ֮ϾʯһͨչһӰ߳ޣ
ߣȻ㣡еѸսɽȴʮλɵӽɨӴء
ЦǾȣ벻ô̵ʱ侹Ȼټô֣
û뵽㾹ȻµҪȻҪֿӦóӲŶԡ
ɫʱޱȡԭȷʵµȻԼ뷨Ĵڴ˵ݾ̳ߡû뵽ħܾߣǱǸ֮߰ˣʱŭ޵С¡һҲͬ˶Կȵ飬Ҳʶһ¾Ƿô
޿κΣֻÿʼ߻ζԸȣβ߻õĽǱذɡ
ʱ֣ħԱΪΪǾ⣬ֻһЩΪħͼĳԱսǧħʵСߵ׼
뵽ʹħ޷ԿǣҲҪǸصĴۣЦŰһ֣֮ͻȻǿһƬҽ׼Աڴϡ
޳һ켸һۣҲڻ˭ġ
޲ˣǸɵģ֮·ɳˣ˽һ£Ҳɴڣֻһ˫Ĭ
޵ǺˣΪλħ֮ڣ
˹һЦȥºɴ˴ϲǶԷЦҪѰѩãû뵽ǵõ޵Ϣַϵܺþòˣû뵽㻹ţϸܸˣ
ԷЦʱħԱڴ޷սֻԱԿǣսǱʤ˹һЦʮ޶ȥһѸ붴ڣ֪ԼҪʼˡ
λżӿʼɨ壬ŮʣµеӺأһ޿ӳڴ֮ϡ
ͻȻһ𶯣ʮ״أֱӳϲ죬ؼ伱ɨšӱɨˤϱħɱ
ǧħ峤Զ켸˴ɾֲ֣֪ǺɣӲޱȣһɾȴûκЧ
еѸԶȥֻ˺ʮλɵʮֻڲɨΨܶܡ
һȴʮɽϲ졣֮Ϻһŭȣ״ֻֽ֮½סͻȻʮã£˲䱻Ǽûб٣ҡһ³֮ϵʮȥ
һЦӵ´ǹŽ֮
ɫһѸٳ˸죬ʮֻֽ׷ȥ֮Ͻ꣬Χסһֻ֣ת֮¾Ȼ˺˷顣Ʈ£Ѹȥ
֪ʲôǹŽ֮𣿡ŮŻĴ֣һǿ籩ڲ֮ϣļ˲䱻˺ķ飬ʣµĲвѸء
˫۽ãһȵȪĩ·һɻȪûأеĴֱȪʴš
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˳Ŵ½ף䵽һ۶ڣѾ뿪
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ҺͷͿˣȥ׷ɱħͷȥˣѩɨһҲȥˣֻʣ졢Է
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119 
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𣿡һתȥֻѩǣþòˣħ񣡡
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ħͻȻסˣֻѩɫƮţɫ۾䡣ѩ۵ȫ֮ͬǰˣħоȻһ˿⣡
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ħͷʦѵûиоǶЩ𣿡
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ħЦ˴ǰΪ˱
ħһŭȳѩۣѩãһħͻȻһǿְԵĺ֮һʱľ˶ء̧ͷȥֻѩ֮ʮűɫǳ˸š
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𣿡ѩ̧̳ʱɢȥָֻԭòԶ꾪ȵѩ
ѩ̧һ꣬ħŭһȫѩѩħʵǲСģܺսһѩĽѸȥɺɺҲѾˡ
һɳ죬һָһ¡ɺɺһƻ죬ħٳһƣħϡָһ㣬ָã˸һɫȥ
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ħ֣ѩȻٻ磬ڻýǾ޽С
ѩһȣ֮Ⱥɽ֮䣬ɫ߳ѩѩչߴڣʱһɨԶȺɽħһߵķԶԸģħҲûа취Ը
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קߵģСʯǲѩŤһԡ
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120 ͻ
ԼҺԺ˳Ĭŵȴʣ¼˹֮Ѱʣ¼˵䡣
ҵˣ˫Ц
ģ
û˵ǾĵȴţҲû˵һӺ۾ǵˡ
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ȵȣأ̱Ѱң𾪵ǳȻûҵ£º˼ˡ
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׷ʵܣʲôˣ
ñйŽǰԮ
ģΪʲôûҵ
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зߺ޲ѣҲ֪ԼΪʲôô
󣡡ŮѸٲ°һֻͰ˻߿գɫסеӣһһȥ
ȫٶȿ쵽˼ޣһգѾȥܿһϿգ˳ǴʱȫɫĻ֣Ҳޱȡ
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˫ۣѸһɨһɫٺɨգϷɫĻ˲ʧ¶µǡһӵа˿ڵĴǣʱǰǷ˵硣һ˲䣬ɫĻ˳У̼ûԣ֮˱֮壺ʬ
ʱһƬյ֮ϣ纣ʬΧһλŮӣ¡
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ãȥԼڸ߿֮ϵεСεµ㷢Цû˰ɣ¿ĵص˵ͷ
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εߵ÷ģУ񽣽һǶȥ
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ԪҲȥæԪɢҫãһȥ
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񽣸ͨǾһζ޾ȵŻʬħҲڸов
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һһУ񽣻ָɵԣŽХһҡȵӷɢʼԸʬɹҲʼʬж
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סԵɫһն£ʱ̳嵴һȦѸȥԶޡʬħһѪɳȥãһ˸߿գɫȵŹ̳̳ɢȥϵĹʬħ졣
ղһնڹʬħϣǹʬħƤӲˣ񽣾Ȼûһ硣ɫ񽣷ɻصԣղɫ񽣴ʬħزҲûܴ롣
һŭȫɢҫ۽ãһסɫ񽣣ŭһͬնʬħ档ʬħɺŶˣ̧˫ۡ
䡭
죬϶ʱһ޴ӣ޾̳ٴγϸ߿գɢȥ
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ħߣ˿߽һĮ֮һŮӱĿ
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һվֱˣҧ磬йʬħ棬ŭһʬħȥŮԶԸ磬ϥ߿տʼָơ
Ž䣬Ϊϧ󾪣ɨһֻܷƺơ׿λ񲻼ˣԪλ
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һХе񽣣ı񽣺壡ɫ񽣺һն£ʬħڱŭٴ佻սһ
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λʵȺʹŮһ졢ԷεӦߣѩ˶Կħ񡣵֮ʮĬÿһ֮ʱ˹ħȫס˵ĽҲæЦѸٵסһʼ֡
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һ̣˶ˣ˴ŷѩɢĵط缸ûгû֣˱ŮŮץ˫ۣһ˳¡
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ڴʱһɫӰǰʬħ淢һЦɫӰͬʱ߿ա߿֮ϣ㶵ԼƵ£ǰӰ¡
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ѩЦЦ廯Ϊڡѩʧĵط˫֮ˮȪӿ˴סˣûˣеΰôʵ

ȣ˫֮нã˸һڣϧһɫ֮ڡȫҫ۽ã˫һչһβĹַ㣡
ַŭȣɫ񽣽󣬲֮ɫղϲɫһɵַһɨҧǰղϲһ״ֵĽɫãʬħȥ
ʬħһ̧˫۽滤ǰһ죬ɫãڹʬħϣµѸѡַһŭȣɫã˲ʬħһɫã˵ص
ַҧŮŮҴַսɫ񽣳Ůɫ񽣽ҡ
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һԵڲ֮ϺɨٴαɳȥŮһѪɳȥɳ׺󱻴һɽСַȫʼãѸٻַ㱻ױ⣬һ𱻱Ļɫ񽣺ɫ񽣡
֮ڣַ㽥ʧ»Ϊ졣ɫŭǰԵɫ񽣡ͻȻƺһӸ߿յ䣬εһסԪ¹ɾԪ֮һĴ嵴ԭѱ˵ǹɾԪƣѳΪһʬ⡣
˿ҲƲסڵˣε˫֮лˮһַӡĹɾԪڵѾΪˡ
֮˹һЦȳŮȥˣʬħʬħ뿪ˣʬҲŹʬħ뿪ˡ



121 񽣸
һƺΣһԶѵΣ㶵ű죬ıѩƵĳУԵ¡
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꣬һжˣɢ˾ߣΪѾ޷Կˣ˭Ҳûкô߶̫Ͻ磬̫ϽΪ壬һΪ磬һΪ̫ߣ绥档̫ϽָֻƽеҲָƽ
׹۵ӺʣµһЩ߽̫ɵ»ָԭò־ڵڵϿȡ체ԭҲûȥѰɫ체Ȳ˳룬˳˹ڡ
Ծʧ֮｣ʼѰɫ체Ҳ֪ΪʲôҪôǻȵ˰ɡ
ҲȥҲռʣʼձӰʲôҲ˵̾Ϣһֻȥ
յλ߷磬ָԭòԭѪħ񡢻ħӰħĴħħͨ־Ȼλħ񣬶ħڽ֮ʵǿˡ
Ѫħħˮޡֵİս֮Ϊ˶ħ񡣱Ů̳зѩ۵ΪһɣԸ磬ػý纮ԭڲԭ֮ϽԼһ
Ůаӣӣһİͽʮ꣬Ϊ
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ڣˣòʹ죬ƽ̨֮ϹһڵŭӡѾָ˹֮壬ȣȻҲ˸
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˼磬ɾŬһҵС֪֮¶ȹ꣬СʮֵƤĵȴСᰮѧ֪쾭һЩȭţʶСȻȴʮǿ׳
һ죬Ů߳˱λŵӷذ񡣱Ůкζ򣿡
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ڣڵ죬ܣ𣿾꣬Ϊľһ԰ȫ˼Ҫúõȥġ
΢΢һЦƬƬҶһ赸ŮΪʱԴ赸赸ֻˡ
ʱٴλһתֹ˰֮꣬꣬ǰ裬ĺƽ
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122 
Դָ֮ͻȻһҲһ˵죬ֻ컳еѩһ֪ΪѾǴǰѩˡڵѩ߶棬һոճŮӣҵҲеС
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ʼһʱ䣬ԪתַԪһ㣬ַ㲢ûиκˣҲû뵽һŮʹĺɱѩ۵Ϸѩ˼˸У׼ŭַ㡣
ŭַ֮ǿתԪʼЩڷѩԴľѧб׷ӡ˻ڡУַٻľԪסѩ壬ڻİΪѩˣѩȥˡ
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ʱ䣬ַԪ񲻶鵰Сɰڵڻİ°ѩڣ̳ѩľݣǼ䲻ӵˡ
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͵͵˱ŮһֻۣŮ΢΢һЦʱһҪιȥĸо



123 Ѫ֮
ַѩ뿪ָֻƽűŮ꺮ů˭ҲԿ˼ΨпЦáŮľ˾Ը񶼺ܹ죬ŮȻҲˡ޿κΣֻðпЦ
Ͽڿ죬ַһĵܵܣԶԴҲһĵ尮
ǿбַ壬޷߿ʱǡֱӴУ㿴ܵܣռҵ壬ֻˡ졢ɫֱӴڷģЦ
Ĭһ㣬ʵֹǰЩģһҪúõ
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챧Թôûаǻָġ
εŵ죬ܸоԼڸ˵бжŤͻȻ㣬Ҹһܣַܿ㶼֪㶵صͷ
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ߵʹ˵ֻΣҲ𣿡

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ʵͷ̧һɨһˮų嵽ŮǰǶ뺣ڣһˮͨȿ̳ΡѩԸĳ˽ȥŶŮĽͨʧָԭʲôҲûз
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ʵͷһ۵ͷЦ



124 ˫
죡ôˣѣ֣쵽ôˣͷ󺹵ģһвѣ
˼Ѿʮˣʮÿ϶һЩֵΡεԼׯүүԼһϦ˴Լܳ壬裬ε˹顭ѩ¡ѩۡɺѪħˡ
еԼǺͳŮһһƺôʵڿսһôʵ߽ϺһٶɢȻٴκһٴηɢ
˷ͷۻθвϷҪŻ¡ͻȻһãԼʱˬԼߣĸĵ
үү˵ɻУѾǵˣÿζúۣĪʹҲܿơ
ЦԣС첻Ҫ£үүڡ˵ʲôҲԺһأ
ԣҪΪһ壬ᣡСϵһ˿ǿɷ򸾲Цǿȫ룬ڵĻʲô壿
Ŀģ˵ͷĵ벻ʮ꾹ȻԿһ˿ӡʮʱȫԿӡˡ
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쿪ĵ¹óһװɫ·ЦЦСϲɫǰӰ죬·ǰɫģñҲҪɫģȫ³۾ǺɫĶһɫס
ֹһεЦΪʲô۾Ūɰɫءÿ춼Ầߵүү۾ŪɰɫľͿˣȫǰ׵ҲᱻЦġ
˼һޱȿ磬һƼѾʮַĹңΪӵ˿ڣĵϵͳһжѾʵִ
ļסڹʮߺųСʮűһѾΪŵ硣ΪҵɹȫѾס˱ʶҺźС֮ŴķСݡȻͻһҲӷһ˵ĵλ
˵ңԶŶ壬һѻһСΪ˵ıӻŶһ٣Ȼֻйһˡ
÷չʵȫԶ˴˵ûеõ֤ʵͱ˵ˣֻϷвŻħڡ
ǡ˼һЩӰϷĵط˵ǳǣģѾһ൱ڵһʡᡣȫʷľ㣬˹ĵطΪʵԶҲ࣬ʶ񳱣֮洦ɼŹװ֮ˣǾϷһŴִ硣
ϲرϲǣһлܰܡ;ԶΪ׼˲ģÿȥһͨѶߣʱһһ͵ϰҵ
ɷǼֿģӻֵȻÿһĸϲġĻУɺ̤޹춯ȥˡ
ʱýϣַŬѧϰ˫ʵԭַܻһЩѡ
˫ǰѩ־ڰ޵ʣ˲ۼ黯ɣջԪԪַ֮һеԪ൱ڹ񡢹ԪĺȫһԪѹ
ַ㱾֮壬úǿڳǶٿİ˵ʲôȻٶѩҲ˶٣˫ǿԵġ
˫ҪȼԪ֣֮ʹ֮ʵ廯ԼӣȻ֮ΪԪٻ
ѩʹô˼ֻԪٶȿ죬ǿַͬˣԪζʹɹҲ˴Ԫ֮ºܲ㡣ַûйһһѩĽ̵
ϰַڿԪΣҲµʱ䡣
⼸£Ȼƽ֮Ѫħħħ˻ý硣ѪħħѰһýڵħΪʵħǲϲ磬ʶػýס
λħҲһȻĲ쿴ûзʲô쳣ַ㡱ɱ⣬ʶ뿪ˡºλħֶ飬ħû
̫Ͻڽ쳽ޣ쳽սҲսֽ֮ͨʵӿֲˡħǰֻ֣ܣڻֻֿȤ
ýµĲŬΪѾڣѩȫעŬ
ַԪκʼϰۼΪ֮Եʣǳɹѧˡڴ˫Ͽѻַ㣬Ϊ˽ô׵ġ
ѩǰޣٿóģ˫ȿɡַֻͨͬԪܴ˫ĴҪʱҲ˫ʱϵҲͲ١
ַѾֲ֧סˣÿϰÿζǺľΪһºѩ֮ʹֳԼһԪ뵽ַڣַƾŰԪɾʹ˫ڳٶϣԶԶѩΪıѩܺͣȻһѩ
ѩͳԪԼѾصַ㻳СŻг˯ѩַһʹǰѩڵѩ۴ǰҲãҲãѩԼȫȫ⣬ηһɾԼ
ַĨˮһѩ򣬱֮С
µĻָѩȬַҲǵ׼ʱڵҲ۾ɹԼΪʱϢַȫͬڹԪѾǿ˲٣ʵҲ֮ǰַ޼ˡ
ֻҪַ֪Ԫ֮ˣϢʵǸֲ˭죬˭ַ㣬οַ֪ˡ
΢΢һЦվһԵɫ체߳ɽƽ̨֮ϣ輸ŮŮλڣһ£ڵӸַ޼ˡ
ЦҶڣһ˵ͷһͬƽ̨֮ϡ
һƽ̨ϵı񣬵ҴӦͷѩۣҪΪȡǧʱ䣬Ϊ˳ŵʹ
ʲô÷ΪʲôҪΪȡǧʱ䣿þȥˣΪʲôʲôҲ֪
㣬ֻ˵ͷѩһһ᷵ؾȡʲô£ֻ˵ھһ£ʱΪҵĳŵ
ʲô취ȡǧʱ䣿Ǽܵģ
Цһ£Ϊĵʲô
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ûֱܹҺַݣҲ֪һڣ˴һĻѾˣҪַٰԸ磬Լַļ
˴סˣ˭ҲΪʲôôֻΪȡ㹻ʱ䣬˺֮գʱǳ׵ʤ
ЦȥҪʧ޷ѰֻҪɱָտɴˣʹ죬֪ģǶʱദ˭ҲԸȥΪǱɵģ
ελλεȴ˼ַԸ϶߰˽ǰ񽣣֪Ž񽣵ıҪصģҲ˵λԸǰ
һǿ϶ģǾλ³ҲǱɣֻѣƭˡλҡͷЦ˰ˣ˭ǵʹأΪ˾ȣΪ²Σ֮ǰһҪ
˫ۺصͷҲᾡԼһһŮ𾪣˶֪޷صģҲΨгĬ
һ׼һѡһǡʱ̣ʱֵ˾һͬȥɱʹ죡λЦȻ
Ľ£Ů⿪˽Ҳָɣݾַˣ
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Ȱ˽߿գƬƬҶԣһԶֹͣ



125 
׼ַھǣǹǰȥΪѩһľݣΪѩ
ѩߵַ㻳УַԹԵҹһģѩͷַѩתȥѩȥַ㣬Īһʹ
ַ˫ٶȸѸ٣Ӧַ֮ϲԪںתΪԪַʵѾȫָʮַɹ֮
ϰ˫ÿζǺľΪ˵һ¡ټѩ͵İԪַΪѾΪɶ㣡
ַЦ˫һ˦ʮַ㲼°һȥŮṩĵص׼ȷַ㾭ʱķԶԶǡ
һСͳȫʬͳΣ֮ǺƲ㣬ƾҲ޷Ʋ㣬ǿҵ֮ǻ⡣
Ϣָʮַ㻺ǡȫߵĽʬһЩڳڴ󡣳һƬĻأʬڷĻн
ʮַ㵭һЦͬʱɫ񹭣Ⱥپۼʮ֧ת۳ΡʮַΪһ߼ָǣΪʮȣʮ֧Ŷʮ籩ǡ
һ𣬻չʬ˲仯Ϊҽ̼仯ΪޡĢ̳ϲ죬ƲʱɢǿҵҫڵϣĽʬȫð̵ڵϣʱֻʣһ߰׹ǡ
һֲŭ𣬲ʱһΣֱܿƲڱΡʬɷĻϵַŭšһѸ£𣬹ʬħ˻ųһΣѪ˫ۣⳤһ⣬ĵɫҺַ㲻һ㶣ûע⣬ԭʬħôĵġ
ʬħŭɻַ㣬оַƺҲСַ΢΢һЦڵϣѸڱ塣Ľʬŭַһ˦ǿǰȥнʬʱɳȥַ㳩ͨʬħ档
þòˣģѩĳ𣡡ַ䣬ʬħԴַ֪˵ʲôʬħɱıԣʹַ˵ʲôҲɱַ㡣
ʬħһŭнʬԶַ΢΢һЦս׼ʬħŭһʮףӿһצץַ㣬ַ˫һӰʱʧʬħһצֱץڵϣһӳڵϡ
ַ㱳˫Ʈеٶ̫ˡ
ʬħһһצץϵһʯͶַ㣬ַ̧һ飬ʬħھʯ֮һȭѾַѸپۼһȭ˿жԻһȭһ죬ʬħ汻ˤڵϣַҲǿ˼ֻЩʹ첲һ顣
ߣһĸ⣬һʬħɣ
ַһ˫ֺʮ˲ɫ˻ʬħ档ʬħѪһ㯴һȭɫʱըǿķʬħվڵϡ
ַ㰵ҧʬħ廹ôӲҲ˲ʬħͻȻվֱ壬Ѹٳַ㣬ַһæܡ
תͷһɨʬħ渹·ɫ˿˫ǣ˫˿ĴѸٻصĸַ㰵гԾʬħ澹ȻһУʹڿҲܵġ
ַѸԪǰһ󲨶һãѸٳʬħ棬ʬħɲƲƾɫãϡǿķ̳ʱʮף̳֮ͻȻǣַһٴζܡ
ջ̳ɢʬħ˺˼㯵ַ㡣ַԵŹʬħ棬նȥԪ޷˵ʬħƺĴַ϶㣬ûĵȻҲûķԹʬħһ㣬ֻԼ֪ѡ
ַ㾲ϸϸ˼Ƭ̺󻯳˫ָʬħ档һַ˫˫ʬħ档ʬħҲ״ʽ׶ԴǲܵģΪʬĹؽڶģԶ
ʬħ̧˫ȭ˹ȥһ죬ֻŵùʬħŭһһ̳ڱ˴ءַѸٷʮףŹʬħ˫ǡ˫ǲûзʬħûа취˫ǡ
̳ɢȥһӳڴ֮ϣмʬħŭվڿӵַ㡣ַĿɿڴоʬħûˣ˫ȻҲЧ
ַ㰵ҧʮַڳɽһնɫ޽նʬħ棬ʬħŭ̧һȭֱӻ˽𽣣һһӣвðɫܹ
ַԺһź飬ʬħƤ˿ƵģôҲơĽʬħƤѾǿ޷ĵزʹ˿Ҳ˵
ϴһһĸ⣬ӦúܴŶԣΪʲôӲ˿Ƶģ
ʹ˿ӻмأⶫƺȫǵǹ롣
ҿо뿪｣ѯһ£Ӧ֪ʬħġ
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˵Լ뷨ַʱЦãǵ뷨ַ᲻֪ûʲô
ˣҪ˵ˡַֹʬħ϶㣬ֻǲ֪ڴҷͷÿλҳ㡣
̵ͷеϴϴ취ǺãλҲͷǣַһЦһҲ̷ͬ򣬽ʬħΧ롣
ʬħ㯵ʮַ㣬ַ뷨Цվڵϲƾַ㹥
ʮַ㲻ϹϽʬħȫ´˸飬˫ҲˣһӰҲûСϵĹұ뻹ǿĹַЩֲ֧סˡ
һͻȻһطûأҰæ̧
ַ㲻⣺һطﰡ
Цӣ
ɵۡ
ֻҪܴʲôطأŪ
˶ʱѹһãŵãסʬħ棬ʬħһɫַ㽫̧Цֱӻ˫ַ亹ƺ̫ɣʬħĻַҲô
ͻȻһ£ϴһ𣿶һˣµõ˰ɣ
ַԲεۿ˭ûأûйϵѾģ
صͷ֧ٳʬħ档һ죬ַͰѸٱһʬħŭһӰ
ĵ̫ˣˣַ㼸˺ɵܣȷûзֹʬħӰ
ͻȻһŭһɫӰһһ亹ԭǿȥˣôôǿɱ
Թӿ϶õˣ϶亹
ַĹЩ֧ջ뿪ʱһɫãѸٳΪһλɫնɻǺˣΪڴˣ
ַ㱧ȭַ㣬֪ºˣ
ȫһͻȻһ񣺡ԭǶǶµ̫ӣַҲǾ֣û뵽꾹̫ӣ
̫ɻ˺£
ַҹʬħ汨ģϧɱ
̫ԶڸĹʬħҵĳҲûа취ˡȥɣһûи̸ءַͷѸ뿪
ʱĸ·ַ̫ӻصɽȣѩ
ѩĵ˵ַ㻳Уڻˣʬħ𣿡
ַҡҡͷʬħ̫ˣһûа취˵
ѩЩʧַЦŽܵλ̫ӣȵ
ѩɻҺ㣿Ǹѩɡѩͷַһ㶣òŵͷ˽ԳĬˡ
̫Ӳ׶˵ʲôʵ˵ʲôʲôǸѩѩ𣿡
ַЦЦѩѩ˵Űѩӵ˻С
̫Σתӣַ˾ͷſѩǽ̸ɡ
ѩڣַѩһ̫ӶҲвˮѡ
֮޷лֻԲƾλһ˵̫һˮ
ַЦ粻ؿҹŽ棬ȹңұڡҺܱǸҾȲˡ
̫ԸȥΪҲһԸ޹ء
粻˿һϵܾͿˡʵǾǷĸ࣬ҲҾȵģѩȳġ
ۺȣǾȵġ
ˣΪʲôǣѵҲʬħг𣿡ַɻ
̫ӵͷҿܣ֮ʱ˹ʬħˣ֮²ŷӡԼҲԼһһʫϵܻ֪ɣַ֪µʫ
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ʫҺ͸Ҳ֪ϵôʫ
ַ˼ãڵֻûȫΣ߱ȫܾͻΣһֿԶԸҲһֵġ
ѩǰҲ仰˵Ĳ֣ϣܺúòʫ
ѩַһ¡
ѩǰǰλãҲǷѩ۷ǰַȻ
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ַ磬ʲô취Գʬħ𣿡
̫ҡͷҲûа취ҲΪҵԸʬħİ취˵Ҳ֪ôԸˡ
ѵһ취Ҳû𣿡
ûа취Ƕ˽Ҳޣ²öԸ
ַһ𣺡ѽǲ˽Ȼ֪㣬ֻҪ˽˾Ϳ϶ҵ취ģ
̫ɻӦ˽
һ취һԡ
ʲô취
һǡ
ѩһ㶣ֻóĬַ̧ͷ⣬ʱüᶨѩӰв֡



126 ʬ
ҹܿ콵٣ַվշ֪ʱѩ󣺡ʲô
ַ㱳ѩʵƽȥҲһܲ¡
ѩͷĬַȴ̾һǲưոݵġ
˵ħ𣿡
Ƿѩۡ
ѩǵģİλ羡֣֮ǲŹġ
ַתʵħֺûĶ֣ҲٻߣȫԹġ
ǹʬħô죿
ʬħǱȻҪģвǾȣҲкŻý磬ΪΪ˽Ҫȥ
ôȥ
ַ㵭Ҫȥ˽Ψһİ취ֻлʬˡ
ʲôѩһԡ
ַᱧסѩҴӦ㣬ȳȥ˹ʬħǾ͹֮ˡ
ѩĵʬô죿㲻Ҳ͡ѩ˵ȥˣ˭Ҳõַ㵱ȻҲס
ʬȷǸð취̫Σˣֵ𣿡̫߳ݵ
ַһѩķ޵ô˵ô죿
̫סˣúа𣿡
ַȥ֪мɰգ˲Żаգûаա
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̫ӳ̾һתȥɣҲµġַ㿴̫ӵıӰѸһ£һ㶡
ڶ峿Ĭ˺þãַ㿪ڵ磬ô죿ȥȻǻ壿Ҳ㲻ܺһȥǡ
̫ӿЦһһɣǵ㣬СġַɨһۣͷһЦתȥ
ʱ۾ַܵ飬ҲַҪʲôҲǵĲѡƽ̨֮ϣ˶һŹȥʵҲûжİգ³ǿ϶ģħ˾磬Ҿ֣Լܹס
ǡñŮһ⣬䵽ߡЦôˣжˣ
Ůͷħħ˰ħͳ硣
ͷˣûڱСҲΣա
Ůԥһ˵ʲôͻȻ˳ŮʲôʱģôҲǰ֪ͨһ
ͱŮһŴ졣ЦŮû磿ÿ춼Ӵθһ󷭹æܿˣŮ亹صͷЦЦǻɽڣ˶ʱ˹ֲ亹
ַ㾭ʱķٴ֮ϣʱѾΪһƬ棬ʬħ滹ûü뿪纣Ľʬڷ֮ϡ
ַȶһȥнʬʱŭַϻ˫Ĭھȫҫ۽ãһɳǿķһһĽʬͻȻһŭнʬֹͣ˹˺һξ룬ɷŭַ㡣
ַĬĬɨܣӽʬһ·ʬħ˹Ѫ˫г˷ŭȻַѾ֮ˡַЦҵĹҲ㹥
ʬħһ㶣󷢳ЦнʬԶ롣ʬħȻ꽩ʬԼ˼άַȻŭַʵͣ׼ȷ˵ʮֵĳݣʬħе뷨ǽַΪԼˣ
ʬħߵַǰַ㵱һһצѸٻַǰ¶ʱצۣһεѪַܿؿַ㵭һЦһ˹һãϵɨȫؿڵ˿ڶʱָҲˡ
ʬħһһſѪҧַ㡣ⳤ˲䴩ַ粿ڣַȫһѸԪãһһǿַڳʬħ˲䱻˼Ѫַļš
ַٴ˹˿ѸϣǼ粿ȴΪɫַ֪ʬħעһЩҺַ㰵ЦԪһߵֿҺϮһ߹۲춾Һķӳ
ʬħַһΪַȫֿĶҺſѪٴҧַ㡣ݴַһ룬ַһѸԪʬħ˲䱻ʮЦַ㡣
ַоĴ嵴彥ʬħĶҺȻַɶΪҲôġԪѸ޾תѸٱѹƣǿбƳַ⡣
ַһЦʬħĶҺ㻹ʲôУַ׸ղŹʬħעڵһ㶾ҺֻԼΪʬǹʬʶԷ̣ŭʬħעĹʬҺ
ʬħȻԴ󷢣δԵֿζҺˣŭ֮վֱ壬Ѹٳַ㣬ֱӴַĸַʹ֮ɫ˿ߺǱ˲٣ǻš
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ַ˫ѾΪɫҲѸٱɫַ𾪵˹ʬħһۣȫγ˫ǡ˫һص˹ʬħ渹ַŸѸȥˡʬħ淢ЦȫַƳĹʬҺҲַδΪַȥδҲܹݶҺϢҵַڣҪȴľַ㻯Ϊʬ졣
ַ뿪ǺѾľʬҺڲϮַ޷ٿɿˤ䡣˿ַ˫ѾȫΪɫʬҺѾȫڶҺʴԪ
ַȫԪ޾Ԫڳ嵴޷ֿʬϮַ㲻һû뵽ʬҺʬҺϳԪԪƻԪڣҪҺҪԪڡַ㰵̾һˡ
ͻȻԪɢҫãʬҺ˲ֹͣϮһĻչȥԪȫסʬҺȫɫĻ֮⡣ַ˲ָֻ֪ȫʹɻԼ塣
˼ãַҵԭԭַԪںаѩԪ񣬶ѩǰ񣬰֮ޣĹʬҺ࿹ʶҺ赲ٽһߣַΪùͻù֦ù֮ԶҺҲеֿáˣַŻָ֪Ҳ
ַϲΪ廹ڲϱ仯˵Źʬ仯ԪȴûܵӰ죬Ҳʱ˵廯ΪʬѰҳʬ㡣ھ൱ַԪһʬ壬ֻҪʱ㹻ַȫоʬ
ʱַںް޷ٷУڵҲ֪кα仯Ҳѩ֪ЩԷһЩ޷ص顣ַȻķһɽϢȴŹʬɡ
ֱַ֮仯ദѪݣѪʮִ֮ƣһɹѪ⣬ַҧʹ
ֹ˼죬ַҲʼðѪݣѪ鲼ȫһô鲼ȫѾûΡ
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ʱʬѾ˿һˣҪʼĥַ㣬ΪڵѪѾˣҪѪάԼζԼɱˣ
ַ㼫ʹ࣬ȫסЩƲסԼ
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ַ̾ҵȫָһߴԭġַ㵭һЦѩѩҲΪַѾ֪ˣַȴʲôҲ֪



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132 Ƥѩ
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ַظѩͷѩһһڳַ㻳м˯˯ѩ־ţַҷַ۵رסǱԼҷɽȡ



133 ߽ͬ
ѩڣѩڴ˯ַһԡ˯еѩַ΢΢һЦһѩıӣѩСһ±ӷ˹ȥţᡭ۸˼ҡ
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һֻһϷһɹµϷֻϷеһӶѡַ쳤̾˫֮г˼ϣ֪ڵƣǻ߽Ǿ߽˶ܣһٴλβһĻߣַЦһͷ
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ûд｣ߵһԿʼ׼ˣ｣ڤ˼룺þ֮顭



134 ħ½
ַ˻صȣַͨ˵˵лþֶ֮ѩ۳˼ȻӦѰһþ֮飬϶½ģʱǸûʱˣ
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ħ΢΢һЦбһֻԲһħǰħ
ħһʧ˲ַԣַһһħһתٴַ˫۽ãһǰһ󲨶һɫãħȥ
һ죬ħѣΪħַ㣬ħҲһַһɨһЦһѸٳ¡һƻͷڷƶַϸ߿գҲƶѸ½
һ˲˶ħĹΧħ΢΢һЦ˫ƻˣħʱΪɸԳ˶ȥ
죬ħħͻȻħ֮͸ãһŭȣǧ㲨ħ˲ɢַƶħмħȥ
ħԳһ˿ͺϻ˫ƣһħѸٳΣϽӴĥ಻ϡ
ַٳһ˻޴Ľɫǧ㲨ڣͻȻħѣޱķ˲ħƳ
ַһѸٵˣħ֮ͻȻħٶȿ쵽˼㣬ַһһơһ˱һޱȵ˲ûˡ
ħ֮к첻ϣħħ֮ƶԿλַ㣬ַ㾪ޱȣħʵȻǿܶ࣬Ͼ
һŭ𴫳ɻԵλַȥַѸƣ߲֮ãΧŶ˲ʥķħƲɢ
תħһַһһƣ߲֮ãӭͷϡ죬Ϊ֮һڲ֮ϡ
ħħƲ̧ħ˲߲֮ãˡһŭȣַ㡢ħͬʱԪޱٴϯ죬ӰȫûͻȻħλַ㾪мæԪħըѣƺһ˶ء
þòƽڵħ·ʧûгλַĵ㡣ͻȻ޴ĳһСУ뼯ϣַвѸٺ壬Ϊתһܣֻأֻ˺һȻ
ޱɨʣ߲֮ãҫַ㣬޴߲Ѹٽס޾򲻶׳߲֮ǰһɫ޴ΣħĽһɫӰ֣ħ
ħŭһȫɨħַҧȫ߲ɰ˲ײһ
޷ķѸٻΪڰ߲֮ãϡѣ޾˶ȥַһܶȥɽ֮ڣһѪǡһãأħҲ˹ڡ
ɽ֮⣬޾䣬޾ľΪɻңɽʯΪɽӻΪޡַΣһ߲ϻסɽȣħ΢΢һЦҲһħ߲ڣַͬʱסɽȡλͬʱ֣ЧȻͬ죬޾ɽȳԶɽ˿ˡ
֮һйƽ˻һͬʱɽһƬ棬֮ɽڵķ羰ɾ
ͻȻһãħַüͷһ̧ץǿнãץԡãѣǿϯַƺһɨһ֣˲ʧ
Ӱ£ȴͷѩ⣬輸ŮѩѸٱסַ첲ʵû°ɣ
üܣΪʲôֹң
ַҡͷ̾ϢǲĶ֣οҲˣҲô񡣡Ůһ㶣ħȻַ飿ʵ˲š
ħЦʵͬһ㣬ܺҡԺҿɲˣֻսѡ
ַ㰵̾лǰ飬û뵽ħʵǿ󡣡
ħЦԼɣ
ʲôԼ
֮Ҳ֮սҲ׼֣ҵº֮ΣҲ޹أΪΣ
ַЦãԣ֮Լ
ħҶƽ£ʱңġ
ַ˶лˡǾȾͲӭˣΪһ޷ȫŵù㣡
ħҡͷЦ˰ˣԣסǵԼַĬĬͷ
ħ΢΢һЦתȥַħȥͻȻһѪҲЩήӡŮȵΧסַ㣬ַЦһ죺һıѾʼˡ



135 ˼·
ѾʮˣǰļԽԽʱеԼԼΪʼ˽˼޹ֻõһΣһֻԼ֪Ρ
һλʱƼһϷΪ·˼һ߿ƼϷһͥõġ
칺һ̨·רõġǡǾһεƤм˵ĴС濴ȫܷ⣬ȴſĿռ䣬п˽ϵͳĴ߳
ʹãҲһͷˮֻרҵԱİѧϰʹ߿ƼǷһڣӵԴԱʼϰһСʱƶǶˡ
Ա뿪ȲĽڣݸղѧҩĶ̫ѨϣȻë̺ϣİŤ
ǰһʱ䣬ʱʮ롣ʮ֮ޱȣ۾ξһ硣һ˼С˵е磬ϵĳʯĵ棬ڶұڳ֮æµ
ɻͷʱһγУ˲һЩγǡ·Ϸ˾Ϊλ˽ϷõĽѧ򣬿һ˲ϷеһЩ顣
һ磬Ǹ߿Ƽڳн磬Ĵַ϶Ϥǻƺƺͼ׿λ
λ˼޷أֻ˼䡣ʹö˶˼ƼѣǿʼзƼÿƼ磬ԭ;̫Ͻ磬λ״ν
·еҾ̫Ͻеĵӣÿ˶֪ơϷͬΪʮ־磬ϷΪ鿪磬ÿ弶ɽһ磬еڽ׶Ρ
ϷͬĲ࣬սǱȽһַʽؼǶڵ򣬿˵·һѧϰϷûнǮ棬еֻǰɼսͳѣΪʵӵϡ·
֪ķͨԼֻԼһŷҲ԰ʦ÷һλ߿ƼԼķֻҪоݣҷ·ϵͳͨһϿɣұԻһרȨ
ΪʲͬķҲǲͬԲһģһķʹʦͽ״ҲвͬЧ
һһ븹Уоʵ硣
̫ˣеֱһģһЦšͻȻһɽɿлĽʲôʱҲԷء棿ҼǵеԼ÷ɽҲԷɵġ
ɨԼһۣԼһɫ£һɵ̾˿ΪǵеԼеر񽣡̾Ϣ֮ʱһγУΪշеļ⣬ͨһȻͿѧշС
һӰƮȫԼǰкͽ䣬ϲڶҾȵ죬ոսϷĳҾȻƾշУ̫˼ˣ
컹֪ԼѾôˣΪϷܹշеļҲֻˡ
쿪ĵϷȥĽһλȴһ
ڷУû뵽ԼķѾ޷컹ӿһٶȣͻȻʾľûʲô˼㼱䣬ѽҽˤ˵ϣûиоʹȴšˡ
ΧһƬЦЦڵأվߵЦ˭ܰæôˣ
ܶʱһƬΪ˷ҲԼ򷨾֮һ֮ǲ⴫ġֻһ֣ʶû⣬һ˺⡣
һʮŮվ˳һãס죬еġˡʧһЦллλˣСܸոսϷкܶණ֪ء
ŮӣΧҷ󾪺ֻǰŮһɫȹҲòŮЦСܸܵոսϷͿĽǲͬһ㡣ʲô֣
һµҽַ㣬ٺٺ١ΪϷУΪв࣬˵Լ֡
ŮЦҽ»ܵ벻ҵɣΧһ󾪺ַһ£Ϊʲôһһէģɵõ˵ͷ
ֳһγ򣺡Ƿܰʦ»һȻҲһγѡΪȷڵַ뵽ôֻ࣬мѣȻԸ˽Ϸе磬Ҳѡˡȷ
˲¼ַʽΪ»šӡ˵ǵӣַûа»ʦ㣬Խ̽һЩʶ𣿡
»ͷͻȻһվ˳ãΪʲô
һ£»ĸԲɰİ»ɰеһ֧»սϷͿգѵ㲻ѽ
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»죺ףɣҽɢ»ţ뿪ɰ˵һдһ»ɢ»ţɰ
һ㶣ַֻ㲻ŶˣոսϷ˽ЩԲַŭɨַһۣһ»ߣ˭֪»úһ˦Բַնȥһ֮ˡԲҧתȥˣڶҽͷӶʲô
ַ㱻»򣬳һ⣬羰Ҳ»ַ䵽ϣʱ˿ַΪ»ڵӣΪ»ûеİɣΪҰޡ
»ԽԽˣû취
ַ㲻磿ôое֣Ҳ˵»Ц˳ַҲεЦǸʲô˼»ʼΪַ˵·
·Ϸûй̶ɣֻԼɣɿԼɣⲻġ
ұӵΪҪӵֶصķſԽɡɸǼѣӵдϵΪʮֶصķ
봫ŵһŷҪÿһʱֵʵڷ߽װɰԼˡ·װĿǰΪֹֻ֣ɽ¡װס
ɽǿԷһ·װ׿ԷװҲԼơڲ෱࣬װҲ᲻ͬ
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ַſˮ»·Ǵ˵е𣿺Ư
»Цܵھ绹ܵͣҸоܺãӦúסɣҽ㼸ַô
ַҡҡͷˣѾû˰ɣ鷳ˣԼɣ˼æʲôȥɣһġ
»ͷҲãĳҵϣʱҡʦͽⷨ˲䵽ġַ˵ͷ»΢Цһתˡ
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ַһȣظ»ϵˣȥַһɨԶݴһζס
ÿҽϷɳ̵ÿбһЩͨĹַ֮ѸٳݴԣһֻѩС˳Զ
ַһЦٻҪ⡭ϷˣҪɱӣܣ
ӾʵӰ飬ܵĺܿ죬ַ㻹ûϰϷеĹǵ׷ȥġһЩ亹һЩͷ϶һ񺹡ıš
ܣСӻͦģַѽһɨһγУͬʱһɫһӶȥ
һϸ죬ӵڵϣ建ʧַ֪ѾɹɱˣһЦѰұĿȥˡûע⵽һЩҵͶҪŵ˵ϣۿǽ˵ԪӤڲŻн𣿡
һŰȻСǱὣҪǿܶˣ
鿹飡һǳӣһ·˾йϵӣ
ѵGMۿ·˾̫
»Զַ˵ͷȻһͨˣ
󣬼Ҿȵǰ˵𣿵ǿҲûʲô
»΢ЦǲῴġǺúñӴһЩǾͻˡҲ²ⲻǰһߣһΪ֮ˡ
˸һҪҪҳס
»˼Ƭ̵ϵܺͼϵܵĻǲдġ
˵ͷתȥ»΢΢һЦԶַ㣬ۺɫᲨ¡һã»Ӱʧֻм仨껺أԶַֽ׷С



136 ʧĿ
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ѩشַһ£㣬ΪʲôͬͰˣҪнһزأ
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ѩ۵ʱ䡣Ҹоһ֮֮΢ı䣬ڵȴʱ
ڵȴʲôʱ
ַ˼Ӧ½°ɡһΨзѩ۵˵ͷ
辪ȵֲǲ½Ϊʲô˵ֿ½ˣ
ѩ̾˵ֻµ̫Ͻ磬½磬ǡѩɨһۣͳ̫Ͻ磬ɱˣǿи½ּͨȿ½硭
ʲô־ȣȻҪɱ̫ϽڵˣַһҪɱħȾ˺Ҳһ㡣
ѩĵ̫Ͻ϶һѣǳɹý磬ʱ
ꡭַ
ϵܣôˣѩ۲
ַҵþ֮飬ҵ֮Ǿȥ½硣
أ
绹ɱңԸǣǽһ硣
У̫ΣˣοڶҪȥ⿪
ַЦ㡭ýؾ۰֮ԪΪԷһ𣿡
ѩεصͷ
˵Ļڵһ취֪вС
½Ҫ̫Ͻˣ쳽϶Ҳڡɱ̫Ͻڵʱûġ
ַҡҡͷҲ˵ӣջǿԲˡ
Ҳǰ̫Ͻ磬ֻҪһǻǿԵģû̽½硣
ַ˼ã֮Ц簴ҵķȥϽ絷ң½̽εַ㣬ƵԸȥΣյĵط
ѩ۵ɣȥ̫Ͻ磬ץʱԼ¡
ַҪԼݣõġбŮڣҲµġ˵ַ򷿼䣬ѩǸͷôģ
Ժͽˣַ뷿пʼˣŮҡͷЦ
ѩ۵ħ͵֮ܵԼǲֵģҪץʱѰһþ֮飡
ѩ̾˿ܽУŮԼ岻ַ֡ܵ˲ᣬħʵǿ̫࣬սַԪܵˣòǺءѩ۵뿪ɽѰһþ֮䣬ַѩɽڡ
һ죬һӰȣ۾ڴȥһϲܣ
ַվƽ̨֮ϸ񷢴ƺ˼ʲôͷ߳ɽŵַ㱳󣬿׼ʱѸַǰϵôˣ
ַһ˺һʲôʱģ
Цոգôˣѩأ
ַͷһЦûйºһ㵽ϷһѨҡ˵ַתȥ
һ㶣ʲô²˵оַеֵֹġԼˣЦһȥַ˵ĵص㣬ȥȻַʲôԼĵܵܡ
ĵطһ°ѨڰޱȣΧһƬȺɽ˴žô¡ԶһӰԽԽ̤ϧ񽣻أɻǰĵѨ
˵ʵоΣգǵַ֪ܵĵص㣬ҲоַϢڡԥסȥ
ͻȻΧȺɽɽɢħԴ˶Ϊĳ֮С
ɺڰޱȣϧ񽣵ĹҫͨͨʮְֻгĽŲصͨڡ
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ԽԽ룬оЩ㣬пһ¶ѨᲽѸ߳ͨ붴Ѩ̸о˲ԾڲϲɢļΪΪܵͣڲرС
о˲ܣ𣿿ɣյĶѨصûκλش𣬿ȴоַϢڶڡ
ϢԽԽǿң·ĵ£ڸо˲ԣٳٲǰһַϢԽԽǿңüͷֵطһǵ룬ַȴӰֻһζɢϢԼ롣
ĸо˲²ԼѾȦףɵսϧ񽣡˵ĸӦ֮´Źã˲ѨһֻѨǽϲħϧ񽣵ĺã֮Եøӿֲ
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һƿ֮תһһͻȻһħ߻ҽһ˺Ѫ
ʹһȫһħۼУڲǿСҧأ˫ָ˫Ŀʹ˫ĿڳѪ˲¡
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ħػ壬˿˿ѪӿԼҪɥڴˣϾû˫Ŀ޷صĵط档ۼԪһ˽
ɫɽѸٳΣΧųѸתǿ嵴ѨħԱɢһúȽָɽѸٺһתųϷȥ
һ죬ؾұըԲʮ׵رը𴦣һҫۺãƵرա޴ӳڴϣ³վڵײַãһζʱһߺޣֲøܲϧ񽣵Ϣ
ַѹһƣɽ˲Ϊħеĳȥɽ񽣽⣬̻ħ˲䱻𣬵ʣµħǻ˳塣
һѪҡҡλΣûе£ûзκʹؽַѸ˹ȥôˣҡҡλεתͷѪ£Ƥõ⡭
㣡ַһס˳ôˣɲҪҡ
΢΢һЦַ㻳Уϧ̳ڡַ˫˸ŷŭĽãħȻΥ֮Լ壡ҹ
ַ㱧ųɵһƴ棬һ߲֮ãѸءһ죬ؾҲƬصɿУ߲֮ãƲɵ
˿̵ַ񣬳׽㣬ַҲƲסԼˡ߲֮ãϺ̳ա
ͻȻһֻѪ߬סַ֣ϢܡҪҪ˵ġַһ㶰Լ쵰ʱ֮ӦΪ˲Ŷԡ
ַǿˮһȥ뿪޵٣һħرָԭ
һ߲֮ãѩ⣬ַ㱧ųڵϡַųڵϣ̧һ߲֮ãڡַ˫üһгˮܵ˺󣬹ɾԪȫ٣ദںްϧ񽣼ʱס˳ĹɾԪ´ʱĳѾһʬˡ
ַԪΪˣǿ˰ΪȥǳɸӰԹе
ַҧгݣԼʱϵҪҷתˣζų᳹ȥַζ޷ܵġ
ڳȻסڲĴ˾ַ㶼ΪֻóַӡĹɾԪɽҧأЦܣҵôˣ
ַĬãЦûˣֻҪϢͿˣҪʱܳͷ
ַĨһеˮ㣬㻹оﲻ𣿡˵ַΪˣܿͻָԭʲô˫Ŀǵĵȷȷûˡ



137 ŭ
סˣʧȥ˫ĿӡɾԪڵ״һͨķˣҲ޷ٳ˿˺ַ߬ȭͷһŭͷ˫˲仯Ϊ߲֮ɫҲΪ֮ɫ
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һʺɨ붴Уؾұը̳ķɽʱȺɽҲΪ֮ϳһľ޿ӣѵɢڿӱϡ
ôܡַ㶵˫ָ
ϸ죬ȷ壬ַȷֵܵϢɻַɵٴδһƣ޿Ӻһٴ½ٶס
ֻɢַ㲻ЩɻˣõְַҧҧһҪʲô
߲֮ãٴɨ֮ڣһ죬һرɼڶɢһͨַһ붴У̱ͨӳ߲֮ɫһֱ뵽
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ַ㳷˼ָҲָƽ
ߣҪȥһˣַ㰵ҧԭһתӰ˲ʧ
ַߺԶһ֣һƬɭ֮Уߣ֮ϲ˺ۡ
֮ɽһʺãַڶڽַͨͨһɨ׽ըǱ׵ַޱͨڡ
ַ̫ܿϽ磬ûֱͣӽ֮ͨͨڱ鲼ףַһɨһƣͨ˲仯Ϊ߲֮ɫ˲䱻ַͨ㸺ȥ
֮ϣͬĵ⣬ֻתţħͬĵǰȻּתʮɻ֮ͨȥ
ַַ֮ͨüͷһɨһƣ֮ըʮɻַ֮һ˸߲֮ãǰȥ֮紥ɢַɺ赲ǰ
ܿͨͷַ̤ͨ硣λħΧǺˣ˽磡
ַһһǰλħסַ㡣һɢ⣬ħһԵزַɸֶ
һӰͬĵħȵʲôˣӰԽԽַ㣡
ҫ۵߲֮ãɨħ֮ɢħֵķɵСоǵȻֻ֪û뵽ȹᵥ硣
ħַ㣬Ũħգַ޶øֶǰ״ͨħתַһãϣ߲֮ãѸٰ֡
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ͬĵУħַӶյͬĵֳַ̡̾λڴ˵ģ𣿡
ħͷϧˣҲǺĺ󱲡˵ħɨַһۣгЦ⡣
ַ΢ЦǰǶǺܲģɶ˵ļλ񡣡ħһаЦһħ֣Слת
ַħǺܿصģһα֮ԼǲϵġַϾҲʵӵԪ񽣣û˿ɱץסʱһħ뷨ַ᲻˽⣬Ҳš
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ʱ˿̣̫ϽһսѪħ輸Ů֡
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ѩ֮ǰﲻæģȴ֪ο԰ﵽַ㡣Ů̫Ͻ磬ҵѪħˣڼŮѸ٣ˮޡħѪħ˲䱻ˣλħҲˡŭ֮˫֣ѩ۲ûھ۲š
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ŮҲûг֣ĬĬ˫Ĵս
񽣵λħǳԿر񽣣̬ٶʹĴħЩηηβ
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սһȷͬĵ˲Եɨ磬ħ˲ɢûֵвַҲƲסеʹߺޡ
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ħҲŭɽߣȾȻ磬оȻо֮ˣֱ⣬̫ϽһƬңħ˶ˡ
쳽ڰ˻̱⡣ãһӡ
˫λΡ֮һúȡ쳽һ֮תȥֻֻѾһ죬쳽ҽűԶ
ѩһѩԲһ֮»Ϊɫ硣
ŮЦһһƻħΪ⣬ħֻĿűŮؿڡ
䡭
ħ÷顣Ůѩͬһķѩ۵ķӡ˵κЧԭһת˫ƣã輸Ů˲ָ硣
λħӡҧȥȫռϷ硣ħѸٴħˣħ֮Ѹٴһȥ
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֮Ϻϣַ㡢ħȫ֮Уе٣һƬҡħ˫ƺϻأ
˽߲֮ѸٳΣΧַ㻺תԵħȥ
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ģĺɫ콣ѸٳΣħս콣һȥ
߲֮콣һħУħŭȵ˭˭һ
콣ַ㣬ַҧ˺콣ѸͻȻãһַӰ֪ȥ



138 콣֮ս
콣˿նأħԶֻεַĿħЦ֮ٶȹȻͬһ㣡
ַߵû뵽Ҳл飬зˡ
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ˣ߽нϧеĸΪΪʲôԳΪɣΪϧ񽣵еĵΪ
ֲ˽˰Եǲ֪ΪʲôҪЩ
Ϊ㱾֪£
ħҡͷһЦǹҵȷ֪£Ҫ˵ܹвҵľǽܶˡ
ַߵϧˣҲԸģһ䣬ܳͨ񽣺Хһַԡ
ħ콣˫֣ЦҼǵ߽ǲܺģѵҪ߽𣿡
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콣ɢħַ㣬һ죬ħķַε˲ӰħЦһֶͻȻħ֮гһ߲֮ãħʱΪ߲֮ɫһľС
ħüͷһѸٻ콣ȵط콣ʲôסˣȻ޷أħȵŹħвԽԽء
ħɢһ߲֮ãٳħħ߲֮ãŵ׳Զڰħľѡ
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߲ɨ磬ħʱɢһ߲ʹ⻪˸䣬ſԿһӰվһԡħ־ȣ֮һ
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콣࿹ȻʹһɹɿѪήҲ콣֪콣ղƺҲΪŭȫһԿ֮콣Ʈһ߾ֹˣϹãҲЩɢ
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ֻãڿвϽӴ뻬ǿ嵴ħɨַһѸٳַαεٺˡ
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ħַ˽ǵӶԷһսҪͻȻãѩ۵ħɨһۣĿڷѩ۵ϣѩãû뵽㾹Ȼš
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ͨʼɫָҲһɾ޴֮ϡħЦһסԼΣַһһ߲֮ãס˷ѩ۵ˡ
ѩʮ־ħ൱磬ǺãַҲסˣѵҪ
ͨŤΣԽԽ޾֮ͨڣҲǿͨڡڵͨһҰް㻢ӵҲɢ಻ıը
ַѩۣѩۿЦûа취ˣͨѾȫŤ޷룬û˭Եֿǹ޷뿪ˡ
ַһڴ˴룬ΪħҲħԼսѩ۵˿϶ܵʹ˿ʱѩڻý磬ħû׷ɱƾڵѩͳǸ޷Կġ
ֵַǣһŭͷ˫֮˸߲֮ãħħôѵںҿս𣿼ʹˣѩǾ޷ԿǹˣǸľַһ㶰ҧħ˼Ƕ뱻ľ档
ħЦһѩ۵ˣ˫ɢ˿ãһԾ޴ڶ콣Ҳɢ̶ַ㰵ãħȻ˻һٳȥѩ۵ˣ



139 ռ
ַս콣Ҳħıóʡѩ۵˰ΣҲ֪ħʲôͨǿԶԿģʹͬҲֻֿܿס
ܣҪˣƾ˵ʻͨͨ߰ɣ
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콣߲ͨʣһɱ̬ԡµַٹ˲ñʵˣѩ۵˵ֿܷܷħĹ
ħŭһһ룬߲ʷ籩˲̬ķֱܿͨȫˡ
ħˣܿٴַǱԼȥס˵ַһȥŮȫһѸٵֿͨ
ַŭһħȫħһܵĽսԶ˴ħȻַ뷨²Ϲѩ۵ˣַֻñħǰ
ͨѾȫŤѸСܿСмȭͷĴСʱǿ˲٣ŮȫһͨȥַһѸŮߣһһŮԶͨ
Զ㲻ղǰǿңַٴηȥħַ㽻սͻȻߵ߲֮ãһ̶֮ܶȥûַ壬ַٴγħս
ŮԶĲһʹΪԼĴַ֪㣬Ǳ̬޿κΣŮͬڵ»԰Щʲô
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ʱԶȫޱȵǣ˱ըʲôҲоַħƺˡ
ֹ֮ͣɢһħãѸٳ嵽һߣħؿһߡһߣһ߲֮ã˸ַͬؿ˽һˡ콣ɢֻʣ˿յĴ뽣
ŮĵЦˣַ㾹Ȼţͬʱ˲ʵҪ֪ղŵԻһС
ַħͬʱһѪ˵ϣ콣ıӻǿֵޱȵɱˡŮһҪȥ鿴ͻȻŮסˣΪǵĽžȻˡ
ͷȥֻںһƬħŮһǾȻ֪ʱڣԭ̫Ͻջƿ˷ѩ۵ķӡԱһУǶǿ˵õġ־ѩۿԱ޷õķӡֻӡ
ӡֱͨͨ磬ϢŮ£ŮַʶûзֳɹӡŮħɢħһɾ޴ڣŮʹһڣѪڡ
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ѵҵĴַ֮˳ͨٴȥһ·ϳ˵ʯʲôҲûС
ַܿһѨѨһӰɻ
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뷨ַٴ߽ͨܿһѨһɻͨ
ַһɨһƣһã衣һãʧɻַ㣬Ӱȴɢַһ̧Ųһͨͨʧˡ



140 ֮
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ѩûִңܿĵЦЦĺǸҾȣСǿʼûսʤȣҼΪ粻ڵĶǱǰһ㶡
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ַų㣬ҴȥһϦɡЦѩһߣŹȥ
һսһƬǽ壬ԲһƬݵأΪһԲεСɽɽȫ档Сɽ֮Ϧ泩żȥů
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ģӰӽùֹͬˮҶһˡŮ΢΢һЦų
ˬҹ粨˷ߣɢƽ˱зɳڸ



144 ɾ
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Ҳ˼ζԸ磬ַ׶֮Ĳ࣬ڵľ޷硣ȵǰ֮ڹµʫ䣬صѰһþ֮飬ʱھ˵̫Ҫˡ
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ܳõϢǰȥѰλĲ֮ˣԷɲ³ʵ顣ܳʼƽѯʣԷɶԷɲϿڡ֮ܳʱһصİֻ꣬˵ĸ֣ؾ
ؾһ㶡ַɻѵйϵ
衢εЩԾΪ־ڷŶǴεľԶҲǣﾹȻ˵ܲȣܣ᲻ĳһڵأ
ַͷпܣҿǰݷһɣԵõʲô˵ͷ
ַ㰵ҧؾ֪ΪΣַһֲԤС



145 ƽϢС
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ʲô˼ѵСôһ𣿺ôҲɵΪҪС𣡡

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ַҲ˼룬ûбҪչ˼ߣǿһִٺķ˼·ܶˡ
ô׵ģ׼ôã϶ҵõķ治֪ô쵽ģĹˣǴ漣
Ҫȥþ֮ͲһҪˣǿ̽뷨ҵƷġ
ĿǰǻȰŹ˼߰ɣǵĲ²ǴҲһ
ַεصͷ˰˼ң֪𣿡
˵˵ľͲЩ˿֪ģǶ˲Ŷ⡣
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˲ȫӲȻַ㼸˵ݡһ˺ȵ˵ʲôģʵشҪϴ󲻿Ҿ˺㣡
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ʲôˣ
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ϴҿ⼸ǲ˵ʵˣҪȻֱɱˣ
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ʣµ˿޺ģַ޶ԡƵĿ˲˵һмֵ壡
ۡ
ַ㽫о˳ϲҲƿڶЦ



146 Դ
壬֪ʲô塣ǰ֪һ𣿡
ַλˣƾǵݺ;統Ȼ뼸λ˼ƽϡ
｣źŴϵȺ֮ſڵҵȷ֪ҵļһ̾ڱ֮⣬ʱҺһѧϰɷĸǼ߶һھܾңֻ뿪ˡ
ܳɵҲһ˽⡣ʮֱӲ彻ʹɵҲֻһš
εҡͷǰ˸徹Ȼ֮⣬ǲʶ̧٣ǿڵǰ϶ڵľ
ѩҲһ壺Ǿǣ̫ɵǻýһʵ壬ǾȻҲ֮Ǳ壡
ַһЦ˵ǱѾȡЦˣû뵽ѩȻǱһΪĵĹǰҿ岻ʲôࡣ˵λڼħĻ£ħҲЩ
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ĵͷ˵ǰ֮崦ħ棬崦ħ治֪ȥΪķɵûжΰݷá
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ɡַ˼Ϊ֮ˣ߻ЩһʲôĿģҲ϶ǿѰ壬Ǹ
ֵܣΪǸô죿һڵšȥ޷õʲô
ַ˳һۣסĸ첲𣺡ȻǾͲҪʲôˡǳֻΪɢģαΪһЩ´徲΢΢һЦû˵ҲǵͷһЦ
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ʼû˵ַҲЩûгѯʡ｣Ҳһֱ˼һš
ܳʣµһԣûɹˣҲ̫ˡ
ַͷϣԺҲˡ
ģŷֵܿսʤ磬λӶȫַЦǰȥ
ƽϢСʵڸ㣬ٸ̶ڴˣкܶߴ󲻶ѩŮòǣԻᲩ۹⣬̰֮ҲĻϲ⣬ִ
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ѯʵ֪һмĵӣΪйӿŮʶơ˼Ϊңкγҵĺַ̨ȤΪǵ̾ǼΪĵӡ
ַ㻵Ц˵˭ַ˼λ񽫼ҵһ飬ץżַͬǰҡ
Ϊ̨ν޷죬Ҳǿƴ󣬻Ϊ˲ſԸ塣һѣַŮң⵱Ȼı塣
̨ԣĿַˣջӵĻҡַ˽ҽĻڵأֻ֮Ԯ壬ַųڵеȴš
ҲţַƲִҪǰȥˣʲôı
΢ЦȻǲȥѵǷɾɣ
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һ֮ҵַ㲢ûйΪãǷָƽϢСеķˣﷲɾң˳ֱָ壡
ƽϢСǱ壬ַҲļͽȥȷЩңԶ֮пʮƥ⵱ȻõĴˡ｣ЦҲþûˣÿԽ˻ᳩһ¹ȥķɡ
λɲ｣Ľ̵ܿԦ졣ѩ̫ͬһεҪ˰ȫַֻͬһ˱Ϊܣûʲôɡ
˻֮㣬˻ЦԦȥ
оˣŷĺôʱ˱ͱУ޽֮Уһ޷Уǵȷʸ
յĻƻǺǻƻ֮ʱַ㲻ͣ¿ųϦҲ֮Ϧַ֮ͣԹϦ
һſ˫ۣһ֮ɢȥ΢΢һЦҲͬĶһ˲䣬һ޷ķӿϸͷ
̤ųƺҲ˵ķɸȾַųıӰһŷԼĽ㵱ˣ˿ɱȣ
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ַ㻳и΢ˬܣҵþ֮ȥ½ɣҲٿӰַͷҲԸΪУһ̸ųľҲĵЦš
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ҹǹ˸̸ЦȻĶ࣬޾Ӱǳ֣ϼϡûܹע⵽ķʹַҲûз֡
ҹȥϼ죬һбҫˣ˷̤ȥҪһ̽塣
ʱ弸֮⡣ңɽַ֣㡢｣ѩܳȴһ㶣˲ˡ
ַܵ𣿡
ͷɫ˲ö࣡ܳ˵ͷ
εɻǰǵȷʲôҲûп
ռһɽԲʮεɫнɫ࣬нǽΣϿգҲ˽ƿƿֲ
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˳һַܹ϶𣿡
ͷдġ彫˵ޣʹػ˵أ⵽ʱǾͱ£ʹǲԸҲܸıԼˡ
ѩȫ˵ĲҸоʮֲɣƺжвʵؿͺС
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˾ȵܳ岻⣺ʦ棬ֻһˣûа˿飬ȥ󣿡
΢Цﻺ̧֣ԶյĽʼ𶯡ų̧ߣԽԽҡͻȻС߬ȭϵĽһ˶ͷϲ衣
ַ˾ȵų˭Ҳ벻˵ĳԲٿش󡣳΢Цһָƾǰһɨϵ飬˻Χ˷衣
ʹεҲڸܵʲôλȥתɣſƣ˲ɢãƮһա
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ַϲѾΪʲôˡ΢ЦеĽɫҺ壬֮ҡͷЦϧˣҵ޷ͿյЩˣ
һ̾Ϻ޲̬֮ǵ΢ЦֻС£ɫҺѸɫƮͷѸɢֻСȫ£Գɫǳ˭Ҳ
Сһ˦ǳȥһַ㻳УᴭǰҲ֮ȥ
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εɻգʲôҲ｣Ŀɿڴ΢΢һЦַ㻳С
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ε˵޷콣ѩΪУܳǹ⣬ʶ˿Կ
ĿǷɣʹΪ˱Ҳ䡣󷨽ءȻɣȫȻ
ﲻȻˣȻ֮Ӹȫֽ˴



147 
һˣҪֻ֪һˣ˷ɵĿ£ʹΪҲӡҡͷû뵽ڵ˲ԺΩΨеͷЦ
ȥȻϢ֮˻֪ƣ˻Цżȥʱɽ£ǰһʯСɽխͽȥ
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һ·Ҳ羰ˣ˸ӽΪķ羰ûһֻ࣬ʵ̫ˡһЩֲ֧סˣϾ֮ҸղҲľ
ַһҵһСʯóϢ˾ܡַһ˼Ǻкı｣һ۵˴֮дһ˿ɷûһֻ࣬Ϊԭȵ̫ء
ַɨһ۵˵صûʲô֮Ҳعڽ
ܳȥ̽һҵϢ
ַҡҡͷģûҪʲôһȥȿɡͣͣ˽һʱɽϡ
С·ͷһƽأһɽڶ棬ӿˣһǰձ岻ͽûͻȥɣ
չͦͦǰ峤˵ϴãӭӣ
ŵߵ˾ҰַʮǲжŵӲΪǻʲô֡
չ˵ַۣߵžȻ˲չҸɵ
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˵Ѿڲһƽ̨ϣǰһΰĴȻһǿϢ̧ͷȥֻڵڴŭַˡ
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Էò˵ַ㿪ڵ峤ңǾ̤ƽ壡
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ѩһŪ˺ôһ˵Ҳ֣˶Բ־ܵˡѩЦվӣСǰˣƺЩߡ
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챾΢ȣɾȸҲЩŵģֻǲ֪Ϊ壬һҲû챾˼Ƭַ̽˴ڵеϡ
챾ˣڵе˷λãȭλԭɾͽ֪ұ壿
ַסѩֵҵʦãǼʦϲĵӡǰҵϷҼʦãʦ֪ضŭΪ˳ȥ󻼡
챾üͷ΢壺Ŷҡǵȷʹ˼ЩϵҶӣСԵƬ̡챾ȥַ˫΢Уղһֱע챾ı飬鿴һļ֮ˣ࣡
챾ڵټһӣҲ֪˵ЩʲôתȥˡܳͻȻʹһɫַ˼ӾҪҵˣ
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ʱӽУԻһӡɨһ۱ȭʦҶڴˡ챾ͷַ㡣
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ӱȭͬʦֵܣϵȻͬһ㡣ǰѻ˵Ҳʦ׷ʲô顣
ССӿС֮ǻ˵ġ
ллǰ
ˣʲô֣ϲľˡ
ǰ³
Ŷַɨһۣޱ飬ȴЦֹ



148 ǿݳ
ýĽĵӣƽƽòƽƽΪҲƽƽҪ˵ڲͬΨ˫峺ֹ۾˫۾һʵģĻ챾ǳ
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ȫһ˫һ˵ϣæȭлǰ飡
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챾üͷ΢壬ЦкβɣĪ˵գʹҲԣܹɾҲ֮ã
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ַ˵סѩѩֽţҪҰһû˵أſ
һǰͻȻվַһ亹ǲ֪ѩʲô˾ȻΪͷַֻ֮ȥѩúһۡԶɽ֮ϣ챾һΪһãȥˡ
ҹ٣ַ˾н̸λػ
īʦ𣬵Ѿ۲Ƭؽ硣ǵסɽ壬һϿͨɽһ棬ڵע⣬ûóȻǰȥ
ַͷ˵زƵأнΪҲ׳Ҹоͬһ㡣
ܣڳʲô
ĻҲ޷͸ǲ֪жأһӾȻôĻ
˵֮Թأвʬǣ᲻ʲôıɱǣ
ܳʵֵܣΪþ֮Ƿؾ᲻ֻһնǵĿӦ̫ɵɣǵĿ̫ɵڲпܴ֮ˣҪСģԷ壡
ַҡҡͷģգοһע⡣޷½磬߽Ѿܹ壬ûа취Ըǣǲɵǰġ
ʲôıأҿǵɵ̫ɵʵӦǲġǻ뿪ΪãϾǵĴ磬ûбҪΪһʱ䡣
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䣬ѩ˽һЦݣλش֣
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ѩϣѯҵ֪һЩ顣סɽ壬÷״Уഫ֮ǰ崦ħ棬֪Ϊ崦ħ治֪ȥ򣬴ӴĽءеⴳУҲûһԳġ
崦ħ棿崦ħ棬Ϊʲôѡأ÷״ɽ塭
ֲôأԭħڡ
ѩҲͬѰ˵֮ǰҲеӾסЩзһͨŷִ˵һѨڱ鲼׹ǡλӼΪţܳͨ񣬶˴˴
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СŲмչʾأߣ
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һİɫʯ̨֮ϣռ֮ĵؽ磬طǰɫʯ̨ʯ̨ߣһף;Σ̨ͨʯ̨֮ϡʯ̨ûа׹ǣиǴȴһɽɽһ
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һХ춯أɫϾҲɫҲ֮𶯡
ﵽʲôĪ𣿡
ƺӡںУˣǻҪȥ𣿡
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ַ΢΢һЦ˫ԶĳУ˫֮һһϲַг񣬶ȻжԸİ취Ȼַ֮㿪ڵģʹ򲻹۾£ε˭ܵıǿ죿
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ַͷȥüͷֻ֮ʮ֮ǰĽһͬӡһꡣ｣ƿڴ쵰
ܳɫҲÿȥЩӵ꣬û뵽˿ɶԼĵҲϷŹԭգƺҲ˽ڲʵꡣ
ͻȻһܣ쿴
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ٽһڵͥԺ˲仯Ϊƽأı䷽׷ַˡ֮⣬ַߺ޵ųĽѾȷʵĿˡ
ַŭȵ벻ǧһ𣡽նҪףͬߺޣ׷ս׼
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ŭͷʲô˵ģַȥԸ˵ַһȥ
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໥ŹԶӸĿɿڴǿַ㲻ڹʾԼʵϾǿĽ
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ȭЦлǰΣĬĬ˫۰ɽ壬Ҳ÷״ɽ塣



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һؾѵﻹһؾ𣿡
ؾĹзѵҲǷ𣿡
˵Ǳӡħˣ
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ǰԶǺɫľ͹·ã˸ϣ̫ӺսšԷ·ߣ̫ӴĶҲˡʵȺҲģ˰Χţǿķʱʱмˡ
ַոսͱһģסȥ·˵Ϳʼ֡ԷʵҲǼǿ澳˵֮˵ַ˵ЩСʱ㱻ˡ
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152 ˫ս
ʺīĿǰֻСţܹһֱʵʵī֮ϡ˫ĿӳеĶˣЩѾ˹׼Ͼսֵֻܵս
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ЦǿЦǺɽ磬壬Ϊ죡
ܣԸڱ֮꣬ǰ㴳µĻΪʲôôȥˣ
ϻ˵нĳɾȫĹͣҲģҲף߳ƵΪλɽ֮£ɽȺ壬Ϊ֮̾ԻͣվȻһֱϲĶϣ
ܣӦеȥѾȥˣӦóΪһ׸ẦԼȫΪã
ΪҺã㲻ֵֵܴ֣֮Ȼӡǣҵĺö簡һ꣬һడ֪һôʱʱ㵱ʱǱףΪľһΪλ籨
䣡
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īߵֵһɵģнҲһɵģ㲻̸ɱ㣬һƴȺڶķϣһǷؼ磡
㡭ȻЩߣƺص˵һѣ޷ܱ˲кȺġ
ַǰһǰʲôطҪ͵ģ
ǿЦϷˣСѿչ壬岻ˡ
īŭȵ㾹ȻҪ彻һУѵ˾Щ΢к𣿡
ܲ񣡹ɲеˣҲǰˣ
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ַ˵ʲô̫ͻȻߣԹǲҪ˲ֵģЩɡ磬ĸأСҲֻԱҵСܵܡ˵̫ŭһǰȥ
ҲҪȥǱעַ㣬ʵǲΥġַ̾˳壡
ŭǰ˵ôҡ
˿ַʮƽЦİɣһὫǴġ˵ַһȥ
ԥܣʽ彻ַ㣬ַ峷ˣԼȴǰʹ˲֪Ǻá޴ǵҲԥ
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ҲЩԥĿ䵽˹ϡʱΪة࣬嵱ӵųߵĵλ˰ѡȨϡ
ʴ޾赲Էƣ̳룡ŭһǰȥתȥ̾ϢһҲʼ롣
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һ죬һɽ߿աīŭһΪΣ˫չ죬֮һѸչܿڱա
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˼еķϱ仯ŹʽͻȻīſŭȴǿ񱬵īҲһѸ
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ߣҲǡ
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֮ʱĽҡҡͣԶֻԶİɫӰ̤ˮ֮ϻгƬãѸٳ
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εôôˣַǲ졣
ε΢΢һЦתȥ۹ȥһ㶡ԶȺӵİɫӰԽԽÿнһɢãķɽȻߡ
ַȻһϲֿзеӰвϤףȻǱŮλ֮ѩͻҲСַЦЩ׹۵ӻ̫ɵĵӡ˿ԭ֪ͨ˷ɾַ֪㼸˲УΪַǰġ
ܿ˴ֱǵء³֮尲ΣȻӣ˵ǳеĵӡΪ˱ϣеӽ԰Ϊʶ֮Ҳ˰¡
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ʱ˫˾޴ı䣬һԶʤīһʵҲԶҪ֪߿ɲģοлʵΪ̬֮
ַߣļܣû˰ɣַЦЦͷȻ޷ɻǸܵеĻϲַ֪
ǰеٳɽ˹׼ַʣǰҰ㹲ͬԸīɡ
ҡͷҶԸɡַ㰵̾һ˵ͷ
ԶīܣְɣҪȺ˺ˣ
īЦû뵽û뵽簡߶㣡úúãֻҪʤңҵȺ͹ͳΣīȻǿңīһϾȺҲԸīһ塣
ַһȷһ԰ǿȺǵķӾīīĻȻȴҲԹԵ˵һԡ
ʮϸī˵ҲһԭīΪߣˣ˵˽ߣпܲǻý֮ˡ
׼ȷ˵ͻɹ岻ǻý籾ȺⱾΪ棬īһ˵ߣ̫ϽȺ
ʷԶĿǰ֪ľʷҲ֮ãҲ֮ǰɵǸʱ֮ǰѾˣʲôԭʹǶӻý磿
뵽˻þ֮飬üͷһ壬иǲ֪þ֮飬Ϊ˻þ֮飬ҲԽؾĲ廹кܶ˲˽ģ
ŵīĻһûзײϣãҴӦ󣡡



153 շī
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ַ˲ΪʲôҪ̫ӽʹҲס治ͬߣеΪɣ൱ߵԪ
Ϊȵһ̶ȾͿԽףҲᷢɱ䣬Ҳ֮ǿͿȫҲ˵һֳԭΣζҪȫսˡ
֮ǰīҲǵȫսԸַˣʶϸȫīԼҲսʤˣҲ˸֮ʵַһҲûС
ʴӦƴȺҲû˺֮ǣ񱬵Ȼȫսһĳ޽һսȫҲī˼Ȼֵ뿴ģµҲѡ
ȫ貵Ľãϲ죬ͬΪʮɴϢһд۴ī˺īɫΧɢŵɫϼʮƯ˭ҲԿʵī֮ϡ
ī˫ɢŵãϣһֱûиȫû뵽Ѿ״ﵽ߲硣
ǵܣⳡսû壬ͲҪִˡһ죬׶һġ
ߺߣȻʵ֮ϣɲģΪ˴磬ⳡսҲҪ򣡡
īͷŭ֮ϣ֮һҫ۵ɫ⻪·һס˫֮ɢҫ۵ĲʺãͷüĴһȭͷС߲ʹߣǿɹⲨķɢ
ַ׶˵ʵԶû˿ֹⳡ
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һ죬֮ã죬֮пɿһʺһɫԡһٴϮʺ˲̴īǲûбŽ˹ȥ
ͬʱɫ֮ɻԵ͸ɫ⻪İΧɢȥɫ⻪ɨ档֮ϲӿɽӿֱ飬һɫ⻪һ򣬺¡಻·ڰҷ
Զַ˾֣˿񱬵ʵڿֲԼ޷ֵⲿȷӵй֮
֮籩ײɫ⻪˲ʧϸ۹۲ɷɷ籩иһãϴһŭ𴫳һ籩ʱɢīֳӰϲ죬ƺûܵ˺
īϲ죬ڲ֮ŭӰĵطһīɫܿϱ鲼īɫ໥֯·һ
ŭһɢ˷籩ϲ죬īīüĲϵ߲֮ã߲֮ãĸ֮㣬һɢ֮ϣܿ˺һƬռ䣬ûһʺī
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߲֮ã֪Ϊһʺʮֻצûɢɫз·ʯˮ㣬ֻһЩīɫˮ
֪ʽüһʺ磬ʺǰתڣŽŭ𲻶׳󡣺֮ҲһˮˮƽתһȦһȦ֮ҲΪ߲֮ɫǰĲʺ֮СʺɫˮļѸʵʻ˲һ
ī˫צɫΪ֮һԽԽ󣬺ڰ߲֮֮ʮҫۡ
ŭһüٴһʺ磬ʺǰ޴Ĳʺϣʺ籬ըһɾ޴ƶīȥ
īһŭīɫ̷֮Ƹ꣬ɫƾճУīɫʱɢīɫãʺ
һ죬ײɢ۵ĸֹããȻûнӴñںһ壬֮ԶԶַҲãԶ
֮һž޴䶯ʱɢ߲֮ãʱɢīɫãΧҲŹ첨
˳̱һ޷죬ֹãաǴһЩӱЩܲˣ·ɽھ𶯡
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Ӵɾڿнһɫǽ߿ԷУٶȷɿ죬ɡؼʱأϿյķӡ赲ٵһѡ
֮ϹͻȻˣ˴ȴϢԶַ˲ǰ˲Ҫɾ䣬ȫȻ֪ʲô˻ǴԪǿǽķȡ
֮ϳƽˮֹͣɫȴԽĺڰͻȻһ۵ã֮ϣޱȿ񱬵ɨأ˿־
Զ֮ҲܵӰ죬һЩΪϵ͵ĵӱιȥǽ֮𶯼¡ַ㰵вã˿ֲļǸӿֲ
ַ̽ӵ뻳УղŵһЩԣ϶ҲܲˡҲоΣյ٣һдȫԪ߽ˣǽޱȵĹã
ε˲ڷǽϣǽһµ󲻼Ҳ֮
ǽ𶯣˶оޱȳصѹһЩӲһѪˤ·ɽһЩĵѸչ˾Ԯַɢ߲֮ãȫס֪ԣַ㻳ҲҶ
ѽ쿴ѩȵԶȥҲ𾪲ѡ
Զ巭ˮϲֱɢŨصˮҲܲסǿ޹ʧһֻĹ޲Ϸֲֻֿܺ
˴סˣǽ𶯣߽ͬѰټڶĸֹͬ赲סϮȻɹ赲Ϯǻнǧӱˣûе
󲿷ƴһѺҡ䵽ϥַָеĳɻض˼£ЦҺû¡޷ƽȥַҲȥȥ
ʱѾȫΣˮˮλ½ף̲׸ߵ£籩֮ϡɫʣһڱգºˮ޲ĳ档
󾪿ֵסͣһﲻ֮У˾̾һҲ˽ȥ
֮ǧ׾ڣѾڡϿյķӡֵסϮ֮Уִһ߳أŸԶĵطȥˡ
еסֻʣ˸ȫˣڵķӡͺɫҲټ֮£Ѱ˼ʱڼʮҵ塣
˲أʣµҲǸϣͺ̫ܵ˺ߣʱҲʣʮ˵ġһؽ磬ʵǰ˵ī˽֮īѾһϢˡ
˹ȥʼѵתʧǰ
ʻʹ飬̫ӺҲͷʴ廹һѣȻġ
Զԣֻܰ̾ϢͻȻīȳѪ˹ŵǰһУΪʲôΪʲô㻹Ҫң
ûתΪҵܡ

ī㶵ʣͻȻЦѪ磬ҲֹĻ䡣ַһãסīѪֹ̱īͷһڵٴλԹȥ
ʴôˣ
ǰģīǰûΣա̫أҪʱָܻ
ʵͷ˵ʲô˿ʼΪˣַ㼸Ҳչ˾Ԯж
ָ֮ˣΧʺīΪīˣīȻк⣬û˵ʲô˴أΪһǧɡī֪֮ǰսˣûʲô鷳
ǰΪһ֪ǰ˵þ֮飿ַȿڡ
˽ʣ¿йؽȵˣ˲òӡʳ̾һ˵ͷȷʵ֪þ֮飬Ǵ˽֮ӵĪ綼ž޴ϵ
ǰ֪𣿡
ЦҪջþ֮𣿡һīƺЩŭû˵ʲôһ߱Ŀ
ַͷǵġݵµʫ䣬Ǿȱõþ֮顣
ߣ
īһĿ˲īʡЦҲܣƢֵܹġšҵȷ֪þ֮䣬ҪõѣϾһ֮ҪշҲһ׵¡
һϲ˻þ֮䡣īԵЩˣܺ޵ʣʶЦЦתͷַ㣺ҲЩϵλ֮˵ʱȭһ
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΢΢һЦɼī鷳λѻ˵йܣô֪ģ
΢Цַͷȷûƭǣþ֮ȷؾڡ
־ȣε֪ؾģô˵ǽȥˣ
ַͷһЦͻȻ˽ҲΪ˻þ֮ɣ
īȫһָ̻¹Ǻ⣿
ͷǰѾ뵽ʲô˵´»Ӱ쵽ĹϵǲԸΪеġ
ʿЦ¹ǱѩȷˣǲҪþ֮ˣ¹ɷġ
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ҡҡͷԲˣйһʷҲܸǡһȡûþ֮飬ͬʱҲϣλܹ壬ҪλæƷ
ʲôˣ
̾ǵĴ硣
˳һΨгһ糣̬ĵȻˣ



154 ݳ
ϾʵĿ϶мΪɣܹҵþ֮ζžȿ뿪һ磬вġûие⣬Ϣ̤˹;
׼ؾ⿪һĽᣬַҲԸ⾡⿪ԼĽᣬ׼˼죬ٴ̤;
˴¹ش󣬾ȶڻþ֮־ڱصã֮ȫŮλҲȥ
Ҫ;ǰ˭֪īҲҪǰִֻ֮ī̫ӺЦֺû˵ԭҲǰӣΪоҲȽϷģȰ˵Сڵóѡ
ַͷһЦ˵ҲǺҪʱ׼ϣַôǰ塣
ʱһʺڱ֮ǰʺãɢȥӰԽԽԡַһ˵ͷϷνҲΪ徻˵ûٺˡ
һãأֳΣַʮ־ȣΪܹܵиǾ֡
˳壬ȤܣڵĳġַЦΣ
ǰѾ̤죬λҲʼĺȫ⿪ˡ
ַͷԵĳ㣬ɸоʲôܷؾ
ţ֮ûз쳣ȫԽ롣
̾˿˽һаɣīһɨܣһЦīԸǸһֿĸо
ƺлȴݣ˫ִ궯עַ㣬ַɻôˣʲô˵ɣ
ɫһͷǷԽؾ԰ҡ
Щ⣬ΪΪƺߣؾЩʡַԵؾ̫Σˣ㻹ǲҪȥˡЩʧû˵ʲô
ʵ뿪ʮ⣬Ȼܻһս̫Σˡͷַ˵ʵĴȷȫ
ַҲеǧλӲ뿪壬Щӻ˵ʲôַȫûīͲˣǱץſ¾ҪЩӴˡ
뿪˷÷״ɽ壬δ׼ڽ롣ɽ֮һƬɫƽأΪ赲ƽһ޴޵׶ɢŵãһ˿Ϣη
ܵɽ壬ķ󣬿ѹû뵽ôʼûƿ绹ī治һ붴У̾Ϣһ˽ȥ˹۴Ҳֻ˽ȥ
кڰޱȣΨ·ɢһãָŷΧһƬžֻķԡ
ַ̫ߣ·ã磬ǽһؾûпǲ
ַҡͷһֻǳν룬ڵĻʲôΣգûоȷûеһֱַߣһﲻƺʲô
ܿ˾ͽһɫ֮Уһɫʧһաأǰֻһεƽ̨ƽ̨֮Ͽһһ˿ɫɿɢ׾Ҫؾˡ
վƽ̨֮ϣһѸƽ̨һãˣ֮Ӱʧãһ˳һƬݵ֮ϣԶһǣǿݳǡ
ǡȻôЩ̣īҲЩȻǵãؾһУѲ֪ȥ
ʽ˵Ҳ˽⵽ؾƵһռ䡣ԭ򣬱ΪĳУҲвٷˣн
ؾԭڴ֮ϣҲһĳУ屻뿪ɽ磬ֻʣ޾׹ǣҲ֪ڼ便ʲôʼղ͸¶֡
ǰһ󷨣ǰа취֮
ʲô󷨣ôܣ类ѹڹ֮ڡ⡭ǡôܡ
硭⡭ƺɽֱʰ
ʲô˴һؾɽ󷨣
־ȣɽ󷨣˵ɽ֮ˣɽ֮ôַʵɽ󷨣ǴôҲ󷨰԰׹Ϊа֮˲Żõġ
īߵɽ籾ͲǲŲƽʲôаǿΨʵһУ
ʵûɽȻ󲿷޳ҲһЩħͷڣ˺ǹͬ
һģ˺ħͷһҲ̫˰ɣǻƵ󷨰ɣʹɽ֮˿ҲѲˣϴʱûʲôˡ
ʵ¹֮ƵҺûֱӽУҾΣˡȻһоţʮã죬һɫС
ʵһɽ֮˲û뿪ǾɶΪʲôɲϷŹ壡
Ǵ󣡴磡īʹһҪȥʼæסʹĵܣѾˡ
ġΪʲôɶɽ磡
˲λ̫ӺҲ˵ʲô
ī棬Щɳˣŭŷʣʵ½̫࣬޷ʵ֡Ҳ棬ŭһסīܲҪǶ粻ã˴磬ܿ侲
īʹŹ˵ϣĺڷڵϣ˫ճɽȭͷʱһҲ˵ϣ޷ԭԼΪӡʹɽ֮лɳˣ
һӰϿղŭؾҲΪ֮𶯡Ѿסˣûʾ˵ʲôʲôǴӡʲôʲôлɳˣ
ͻȻȫã˫֮г˷ߺޡһɱɢ˶һ䡣ͻȻַ㱧һȭȫ˴ζҪɱɽ֮ˣΪҴ籨𣡡
ַɻһϿյӰͷҪЩʲôǰɿڣ
ɽǴӡħõ󷨣кѲſָǿڵɽصΪɽ֮µĻ죬ֻҪݻٻȿɡһʩʱѹƴ󣬻λݻٻ죡
˵ͷ̷ΪӷǿڣַͬһӣɻǰΪģǰǻ𣿡
ʵǴӡһֿµ󷨣ԷһеҲбҵ³类ӡ޷ƳǴӡΪĻҲɿܣΪһֻа
ַŵϵڹ֮𣿹Ҳ󷨣ѵû𣿼ȻѾõɽ֮Ϊʲô뿪أ
ȫһҧҪõ壬ֻҪõ壬ͿɸΪһ߳ʬ⣡дãǿһע뷨֮ڣΪ
ַһǴʲôķкܶô߽Ҳ෨вһꡣ
һǷţǸǺεȵַ̾Ϣţɽ֮ΪʵȻϧɱˣоֱħûʲô
˫Ѹ˫ִӰϽ߲֮ã˫ּٷ裬һЩ߲ǳҲϷɳ⡣ŭһƳ˫ƣ߲֮ã·ϲ죬ڲ֮ͻȻ㡣
֮ϳһҫ۵߲壬հռ䣬ɫ϶ʱʧֻʣʮͨãء
֣
һŭ˴ʽԪϼҫͻȻ֮Ӱŭ𣬳׹ǾȻ˫֮нɢſֲĺã֮ҲͻȻĽνǰν߲ʹãҫԳӰ
˲䵲ڹɽ֮ϣžĺʧɽ׹ƾշ𣬿ɢֲЦˣҲرϵˡ
˴һΪ׹Ǻͽʵ̫ˣֱǹǺأַҲЩͷۣȻ˺ߣڶҲ
ͻȻΪʮɵֲ߲ɢȥİ׹ǽķ飬ַѸٴȫǿڷ
ͷƤ飬׹ǵĿֲƺǣ˶Ǿ֣ûܵӰ졣ǵصİ׹Ǻͽ赲˵ߣֻܸݴŷ򲻶ϽϣԴһ·ݻٻ졣
ѩ
һȴŮͬʱ֣ʱ콵ѩӡ˴󲿷ֵİ׹ǣʹҲ˿СŮͬʱתѩл֮ŭѩ
ѩ޾׹Ǳķ飬޾߿գڿ˵档֮һɫСڷ籩вϲһɫãɢ
ʧŮͼλ죬ɵ³赲ˣ·ԶҲ޷𾡡ͻȻٳ񽣣һ׹ǳƲɵһ죬һС컯Ϊɻңת棬һСҲݻ١
һ޾İ׹Ǻͽ纣˰㲻ϮԪ֮亣ٱ̺
Եεֽһ˲ƷԵļλ˲ƶȥίôֻʣһˡΣʽڰԵ޲𹥻εȻὫ֮˴ߡ
ֲನһȦȦɢȥ޾׹ǡ˲仯ΪҽϵĻͳһҲûӹһ٣ȫΪҽ
˴л죬޾İ׹ǺͽɲֻúΪһֿͬ
ʵ̫ˣֱɱʤɱô죿
һ̧һ֣ɫ
֮ϵ߲񱬶ɢޱʱ˺˴İ׹ǣҲݻСĿɿڴʵʵʵ̫ǿˣ
ͻȻֹͣ˹İ׹Ҳֹͣ˹ȫ£ȥ



155 ˫
Ȼ׹Ǳݻ٣ʣµİ׹Ҳ򣬶һĽڵ£ֻһʼ
ǴĸƣӰҲ֮ʧʣµΨвƵĹ׹Ǿ£ڹ֮£޾Ͽգɫɢãҫãɳ˹ãһΪһƣ֮վһŮһ£ַˡ
ǣʺīŭ
Ŀ䣬ƮƮؿڴһŽɫĻ棺û뵽ּˣûǣû뵽ɣ
Ůȣһͷ㷢ƮչŨüۣʮһλ׼Ů޳ϸڰ֮£ؿڻһƬɫĲѩͼīþòˣлΪǴôõҪǻ֪ԼľءʵŶϰΪһݴСŮлˡ
ʺī߬ȭͷַǰΪˣΪʲô
һЦӲѯҵݣ
輸üͷ΢ҪǰַͻȻЦԭֻλұ󱲡ˣǻ˶ϰɣҲʡǳ֣
ʶ΢΢һЦһһɫһɫַȥ̧һɨһãӭͷϣãӴ󱬷һͬʱɢ
棿øǿʵЦû뵽ﻹ˸֣ЩӴ򽻵Ҳֵˡ
΢Цϧˣʵڵ£ǲм㽻ǹ˵Ķԣȷʵֵ֣ҿǻ˶ʹЩ
ŮӽЦӴԭλ˧ǹСӵͦҵθڣ
ȻһЦʮֶˣپѪӿĲȣǻǿѹַӰ죬΢Цȷȱ̫Ӧеʣҽʵڲ̫ˡɣڵ¡ĵĻЩӿܻϲġ
ƿڶЦīҲڿڴЦ
Ůüͷһ壬һҪ֣ͻȻڵѩҵλȮӵ㣬ӿԸ񣿡
̫ԭǱѩӰӣܵܰɡ
ûôŮ˻ҿɿϣҾûĵӱȽϺá
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ǾǣɾȱӣʹҲģȢؼһģ
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ֽܳеɲǵĵӸǾӢϲ̫𣿡
ַЦɲô˵˼ҿһλѩ˰ôͨأţҿȴȥɣȥúùܽһ£ӦùʸɾˣҲƿڴЦ
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һ죬ͬʱ˼˦һֵΪԣֻǺʵ̫㣬Ҫǵӿ̫Կˣ
ѩӰԳԾĺͬСɣǰŮӾȻӰ죬ʹЩȻҲһ㣬û˰Ǿˣ
ַͷûйϵɣ
ַ㣬ַʵ׳ֻ֣΢΢ڳ˶ǺǵġҲѹ֣Ƕ˴ڹ֮ڣַǱΪ˳֣ſַˡ
ѩ˻ߣͷ˻صַַʵǰδˣ΢㶣ַƺԸֵһŭͷ
̾Ϣ󱲶ѣΣ
ַҡҡͷҲǰ̾ġӺȵʲô˲ģѵǻɱĽŲŲأ
ַ̾Ϣһе᲻ɱˣҲ㲻Ϊӿ϶
īЦʦǰɣӿʵҲġ
ַίصͷðɣǰɣ͸ܽǡ
īͷһЦǰʦʦûݼʦ𣡡
Ӵŭһһɫīһϲ̷ɳһֽУ漸¿ĵ𲻴ʺңҵ
⻰е֡
ŭĵЦӡ˽սʱɣ޾·򣬴ƬƬİ׹ǻΪҽ
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Ůͷˣˡ˵ѸٳѩӣѩҲķߺޣΪԺûôӹŮȥ
һһԵսǺÿսΪĲ಻ʤܵأ˭ļǿ
𣬲ķ˻˵ˮࡣĸˮ࣬ſЦζϲһ亹⻰ǱŤ
ѩԺΪΪͣڱŮ˵ԵЩˡŮľںνУѩӵĹ˵ʹûʲô
ʵϱ˵ļҲʮģ˶Ըȷ̫öԸɶãҲλˣҿʦֻܹ̫ù
ӷֶ˽ԲǶ֣߶ɱˡͻȻ״סˣ޾ĽȻ޷ƶһڴƬƬɢʹǱصĽҲڲʧ
תͷȥַֻڷųشǿȫΪһˣǾȻڶĽⲻòʹ𾪡
ʧ֮ʻߣɻ۾ôˣôˣһû湻أӿûʲô𣬴һƺѸȥѩҲϴһ˿ɺҲ
ãһ˲ҽһɶأεսûнΪʲôô뿪𾪣εٶǻǵһοиǿֻţȫûԭİ
˴ɾһһεεһֶһ绷̱ķ顣
˾ȵ˼㣬һеȫɾʱ죬ε˫֮мһãһɾ˲Σ𱻾ĵſСе𡣹ҲŮŮҡͷһЦһƻȥ飬ܿʧһա
ѾɵۣεǻҪ𣿡
˻һٴγ֣ͻȻãһѪɶأŮͻСεһһƻأһɺϯʣµİ׹ǴƬѣ֮ܿϾͲ˰׹֫壬а׹Ƕˡ
Ŀɿڴ˵ʵҪɱǼֱ練ƣ˱ӵַ£ַͷЦƾ˲˴󣬿֮ڻи֣
˼ҼǵĽһĿӵţҲ֪˭ڴˡ
īҲͷǴɽƽеʵ˶ᡣð֮˶ʵǿ֮Ҳʵ벻Ľĸ˸ð塣
ַһɽҲһƽ磬֮ƺӵĻҡͷˣнѾƵˣܴܵδˣ
ַЦЦʣЦƷģδþɹɣ
ַ˼ͻȻһЦһָӵͰڻȫڻˣ
ĵ˫Ƶллַ
֪ΪΣĻֵֹֹĸо
ӲҽðͷŰһȥŰӵĹֽΪҪʧƵġ
ַָѩӣѩȫɲַ֪ҪôĥѩӾɱŮðɣ
ŮͷһЦҿʲºúҲǺһ˵ͷ
ǰǸôӦûиģ
ʳ˼ǲ罫䲻Χȥɣ
ãǰСģ
ͻȻһ֮ãһɹˣڳɹˣ
ʺīһǡɶ񣡡



156 ħĮ
λΪŭַҲЩԣʳ̾һ͵ǲµĲѾ˶ȡˡҡҡͷûʵ˼
ʵԷ󷨵˴꣬ȥõ˴壬ԼԪ񽫱ڣӶȡ塣
ǰ岻ƾĺò𣿶ȡʲôб𣿡
ʳ̾һͷò˵īɫҲЩѿƺԶ˵Ǻܱӻ⡣ʲſڵΪ壬Է˴ʡ
壡
ʵĺᣬʶı塭˵֮λԺ˸УַҲǰ̾ϢΪʲôҪ뿪ɽˡ
ѩɻʲôôΪʲôҪõأҲЩ棬ֻΪ˲˽ģоӦкܴʵ
ʽ͵Ҷ֪ħɡ˵ͷڳĳ֮Ƿ壬ħѪħˡ
ʵкܶ಻ͬϵõһϵϵΪֱ֣Ϊ塢塢塢ħ塢壬ͬϵҲв֮ͬ˶ڵΪУͨȴﵽ֮˾Ƿ塣ΪУǽϵѴﵽ˵ĻǱ仯ǿԸıԼ̬͹ʽǺѶԸϵħΪǿһɱǣˡ
˵ʾЩԺˣҲֱͦˣڷ壬ڵڷ壬ҪǿڷΪ֮˵ĻԪ񣬶ʵļͳ̶ϵǿġһ뼫˵˵޵УջΪϡ٣Ŀǰ塣
һһ㶵ģʲôϵǻǵһ˼һ˽ˣϵõģģ
ЩǷôˣϵ޷ɱȵģ
ַͷЩӦòʲôģҪ֪򷨹һļ˶ͬģʲôϵһֻǿʼĻͬѡ
ʵͷ˵Ĳͬģϵʲô𣬿ɲ˶׵ģڵǳʵԡ
Էɽ֮ˣ϶ˣѵ岻𣿡
ҲǺܺõϵ壬Ҳ˶٣ʵļͶҲֻǴ塣
ֻмͶ޷Ϊһʵģǰǲ©ʲô
ǵģֻмͶǲġҶˣҲʹǾ⣡徭ΪˣȴҲ׻ָ̫ءƷ壬ĳȴΪͬľҪڷ壬˿ʹøǿķҲˣһ˾ͺѻָˣҲϵȱ㡣
˵Ҫȡ壿
壬ڴ걻Ҳˣǰһ
˴һõһУڵʵһԵޱȡַһħЩƣҲǶȡ֪õ֪һС
ϧǻ߰ɣҲֹܲˣɱҲûа취ˡ
ǰͬΪ壬ʵҲǼΪǿѵǰԸ𣿡
Ǳںϣӵ壬ʵ²֮£ֻܹס뱾ٿһͬҲûа취Ը
ַôˣʵҲôѵԸһ𣿡
Щ㶣ȷȫսȷɱˣЩӿҪ˺ܶ࣬ǶǾľӢӣӵشΣڴˡ
ַ㵱ȻҲ뵽Щûдõӳ֣ΪԼټλ֮㹻ԸǸˡʵַҲţǼ⣬ΪȻǿڷ壬ɱϾޣʵʹǿҲǿ˶٣߽֮ͬȷЩСˡ
һҲַͬһΪ籨𣬶Ǵɽ֮˵ȷ
ѩӹԹԵվڱŮ󣬶ַˣֻôӦ˱ŮĵӣʦҲȻǿԼĴҲȻɺõĶࡣֻԶĻȫɢⱻգ˵ֻһΪĹߡ
ŮϲѩҲǷͬһ㣬ĵӻҪǿܶ࣬úѩӡǿģɾһԶữ鵤ʱΪԼṩԼİʵ̫ˡ
пԣʵһУΪԱһѾˡַ֪ǲɱһ˵ġ
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˼æʮڶֲﱻΪ룬ɷһ߿գֲҲֹ߿աڵЩֲӵԣٵǵĸϵ޷ǡĻȪʱ赲
һɻȪС󣬺ܿϽֲ֨֨ڻȪаڶǻȪϾǻȪܹԸģܿȫܽˡ
ƻȪڵرҲ벻˵£˵¾޷ǵĸϵҲ޷һѡλŴͣĻȪʵڿֲҲЩļ¡
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һӺػָƽֲﱻ𣬷ԲûֲӰӣͺͺĵϿӿݡ³ֲָֻܿԭӣǲٹˡ
أԶһСڵ漸ףǡôڷԲ׵ıԵشһʯڵءֲԶȥƺʮּµˣ˹һЦɨʯ
ʯǳʯϿ¼һʵķṦΰѾʮңԶû֪һʵ¼ᵽ˻飬Ȼ˵ġ
ԭ龿ʲôҲ̺ʮǿɾԼ󽫻ĹڣĴвܵõ飬Ĺؾڴ˿ռش
ӿЦѵҪʵĴвܵõ𣿶˵ãҲֻ̤ȥֲѸΪһĵ·ǵĴھΪ˴˽Ĺ֮УȻʯϵļء
ԶȻпֲ˻˲²ӦĮ齻֡
ȻһĹ֮ĮڴսԷȴһλʵ飬˫˸ſֲѪãʵǿᵽԺĮƽ֣



159 ʴ
Ĺڴ֮ϣȫȻɫһħĹ޴ޱȣҲʮףΪɺɫںڰи޷
һĺСͨĹ֮Уε赲ڹĹ֮⣬ƺʵĴڱȵáַնǻ̽һ
ȫΪΣһɫ²ޱȣƤ¶⣬ںڳϲ˫ѪãѪʱЩȣɴ˿ɼʱնȻʮ־ԶٹͿȫΪΣʱ˭Ҳµһֻ顣
ʵǿһһЩ˫۾ַҲ顣
ĮԿκ˵һߣŭַˣַѾ֮ˡҲַˣ䵽Ĺǰ̧ͷˣ˫Ѫã˸ƺڿʲô
ŭȵӣ־ܣѵ𣿡
ĮЦбǾɣַ΢ЦżˣΪԵĮ֡
ŭһĮĮûгӦʱʵ֮£ʵҲǲɺӵġλԿжս಻
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Ůַһû˵ǲַΪʲôһֻȤַȷȤҲֻǸȤѣı޷ĥģעΪ˵Ķ֡
Լ˼άַ֪˵ʲôȴԸо˵ϢĿͣѩϣΪѩתΪ壬Ϣ
鷢һֲЦѩַüͷһ嵲ѩǰŭһһƴַҲЩŭһơһ죬鱻˷ŭַҲ˺󼸲ġ
ѩĵû°ɣַͷ顣
ٴצ֮ϲһɫ壬ָԥһַλáַһٳ񽣣ֱ߽ӳȥ
һѸٵˣ۾Ķ񽣡ַһ˼΢΢һЦ̧ٻ񽣶Ը顣ȻѾʵ廯ħ壬ʮּµһתĹ֮С
ַЦٻʣϮ񽣵ıҲͷġ
ѾﵽĶ徳磬Į˵һǿУƾǿֿʵĹ˭ֻʱģȵĮȫӦˣʵͲֹЩˡ
ַתѩɻΪʲôأѵǸɫǣҲò˼飬ֻѩС졣
īҲɻ󲻽⣺˵ǲܵģҺͶ壬ǲҶǳֵģΪħ塣ǶǷ壬˵ôľٶЩȲ
ЦǾ̫Ư£鶼סˣõջô󰡣Ҳͷǣѩð裬غŽ㣬ҲЦ
סЦҲҪ²ˣ֪Ϊʲô
Ϊʲô
ЦñǰޣһЩԭתΪ壬ǱǴ޵һЩϢΪŻעɡ
ʲôתɣīŴ͡˵ͷīֲ̾ãԭ˵飬ɽ˶ץ㣬ջ̫ˣ
˼Ⱦֲ⣬ѩЩˡѩŴңǿҸʲô
ַɻΪʲôأǰ˵һ㡣
īͷѩתΣı岻ͨķ壬лʣޡޱʡҶ֪ΪУǵĽģڵһΪ
˴һī˵ѩ顢˫壬ĳɾͶȻƾʵ뾳磬ƾ跲ֿԴﵽ壬ٶȿν˿ɱȡ
ַ㻹Щףʲôϵ
īħ壬ж֮ɳΪħ壬ֻħ塣Ҳɱ˻öԷǿѩ壬ͿĽ߾󻹻᳹ΪΣ壡
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ѩúߵҲŲһأһô죿
ַЦãҲһ亹ַ㶼ûܹˡַҡҡͷжսĶˣѩȻô˵ɻǸַߣ˵˵Ȼ״ַ֮ʵǿġ
ʵȺҶĮʹޱȣֺأܿĮͼֲסˣӰϺˡŭһһƻ죬֮ϳһɫƣƷɫãѹĮ
Įȫɫãѹ屻ѹأŭҪѣɫã֪ｫ֣޷ѡ֮Įŭһã߲֮ƶ䡣
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ַѸĮĮŭһĹ֪Լ޷Կַġŭһַ㣬ִַ̧ǧ㲨ޱȵһɨȥҽвϺˣǺˣȻǿ
ŭһĮĹԥһûиȥϾĹлкΣҲ֪һǰһĹ֮У˼æַ㣬ַֻں
Ϊȴ˲ٿأ걻Įȴûע뱾֮ڣʵۿۣƾ豾ɼʹҲΪѲ
ַιҲֻܴȥʹֻһܡ
ַؽƣ޷ӡʵ̫ˡֻ֮Ԯ΢΢һЦɹıӡ
еīһ̾᲻Ծ˳Ҳֻ̾ϢŰοīѾȥֻĮĹߣֻĮܷܣһʬ
īҧַһ񣺡ĮһֻҪش壡ַͷĹȥ˽棬߽ХһȽĹ֮С
Ĺֺͨڰ߽ҫҲܿʮ׾룬ַīŮķڹĹڡܿҾͽĹ֮УһԲڵĴϲ׹ǣҲ֪ж
ڰ֮һɫãͽɫãϽһɫãһԹۿţѸٽӽ֮ʶڽսһŶˡ
ַǰ鷢һЦһȥ׹Ƿ׷վַַüͷһ壬׹ٶҲ˲ǷֺֻǱȽ鷳ѡ
׹߽ݺ裬һһİ׹Ǵң޾İ׹ǲʶҲܵһЩӰ죬ĮûʧڹǺ֮Уʱ޾׹赲ŭųײȥĮѲӰ
߽Ⱥΰ׹ʵ̫࣬ܿͶ˼СɽɻķΧԽԽС
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ͻȻɳһӰЦԹַ㣬ŮҪǱ׹ǲסεؿַ˺ʧȥټ
׹ǰ̲ŮֱҪˣ֮ŮʼʹôΧĹ׹ǳƬƬķ顣
ַѩɵ߿֮ܵĹ˵Ź˺ڵѩַҲֻñˡ֪öһɫڣʮɫϻŹֲֵͷݣֱڼڼ
Ҳ˴֮ڣִ̧һɢãϵķֲ縴˳Цһ£ַ㰵ҧȻҪʲôԾѩˡ
ѩҲǽַ㣬ӸûмʲôֲĶӺСʱҿĶͷȫַ㻳СַЦһѩֲ̧һɫɨӣֲַѾʼ˹
ǵĹܼ򵥣̫࣬϶ǵӰַҲΣܹЩֻǷֲ壬ɱ˱
ļŮŭ쳣׹ɱʤɱҲַİΣӼˡڳֻһˣҲ뿪ʲô˸޿κΡ
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һͨɢŽãͣ룬ַҲ׷˽ȥͬʱŮλҲŹĹȥ
ŶҴܿͣһʯǰʯһ޴ʯŽţãɷ϶ŭһһƿʯţַȥһ㶡
ʯҲ󣬵Ҳʮ׿ʯҳıΣʯҽãҫۡϷһʯף֮һʯҸһ׵Ƶƣ˸ã
֮ĮȻĿɢĽãŰʥЩƬ̺ŭĮǽãһĮȻĿ񣬶һɾˤڵء
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ٴȥֱܿðһ˿Ѿˡ
ٴȥɱ˻˷ΣյزȫðŴİַҪˣʲôأ
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ʴСʴС
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һĮãһ黯Ϊ˿˿ɢȥַҡͷ̾Ϣ֪һսˡ



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īſҪ˵ʲôͻȻֹЦ֮ȷʵҲãǾĹ
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161 ֶ
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ʯ׶оһ˿ŤҲ֪˭Ц˳˶Ц
ַǰԺһʮֳԾ˭û˯ڹײأ
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ڻĺúõľͿʼ˯ˣǰǾ̫ȤֻйײĲУٴδЦ
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ַͻȻŵѽǰթʬ⻰｣һթʬԼʲôʱģŮ͵Ц｣״ԭڿЦ
һЦһ｣ָԶĮǺˣ
｣ʧ٣֪ĮҲַЦûʲôһǼ˷ӣùġ
˭֪ĮͻȻǷأҡĿĮȥڵµľǳˡ
｣ɻˣҲû˵ʲôַǰʲô£ΪʲôͻȻ˴أǰǲʲô
｣̾˿Ҳ֪ô£ؾ͸оŲԾҲֻǰһھʲôҲ֪ˡʲôطôоеϤ
һǰѵ˴𣿡
｣ƲƲ񡭡ɡˡַ֪｣б¹һӡʱļ䱻ӡˣҲֻģӡ
ַתͷĮ֪Ĺʱںδ𣿡
Įƾʲô㣿Ҳ֪ĿĮʵĵͷҲԼΪʲô³ֻ֪һȫͻ᲻ͣزΪڽƵԭ
ַɻ㲻ǵõʵĴô᲻֪ʵڣ鲻ҲǴ֮һ𣿡
֪Ҳ㣡ȷʴ֮һĲ֪ڣֻ֪ҪȥǸɫѡĮЦų΢΢һЦתͷ
ַ˼ǻҪȥ￴Ƕʲô˵ͷ
ɫڣϸĹܣ｣Щմ·ʲôע⵽｣ķһﲻ´
֮｣̾һҡҡͷʲôҲûмҲΨпЦĴ֮ʵڷչʲôرĵط
｣ڴ֮Уܹڻ䣬ƺ̾ĽͻȻ｣ͣ˫۽ĶŴһ档
һСֻһͷĴС΢΢ݣʹϸҲѷ֡Ƿʯ˳ɣһС鰼ݵʯûʲôر֮˵ر֮Ǿλôڴ롣
｣ϸۿʯ֮һɫİߵ㣬ʯϺѷ֡
｣üͷָ˰ߵ֮ϣɫİߵѸٻΪɫʯζ｣˼Ƭվ˺󼸲˫۽һСߡ
ַΪ˲｣ȫվԶ｣쳣˹սע⵽˵ϵĽߣ｣Գ˼һﲻƺ뵽ʲô
סҴһ˿һĮڴУ쿴쿴һ߰
һ㶣ĮĮǶҸʲôιĮһǽϡ
תͷȥ｣ûܵĮӰ죬ɽŽߡһɣ｣Ǿи֮ˡ
｣ƺ뵽ʲô̧һָֻһѪڽ֮ϣɢҫ۽ãʯһζšһ죬ɢһҫ۽ֱͨϷܵãһֱ׵Ķڣڽãҫ¶ҲǽãһƬ
˴һ̷ȥܿĮ֮˽붴С
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ַһ֮ǰСĵץСиո뿪ʯĹ㿪ʼһζССʯ£˴һĹҪˣ
ε˲Ʒ˻صɫĮҽţҲûڽʲôֱӽ˹
εٴγ֣һ֮ӳĹɳ֮Ҳŷռ䶼ѾףҲڲסĲѣһĩյĸо
εִ˲ڱ֮ͨУͨڲ˲ơͨҲھ𶯣ûݵʹôһ
εֻǰϵı任ų֮֮Сεһֱλǰ
ַ˹˷ĵЦַ㼸˸ǿģһҵ˻顣
𶯼£еĶһƣ¡֮಻ĹѾײˣڿ԰Ϣˡ
ͻȻ˴ɻȥֻĮεվһߣоͻͰȵ΢ЦĮѾǷӡˣҲýšŷоͻͰӾˣַ˾ȻƷĮǺĮʵġ
Ůϲַ㣬ַҲȻһЦó˽ɫСֻȭͷĴС沼С͵λƣʮƯ
ҫɢŵã˽űУж༤ˡ
ַ˱У˵űеĴ򿪶Ŵ󣬱ϾѰѾõĶȻʮֹעűȫ֮˶סˣֻг֪ʲô
ֻ֮пһ˶ƺԼ۾ַŵϴ｣｣ҲĲ⣬пһ£ĵڱʮ
ɻôˣôҶ˵
ַʮֹŹ֣ееΣ㡭ǻüѰˡ
Ϊʲôѵ鲻ǻþ֮𣿡ʮѹҡҡͷ
ַҲ֪ǲǻþ֮飬ĿǰǻҪѰңΪ֮ʲôҲûС
ô
㣬Ҳ֪Ϊʲôӣ֮еȷʲôҲûСˣûжΪʲôлᷢأ
｣ԶΪʵڣܸо֮ڵ֮֮ǰȷڣ֪Ϊʲôڲˡ
ѵ֮ǰ˽Ĺ˻飿
ӦòɣҲ˻ڵĸʮأǸҲûбƻĺۼ
òоǻɣ
ҿпܣ
ʲôһͨĺӶѣôܻǻأ

ַͳû˵｣｣Ź淢Ҳ֪ʲô֮óﴵһֹͣ˵
˶ĬˣʹĮоͻͰҲȾˡ˶ֻо｣ˣַֻͳ˲ͬĸо
｣оȻһֹĻһλڻص˹磡
ַߣųͷַһû˵Ҳš
֮뿪ؾ｣ƺ£ɳؾ֮˵ˡ
ַͳ｣ıӰ̾Ϣ˾｣֮ĪϵҺͻ֮ҲĪϵ˲ûгѯʡǾӦ｣еķӡɶһЩּʲôԲŻżĸϻȥ
̾ɣ춼硣
ַЦ㾹ȻҲˣʲô磬ѵǾȻ𣿡
һЦַҲ˵ʲôߣ｣ʧĵط



162 ɽ
һк֮ʱ˱塣
ַˣȷûƭǣ֪Ѿ̫ˡ
ھ˵ûʲôӰ죬Ƕڱ˵Ӱ켫ٴٽɢ֮֡
廹λϣַҲԸɢĽеѡλΪ峤ȻЩæңҲʱһѡ
ַ㲻㳤˴Ϊþ֮ʼûѰٵΣѸء
Ҳ׾ȵѴҲ޷ȣΪҲԼĵˣֻڴ˽ѡ
ַʵ뷨Ҫɽ磬ַûзԣԼԽҪԼ֡
ǰӡʲôطʸֶ˼ķλҲ̫ˣӦûҵҸɡ
ȥ棬ڳƽˡ
ʵĴһ·УɨѰŷλϾ꣬òҲıˡ
֮һɽ£ɽףȺɽ֮Уʮֲۡ
ɨܣһֲϵʲô֮ڿЦˣ
̧ͷɽ壬˭Ҳ벻ڴɽ֮С
īɫЩջǳһָԭҲ뿪ˡ
ַǰڴɽ֮Уģ
ҡͷûڣҪɽ롣üͷһʡ
̾ϢѾˣҪԸףҳֽӡ֮ɽ¡
Ϊ˱֤İȫҽȫѹҲ֪ôˡ
ǰΪʲôӡ֮ڣ
ʵӵһ磬ɽ׷ҽѹ֮СֻܣΪȺڣֻðѹ֮ˡ
ַɽǰˣѾһˣ𣿡
ʵʩչԷӡԷҽҲȫӡˣֻҪʱûһҲͲ¡
ַɨһʹõķӡЧͬģֻǿԷӡһеľ
Į˰ɣң޹أ
ûĮһߵһԲ˵ˡ
ʵһʷѾȥˣϣƽ
Ц廹Ҫɽ磬ѵΪ𣿡
һЦ¹֪ɽĵ֮أҲʺеĵطһ˵̫ˡ
̾һ˵ַ΢Цŷס˳Ȼַ˼ҡͷЦ
ʱ˫ۿʼīһۣ˺һǿķСĲҪˡ
̷һξ롣
ɲϵ˫֮Ͻһã֮ɽײ
һ죬ɽҵ𶯣ɽʯɳŨҵ̳ķ֡
ޱ飬ҲһﲻΧַͳվһԡ
̳֮ɢȥѲӰɽ֮³һ޴ͨƽŶڡ
һӺɽٴοʼ𶯣ɽã˸ڽ⣬ûоš
ܿһָֻƽʱʲһ˳īӭ˹ȥ磡
ԵЩīǿĵЦֵܽıһ
վһ΢ЦŶˣַڳѾˣҲˡ
ͷȥǰ´ǳʰɣҲ˺ܳʱˣǵȷӦ뿪ˡ
ַͷȥԣǰˣҲˣȻҪѰһþ֮ء
ε˿˴ζлȳ
ϧ岻ͬڴ˽磬ܰʲôԭ¡
ַ΢ЦǰˣЩʲôǸˣ
ַ㹪һҲһ񣬵뿪˽ˣҲ֪ʱףԸѰ飬սʤ磡
ַǺһЦתȥַһʹһȥĮȴʵ
ַʧĵطǾ˵ľȣȻǳˡ
īЩ죬硭
ī˵ʲô΢Цܲö˵ʲôѾȥˣ˵ҲΪ棬˰ɡ
ĮվԶͷĮ̫ӡѾҵˣڸҪŽȥ
̾һĮӣ㸸Ѿ֪һУѾˣ㸸׵Ͼһһͬ壬ϣúΪ
ĮȻҲڵҲû˵ʲôʵ˷塣
֮岻֪ȥû֪ô뿪ɣַҲֻ֪ǻɽȥˡ
˻ص˷ɾͰͱо̱ɾסˣоû뵽ɾȻ
Ů΢ЦŴűо߿ˡֵܳܣô죿ҪѰһ𣿡
ô»ûҵþ֮飬˭Ҳоַۣͷʹѣ˦ֵ֪ͨɵ׹۵ӼѰңȥɡ
ܳ̾һתȥˣŮû˵ַ㣬ַɽȵҺúϢСϮȥɡ
ɢȥַĴ»ص˻
˵ͷɾҲֻܰѩͻӰɾȥ滹лͰࡣ
֮ܣҪ̫ʧˣûлĴڣֻǲ²Ĵˡ
ַǵĲ²ûдֻһֱںǿЦ㣬ںᷳֲˡ
ĸַͷɵܵܣҪôˣǵ˶עģʹӱҲûа취ˣǰʲô˴Ϊ̫ˡ
ַҲɻ󲻽⣬Զɫ체Ҳоʮַ⣬κ˶ԼĹȥ
˵ĲЩǰþ֮ƺʲôĹϵ˴θԵ޹ʵĳĹ֮У˵ǰ᲻Ѿõ˻飿
ַЩȣ˼ӦòɣǰˣҲûиоǰϴʲôǰԺһֱһģǸûбĺۼǲǶˣ
㲻Ǹ˼ҵȻǰΪˣҵ˼˵ԴǰϵõһЩ
ַ΢΢һЦ˻֮ϣһǾ͵ŰɣǰеķӡѾɶˣ˶೤ʱͻָ䣬ʱһǵġ
ЦͲȥһҲļӡ
ַЦǽ˵ǵѾעȻôļʲô뿪һ磬ɽͲʲôˣû콣ˣ
һЦҡҡͷڵ˫ʵҲͦᷳģȻǾ֮ˣֻˣѵֲ𣿡
ַ㵭һЦ˫ۡ
һӣ߽Хһûɾ֮ڣСɱ󻺻תš
ѩŻͻȻ˹һ§סĸ첲Ц㣬һİһ߰ɣ
ַֽеʲôһˣһѵ㿴𣿡
ѩͷһɴ۾ַڻ֮ϣϱֻ긲ǣֻͷ¶棬Ҫϸ濴
Ҫûʲôɻȥ
ɻַ㵹Ǳѩһ仰ˣҸʲô
ѩָָ塱Աߵġඣȥ

ַεվ߽һ½ͷʼһһµĳء
Ͱ˫ַ֪ģû뵽ȹȻ£һڱ˵ĺָ¡
Ͱͷתȵ˭˵㣿
ѩŮڳߴߴ˵ͣҲǿĵĺͶŮ˵Ц
Ͱһʮܣֲ뿪εı˫ɵվţ˺ٺ˵ЦرŰˣŮ˵ЦкǷС
ַ㿴ͰıЦеߵƽЩʲôҺܺ档
ΪַǾȹʵ֮ϣԻͰܹǶʵǺܿصġ
Ͱƽʱ߾ǱȶɽǺƽ顣
ַǺЦз𣿡ͰУǺ뷲˴򽻵
ַͷָšûȤһ
Ͱɫʱúѿ˵м飬ǶַĻֲþܾ
ջǿ˵ͷͰųͷַĽ̵±ǵũæš
ַ㱾κ˶ܿԻͰȻҲΪѣչϵĲַҲͲǿũæ
Ͱһʮֲ⣬˵ַʵֵµ飬ʱ仹һء
ɾһŮűоɾ֮ڣоͣľ̾ɾŮҲοֻҪоϲɾͻԹԵ
체ԭ｣ߣҲ
Թĵүүôˣǲǳʲôˣ
｣̾Ϣүүû飬ֻЩһֱⲻصģүүѾûˡ
ɻ𣿡
｣źЦүүʲôʱƭ㣿ϢһɣҲվ˺óʱˡ
΢΢һЦͷصУ֮Գһ˿ǡ
Դ｣ص체ԭһֱЩ֮ǰÿ춼ᴵÿܻ߷
Ҳ｣쳣Ҳûд｣˼
｣Իóһɫ⾿ʲôΪʲôҵأ
｣ûע⵽ÿóɫƵʱ򣬰ܻ᲻Ծȫã



163 ɵΣ
ɾʤգڶӴڣΪɾһ˿СַȵĹÿ춼ڡ֮æµλ֮ȻҲûš
Ѿȥ£þ֮û䣬֮˻ҲûдŹɾƽܻвջλ֮Ľ̵ʵѾмλͻƽɽ֮
֮ѾܹˣΨжȻſԼľ磬ԼʵȻ֮ǵʵַ˵̫࣬ǾĲ࣬ǧĸ࣬ͺйˡ
ַǧ֮ãΪеľԪΪַ֮ǰİλԪͬɣŰλĽϾԪ˵ĺôĸʮȶӵеʵȻʮǿ
ǧһôھԪ̬ҲøӾȻΪǿ
ַ˻ֻǽΪǸǼ򵥵ɸǿԶԿħʱġھȵĵЩħ񣬹Ȼﵽ磬Ƕħ˵ɴַֻ˲ûʶЩֻ֪ԽʵҲԽǿ
ɵķչʮѸ٣Ϊ׹ڶֵļ룬ʹɵӵҲ죬ӽ٣ɵʵͻͽ
ַæµȴű뷨ôʱ˼¶˾ġַʲô뷨һӲ˫ۣȻֻһĿˡ
ַԣδڳվǲʲôҽ
ַЦȻˣȻҽʲô
ƶ죬֪Ҫʲôǲйؾȣ
ַ㾪ȵųͦͦصҪҿ㣬ʲô˼ѵһ˽𣿡
ַεЦ϶˵¼ѪȻЦͬǳ¼ѪСӲòʲô˵ɣʲô
ַ㷭۵˵˶ǳ¼Ѫѵ㲻֪ôһ˵ʲô
һЦַͷӿɽ̣߰ɡѩ
ѩѩͻҲ֪ڸʲôߴЦţͰεվſڳ䵱񡣿ַվֱ屧ȭӣ
ַЦ벻
΢Ц˿λԸ죬ɶݡҲÿոǣ㣬úһ¡
ͰȻ㣬Ļ϶кôǹŰ벻ͨһֱΪԼֻһ²ܺɾڵȡ
ַҲͷǰûбҪÿѾͷߣԼҵطȥɡ˵ûˣͰȻҲͷˣл֮ҵطȥˡ
Ͱߣѩ˳ֱӸַһţ˵˭ѾͷأַЦվڳɵЦ
΢ЦòҪˣҺ͵ܵҪȥһ£֪ͨһλãСϮ
ѩЦűס˳ĸ첲ҪȥһȥɣӴ
ַѩ׼֣Ҳ֪ξȥ
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ѩʹһȥɣҵΪҪ½ˣʹȥɡ
ѩǱﻵˣץų߳䣬ʹһȥɣüʲôˡǱһȥ˵ģ֪Ҫȥʲôط
úúãҪˣһȥ𣿡ѩ̹סַĸ첲վһԡסѩǾˣҺ͵ܵҪһ¾ȣ֮ͻ
ͷİɣһ֪ͨλģһ·ҲҪСġȻַͳΪʲôҪؾȣ׶һ£ҲͲ˵ʲô
߲ʹãһȥߺȥ
ӷɾɺƽ֮ƽˡ
Ůűо㺣֮ϣʱദֱоʵڷǷʺϣҲԼ⣬Ůľڸо
ͻȻԶһãϲ죬Ůһ۵оһ£Ϊʦȥȥ˵ձŮһ󲨶Ӱһȥо֮ϥ
ղ׹۵ӵźţԢŮ⣬һӲһŮӣŮӵ֮ϼƬѪʮ
ŮһǰŮ࣬ӵŽɵΪ
࿴Ṵ̊ȥݼ
Ůæ࣬ʵʲôˣΪʲôˣӤҲдƬѪǱִ˵ģý֮к˸֡
硣Ǽλ⵽Ĺ
磡ŮһѾ˴˽𣿡
ͷǱҪɵģ;⵽ĹɵܱΧˣƴɱӳģλҲȫսˡ
ŮһļλȫǽΪԭм˵ʧǺܴġŮѹסеŭղ˻صɾоԡ
ŮڴϢŮ˼Էȥˡо಻оͷһЦ¿ʼˣоͷҲ
֮ϣڱĿ񣬺Ȼһ紵תЦú˻ţ
Ůˣƺ˲ˣΧɵ
üͷһ壺磿ߣǻˣû뵽ȥɵ
̫ɵνǾȵĸɵڣ׹۵ӺͱҲڡȥ֪ͨã
ʱ˾ۼɽ֮УŮ˵˶ߡ
ɵҲܶǵĵӶǲ֪ܴôˣϣ¡
׼ȥɵøȥ֪ͨܵܣ˴ο²öԸ
ټ֮ӰһȥƱȭʦ棬һȥɣȻʵܵͣٿ԰һЩæϿˣ²˳٣Ůټ֮Ӱһȥ
бŮ˺ܿɵϿգɱ֮ˡ̫ɵ뷲ɾǧ֮ң෵ɾѾȥʱ䣬ʱ̫ɵʧء
˴ϮѪħӰħħ񣬸Ǵǧħ̫ߡ˵ħʵǱָȾԡǧ糣ˣֻǽ翴Լ죬ѡ
Ϊ̫ɵ׹۵ӶѰһþ֮䣬ɵ֮ڽʣǧӣҶֻǵΪ˼ʧأڽмٵӴ
ɵܹ֮еͻΧѰԮĵӸϻɵΧչ˺ɱмõϢҲԮɵͲˡ
ܳλȫӷµֿپӢħ£ҺԮļʱħصԿ˻ع׹۾ӢӣɵˮޡޡѪħͺħ
ħɫҲЩΣѹٳ֣û˺ʲôӡʹˮޡ޺ѪħʵҲѾʮǿӲ
ܳλѾˣڵӵİǿֿ˵ĹʵѾɣټǿ᱾壬ʵǿ޿ɱĵز
λ̫߲˺ɱЩǧӵʣľӢΪڴ֮ϡʵߵͲһټΧڶϮѾɵħڣɵֻʱ⡣
ѪħʵڰԵصľӢӺԮѾһƬ̫ɽ±ؽʬ壬㾹
˾˭Ҳû뵽ʱʧأѪħȥҲΪս
Ѫħ񿴵ЦһڻˣѾ̫ˣҲ˵һƴ˹ȥѪħһ̧ȥ
µԸѪħæŮѪħսһ
ӰħٶȳȺε˵ѷһȻεס
ʵԤ֪ɱŮ͹ԸԸѪħĹӶԸˮ޺ޡ
ܳ忴Ůһڶӵı¿ʼˡ
̫ߺʶ֮輸Ů֮˳̫ɽ̫ɵڱȫ
ѪħԸλ֮ЩģħȻӣһħɷ˶Ů
ѪħûгûŮѸߡλħͬ˱Ů͹飬Ѫħ˵ʲôŮЦһƴֲϹ棬Ҳ˵¡
跢쳣ٶû⣬ΪħҪˡû׷ǹ̫ߣ֮ٴ
˼Ůļ룬ʽ̸ıˣλӲΧ̫ߣܿһС롣һ֮ʱؾҲʯĶΧסһƬӡ
ε󾪣ǰֲµƣ˲Ƶ֮Сãһӱε˲ƳȥѾˡ
ʯһħһɫסεʣһĵӡһ֮֮ϣλͼϵĵӻΪһƬѪʧˡε̾һۼеӣִһɫϻסˡ
ֻһֲЦԵ´нħһǿѹѹε跢ҲǴһԪϹɫϣǺôɫˡѪħЦŮ͹飬ӰħҲЦһס¡
ȫ򲻼ڵεڶĵӡεеѹԽԽأȻǿЦһ㲻صģжԸѪħеĵӡе֮˸жˮΪ˭ҲܿεҰ׵ɫ
һҧĻ꽣棬ֻҪסµͿƵ󡣲ʵ󣬲ٿ󷨵ͬʱҲֹ裬ƾιʼձ赲ڵϡ
ε̾һܳܵѹѾﵽ˼ޣܿҪ֧ŲסˡеĵĬĬͷһ̻˭ǣ
εԶ૵ܡʲôʱŻɫͻȻ飬εһѪ˵ϣеӽħ˲佫֡



164 ֮
ã֮зħεеĵѾӰ
·ҪȫĲٿƣûгû͵Ϯ衣
ħ̾˿һиеᷳ͵͵뿪ˡ
ŮҲΪε״ħѹҲް취
ͻȻ̶Ľɢ֮ϣһʺ˲С
ħҷ߲֮ãɫ϶ʱ顣
ħѸɢһ߲ϰεеӣ߽Ʈߡ
辪ϲ̧ͷȥַֻ㡢ѩƮڸ߿֮ϡ
ַ΢΢һЦҺļʱҪҪɴˣѩЦŵͷ
Ѫħȵַ㣬ѸŮһһħѪħĳ滯Ϊһħַ㡣
ַüͷһѩŮܹȥѪħչ˿̷һħҲն¡
ַһֻһɫսһնɨϡ
һ죬ħΪħɢķѪħħ֮зɳħ˲ն¡
ַһǰһ
һ죬ħͷϵַѸٴԪɫ˻ѪħһѸٵˡ
ַ΢΢һЦһȥ˲Ѫħ
Ѫħ־ȣħתȥ˭ַָ֪˫ָļסħ
ŭɫٽѪħȫʼհѲַ˫ָڵַȷԼܹԿġ
һ촫ɫըˣѪħҽһ߿գħҲ˲䱻ַߡ
֮ϣѪħѪַ㣬ַƮԶѪħϺޱ飬ǰħ
û뵽ɧǾˣΪ֮Ż½硣
ַɢ߲֮ãħ̱߲֮ã
ħɢ̶ĽϻζƬֹ̺ͣˡ
ѪħٴһѪַ㡭ħŹģ
ַ΢Цףھ·ϡ
˶ֹͣ˴򶷣Ӱħ̷ɵԶַʵԼԶԸġ
ַתͷε棺ҵҪʲôԲٿ֮
ַ߽ܵٻɢ̶£̱һŭȷɳ˵棬֮ϼ˺ɫѪ
ַһ㶣㣬ħ񣡡
ûΣ
ַɫת䣺㣡ߣ
ַһУַ߽̻㣬ȻΪʲôַΪȫɵġ
Ѫħԣ˹ַͬ㡣
ַЦһٳԪ񽣣߽һڣһޱȵԪ񽣽ɢΪɫߡ
輸˰Ծ˭Ϊʲôַ˷ô˵ԸλħҲûҪٻ콣
ѪħҲǴһħ߹ǾҲһ콣ֻû뵽ַôչˡ
콣֮̽£ַŭһһȥ콣ɢŷŭĽһȥ
ѪħѸٶܣǱ콣ľ޴ɳȥٴѪ
콣ȥ˾޴ĲһȦȦɢȥؽըҽһ޴˵档
콣Хһһȥڣֻһ壬ɫѪԳԭƮ߿տ־ַ㡣
ַ㱾Ҫٶַֹ߽ɨȥסˡ
֮ǽһƬղŵһҲӣ콣ʵڲЩӿԵֿģҲַΪ»Ӱ쵽ĵġ
ַ㰵Բŭ֮˵ӣЩ˵ĵҲڵֿס콣Ѿɥ
ַƽϢеŭ𣬻ֽɢ콣߽ХһΧס̫ɵסڵĵӡ
ַҽ㣬Ҫ
ҧ˺󼸲ղ콣һشԼԼѾһϢˡ
ͻȻһЦ̧ͷȥֻԶãһƬ߼ٷ
ַ̾Ϣħ
ħһ֮ԶЦַ㣬輸Ůַߡ
εѾӴ˵ӽɵܣܿ˵Ӷɵ֮ڡ
ܳҲָĲˣŵӷɵɵϿա
ħþòˣ
ַӦû޷½磬û콣㾹ȻҲ˴
ħڰѪħ˻صԶˣַԭô콣
ַޱ飬Ҳһﲻ
ܿˡ
ַҲԼˣѵħҪЩ߶ԸǾ𣿡
ħɨһ۵Ը磬ȻͬһԸȡ
ַѾȫƽϢеŭľѾȫָЦôԸ̫ɵħǿ̫ɵ
ħҲЦûа취˭þĴء
Ŷô˵ǷǴ򲻿ˣ
һεûзֳҲ֪ôӳ֣ٴһɣ
ַ΢ЦħҲһЦݣȴ߬ȭͷ
ͻȻַħӰһȥ̱֮֮ǿ䣬ͬʱҲʼˡ
˴ȫħ񡢹ħ쳽̳ҲֶԸԵĶ֡
Ըħ񣬹Ը˻ħ¶ԸޣεɶԸӰħ񣬻Ը쳽˸ԶԸˮ޺Ѫħˣһսٴοʼ
̫ɵֻǧڣԮɵҲһˣԾڸϻص·ϡ
ħȴߣʵռƣھȸڶ߽࣬ɵ˵ӿ԰Ȼɵˡ
ѩɾɵۣƤҲǺܵСģ˻սҲǺ²ѣȻԼʵ
ַħһսΪʵʵǿû˿Խӽ
ַħҲֻǿԿΪ˾粻ȫԼģжܵѩ֪˸İʱںϣʵ൱˾ĳڡ
ħʵѾΪ˶ͻƵ켫磬ƾ˵ַܳԿԪǿԸˡ
µĸλֺ֮γˣսӵ꾭֮ҲǺöԸġ
ڴˣв֮ʱٻ񽣶ԿΪսϣû˽ɵ֮ʼʹ񽣶Եˡ
׹۵ľӢѾʮǿƾ׹۵ľӢʱֵסߵĽʱһͲ˵ˡ
ַҲױսپʱһ̫Կˡ
սԪִַ̧ʮ־
߽ʮ־ҲǲͬģʮھҲֻȡð
߽ԳַΪ߽֮Ҳ֣˲ſʹô˾
Ĵ顢ֻء˹֮񣬵֮ͬʱַͻȻһûд˾Ǵ˰λ˹ڣ漣Ҳһ̷ˡ
λַȫַ壬ȫʹá
񸴻ԭַ߽֮ʱйľԪйһһǴУƽ˯߽֮Уֻʮ־Իǣ˹ſԸͨǵʵҲͷ񽣵Ҳǵ
ԼЦллСˣôû뵽ʹʮ־
ħѾסˣ񸴻ΪʲôǿԶݸַ΢΢һЦħȥ
汳˫ħħʵѾʮǿˣСҹһԸħСݣżλܵܰæԸħ񡣡
սپСѵ˾ܷΪģСѽ֮˸ϼһ
ַҲԼľǣλҲ֮
λɢȥ桢ҹħλ˹֣ͬʹħҲԵֵʮֲΪʲôһ˴εĸ
˹ͬһлħһգСѣǰ˵ĺ徫Ԫ˵ǰֵܵĹͬˡλ֮ܵеľѾھˣĽѧϰҵľ㿴ˣƣ
һƻ̧ͷĳ죬̰ڰ֮һ»ԱĿǳʮҫۣһҲͬһߡ
µգǳģȴǿһ֮ղغϣɴ˿ɼһɻԵۼϡ
صļ޹⣬ǳ֣Ϊ죡
һȣһƾѹ£һ̹Ȼ޹⣬˲䰵Ŀǳҫ쳣һɿХࡣ
ħȻ˽ʾ̱ȫȫϿա
һ죬֮ѹϣħҧš
˫۽ã˸ƮƮչһŭ˫ƺϻֻһãƾչסħħҲŭһȫޱȵ
÷ˣͬ˾磬ӲһƵģƣƣ
һ죬ã˲䱬ѣޱȵ·˺һУħŭȫֵ˫֮иǽã˸
һŭأħȫһףſһѪŭ档
˫֣ػָֻһ̾Ϣû뵽ħʵǿˣһƾͿشˣ
ַȴļһʵ̫˧ˣ



165 
ַ㻹״ο˹֣бж༤ˡ
ħɾͺ͸ˣҧַ㣬޲ý˺顣
ҹԣЦʲô̾ģֵܰ˸˶ôĴ۲ħһѾܲˡ
ҡͷˣΪû뵽ħĲ໹ô󡣡
ҹ΢ЦֶħӰӡַУ֪ԭԼô
ħѾŭգ˫֮нãϣŭһλħգޱȵɨ
üͷȥҹ΢΢һЦɸֶȴѪɫķɽ֮ơ
ַ㰵ľû뵽˷񣬸սʹеľ˽
ҹһɨɽתԵǰȥ˲ħڱը
ͬʱһãҲ˲죬滯һ𽣳ããһըѸɢеĲ˲䱻û
һ촫֮ϳž޴Ľɫհԡ
ҹܿͽԼĥɾ΢ЦŸ߿ϵѪɫɽڲͣתٶԽԽ졣
ַĿҹʵҹǰΪʲôȥǰ
ҹתͷɨַһ΢Ц㲻ҲûаæǿǰģȴһԹۿ
ַʱΣֵǰĪҪᣬֻǰʵ̫ǿ޷ֶѡ
ҹҲ˾磬Ұ˾Ԫ൱֮ãô˵أ
ַҲ֪ô˵ˣͷЦ
ַģҹҲЦ˵Ǻħ˺ܾãϤҲȷ岻ʲô֡ȥĵӰɣԷ̫ˣעԼſԳģ֧ҲӰ졣
ַͷ̷ˡ
ҹҡͷһЦһ˼Сһ治֪ôġ
ʣλַʮ⣬ֻ޷̵ֽλͬĵӡ
ϵŽѾʼ˽ÿײᲨգǿѾΣ˰սս˫
Ӿ˵Ķڲ֮ҲϵķɳԪ֮ϳѾ޷еˡ
ԶַŴϵ棬ʵ̫ˣԼսĻռһ˿ˡ
ҹ׼ʱ̧һָתѪתٶ˲ѪѾûԭĽΣΪԲѪ׶ҲЩѪã
ֻҹһŭȣһ쳹ʣԲ׶ãкһ
ַһһɵһѾʵ廯ڰԿֲ
ַ㾪ȵĲǹҹȻ˲佫Ѫںϣһȳɣ˾ȷĿַַвࡣ
ҹĳһָѪɫɽһʧַ㲻ɴ۾˽ķɽȥˣ
ͻȻޱȿ񱩵ѪɫɨϵŽȫûнսҲֹͣȵȥ
һŭѪɫħħֱɢдħ֡
ͻȻһãħ¼ѪɫԶһѪήҲ
һãٳ䵽ҹԣֳҲſһѪ϶ദˡ
ַѾ״סˣͻȻ˽ûʧһ˲ﵽ޷ļٶȣûпķвŻΪʧ
ַ벻˽Ȼ˿ֲ˱̬ٶ˭Ҳܲȥλ
潻סħΪҹȡʱ䣬Ϊ˽Ҫ׼ʱ̫
ȥħϢţѪȫȻѾܵش
ַȻ뵽˽ҲԸʩ˵ʵһ㣬˵˽ɱͬȼһɱɱħڹ֮ٴδ˽Ѿɱˣ
ħͻ˾磬һȫԻɱַȫţԼ֮ˣ֪ôģȫֿһ
һۼҹȫΪȫһŻ˿ֲҲˡ
ҹħ˵û뵽ɱħʵ˲١
洭ϢŲҹЦɱҲù
ҹҲЦؼžֻж˵Ц
ý磬ûְæħͺñţ׸ҲǷǳΣ˼ǰħһתȥ
ַһ´󺰵׷׷׷ϧһдۣ
εһ֮׷ȥͻȻһã߽ε˻ַסˣȻһλ
εַ㣺ܣΪʲôңַЦҡҡͷ
εɻԵġַ㡱ͻȻסˣ׼ȷ˵Ǳסˡ
Ȼǰ˺ַһģһϢȻͬεȻȫ˵ǿ־廹Ǽַ㷢ε쳣סôˣ
εľ㶵ҡҡͷҲָ֪о֡ее㼤˭𣿡ַҡҡͷȥ
ֻһЦַ㡱ǰһҪţǰ֮һΪ硣
εŴͣȫʯˣסַ㲻϶ܡй
ַʱЦãԶҹʱЦ̫ɽɺɱ̫߷ܲ赲ȵ˵׷Ǳλħȥ
ַ̾һתΪʲô׷ɱħ
΢Цִһ˿ɬε棬ЦһҲ̾Ϣ
˺ɱȫûħħ޵һħ̫˺ıȫ롣
̫׹ۺǰԮҲ˲أһҲҡ
̫ɽʬһƬѪ֮ſһЩʬɢŶ۾ǰսǽ徰¡
еӿʼɨսʬ壬˵ĵĬĬˣܳʹѣྫӢһսУλɹħ֣֮Ԫˡ
ַ͸֮ۼһ𣬿ûַҲһ
ѩЩģЩ£ڻһλŮԣ΢ЦŶˡ
ɻ㲻ַ㣡˭
ѩתͷȥȫֱ͵ʱε״һģһ
ǺǣҪţǹ֮һΪݡѩɣû뵽޻Ϊ壬Цš
ѩȫһ̵ͷһŮѩݼǰݵͷѩͻַ㡣
ʣµļŮҲƵȫۼַ󲻸˵
ַɨŮһֶۣͷԹԵվһԣ·˴°㡣
ַŶİ˲ĴУ˸ϲĻ˾۸ҵĽǣСջ
ŮһѸסַ㣬ĵŰˡ
λЦģ˲ǡ˺ˣҷһ£Ҫǣֲ֡
ЦӦǧվܲ𣿡
ҹҲͷЦǰû뵽ǻԼˣǻ˵㡣
ٴδЦַҲЦżŮһ𣬰λ񵥶һ
ֱַ֪еĹ񣬵ʮɴСһǣɡ桢ݡۡ衢ﳾ硢㡢ҹѩ
ַЦôʽһ֪ĻΪһأ
Цʮ˴ķΪ˷Ż
ݵͷǵģңħ޺Уûʵ治ȥģΪǲŻˣ˳Ϊֵܡ
ֵܣƺַоЩ֣֪ǰʲôѵ
ϲҲܲµ֮ǰͽΪʦ֮Ϊɡ
̫˧ַ㲻а֡
˼ͻȻһ磬ͷ˼ô£
λַ㼸ˣŮ˵ǵĴˣҲǼΪļŮġ
ַЦǰΪʲôֹ׷ɱħѵħɱ𣿡ŮҲΪŰ˹
Цһ˵ͷλɫЩÿ
ַɻˣΪʲô
˭ҲΪʲôħɱΪħϲɱߣǲϮȣ֮˸ӦóȥŶԡ
ΪֵˣʹҲɱ˿ѹֲſɡ
˸ӲˣħҲǱȥģΪʲôҪħѹƣ
ҹ̾Ϣһ˽̫٣粻û֣ʹħԵġ
ͷƹ²ֻأ磬ڣҲ군ˡ˳һ
ַǰ˵һ𣿡
籾Ϊһ壬һ磬ΪֵĲŲ硣
ʲôһ£Ϊ֣λͬʱ˵ͷ
׼ȷ˵Ҳ̫ô£ǴǵġΪֲŲ磬ƹֻֻҪͲᷢΣգֱƻˡ
ǰֱƻ˽ôһСС־Ȼ¹簲Σ
˵ɡΪֲŲ磬籾һ壬־ռĲص㣬֪ľֵĴȹ磬ֱƻˣ˼֮ϵĽ罫ʧ֮С
ʧ⣿ǲ֣ħ
ҡͷЦô򵥡ô˵ɣһķӣ־ǷΨһ֧ŵû˵ô
ַͼŮŴֲ̫ͣˣʱôӣû뵽ôҪ
ַĵ˵ֻܱˡ
Цİɣûа취ҲͲᷴˣ߽ǹؼ
Х߽Ʈڹ͸֮м䣬߲ҫˡ
ַ߽߽Դħ𣿶ҷִƺкܶȱݣ
Ͷ͵Ŀ⣬ֲô򵥾ͿƳɵģ߽ûгɹתֻȫתſԶԿ֡
ַǸôˣǰһʫѵʫֵķ
Ц
ַЦڿԽ⿪ˣǰ˵ʫǶʲô˼
һЦ˼Ҳʲô˼
ˣַ㼸ֱӵ˵ϡ
ʫǴżȻǵģ˵ַԶԿ֡
֪죿ַ̾һȻµġ
СѣǺǣһͽҪȥˣʱ䳤ǵĻҲܲˣһȥҪ˯һʱˡ
߹Ҳվַվİһ
λһλЦߵã߽֮УǻصַڣλҲص˱֮ڡ



166 
ʧ֮󣬼ŮҲһйܻòڡ
ַ̾ϢţΪԴӹõʲôҪ˭֪ʲôҲûеõǵõһϢħʱɱ
ʲôʱǸͷַ㳤̾Թš
ַĻŮҲúΣѩͦνģģܵѩӰҲٳƣŮϷˣ֮Ҳ˲١
ַԣأ
ַһʧı飬Цһ˵㻹ھȣҲ֪ôˡ
һ£ѩЦҽһ
ԭַͳ뷨ǸȣϾǵĸʹѾưˡ
ΪʲôȻưܣſɸַͳ֮û˿ס
ַͳﵽʶ֮ѩ˾ΥľȣѾȫΪһĹȣʹɽصɽûϴѾԳԭΡ
ƽ̨֮ϳӲݣӲ֮СʯɽϵķҶҲ䣬ֻʣ¸ɿݵɻ˵Ǿȵƽ̨
ľҲЩܣϾ˵ļңжϲŭַ
΢ķ·ȵĿ֮ص˵С
ѩ˫֮гˮıųĸ첲΢ЦŰο˼žȵϢ
ַû뵽ѾҰ
Ƭ̵ûйϵֻҪû£ܻеġھѾʧȥķɣҲЩʲôˡ
ѩѾɷϹˣǻô
ַͳЦѩЦʲôѵܺЦ𣿡
ַЦ˵ѩԣȵһɣ˳ժùͽˡ
ѩɻŶˣַ㲻ΪʲôҪҳȥѵǻʲô˵𣿡
ַһüͷ˵ú˵Һͽôʲô˵£Щ㻹ǲҪ׵ĺá
ѩžԼĻ˵Ĳʣίų
ЦЦ˵ûܵܵĻɣȻҲûʲôҲȷʣǰժùɡ
ѩôˣ˼Ҳ˵һѣûʲô˵ġ
ַ̾Ϣһ˵ʾ˵
ͻȻ˵ÿɲҪ͵ܵûй˼ֻǽ㼱ù塣ڽѾʲôҲˣʺܲܵΪҪľû취ժùԲȥġȻò⣬ǽԼȥɡ
˵תӣѩæס˳ĸ첲㲻ҪҲ֪ԭģѩȥúϢ
˵ַеչ˺ý㣡Һܿͻַ㶵ĵͷѩ̷ȥ
ѩߺַεЦûҪôɣ
ʲôûҪ˵Ҳ˼һ˼ҵĸܣôҲһŮӣ˵
ַЦã˵Ķʵȷܰ¡
㻹˵̧־ʹַֽһ˳ȥͻȻҵˣǧҪŮˣ
ꡱһЦװ˵βݣѾеӲȫθɾ
ַЦܵΥ
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һӲݽޣַвãڿɾʲôҲûˡ
÷ֻһСƷ澭ڵƷûôַʹԪͲһˣͨĿʵӵĪʯѵ֮
ַнп࣬÷ƺã֮ǰʱҲж˭֪˾֮Ѿǿ
ХƬӲݱ˺ķ飬ݻھڡ
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޾Ĳݻһȥɳ˾ȡ
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ԪĻ÷ַһ֮¾ӦñɹͺһƬˣһôعѣɽʯء
ַû뵽һ֮ȲѾָ˲ԭò
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ַɵЦҲЦַҺýˣҪæһʱˡ
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ַҲ˵λָԭӣú͡ȡʯйϵ㣬û᲻ǾʯأȻеҾӦÿԴ֡
ȷеʯھ⣬ֻһʯ;ȵڲϵҲÿԴ֣ͷַ˾⡣
˸ո߳ѩ˹ﻹеģšءס˳ĸ첲㣬ùζùӴо
ַ㶵ժùɺãôˣ
ѩɨַһųÿɲֻǳ˼ѣʣµȫ㡣
ѩȡһĻùŵ˳У΢ЦŷŽ˽ָ֮ڣȡˣ⼸ó԰ɣкôġ
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ѩҲͷǰùȫժⶼǸģѵС𣿡
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ôأѩԾַ㣬Сժùģ˭ִ֪ˡ
ɻΪʲôһ㶼һһİ
ַùʵĵطҶԻҪʮֿ̣ԻùټùĽҲҪͨſԽһù֮ùΧӿڶùĽɣȥֱʮٶҲԽԽġ
ܵûٳԻùɣܵܵʱôԵģ
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ѩֽһַ㣺˼ȫժˣʹϵҲȫժˣ˼ժһù
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Цܵܿ϶Ҫùֲػ֮ϣ澭Ӧмء
ѩһ±Ƥģ§ųĸ첲ˣҵִأһֲػùôˣ֮ôʰ
΢΢һЦСȡʯ˼żƲߡ
ѩɻųʯôˣʯʲôԵ𣿡
ҡҡͷʯȻ˴ѩСίվһԡ
ַһȥǼʱ䣬ùʯǰ˼죬ùʵԳ伢ҳ֮ʮ㣬۾Щȣʮ
⼸ѩǲųѯʣֻ֮øַԼ뷨֪ѩҲҺˣԹԵų
ַ֮ڻˣ̫ãȻķ˲ϢһԼ˼š
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һŻùһ˿壬漣ٴλһѪ
֪˶ãҲ֪˶ٻùˣʯڲٺѪˣһεѪʯ棬׹ؼʱ̵ˣ̳¼Żùš
һ֮ʯѪɫҲҲֲ֧סˣϾֻһˣһ˵ϡ
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ַ㲻֪룬׳ΪʲôӣȻˣתͷȵʯ˲䱻סˡ
ŮַĿ⿴ȥҲסˣʯ֮ϵĹ⻪Ѫ㻺ˣƬƬһҲѾһء
㣬Ϊʲôôɵַ㱧ųʹŮĬĬŶˡ
ͻȻȵڤڤ񽣺ХΪһɫˣʮֲ衣
ߵԶ˵ܵȲҪģа취Ȼá
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ε֮ʱ֪ǰʩչػ֮Ȼã˴Ҵĵ죬ֻЩգʱҲ˲ôˡ
ַֻҪܹȻҽ㣬Ҳ
ͷܵһҪҵģλҲҪΪǻصĵ˵ͷ
ס˳˵˵Ѫ࣬ܵܵѪͬģҪ㽫һѪ͵ڡ˵ſ֣Ѿȫָ
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˲֮ڣֻһƲ˲ɢѿһ



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ַεͳоַĿ⣬ܣôˣʲôԵ𣿡
ַ㼱æֵûʲôûʲôֻε˽һЩˣȴһ֮Ű
Ůַ˵ʲôҲͲᡣ
εȻַ˵ʲôҲûҽͣǰϵܣҪչһˣ˾ܲȣΪ̫嶯ˣһٳûֹ㡣
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ٿط֮Ժסӡ飬޷ȡֻ𡣷֮㻺ɢڷ֮Уɳ鳾ȥ
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˸ߵƯСգһ˫۾ųߵСĿȡ޾ȵסС죺磬ҪߣҲǳһ
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뵽黢ôЩᣬ黢ԴСԭôҪ˼ĵģҸҺΣգѵ㲻𣿡
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ӣӴһһϢ



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˴֮󣬳źޡ°³պԶȥһ·ˣˮµĿӭʹ·ϵľɫӶˡ
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ƺҲʲôЦСѾõǿϲɺأȻֶ˴ˣȻɵУ
վЦָܵ㣬Ҳưƣֵİ´һưҲͬһޣΪ췼Ϸ⽫ʽСѣΣ
Ҫܾһ졭ǡ췼үү־ưҲľ磬ð޶ˣһ亹



177 ƾ
⽫췼ڳЦǰľ϶ʮ޷ܡ
ЩףΪʲôҪ־ԼʵҲûʶưƵİԵ｣ĳڳ˵ѾΪԼĵӡ˺｣ǽֵܣ｣Ķݲڳ｣ĵȻԸ⾡ȫ
ЦʵСϰưƣɴ˿ɼСԸϷʽ췼ưкܶͬģֻҪСѸưƵľ裬ҲͬԸ췼
Цǰˣֻһˣǰ˶ݿ޷ر޼æ˳£˵־϶رΪã޵Ȼѧʽ
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Զѧϰưʱ龰ʱ｣ǰԼĥĹǺ˵ͷһЦ̸ָϣֻҪСȿɡ˵վų߳ݡ
ͣ಻ȥĶ΢΢һЦݵһһĵþûصڣǽһͺתԶȥˡ
ɵԺƺ֮ϣ޲С޵үүðүү־֪үү϶һǰˣͷ
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ֻһʽɨ񣬲Ӱʧ΢ЦųʲôҲֲѯʣֻС쿴ųȴһ㶣ϸĻŸղŵĲӰ
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һ㶣˵ָ˫š˼ưƵľƣС濼ǣ
֮ҡҡͷ˼򵥵һʽȴҪưƵľ裬ʵǺܷѽ⡣ûʧЦСѲػģϷҲˡǰƾһܶ˶޷⣬ֻһ侫衣
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｣̾ϢһҲͣõҫˡ｣ȻСѲͬڳˣǲȥģ㻹ǻȥɡ
һ³ȷܵӰ죬ڵʮֹˣǰģҺܿͻȥġ
һϣСشӦ
｣Сһɨ｣˼İɣһġ｣ЦҲ˺ֻܶ࣬Сͺ޲ŶˣŮûвѯʡ



180 һʯ
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軹ûѡޡˣֱһźַһͬŮǰ
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εڿˡƴ㡱ģƵٻ񽣣Żħ׷ʹ򣬿Զַһһ㶵ġ
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ڵεֱǸս޵д󽫾ץŰ飬Ϣ٣ϵܣûˣİɣ
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ҹȥ֮峿˹׼֮Ҳַ֮ʱۺӳһλ˯ľɫˣַûд˵Ĺġ
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ַЦ㣬ᰡڼ䷢˺ö㲻˽ġ
᣿ҿ۸ˣҪΪʲôǶ㣿ҽƱ磬Ҵ򡭡



184 ѩ
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ѩЦסزЦһɫǡ



185 Ѫɽ
Ŵˣͺ߳˷䣬ڵҲˣѩַĸ첲˳ܹܿġ
ЦúƯЦôһǵõҪõĶǹϲϲ˵Żɨַһۡ
ѩЦţľ˵ЦˣʲôҪõأЦַҲЦں޵ָűȥ
һ·˽̸ƽտȤţ˵ЦȤѩѩֱˣرַǰЦĺܿģҺζַİ⡣
ַҲܿģѩЦʱʱĶ˵Ĺϵı˺ܶ࣬Դ˳ʾʮֵ⣡
ȻҪȥ޵ļңҲͲԼļ壬ַ㼸˵˼ڡ޵ļʹ嵱ҲǼģһļ壬ֻ˵һɣΪѪ壡
˵ȷԭģѪһ壬Ǳ壬ԴһλѪ֮Ҳˡ
Ѫ֮ر֮أΪѪĹ֣
־ѾֲܿˣȷһֲĵطɾôֲĵطȴһЩ弰ĿеʥأԭɭеһɽΪɽ
޺ѪĹȥֻһȥ˵˺ܶ顣
Ѫ屾һѪɵز䣬кܶѪħѪħ̳ԣΪǵҪʵѪҺʲôѪȵѪҺأ
ΪѪѪǲɧׯ֮˲ܵĹΧˡʱѪǧ˿ƵϵΧ˲ҰܶսᣬϢΪѪʳѪñϯأѪϮ¼಻ԡ
ʱʮΣѪҲǵһμˣֿʼ壬Ҳܵ˱ҵˡѪ󲻿һ֮ʱһλ峤뿪磬֮ʱҲѪ֮ʱ
ʱ峤Լˣ˫չ˲ɱһսǧȫսѪʧءΪ˻ָѪٴη࣬ӶѪȫΣѣ
Ѫ̳Իϣ˻ý֮ߣѪһչȫսһսѪҰܶ飬ȥѪͷҲһս
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ѪĸıҲ￪ʼģһңԶĴ˵
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ݺҡҡͷЦ¹ģҶԷ㹫ģΣյġ
ȻʧЦͷðɣҶҲȤݺ￪˵ɣҪҵܵЩʲô
ݺ΢Ц˵ֻҪ㹫ػéݲܵ˺Ϳˡ׻ݺʩչΪʱܻ췣٣ַӦòʲô
ðɣҺϵһ£ݺԵȡ˵ճ뿪éݡ
ַ˵ݺҪΪʩѰһ飬û˵̴ӦˣֻҲЩԾݺȻõַͬݺ㿪ʼʩʹõĵѪѪȷѪйء
ݻݺ˵ʩչѪϹʱĽΪѪ׷ꡣʩչҪѪΪڵѪѾѪʩչѾҪôѪˡ
ݺֻϥڴϣѪԼϣ˫ֲһ˿˿Ѫԣʮֹ졣ѪԽԽ࣬ݺѪһѪĻҲã
֮ͻȻһɹķ籩ȻûʲôвǷ籩ʵˣ˻𡣳ȥɫѾȫڰղ˺صƣ췣Ѿˡ
ݺڷɿҵصķ籩͸ѪĻǵɫ·ڵһλӰһȴʱ֮ڱɫâһڷпٴ󣬶ݺѪҲѸƮǶȥ
һգ۵ĹǾһ𣬽ѪȫɣΪѪãڷݺ˫һȵǧѰŵѪ׷꣡񣡡ѪãһȥݺڴϣֻŵѪ
һȴɢڰգַˡײϽ٣պֹжֻͨĽף׶Ըŷġ
ͻȻ쵽һֵľ񲨶ʵ飬Ʈéݻ
һãһ˻ٽžַĹֽȻй»Ұǰ֣ϧڲʱ򣬸ϿҪҳִɢǵĻǣѽȻΣϻǵϹèΣ
ʱ»ţֲٿֲҲûѹַٲҾͰȫ͸ԱߵλŮ
һ촫һƬѩţҪΪǺ۸ģʱˡ
̾ԽԽˣҪǷϵܿеˣȻԼַľԣǧҪŮˣ
ϣȥԽԽ󣬲ַ˵Ѿûʲôвɫʮֻ谵ų˰ʱһãĳ˷䣬һ֮³ݺڣݺȻ˫ۣгߺޣɫҲǲ԰׵Ŀ¡
Щǣʵݺôˣû°ɣ
ݺһѪήӲ񣬳æסݺѵ˵ĸ֣체ԭ
체ԭȻǸͷйأݺû°ɣɲҪҰݺôˣѽҡѾԵĻݺ



188 ΪӦս
체ԭ̲ģ棬Ϊַ˵ưƣ｣ľ｣ػ顣
ݺˣǰ˵체ԭ֣ʲô체ԭ
췣Ѿˣַ췣ûʲôв˷ѵ㾫ѡ
ݺڴϣһΪˣֻݺûܵʲô˺ֻǻ˹ȥ
˼Ƭ̱㲻ˣһеȵݺȻͻ֪ˡ
˯еĻݺ̾һȷһλµŮӣһĪ⣬ڷ֮ŮӶܵĿϧѪ壬治֪ôôȹġ
Ѿˣɽ˴쿴ղŵһʵ̫ĿˣȻ췣
ȻַԸҲᣬַ˵ǶȥҪһ췣ˡ
ַºݻǿסˣȻȽϿ˶ַ֪赲췣Ҳ˶졣
ݺһһҹֱڶ˹Ѿû£Ҳͷˡ
ʱѾۼ˼ˣǸ嶼Уַ㶼Ǵıĳġ
˱ϾöԸǻкܶݺĵӣҪԼʦַһѰ죬ѩ飬˵ݺЭ̣˲ڣŵסǡ
ȻסˣǾǲߣݺģַֻų
ʱڵĳѾͻݺ̸ͨݺĽ˵ףԭ˵체ԭ˵ݺ˼ǻϢʧģ⻹ѯһЩ»ŵõĽ
Ȼû˵ľ䣬ҲǻݺðΣյõˡ
ʵݺΪλʱһȻǱ˴˵ģ
ݺһŭ⣬һλˣ֪ΪιңʵǿϾܹһǵ˶򵥡ֻǿϧˣ̽ѰһЩġ
׻ݺܵ˶ô޴˺Ҳð˶ķգܴÿ˵ģ
˭أݺﲻʶ𣿡
ǵģҲʶҲ֪ΪʲôҪҳ֡
ԭݺôˣ
ûʲôϵֻҪϢͿˡ
ţҾͷˣݺúϢɣݺͷ
ʦôˣûôɣ
ݺĵʵǵȲˣʹַӲ߹ȴȥˣַʱЦá
жŮһЦݺ˵˲ΪʦܺãǶȥɡ㹫Ӻѩ̸
ַһͷĺоȺħսһҪˡ
ַѩéȥĺܶ˶Ѿɢȥˣм
ݺַѩһ۾ͿڴϵĻݺݺɫ΢죬ףСŮӻݺ㹫ӣѩ
ֱַӵɴ۾ѩҲĿԲǺ޵ף
ݺЦŵͷַٴĿɿڴһλƯŮӾȻǺ޵ĸףַѩ̫ˡ
ַѩҪɳ۾ЦϵܺܳԾɣһʼҲһأ
ݺЩߵ¹ͲҪȡЦˣλЦˣҵȷ޶ס
ַ˸ЦԼ֪ԼЦж
ַһƹ췣Ѿȥˣ֪Σ
ݺ̾Ϣһַ˵ʵ飬˵ַͬһ체ԭȻﰡ˹ƹܺйأû뵽ǻ顣
ݺһ£㹫Ӹղ˵ʲôѵʶǸҵˣ
ַͷֻǲ²ѡ
ݺﲻصģֻǿ˶󡣶ˣݺﲻǻһҪҵܵܰæ𣿼ȻΪǶðգҲӦһ¡
ݺͷ˰ɣҲûаҵʲôмֵô鷳أ
ַɻô£ƹʲôҪæ𣿳´磬ɾĲˣΪʲôЩҰ
һЦ˸ˣݺΪʩҪǰһæѡ⣬Ҫҳ´ˣݺͿҵˡ
ַЦȻҲͲˣƹʲôҪǰæƹ˵Ѿˣܿڰɣ
ݺ̧ͷѩһۣȴûпڡͻȻһ㶣ƺ˻ݺ˼
ݺѪĳԱеıѡ֮һǰѾһεĲң϶ϣپڶΡַʵݺһЩ˽⣬϶ܹƽͨѪĹֵĿ飬Ҳ˵ַʸɽѡһŮĪǡ
ΪֿԺܴ󣬱Ͼģǻģݺѩ벻Ǿ˽ѡ뿪壬ӶΪѡ˵Ŀԡ
ЦõŻݺȻ²⵽ˣʵЩ޷ܣϾѩοлŮǿ¼ϱˣַµȷܲʡ
ĿݺѾµʲôʱ糺죬һĺӵͷ
һ룬ݺȷһλɶõŮӣǰ಻Ϊ֪飬ںŮ˵ǿԲüƽЩġ
ַֻϷһ˵ʹѻݺȢؼҲԿٳôΪģ
ţҲϵܰȢȥ
ˣ
ӴԴַ㡣
ַεų뵽ĽᣬֽеɣʲôҲõ
ַ㳤̾ǣ˵Ļˣǵ˼ô᲻֪
űַùͷЦϵܣȻ㶼֪˽ҲͲ˵ʲôˣȻƺЩģǽ֧㡣ֻҪ룬ǰȫµŮȫȢȥˣ㶼ģ
ˣ
ӴʹŶԴίͷڿüͷַ㡣
˻ı飬ݺƿڶЦѩ˳˼ͷ
ѩͷƺѩЦôݺһӵҸǲ֪ѪǸʲôƨأʵˣŮ˵ȫˣ
ųɽŮӵĲͼӴ׵˵һַһһ㶵ġ
ݺ˾ٶֱסˣֲýҴЦһͷ
˵ַǳ׷ˣȻ׳˼٣ȻѪĹأΪ˼巢չȻ˻Ůӣ
ѩʮͬŻݺڳҪ⣬ַ㾪ȵľãðɣͬóӭȢƹ㲻ܿ˾еλ㡣
ϲ÷ģϵܿɲˣȥ֮ǳףԺǾһˣ
ҿ飡ַ
ֱӸһƣЧ
ҷԣ
񣡡
ҡҪǱҾ㿴
һסַĲӣʹҡţھȥɣ
ַͷȵųء㣬ҡҡЭЭ
ЭУ˵
˵
ȥɣ
ȿȡҡȢȢȢ
ĥһſַ㣬ַᣬͬʱоͦЦģҲֻԼͷŮ̫ˣǻ˱˿ˣ
ѩЦѣݺһ亹ȵܵȢ׵ǵһο
ѪĹأͨҪѪԪϲſӭȢɽŮӣѡ֮˿ܻĿ顣
ݺȻһѻŮӣɽĵλͬһ㣬Ҳ˵ҪȢпܻҪԪϵĿ顣
ַȻģȲֲɾܾĽַɽԪס
ַԳְֱֺޣĽ㰡
ԪϵסһΰĹַѼߣ̾һ˽ȥŮվȺϢ
ַȥĿ죬Ҳ죬ӡ
ݺŵʵ㹫ӣôˣ
ַƲƲ죬˵ˣɽĵλأҪȢҪгǿʵֻҪܴǼɡ
ݺһΪͳԪҵ뷨Ϸȥ
ɻϵܣôģ
ַߵֱ˵һƽȻҾͳˡ
ʱεѩŮ亹
ףסַĶ򹬵ߣ߱ߺȵС䲻Ҫ˰ɣȻҺŪңҾͲǣôˣǰǾǸƨ
ѽ㣬ҪְҲҪȥ
ݺ־ֺǳȻ˵˴󻰣ѵַĲλԪû˱λԪϵʵ
ǳȻ˱ԪϣǰǱƼ˵ڹͶˣ
ѩ΢Цƽ㲻ҪģȻһӣʵĺǿ
ݺĵͷѩȻǰԼ˿ַֻֽԼѣַʵϾԷλԪϰ
ݺѩĿɿڴ·ˣ˳Ľͷͷͷɵͷͷ쵰ͷˣݺһҪߵģѾǳ¼ҵˣҪҪԼҵܵһȫţСǣҵܵǰƨƨʲô;ܳȥɣҪɱߣ
㣬Ҫɣ
ôǲǣҪǲ
ͷͷͷɵͷͷ쵰ͷţҽĻҵĻʲôȥȫţǡǳҽս



189 ѹ
ַսѪԪϵϢܿʹɽ˶ַ֪ΪӭȢݺҪϴսһһЩЦǿַȫǲ֪ϵʵ̹ˣݺλѼ˳ȥ
ݺĵҲһƬǼȿֵģݺʮȻϣԼʦຣֻû˿ԴѪλԪϣʶݺһֱɽ֮ڡ
ͬʱҲڵģһַԪϣǵʦҪ뿪ɽζԺҲʦˡ
ݺʵ̫ˣɽ˽֪˴ϢѪԪסݺΪԺ壬ͨķʽʹѪݺһƷ
ִɽһʱ˶۹⣬ݺ֪֮ҲǺް취ԼһŮֻӼָӡ
ڶͬݺÿλɽ˶ΪԪϣϧ԰
˴ξַͳһ֣ѪԪҲ»ʲôˣʹŮҲڣֻҪܹͬʱˣԴ߻ݺҲʽݺΪɽʥŮڽɽ壬ǷȰ˲Ҫ߻ݺΪǲˣ
һһƬȻԪϾȻĿŵ壬ʹ˸еһź
ݺĵӸҧгݣͬʱҲΪַһѺΪַѾӦսرԪַ֮ƿڴ쵰ͷȻ˻ԱҶҪǼʶһʲô죬ʲôǵأӮ֮һҪɽǸ棬ɽŮ
ͬʱĻ㴫˳ɾϵܿģǲ罫ݺɾˣĻˣʹݺҲסˡ
ɾǰãഫ̫ɵҲѾɾ֮£ɾνýһǿơַ㾹ȻɾĴʼˣʵ˺ֵز
ȻַݣԪϻǲϷŹݺɻǾ仰ֻҪܹǣκ˶Դ߻ݺսѾɱ⣡
ַ㲻Ը˵ųɳ˵̫СŲֽţս˵ַһƻѪĹ֣ԶһһƬԲ׵Ŀյسɭ֮С
ݺһַʵʵֲ̫ˣһƾȻٵ˼ڵһСַһһڿյ֮ϣȵ쵰ͷɣҿʲôͣ
ɹдãһַȥַЦȻֱӳãź𣬴սѾʼݺ㹫ӾȻҪһ𣿶ûκλֱӹԪϣһǼԪô죿
ǻʲô˵ģȻϵЩ֣ҿ⣬ΪϵѾŭˣ
ѩԶ˸ã˵ͷˡǿ׼ʱ֣λԪϿһҲˡ
Իݺŵѩѩ˵ʲôλԪһҲˣ
ЦݺİɣϵӦòô֪ɱԪϵġݺѾɵˡ
ɽ˼ٷַ㾹ȻսԪϴʹûܼʱǸˡԶ̳ã˸ϣ˴һַ㾹Ȼһ壡
һŭȣַһλԪϣ˫ʱ롣âƯһգΪλߣַ㣺ʲô˼Ȼ˶֣
ַЦҪΣѵǻҪȲ𣿼ʹǲΣַһһһλǰһֱӺ£˴һæ˺󣬿һ
λ˴ŭһַ㣬ַһһʮףλˡλԪҲ˫ޣɷҲԶһЩڵ֮ʮְԵ
һλôѵҪֶԸѾ˵˲飬ҪСˣ˵λ˸ȡһѪѪãҫ˰塣
ݺ𾪲ѣԪϵѪϰɽѪѪ¸Դ󷢣ַܹӦ
Ҳüͷһ׽Ȼﵽ˽һĵز˵ȷټߣƺ̫СҵܵˡĻݺĿɿڴѵλԪϲַĶ
ַԾȣýλΪɽԪϣʵȷǿǻҵĶ֣Ǽʶһҵʵɣƣַ̧ץ֮ղ顣
һϵס֣ѵҪɱţַһ㶣εջƣһ˫λˡ
λҧгݣĻʵ̫ˣʵڲַжʵ͸ղΪʲô쳣ûп
һλһһɨַ㣬ѪɨһãַȥַҧҧһɫϻסԼһߡ
ãһַĽɫһ󲨶⻹ǽѣɴ˿ɼԪϵʵҲǲɺӵġַĶԪеѪ֮ѪΣա
λԪЦ彣ѪַַһѸٶܣѪ˦Ѫβ׷ϡֱַܣ޷ӳѪ׷תͷȥλЦַ㡣
ͻȻѪɢ׷ַ㣬ַʮ׶㿪彣彣ٴַüͷһܣһǲӴѪ֮Ѫã̻Ϊ˻ҽַһæԶһԵѪ
ַԭѪݻգֲ»ữΪҽԭַ㲻ٶܣתһѪȥ
һ죬ַһסһѪѪвɢѪãһѪַƮ䣬֪ĻѪġıѪȺִַĵצֻɫצ߬Ѫ
촫ıѪצַ㣬ַһһֽã˸ץĽ촫ַָסıѪĽɢŽ˿˿ѪַƮ䡣
ַ㽫ѪץһУһֻȼãȫ彣һ죬ַЩɿ彣һ彣ȻûбնϣѪַɢѪãӳ壬ʮֹ졣
λԪҲǴһַͽѹ彣˵ȻܳնѪҲϵģղ彣һľͻᱻַնϡ
ַһնûնѪ˼æѪ󲻶񶯣ַһʮף̾ɽƷʵķɽһȷӲޱȡ
ѪѸٻصλԪϵУλ۵ظѪѾ˼ѺַۣһѪҪϵڿ϶ַʵȷɲ⡣
ַһ̧˫ۣɭֲ񶯣纣Ʋһɹɳϲ졣ַѸٴʮãŭ𴫳ںϳΣ˻һ˶ȥ
ԶĻݺһĿɿڴʲô
΢Ц㾦ѩҲ΢Ц
ǰս˶ѾסˣԶλԪϱסŵַ㣬ȻһޣƺռϷ硣
λ֣ϵرΪ룬ַٻɣʹΪҲѸٺһˡʶʲôʼȫ۾ַ㰵ͷԪϹȻ棬ô㡣
ַĻ㾦ڵĻ㾦Ǹݾһһ˻ǰһɫϣŭ˶ȥ
λ˱˽ףַЦһһɨʮãڡλһվΪΣɢࡢɫ
ݺѪХ󣡡
ŮӲԶ˴һѪХѪΪԵһ󷨣ҪƸΪľˮ˹ͬʩչɣۺ֣֮
ַУ˵ַɫɽתš
죬˾Ҫ˵ʲôѩЦݺЩŶŮ
λһŭȣؼɫ֮λ˴һѪƣѸٺһΪһѪַ㡣
ַŭһ˫ƺϻɫɽһΪһѪȥͻȻַвãƺʲôæתɫɽѪã
ûʲôɫɽѪãΪϸСѪãķѪã֮޴ըеѪãϻաַüͷһѸɫŮȵסС죺
ݺһ㶣û׳˼ҲûпʽرֻǾöŮı̫ˡ
ɫɽͻȻѣѪãһݺһס۾ַ㲻ˡַ㳯ǰһָ˲仯Ϊһģķɽһȥ
û죬ѪãѸɢһǰַ㰵в̶ϾԱޱȵ춯أ񱩵ԶĹߡ
زŻָƽֻλ˽˹˲ˣٴѪҪˡֻλĿѪȥ
ַһ̫ˣûнԶԱˣǲʵ̫ǿˣλȫֵűסһѪѣķˡ
ַҲǰԳԾû뵽ȻôֲЩϵԪϣԺ˼áַɤӱȭһ񣺡ˣ
λԪﱧȭ񣺡л飡
һλ˵ǻŵԣݺͽˣ߰ɣ
ԶһƬʵ̫ˣַһλԪϣһѪХʵʵ̫ǿˣ˶ַ飬λԪѾΪʲôʵɾĴʼ˹ȻǱѰ
ĵЦˣ鲻Խ˻ݺǴصȻôӰ졣ݺ֮࿴˳Ŀ⣬ʱɫ糺죬Ҳһ˵ĸоΪҪ޸ַ㣬ǽַ֣֮ǳȴôˣʹûݺһԥ޻ǲޣ
ѩ˿ҲЦųĸ첲Цţ㣬ɹˣͷһЦ
ԶŮӾȵųҲ벻ȻŮ֮㱼ƺˣԼҲˡ
ַָԭӣ΢ЦҲ߻ƹȴҪɽйɣҪǷϳ棡λԪһԥϾʤΪջǵͷӦˡ
ɽһƬŮӳݶָмַ㣬Ҳݺڣݺлһʧ䣬ȻˡЩַľɽŮǶԵģַ㲻˵߻ݺ
ַû˵ץסһٱᣬַ㲻ίشš翴һų֪ѩݺλԪϿЦá



190 ħ
ѪλԪѾַʵҲԼĳŵɽŮȫָɡѾкܶŮ뿪ɽɽʱ徲ࡣ
ַ⼸ǿˣǲʱķÿζַĹǺݺıҲЩŹ֣ǳ˵Щʲôɡѩԭӣÿʱÿ̶ַߣʹַٻһ㰲ο
ӦȥˣǳǲϷַҲûа취ֻڴפա
⼸ѪԪƵƵ٣ÿζѯַһЩϵ⡣Ԫַ㻹Ǳһ˿ǸģϾˣǷϳ棬ɽ٣ַΪǽ˵⡣
ʼַ㻹ΪԪֻΪ̣ʱһַ㷢ֲֹôˣǾȻŴἰݺַˣҪɾ
ԪϵıЩӲʹЦҲǺεЦַʱ뵽ʲôȻַץ˱Ĳ߻ߣ׽
ַʳһ߲ӣַս֣֪ҹ֮ʱѩ۵ظַϵˣַѾˡ
ݺҲָ֮λԪûΪɽĵλɲ䡣
ڳݺҲֻܱΣַ֮Լຣ֮ǰĶƺ̫ˣ˶ַ֪ΪӭȢսԪϡַ˴߻ݺںܶ˿ݺʱ¶һı顣
෬ŬûгɹҲʵַ࣬ǰһӣַ֪˶ٴΣַһȾܡ
ѩĵ³ɢҲַǸַźùࡣ
ɽ֮Ѿᣬַ˽ΪӦ뿪ˣʱͶ֮
Ϊ˱ַ㣬ݺٴʩչѪ׷Ϊ̽䣬ûзʲôµֻ֪Ϣ체ԭʧġ
ݺȻûҵַȴʾ˸лԭݺʩչܵķ̫ˡ
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һͷǵģ޶ԺҪúչԼġ
Сͷݺ㹫Ӳסɣολ˲ŸոʹżҲôɣ
΢Цݺ˵ҲеӦ뿪ˡ°˾ɣ鷳ݺչˡ
°һۼæҡͷϴҪɣǸ߰ɣҲûʲô塣
ַЦɽкܶŮӣǻкܶģǲҲΪӲĹֵûϵģԺл˾ͻɾԶǵļҡ
°ͻȻǿɲôһ仰ͰأУҲҪҪɾȥ
ַεŶˣҵ˼ˣôǣɣҲҪϢס죬˳һ޶ŵ˵ͷ
ݺüͷҪ𣿡
ַͷݺ̾ðɣ㹫һ·أ
Цݺֻϵܵʲô˼Ŷˣ
ַָ˳һָʹһίַ㡣ַε̾˿λԽԽûа취ˡ
ĻݺҲ糺죬˵ЦˣѩҲҪһ·أ
ѩ΢ЦŵͷЦһ˵ʲôȴַǿŷȥԶԶĻشѩһЦݺһ񣬻Цһתȥˣѩ飬ѩĻЦݺϸǻġ
Զȥ˰̾һĵټ˷磬ѩ㣬гľ㡭޵һ˿ѪȴͷѸ˻ȥ



193 һ
㣬ǰ체ԭˡ
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체ԭ⣬ַչʵݣʱҲһ체ԭ｣Ϊ̵ӡȻ˷ǡ
｣һλýǰʵ˾̾ҲľȶԳߣõ｣洫Ϊ˶ıԣ｣ĳֶԼ˶Ӱ졣
ãһȥ체ԭһƬһߵıأȻ羰Щˬķܸ˰ĵĸо
һַһЦͽǰС
ԶԶģһªϦڱ̲֮ϣһλ̬ߵĲϼɢŻֵĺֻ׷ϴš｣ͷһЦתӣ̧ȥַֻ˲Զ
｣ЦλСѿжʱûһͬͷˡַ˻ĵЦˣ｣ҲͰЦݡ
ѾָŮ֮һ̺ɢЦҲǼΪĶˣͷԽԽˣ֪Ҫ
｣΢Цַ㣬ҿûңǸоˡСѱɣ
ַһͷǰˣһжáǰ½ƽʱҲ㣬ֻµʱŻ
｣ЦСѺҾͲҪôˣǵѴλСԵƬ̡˵｣Ϊһãһȥַһ｣ԽԽˣղŵӰѾߣô£
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֮УСΪһ뿪ˮôࡣ｣ź룬λСһǳɻҵʵɣ
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ַ㾪ȵŴͣǰʱȻԶԿˣʲô磿
｣ЩΣҲ֪ҲɣҲ֪ǵľ硣ʱѾƾնˡ
˴һշʲôڵձдɵΪʹǰҲҪڵΪڻýǶǿߣ｣ʱƾоȻԶԿ˵ˣⲻܲ˾ȡ
｣ʱȻˣǵȷֿˣҲˣζ
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ҹܿˣԭҹʮֻ谵ûһ˿ǹ⣬ķ紵ܻʹ˲һɺ⣬Ҳǹһһ˿һռ䣬ҲΪҹһ˿ů⡣
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ַ｣һ˽ػ飬ҲļָܵõĻˣҲôġ
ļַ체ԭ˵ҲûʲôõȥοҲ｣ļܹջָ
ԭȽϿŮ˵νģַ｣ȻҲʲôӰ죬˵Ҳǿ֡
ַ㻹ʱʱ̽һ²ԭܷʲôʧˣԭϾ̫ˣѰҲûзʲôĵطַֻ
｣ظÿյæµʱַȥԭдԣԴַӲܾ
ʱ˵˵Ҳ̣｣ļֻһΣֻһ֣ûʲôֵ
ַҲϣ｣ļ䴦ڻָ֮Сһο｣ҲǺܸжģÿնĵЦš



194 ޴Σ
Ѫɽ°³źɽԶķ羰ɽĽϰã޸ոսһĿγ̣°ġ
⼸Ʋ֣˻ΪΪ˲ŲˣԶһֱʹݺҲûзʲô޵쳣
ðüˣͲЦһ𣿡
԰ϴҲÿ춼ɥɣ˸ȥ޵ӹһ˿ɬͷҲĲš
°óһ·˺޵ϣ޶ǻȥɣһô죿
³ҲţǰûȥɣƹﻹڼҵأҪˣ⼸Ҳ۵ġ
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³̾Ϣ˺ˣǾȲȥˡӦ㣬ʱ˴ȥϴ󡣡
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°ðɣǻؼϢɣ޵ͷݺסȥ
޵ķǰԺһȽֵĵطݺסںԺéУĸŮסҲǺԶ
޵ķ⣬°þϢɣһ֪ͨġ޵ͷһЦƿŻ˽ȥ
Żϣ˽̾һڵĺ޲֪ΪûǰĻգÿ춼޾ɵģԶҲ˯Ƶġ
ӿЦҪ뿪ͻź޷һ죬һڵϣ°˵ûˤɣҪСİˤϴҪ۵ģЦ
кܰû촫³üɣ˯ˣ
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ѱּһںӣ³亹˵Цǣ޶ķ䣬ҽȥϴñ֪˿µʲô뷨ȥ
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³һˣָŴȥɣ
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ô˵ɱһ˽ȥܲú˯ϰɣ˭أ۵ŶԷ
Ϻգȥɣ취ģȻˡ
ǿɲУ취ˣԵ
׻˵ĺð˭İ취˭ȥ
Ϲ˵仰ô֪˭˵ģ
ң

һҲû˵·亹˭Ҳ벻˾Ȼ컯յ˭䣬һһŮķ䣡ն˾Ȼȭ³տɥ˺޵ķ䡣
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³̷ź˺޵ıתԪ쿴ͻȻ³һ޵̱һħ˳ȥ³ڵһѪԾźޣ°ҲһԾӡ
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ܳͻȻ˳λʦ棬ֵ체ԭ˵ճ֮мҿŮ㶵ܳ壬Ҳ֪ǲʲô̼ˡ
Ȼþһ°ɣȥ체ԭѵܵһͷӰһģʧ
ݺȵ輸ˣ֪лŮһȻòޱȡҴÿ˶żΪɸղܳһ䡰ʦ桱ͿԿŮĵλͬһ㡣



195 Ѫ
һ޲֪ǣ˶˵ģһĸֽڹ
ͨԱţŮ˻ݺݣڻݺŮҲʧһŮôĳˡ
ݺ۾ʼעźޣܹܽţϾԼŮĸĸײϧأȻػûлͻݺĵģǲǷ㹫ӻ޶оˣ
̾ϢҲ˵׼Ӧÿ԰ɡ
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ϵܵΪǹġô˵ɣûм˿ΪĶ֡
ݺһȻ˵Щ󣬵ǻݺϾԼַ֣Ϊȷɲ⡣ݺƽһ㣬ȻַΪ˸һԾȻޡ
ܳܵĴ̼ɲһ㣬뷨ӲţݺôһĹﾹȻǺ޵ĸף֪ôƺˡӴ̼ԼȻһֱŲʣֱݣȻݺû˵ʲôҲʹܳһ󷢿
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ѩһʱɫΪѿ֮ƺ⣬˵׳Ԫ϶˳˾磬λˣ㲻赲ǵʱ֪ˣַһͷѩ˵ĲλˣԼ˳˻˭ܹ赲ǣ
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ַ㸶˶ۣԪͰ֮ĶַıȱһɡַͳԪ󲻽Ϊ½ɣ֮ҲԴһľʧġ
ַ㲻֪ԼڻһŰ֮ģֻ֪ԪԾȻޣԪҲٴˣԶʧȥԪѩƺʲôַ㣬Ϊַûз¡
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ţ޶ѾȥˣѾûҵˡɽмڵңӦûȥˡݺ˫һ֮һ使εʻʻ֮ϲѪ
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ˣǵʶԭһ⣬Ͼ⣬ܸнʱ㹫Ҳعģ޶ûмˣ˵ֽҲõġлл¹޶ߵʱӦúܿģӻ̫ˡ

һ¶ŮӵıӰôһոʧȥŮĹ¶ŮӱӰ
ݺһŮӣĳֶַ˵ֻǴҴҶǣΪȣһλĸʧȥŮ
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ַ㼸˷ٶȥѩҧгݣ޿κΣֻøַ㼸˷ȥ콣һХҲ׷ȥֻ³ҽں׷ţϵһĨ̺컺ˡ



198 ֮
ǵļң𣿡ѩЩžȣҲʮϲط
ַͷȻѩʧȥ˼䣬Ƕ˵ȻǾȵĴ
ѩ۸ɿһðԷſ㶼Ѿץһ·ˣڶѾˣûбҪ˰ɣ
ҡͷҲҾϲץ㣬ѵ㲻𣿡
ûûܰ㵱ȻץԼˣǺǺǡ
ַ̾һѩǻˣûмӦأڵԸ䣬ҲֻгҲ˵˳֮ںκˣȥʹŮҲܲˡ
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ѩһɨҲǴ㣬ǿԺǰҲԺѩǲԺҽ㣬Ҳϲûʵˣüͷѩ۵Ļδ̫ˣַ㼸Ҳ⡣
ѩ۵ļڰ֮Ҳǰֻ֪ľλħ֣֮СԸ̸ֲķѩɵκҲԸǱΪһţΪнӽ˶ΪĵˣҲΪַ㼸˺á
ʧȥ˼䣬ûϵΪҲǵУν˵ĵ˾ѣǿվһġ
ѩ۸һԼ㷢һ˱һΣգҲ磬ǲĶ֣ΪǺãǲӦýƭ
ЦҲã㶼ѾȣѾע⵽ˡѩһ
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һâѸٹס̫ճ֮һԲͨչ֪غһųʧͨľͷ



 


199 ˧
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֪Цãɿһ˵ǸܸһûûءŮ֪죬֪ٸίεصͷ
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ַ㻵ЦԭǱԹҲ裬ǰ˵ǲڰ֣Ůһ֪Χ롣
֪ʱͷߣԺһŴĺ飺λº
ЦͷɲҪǾȣ˵㣬û
һȭ֪֮ѽҽУмίֺڣǧѰѰȴһٶ
ѩվһԹµ飬ԼŮҲ˽һЩ֪ǲẦˣԲûгֽΧ
ŮȥѶħĺȫͷŵ֪ϣﻹţ򲻹ħ򲻹𣿴㣡
֪ᣬ˧ġЦ



200 ͨ
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һЦѪħһڷ֮ڣǷɣȻֲҪСķ㣡
һջ˺ãħʱָɣѪħųŮҲæ˶ŮߣŮλħ
λħԸŮƺ׾٣ħԭڵղô£Ƿɷӡ𣿡
ѪħЦƺܿǣ
ħλɣһλеķɣǶ˵в
ѪħʱЦħúͿղһвųѾˣΪղӡ𣿸ղŲһѣ
ħ־ȣֻһȻʹԼ޷ƶҲ̫˼ˣôԼҲ˵Ϊ
ѪħųѾȬ˷豹棬޵ۣͨ˴һ
ѪħĻħһ𣬾ȵųֲóʶԼԭӵۣͨǿħûɵ۰
Ůһ˵ۣ˳ЦҾȣѪħȻ˼ʶ㣬Ȼ˽ۣӦҲ۵ɣ
ѪħҧҧҪˣȻʮ㣬λˣаյ۶ԿǶ𣿡
ЦƺҵݣҪһǷɣȥ˫˲仯Ѫ죬һ˫ѪۡѪ粨ˮȻ״ڳʮֲֿ
ѪħвãħӶȥһħ˲¥ϲ졣
ȵӣѪмת̳һС͵ĺڶϸСĺãһȥ
촫֮ħʶӰֳΣǱ˿С
ݶϧ񽣺ХһĽ£λħ
λħ㾪ȣʵδ̫Եˣ˼򵥾ƷλħѪħ˼⣬ҲǷ豹澳磬ΪʲôԶԿλˣѵѾﵽ켫ǽһλµĶ֣˭ܹԿ켫ķɣ
ɵ˶ǰЦԲֻгڵΪܹգƺǲòλħѪھ˼򵥵Ʒλħѵħǹ
Ѫħ㲻ҪǣɵʵǲΪжϵġھﵽʲô磿
СѪħҪ֪ȻǼ£̫˾ͻ˸оᡣҵľ粻ǿԲ²ģ˵Ҳա·ҲԸԴСͷŹǡǻȥħִԲݹҶ
кãһλħʱѪ˲ѳˡ
һ˦ֽ⿪˶˵ķӡѪħؿڵл飡˵ħȥһµȥ



201 Сħ
һ˫ˣɴҲ޵еĴڣַ㲻ڣΨзܹԿħȻѪħͻħѾ뿪ǳЩģϣַԾ췵ؾסء
ַȥ˶Բ²һοַ㻹ӵĽᣬĸоַ체ԭŮһԲߣΪӦһַ㣬ʱٴ٣Լһʵ޷Կ硣
ŮȻ׳ܵѹַħҪɻ类ΪͷȴС
гΪŮΪɣԸλ˵ȷ̫
ȥѵܵһɣûҪչλãɣ
ε㣬ҪȥɣϾҿ˲ƣʹħҲ޷˵ҵġ
̾һǵı¶체ԭŮһͬǰðɣǰѰҵܵܣþͲҪȥˣؼʱԾȴң°ɡείصͷǺһЦȥ
Ůľסؾ체ԭǺңԶΪ˦ʿػط체ԭ
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һӰһһʮףǲӰӰν׷ᡣ
üͷһƻȥ㱼·𿴵ӰҲһƣֻ˲ӡʧˣͻȻһӡӡ豳һѪػӰٶ̫ˣ跭ػûܴ򵽶Էһӡٴӡı
һѪָȪһȪѸٰԼӰ˵һԣΪӰħЦ衣
ᴭߺ޵Ӱħ񣺡û뵽㣬ѵΪԻɱ𣿡
ӰħЦΪԻɱ㣬Ϊ˱֤Իɱǻһˡ
һħԶҧгһָԵĻȪӰħȥתӣԼܶԸλħħɢȥħЦ׷裬ӰħȪҲ׷϶ȥ
谵ҧѰַȴԼȴվ
ʿħԶɢȥˣλħ׷ʹ豾ˣǶ˵Ķ֡
ĵħٳһĻ꽣ӡĻ꽣ȥħʧգʣµħ
Ӱħķٶħ֮ģʹҲ޷֮ȣֻһӰһζһħǰ
谵вó߿նܣħβϣӰħٶ׷裬ֱӺ衣
谵̾һ֮ƣܴٴζ񻯣һѪɳȥӰħٴγ豳һƻıϣٳħһ̴ز
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һħϣʱѪɣħƹнһߣ񽣳ħ׷ȥ
λħЦѾһϢֻҪһȻ䣬˷׷϶ȥ
һãһ̤΢üͷ˶ǰϢͻȻоһ˿ʹ⣬Ը
λħһڸѾˣһɺⲻɵóͷСһ˦λħ̱ӡ˫ãλħ񵱿Ա
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æѰҡʱѾȫԣʵ̫ˣνѪҲദڤڰѹƵӣŽ趨ߵıԵ
ȥˣɲ֪٣ֻ÷˾סأǡַҲոջ
̸ַоһίΪѰŻʧٵģһڵȴҪŮİΣѹ˵Ҫ˵ܵܵİΣܲί
ַ㲻ſҪĳôˣ˭۸ˣϵܰ
Գħ۸ˣǴ˽㣬ڽҲ֪ںηһô죿
ַһ̼ˣʲôˣĸ쵰ģҰƤû˰ɣ
ͷһãֻǽ㲻֪ģҸо񽣵Ϣϵܸоء
ַҡҡͷҲо㲻Ҫģһµģڼҵţһһ
˵Ҫȥڼҵţء
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ַΪĵģмһݻҲһˣų̤ϧ񽣣彣һͬǰ
̤Ϸɽ޺һ㰡㣬һҪҰʹҪҲΪ¼ַһ˵ڵϣͷѪ彣׷һȥ
л̣һɫһŵСϡ˻Բѣб˾ڵ˺ۣȻͣıԵش
ǰôˣ
˵ĺأû漣Ļ»˶೤ʱ䡣
ôǰѵȲ𣿡
ҲΪ

ֹ˼գӳһªéݣϵıӡ
ɡɶ˭Ҷ˲ȻߣȴΣڵʮĴʹ
ɵܣʲôطôȿȡȳѪͷĳ˳ջһԣڸ˰ӡ
һŲԶᱻ򿪣ȥüͷ˭Һ㡣
һλЩ㶵裬Ϊʱʵ̫ˣȻȴᣬȻήȴܼͦɫȻ԰ף㷢ĳҲԵüΪһ͸Ǽջ
ٴι˱죬ǿס¶壬ŭ㿴ûУٸСڵۣ
һæͷԲҲġܲǵˣҪ˵ĺأȰ˵ɡ
۾˼Ƭ̣Щȵź꣺㣡ħĶӣ꣡һ𣬵˵ͷ
һû뵽㣬ҪĻþ춯֣ûлˣ
꾪裬һ˿ˮӿҲճȭͷַܿſˣҲɱġ
۾һ㣺ʲôûɣ㾹Ȼ㸸ĸ𣿡
ҧҧͷǵģҲ뱨ˣú˰ɣȥǰ˵תȥˡ
ɻſڣΪʲôŹԼ˲뵽ʲôʱͨҧгݡԼϵı̾һʱʵûʵû·ˡ
컬䣬轿Ϲ˺ۣЩط¶ŵѪӽָȡһ·ش΢ƽ
Ųһε߽ӣһЦˣ
һħ
ħͷЦңܾȰɣǺǣֻһɺ϶ѣ˻Ե㡣
΢üͷǣꣿ
ħͷĶԹѾ˽ˣİɣ鷳ġôˣַôߣ
һ·˴ϣǵģܵΧɱħ˵ġ
ħ񣿰ֲã˵ΪʲôôصˡħӴ磬֪ħʵǶôĿֲ
ɫ΢죬һԵʱûжʲô
ħһ㶣ȻæҡͷʲôҲûٺٺ١
۾ħεЦЦʵҲûʲôǰϴϴӡ
ۣ
һѪ˯ҧǡҪΪ˾ɱǣ߬ȭͷദҲѪѩ׵·ʱѪ߰ߡ
ħæ˺һ㲻ҪһŮ˰ϴģһɿ˫֣ؿڵͷղŵĹΪ˿ٴηˡ
ħһţֵĻȻɱԼ
ۣ
ٴһѪ˴ϡ
ʱ˿̣һʯͷϸӦصϢûнѰʹóʮ־ɥҲֻʹ÷֮ˡ
ȻϧΪǳֻܶһ㷼֮˴Ѿļޡ
һ΢۾Ц̤һȥ彣Хһβ档
ʱһɽȣɽӺħָԶڵéݡ
ħֱӳ˷䣬ߣ彣һסéݡ
ôˣѽð
ƶ裬Ƥ»ſˣųЦôģ
ĵ˽軳УõȻǳģҪˣ
һǿЦһô֪ˣܻܵȥ𣿡



202 ͻʼ
˵ȷأ൱ַǰܹǴˣϣɾԪڤػĹɾԪڵѾ˵һˡ
ĹɾԪַĹԪֻҪַΪ޲Ԫɡ
ľԪַľԪҪΪ̫ͣǴɣھͿ԰ơ
ôǱҪȵģԼŬһɾԪ裬Ȼ޷Ҳʹ
뺮ħ̸Ƭ̣ں̵İϵĸлҪľǴصַߡ
ˣмһݸ̾Ҳһ꣬´ֻڼʱ
һ·У彣ڶ߽䱸š
˼Ӻ㿪ʼʿ赲ԽԽĻţоһɾ޴вȴǡ
Ҳһ㣬߰ɣҿ˶߲ġڰѾԪ㣬ʵһ˻ȥġ
裬ܣҲŲأ˵ǳ¼ҵ׼ϱҸܶˣʱЦá
ʿԴԴϣ彣ڶŮߣڶʿΧŶŮȴ޴֣ΣңǿĺԮڸ
ٻ˲ƣŮӰ˸ؼ䡣ͻȻһɫϵס˶Ůȥ·񽣾ȻҲ޷
˺һĹܣȻΪʲôѵΪҲ֪ںη𣿳
˫ɢſֲѪãʵȫͷţѪãգ͸ϳǰһƬա
һ󲨶һ춯أһãѪã˲ɢޱȵ嵴ƬС
һħֲֿһ̶꣬̾һÿ߰ɣ˭Ҳ߲ģҧҧҡͷ
һЦħѪħ񡢻ħ˳ڶŮǰ콣ǰ
ħʮ͵ų˵ͷɣȻӵʵϷĺܾȰһ˺һξ룬彣Ҳڳԡ
ħֳȥϣѾý磬ȶһս˭ʤ˭ʵϰ
ΧɱǣҪǸƣ
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һŭĳһƣȻ콣һͨԣŮ彣һ롣һأжŮԳӰ콣Ȼͨǿ˶Ů
һѪ彣ڻסתħˣôаɱ𣿡ħЦͷ콣˲׷һ¡
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콣Ҳʼ˽棬ޱȵĴ嵴֮ϿνƸꡣ
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ħѸٳִַ֮´һħƣŶŮ뿪ַ㱾ɺħԿšһ죬ַħͬʱԪס֮콣ȫһ
Ѫħͻħ˽ںַȫԿַ޿κֻü֡컬λħַͬʱһѪǱԼԪȣַһЩʱջԪ
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籩һħѸٳӭһʮɴľɡ籩֮籩ħŭغţ³˲СĿ
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˴ɿ񱩣òŽָƽħƯһŭţǧߺͷ˾ȵա
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ͷЦԼܹѾܲˣҲھַʵϾѾһ硣
ַĬĬתԪڷһ˿Ԫͽڣ΢Цű۾ڵĴ˶ʱ˺ܶࡣ
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ַ΢΢һЦ˳ߣַͨһ˹ȥûˡ
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㣬ûˣ
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ħѾ뿪ˣҲĶֻ֣ȳˡ
ţħľѾҪͻƵ켫ˣ㲻Ҳġ
š㣬ʲôˣ
Ǻǣϵʲô
ûʲôֻǾýԽԽԲ²ˡ
ĸַĳַӵ˻Уַ˵ʲô
˵˺ܾãַҲ˺ܾãַ֮㳹״סˣ־ȵų
ЦЦַӣס˵ĻԺаġ
ַͷһЦס˳֣㣬лл
簮ַ㣬ͷɵСӣ㻹ôʲôַοı˫ۡ
ɻ˵ʲôΪʲôأ
һЦûʲôֻһЩοѡ
ƲƲ첻˵ˣַ˲Ц



203 
ȵĳͻѾ죬ǲɱս
ʿǻڻýʿԴԴսȫ쳽ħޡˮޡѪħҲȫһ硣
ַػųŮ죬أƶھԽԽ
ַͳ뿪صɽҺʿȻûˣѾ¶
ַ˼ĵĲԼ체ԭļŮ͹ػ체ԭضҲΣǾصص㣬¶һս
ַûֱǰ체ԭΪ체ԭʼջᱩ¶｣ָҪʱ䣬ǾҪģ뾡ܵעϲԭİȫ
ַϣСϵס⵽ҹսҲȫȥŮû뿪Ļ롣
ַŮȻףȻѾˣɼţַ˷ڻýء
ħõַϢҲٸҰٴչ˴սַûսħ֮ʴŶŮȥˡ
ħҲַ⣬һָʾħ׷ɱַ㣬һʿӽѰҼŮ䡣
ýƾʿٶҲѰ체ԭ֮ء
һýزðʿĴңѾ߷ͻڶʿ巢ս֮л˾ȵѹ
ַŶŮĴƮҡʱʱһ֮ˣٹأٶȼ죬ħ
ʱ䲻սһƬռסַˡ
սڿнУ޾ħ嵴ڿУֺڶ
ħַ㻹˼ɵģλˣħʵҲǲСģοѾˡ
սȫַ赲ػ裬ħ֮²ҹǡ
սѪħͻħλħʹַʵ߾Ҳ˲СĿ
˫ս֮ʱһħ߼ٳ˳Ůüͷһ屧ʱͨС
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һ˫һ󲨶ã˲ħߣħ߲Ϊ콣
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ǿһ΢ЦòҪģȫĶԸħɣû¡ҡҡͷħ
ħһ˫֮Ⱥ˸޾׻һ޽Ů

һŭһɫ˲˿еľ޽ޱȵһԾǧĴؼ̳
һħѸٻ˲һãã̳вϽ档
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һ죬콣ŵһξ룬ȴѾ
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һ죬ǿˮƲ˷Ⱥʯ֮һ޴ĿԲħһʺУԼɼַӰ
ַҧٻ߽콣˲ΣһǿƳӿȥħʱˡ
һЦħ콣˸ѪãһַĬھǰɫ˸ϣһãһȥ
һ쾪춯أ޾ʯ˲仯ΪɻңſһѪһʱס
ħһͣٴַץŮ˲ƶȥʺӰ֪ȥ
ħüͷ΢壬תߣ콣Хһˮȥ
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ַ㱧ߣ콣׷ٶħûиеؽšַͷ콣
콣ȻںǷӡһõģ˵ճСǣʼã˸֮䣬콣һһξ룬Хһȥ
콣һ߳㵹ַĻУߣħҪˡַ׳ղŲƣĻӡ콣Ϊ콣ѣַ§סһȥ
ʱħѸ֪ԼˣַѾˡ
һħһƽԴķ飬ŭһתȥˡ
ôˣַ㵣ǵŶŮ
豾ˣһսƸӶӣ˵ˣֻʱͿԻָ
ǻҰһߴԶһСϪϵİƻƮսİô
ַץ˫ֿ£ЩбڳϢš
ϵܣڵǲǺǸռʱЩƣ˵ţ˫۴Ż˼ԶСϪ
ַԶСϪĻһֱǻС
ճɽʱǶô֣Դӽ˵˷˸ı䣬糹ս֮УǨ㣬ַЩԼ澿Ϊʲô
Ļ۾ĵܵѾҪչˣоúÿ졣
Ц§裺ﻰһֱչţοһˣ˵ЩǼ𣿡
Цһַ㣬ַƺûĻɴעԶСϪ
ϵܣôˣغһַҡҡͷȥ
ַ㱾ϬҲ˽ַ㣬᲻ַ飿
̾ϵܲؽ黳ǱһģȻҲӦùͬе£赣ǵİοǿչ˺Լġ
ַЦһԶСϪЩǲɱģҲΪҿˣ
˵ĵͷϵܻȥ체ԭɣ̫ˡ
ַЦЦǣ֣ûǸ˼ȻҪߣҲ㣬ο체ԭҲȫĵͷ
ϵʲôƻ𣿡
ַЦȻ˶ڣܹвҵֻô˶ѣȻѰңҾ͸ǽ췭ظ
۾һЦϵܣ㣡
ַԽԽã˰ɣܿͻģ
Щģһǲ̫ΣˣȻʿ˵㣬ȺĻʹҲܲ˰ɣ
£ַƲƲ첻šʱЦһ
ַժ½ָϣȾͽˣȲҪȥ체ԭҵֻ׷ǡȥǵĲǿ׼Ҫʱٻ߽
ģѵ𣿡
ַˣΪڣҲŲģ
˫ץַ㣬ַЦŷȥԶԶؿԿַڰ֣Сģϵȥˣ
Ͻȥ㣡ߺ޵һ䣬費Ц
ַļƻֻǻ֮ƣַϲ˶õģȻˣЦ裬ɻͷ
Ӻַ㿪ʼߣѾֿ֣ʼЩݶ֮˶һϢҿ˵һǹһطʿת
ħַ̣㲻ʿʱʱá䣬ûһ˵ķ緶
ÿγ콣һȻʱǿ߽Ǻ˵ǣÿζַѵ
ַ㾹ȻʹþԼ㾦֮ͬϢʹֶܴ
ħҧгټ羫ӢȫΧɱַ㣬ַֻöܱӡ
ʼһ磬ټ콣һԻַӵﶼ⵽Ĺ
콣Ѿ˹Ŀֻһϧһд۽ضַ·ַ޷ʱմ󣬱Ѫħš
ַ㱻׷ɱ֮ʱһħĲѪһ˴֣ʿħ񱻳նɱ
վʿѻɵСɽԪý綼
ַʱѪΪ軹ߣǷĶһˡ
ƺ뵽ַĵģ˵һЩοַĻַŷģƳȻھڴߡ
һЦҲʼģǧﴫԲߣ˫ʿƻޱȣƾ֮Ľ᲻Ԥ֪ԷڣԸоԷ飬Ǵ˵ٻǽת
ħǼȷߺΣ׾δֵŮǵߣ˽ټ˴߼ѰžŮ䡣



204 ɽ
ַҼƻгЧòЩԹ˲ϾЩֻʱͷ
Ȼ˼֮ʱַ˳ļϵСģˣ
ַ㲻һΪѪħħħҲԶôˣ
ĻַŵģȻƤȴҲ飬ο羫ӢһֱóҲЩ
ȻԶַһо⵽ǿУҶԷʵȷ֮ϡ
εҽܶѾ˾룬ַ㲻
Ѫħ񡢻ħλħЦһַǰħҲʱסַȥ·С뿴Ľʧȥ𣿡
ַҧгݣ˫ֺϲһȵ
ħһһץס콣ַ㣬λħҲ֮֮ǰַǳɻһ̬˲Щˡ
֮ɱħһƣַٻ콣һƣħüͷ΢˺ʮףѪħͻħԴԼľѧ
ԪԣĴַƺһ˺һһѪ
λħֻһٴγϾλ˵ʵַһ˿ԶԸġ
ַŭһʮַʮȥλħ֪Ӧħ
ħһָʵնʱڰޱȣڰʵ˸ʮֱַʮ
ִķӡΨ콣ſƽ⣬ǲΪǣַʹ֮Ҳɢ콣һʱҲ޷ͻơ
ԶսãӿںڰһַôϣȻƺܣʲô鷳ѹˣȻҲôȻûѡ
ַߺһսָ죬콣ֳַ֮㱾壬û콣ػʱѹֵıɢ
ַ㲻ϧ콣һ˲ͻƷӡȥħ˽һ㶣˭뵽ַ㾹Ȼ˾Ҫ֪羫Ӣһˣʹȵ˳ָѣ
ЩַȻҲ뵽ˣ̫ҪˣҲؿŽȴ֮
Ϊħʧַ˾ȫڵأȻѾָƽˡ
֮£ɽ֮һλɫŮڵϣŭĿӣɫɽŮӵ֮ϡ
һʺХֳַſһѪһˣǿ㱻ŭġ
̧˫ۿЦϵˣȻΪʲôҪ
ַķ콣ʬģڿʬͲˡЦһͷ
ַλߣ֪ǰΪΰԸǣѵħŵʲô𣿡λüͷнɴڳ֮ϡ
һħһħЦСذȻϧǰۿҾΪѵĴӦɣۿôģ
ַ㰵̾һ˳㣬ϵܲãΪҲᱻġϵܾһ߻Ȫ·ɡ˫ᣬ˵ͷ
ħЦûַͳûκвˣħܲˣ
ַ㰵̾һͷڵˣԱûУָνȳοԷӵ˾ǰ
ַʵڲỹʿʿ豹棬޷ľֵģħ֮أ
ھֲֶĶ֣Թ˲覵ַָӦԽ
Ѫħϧַ㣬ոսҪһĥԼĶ֣޷ͻơ
ַѪħµһĥʯʵڲϣַڴ˴ΪܺУﻹˣ
ħûпЩ飬ڵֻ뿴ַͳαģһֱЦš
ħźлλϵܰæھλϵְܶɣַ̧ͷ˳гϧʹѵ⽫Ƕ˵һ
λüͷħеĽȴ϶֣ЩĮЩ죬·ʮַŭ
̾˿ַ㣬΢΢һЦħǲ̫߹Լˣưƣ
һ˲ã˴˲ħǰְ˴Σħ֮䱻콣ס֮ħԶѪħͻħҲ˳һ˺Զ
˲ıסˣħߵĴУѪħ񡢻ħַ㶼
˫ƺϻã˸Ӱڱ֮ϱ仯Ÿֶ
췼һȾ춯أص֮䣬·Ҳǿħȫ
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ַǰҲã˼ȫλľѧַȻҲڹ֮С
ַؿԽԽĺãЦڵﻹеֿ˼벻ԼȻҪڽϡ
ãһԣַһȥַ㶵ųڵ洺磬Ļиղӡ
ħ콣ػûܵʲô˺Ҳͣս콣ͨħãն
һָݻָֿǰһƬնʱ飬ͨħãնռʧ
ַʵһȻͽƿգ˼򵥣ʵȻﵽ˱̬ĵز
§ַ㰲οϵܲҪ£нڲµġַεЦˣͷ˳Ƶ˳Уʵ֧Ųסˡ
ħҲǼΪԾս콣ߵҪΪ콣־Ϳ޵Уʶһµ
һȵпգֱ֮Ϻã˸˿˿Ѫֱ֮ϣԼɼһֻ˰СӰƯ֮ϡ
ħ˫ĿԲͣԶͻƵ켫ܹ˼ĲͬѰһɷͬһ̽켫磬ʩչ켫еһڱ
ħҽͲʵڵĳѾʮˣ뾡ħЯַ뿪֮֡
תһܴħֱϵĺƵķȥ֮Ѹٱ֣˲㻯Ϊʮɳľͺãħȥ
ħ˺һξ룬콣ֿҺ콣ǱѰĴ˼ʱв
΢ЦŵͷַһȥûԴħ˲ʱѣֻҪ콣޷뿪ħǶ˾Ϳ԰ȫ뿪
Ѫħͻħλħħֿͬã˵ǶڵȽİħʱס˶ˣǿѾˡ
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ħͷֽѾ˵ھŲ㾳磬ȻҲ
̾˿̫ˣȻҲᱻס
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λ̾Ϣһͷ۾ħ΢΢һЦλħ뿪ˡ
ʱַһͬһɽ֮ڣ˶Ѿʮַˣǳ˿Ѿˡ
Ƕݵƽħ羫Ӣ콣ҲûгѰҾȵ䣬˭ҲΪ˸õĶԵУƽʮΪӭӸǿıꡣ
ڶ죬ַɻܣѻԣ֪顣
ʱڲԶæʲôΪַ㣬Կʲô
㣿ַһ䡣
תͷַ㲻ЦȻڳԶС֮ǹ֭СĹĵģҲ֪˶ٶ
ַЦ˵㰡ǼûԷ˻ǼʲôóԵˣ
ԺߵЦЦû취Աȥַһ㶣ٴδЦһתͷ
ַվ̾һߵ˳ȥ˵еԱȥܣȻҲһɣ
ͷȡһùַУԹԵĵͷسԡ
ùַüͷùĹ֪ģȻҲףȻôùֻ˵ָ
ַͻȻ£ʱѾˣֻҪһ˵ֿĹѾļˣԼҲǽȵġ
뵽ЩַʹΣʼչԼʲôʱ
ַ㰵̾һų°Ͱͷ̧佫ϵĹ֭ɾԣżһʱġͷͷԡ
ַЦЦù˳У̧ͷɻϵ㲻𣿡
ַ̫ˣǼùͿƵģ㼱ָǸ԰ɡ
ûµģ㻹кöģҲԼɣַҡҡͷЦ
Ȼַĺ⣬ùͲ࣬жַԼʲô
ͷᱣϵܵģ˵ԡ
ַЦ˵ͷ֮ϣƽ¡
ַ֮ʵӦģǿ˰
ͷҲֱ̧ӵʲô˲ģΪһֻ־ͿԸ㶨ǣ
ַεЦЦ׳ûпȷ˵仰ʸ񣺡ǵʮ˲㾳ˣȻ
̧ͷεЦ˼ȻͷԻù



205 ʮ˾
澳繲鿪塢ԪԪᡢԪӤϡ񡢶ɽ١ɡɢɡɡɡɡʮ㾳磬ʹʮ㾳ʼûиı
ħﵽʮ֮㣬Ӷ˵ʮ߲켫磬û˴ﵽһ㾳硣
ľʼǸԣħƶľѾﵽ˵ʮ߲㾳磬ֻΪΪûдﵽֵز
ʵϳľѾͻ˵ʮ߲켫磬˵ʮ˲㾳磬һ㾳类Ϊ֮
Ϊÿ˾Լ淽ķ򲻹ڶͨ۷·еһ֮ͨ·켫һˮ룬켫֮Ȼᷢͨʮ˲㾳ĵ·ֻһӦһѵ㡣
˵ʮ˲㾳粻ǹͬľ磬һŲͬ淽򣬹ؼڶԵĸ֪
һּѵĿʼΪ黢黳֮Բ˵ʮ˲㾳硣
ַ˽ģ˽˵ʮ˲㾳磬Ϊ治ԪǶڵĸʵκǻһЩ벻ǵڡ
ַ֪еǿ
ַǵøճɽʱܳ˵Ϊ̽ͷļ澳ĵײȷǽ֮㲻ʵ׷󣬶֪˽ȴĿģ糹׳Ϊʵɵ硣
ȳҵΪ˸ıߵˣħɱ߱ȾΪĿܣ֮¾ȷĲħ֡
µʫѾһ룬ַŻôһڵأù֮ָΪҲ˲٣ǾȵƣǾϣ
ַѾˣʱ޷ָΨгԵֿĽ
ȷŽ˾Уַ֮ʧȥս
Ȼ񣬿ϧΪ̫ǳ޷ʱսַ֮ȻҲʧȥ˶Կʵֻˡ
ýؽ֮ˣħΪȼпԵԱýʿ֪ȼû˶֮ء
ǻô죿ֻܶˡЩʧЩʣʵ
ʵ̫ˣʹǶ㵽ﶼᱻҵֻʱѡͷš
ַ̾ѵûеطȥ𡭡
ԥǿʱɽشƫƧʱҲģֻҪ체ԭǾͿ
ַɴ۾ɽҿ˰ɣҲ˵ʱڲҵҵɽɾˡ
æϵܰýѾûˣȥǿˣ»Ϊý֮ͻʱɽһѡȥﲻʱܣӰɽİȫ뿪ʱһ뿪Ҳǰѽ
ַųɲóĻе̫ͷˣ֪ɽĿΪʲô
ַıЩȵƹˣİΣ˰ɣַ㵭صͷεЦ
СǶУһʲô˵
ַˣ㲻ҪֻѣҪΪɽҲΪǾ׳ˡ
ַ˼᲻ףȲһõطӽ˶Ѫ֮֡Լжϣɽ뿪ýǰοĲĻݺһ硣
гļַȻ޻˵˵ȷûпȥĵطڳĴɽȥ
ַ㼰أ·ϳַӡ˶˵Ԫһ䷲ĳΪˣεЦЦ
ѪĹһƬǽ壬ȳϢŻصѪнɢսϢüͷѵ𣿳˦ִַ˳ѪĹ֡
ɭҲһƬң޾ӰľѪʬ˵棬һսǶôĲҡ
ɽ֮ǳҰԪϹ٣ѧ̮һλվһʯͷϱĿͻȻ۾Զ𣿡
һãѸٳϸ߿ջΪַ˾źˡ
ѪħЦ˵ֹּˣ
һҪ֣ȴַַЦЦѪħ񣬵ΪʲôҪɽѪǱ𣿡
ѪħͷԷģλ˻ûھ
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Ѫħ΢Ц˵ˣֻһ˹ʼȷһЩһͬǶѾˣֻһˡ
ַüͷֻһˣԭˡ˵ɣʲô
ѪħЦҵܼ򵥣̽һƣ
һַǰ̽ϵܾȹһذɣ
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ѪħӳһֻƿƵħӤȻħԪ˾ҲǿյģӦа
²ַ㣬趼üͷѪħȻҪַ㣬⾿ô£ı
ַסƿллˣΪʲôҪң
ϣţΪֻҵϣ
ھǷˣѾɱˣʹҽ㱣Ҳᣬ㻹Ҫ𣿡
Ѫħɨ˳һۣ̾зߣҡûлᣬοҪǹĴ㡣ѪħȻʲô֮ҲͶ֮£ַ㣬Ҫţֻҵϣ
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Ѫħͷ˳ֻ㻹սַ㲻ܳսʹһսɣ
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Ѫħһ˳ַ㣬ҼͻƣĻȰǻǾ뿪ýĺáһȥ֮ͻ빥ɽǻǴɽһ߰ɣǣѪħһ֮·ȥַĿŲû
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ѪħΪ˱ַܴȷʵţȴʵ
ѪħǸӣȫΪܹܹܵƽһսַЦԶݺסһƬ꣬ӦҲû⵽ƻ
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ֻſλŮֱ治֪ǳ˻ǲȵˡ
ַɽɲɽϣλ¶ɽԪϵǰҲ⣬Ȼݺ˵ġ
һŮǰʵݺĵӣ
Ůͷĵ˵ʦǻݺ½ĺÿ찡˱Ǵ𣿡
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ŮûбԹĲò½ģǶܺãʦҲܺãʦȰ˵ǲҪģ˵ͷ㹫һɽġ
ЦЦַ㣬ַû˵ֻǽԣŮĴ̤˴š
Ժвʱİ꣬£˾ۼ̸ţһЩСȺд֣·𼯻Ĵһ㡣
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ַ˷ˣһƬΪÿһ·ԶȥݺסԺ󷽣СϪҡҷš
һޱȣһ˿пִһ˿жݺڴ˹ӭ㹫ӡ¹ܹ٣
һӰӿéſڣݺԶôʹټ֮ʱһĶĸо
ݺλԪϻ߳˰һͬӭ㹫ӡ¹



206 ս
ɽʹַһЩ˭Ҳֻʱġ
Ѫħ뿪ɽ֮ڻýפأǱַ˻ٵķɾַ㶼벻ѡطš
ɾȷٵˣŨɽ壬Լ߽Ϣħ콣
ɾħĸ»Ѿָԭеķ羰ħս쳽ޡˮޡѪħʿΧɾΧڡ
ѪħħħѪħһ㶣ȵˣѪħ˵ͷ
ħ̾˿ˣȥ˰ɡ
Ѫħˣ뷼ɽ֣Ӧôһ˿֪˿а
ħЦˣͻڼ˿ȥɣ
Ѫħһȥˣħǰ巢ǳĵط֪Ҳڴˣħڴ򵽵һ˿ĵ¡
Ѫħ˻ħˣ˵ɽ֮£ɻħսǰѪħħ콣ٸɽ
˽׾Ѿǿ֮ĩΨгвΪ£ģħսʤ
ĴսߺƺƵķɽħҲӦѪħΪѪħˣҽ콣С㹫ӣΪʲôҸоЩͬأ
ɽɽݺķ䣬ַݺΧλԪѾȥ
ַǺǣĲͬˣ
ݺָ֪о֣ͺѾΪһˡ
ַЦҵȷѾһˡݺȵסС죬ǸսԪϣΪȺ޶ĲȻΪ˷ˡ
쵽ҵֻܵ˶ѣ˺ȻҲͻָˣݺͷ
ַƹɽѾڴˣһ߰ɣ
ͷЦԶԣݺһ߰ɣ֪ΪʲôַЦԾؾͻ亹ƺϰˣһ΢Цš
ݺɽѾܷƽ˾ˣɽϾڶ࣬λԪϽؾ֮ˣǲ뿪ġ
ģĵŻݺ
ݺ̾ϢȻмĹأԪҲȲѣοѾǧˣɽڲ˵ġ
ַʵƹô
ݺԪȻؾɣȴǺͰ֮ˣǲᷴԵȥǿ뿪ɽҲֻԪˡ
ַҡͷǺοأ֪ΪʲôһأݺЦһͷ
Ȼ˻ƹʹɽĵһ߰ɣϾڣ޹ĵӡ
ݺȷʵ뷨鷳㹫ӺλԶչɽӡ
Ҫ˳һ
ȻУ㲻·һ
ַҲȰ˵ƹǺ⣿ĵӻҪչ˰
ݺᶨųַ㣬ȴûκλش
ַ㳤̾һͷðɣƹΪ֮˵뿪ˣҧҧתҲ뿪ˡ
ʱɽڹеԱǧˣԱɢڻýûйӦò⵽ĹҲûʲô
ַЯоȣûģλԪҲѾɢԱ
ǧɽɽԪϣԪϵĺǳ½˾С
ַѾΪˣҲֻʱУɳЯΨ체ԭǰˡ
ȥԭ֮ǰһǱҪȥģ֮ɽĹ壬ַ㲻İȫǰ̽һ
ݺˣȻԪϼΪԣȰ˵ЧҲֻ뿪ˡ
ɽɽ֮ϣλԪŻݺ̾Ϣݺ΢Ц˫ֽһһʻϴ˿˿Ѫ
ַİ˹壬ҵĸס
ͨĸ׵̸֪ħ磬ԼûЭ粢ûжԸ壬Ϊ̫࣬Ҳ˼ɡ
л˳ĺ⣬һȺеǲ뿪ģֻ֮ȥˡ
뿪֮ǰ체ԭûôֱӻصɽ
ɽɽϣڿУɽԱڡ
ɽ֮λԪΣ壬ϬſеĴս
ô˵ִһˣħʵ
λԪͷЦкξ壿Щν֮ҵȶȫ֮
ߣħǲˣħ񣡿ƥǻ̫ˣǾͳȫǡɱ
һ£ŭһأɽ˸ŸɫâȺ׺ãԪϣλԪϴһȫԸѪѪХȫתԵڿжԿߡ
ɽȺʹԪΪҲ޷ֿǿ
ͷŵѾȥǧɽѾﵽ˵ļޣһɽƳճϡ
һ߱һ߻ӶѪԿķɽηɽʵ̫࣬˽ԱɽۿҪڴˡ
λһ۷ЦڽͬʱѪХٴתѪѪХǿ
һŭȣλͬʱ壬ΪɫѪԡ
һ죬ѪԱ·ѪһɫѪ֮нһһɻԵ
ֻѪżķɽԱֵأһ˲ɽȥ
ħüͷ΢ЦֹɽԿ̸ף߸ɽһͣڿУԷظУҵնʱƽλԪϵռ⣬ԪѾˡ
ɽڽĳٶദȻͦһλɫŮ¶ſеˡ
ݺħϲ֣ݺ˵ַҲڣ㣿ַʲôط˵˿㲻ݺ΢΢һЦղ
Ӱħ̾һλˣû뵽ý羹ŮӣǿϧˣλħԴЦ
ݺüͷ΢΢Ц˫ظɫһı죬ʱѾһƬѪ졣
ãһһֻСץ˻ݺһڣݺɫ˲ָ
¹ݺų΢Ц˻ħ
ɣλսҧͺȣǶԳǶôļɵսԪɺҲ᲻֪
Цλħ²Ȼô۸˺һŮӣľӢħĵ£һλսҧгݣǹ˼ɳǹѾˡ
ɱǣħȫɽɽٴ٣һݺһȥ
˼ȷŭΣ׷Ͽֻлħܹ׷ϳ˭ҲǳĶ֡
ŻݺͨԶԶ뿪ɽŷſ˻ݺ
ݺͷС¹ΪʲôҪңͷһЦδݺˣҫ¸ô
ͻȻߵĺÿ죡ݺһգʲôҲûС
ɣѵΪù𣿡
һ̾ϢѪħֳӰ콣Ưԡ
Ѫħ񣡡ЩȣôҲ벻׷ȻѪħ񣬶콣ȻҲϡ
Ѫħɣǻûܼʱ뿪
Ҳ̾һΪ˻ݺҲ᷵ɽѪħ߹Ǿ뿪ɽҲûʲôˣʹѪħ콣Ҳ޷Լ
Ѫħ׳뷨һͬǰĻλˣ
λˣ˵λǰ𣿡˼ǵ
ѪħҡҡͷĿתԶӦߵġһ㶣Ծ˳ѪħĿ˹ȥһɺ˲ȫ
Զã˲ϢλųŮ˽µĽɫɽʣ·Сơ
óĻλˣǻмڿ̽ŶŮΪ˼
һλּˣ¹
ߣΣץݺһ׼ʹԼҲ޷Կλˣο콣ĸ
ҧǰյĳ裡
˰һסɽն£ɽͨãնŮݺʮס
ãصضɽҡɫ粨ˮչķüͷȥɽϴδγһλҲ׼
ã˸һյϣŻݺ̾һ̫࣬ݺܲסķƶ
ݺͨ콿֪Լһ˳¹ﻹǿ߰ɣҲܲģ
΢ЦһƻϿգһã磬ޱȵķʱĳսᶨ衣
¹ݺǸεų
ǵĿңûйϵʹûҲ߲
ݺ̧ͷȥֻѪħ񱳸һŶˣ콣ƯǰɢŵħѵΪǱ𣿡ݺȵ΢Ц
һ£սɽȫһնһѪ˲Ѫã
ֻһ죬˾ȵĵ˶أɽ˲Ϊء
ǵھŲ㾳ˣȻ̾
üͷھŲ㾳磿ʲô˼澳ѾΪʮ߲㣬Ϊʲô˻˵ľΪھŲأ
һλ˵ϧˣ˹ӲдʹھŲ㾳ҲҪ
˵˫ƺϻΪһƴһãȥǲִٳƣƲɢƺһ˺һһѪߡ
ãݺæסһԣã˵Ĳٿ׼ȷŶŮ׷ȥ
ԼΪ޷ʱԿλ˵ģ콣ڴѾ˶˵·Ӧô죿
ٳһƻǰΣŻݺͣ˵ϣʱѾһ취
ƹǵĿңӦòΪ㣬Žָ߰ɣ赲ǣ
ּᶨβþڵַ㼰ǧӷ⣬Լʵߡ
ݺȻ׳˼ҲָҪ³뿪̡
ݺɣ赲ǣ¹ߡ
һ£㣿ƹﲻҪˣԷʵ赲ǵģ
ݺ˵˫ɢһɱãףҿ¹ﻹǿ߰ɡϣݺ˲仯ΪѪ죬ŷѪ˿
˻ݺ֮ǰݺʩչѪ׷ͨȻһЩϹŴͨСѪϹʱڵͨ
Ȼ׻ݺʩչʲô׻ݺԼΪʩչģȻûݺʹ
âһݺָȳһѪų
̾ϢһѪħ񣬵Ҳɱˡ
Ѫħ˼Ƭ̵ͷݺ˵ȷʲôοѪħҲĳ˴֣ϾǲΪ֪ľ磬֪Щµ
ݺſҪ˵ԼȻ˵ԭ˵ͬʱҲӡԼ
гʱָͨ˻ݺϺ֮ͨڣݺʹ̤ǧ체ԭ·;
ݺߺѪħô죿־ܻǶ֣
΢ЦǶְɡ
Ѫħס콣ŭһһնλҲͬʱ֣λ΢ЦŻȫӭˡ
춯صıըԵķޱȵħԼ֮һ
ɽ飬عѣҵĺǧ
һƬǽ壬ѪħƮһӣ콣ֱ֮Ѫֹ
λ˱ѪήҲԶ
ԶվȻô˫ȴһ
˽һ
֮۾̾һˣȻ
ۣ
һѪ˵ϣʺѪ
Ѫħ̾Ϣǳ֮ΣҲܴ㣬ΪɣѾѣѪħĻЦһ鲻
λƺľŵڵϵĳò˲ŷġ
һλ˵ڴˣھͿһѩǰˣ
׹ЦϣѪħȻȴҲ޿κΣı۾һ㼯ʣ˳ҫ۵ĽãҲΪ˽ɫ
Ѫħ̾Ϣ³֪ͻȻ˲ҽһ˵ϣֻһɫ񽣲ؿڣԶĳδˡ
Ѫħһһλ˸ĿɿڴһԣֻѩŶˡ
Ǻˣ˵ġ
Ѫħ˫΢Уɣ
ѩЦһһڳԣһȥ
ߣ
Ѫħһ콣콣ȴͣڿвƶѪħɻƬ˲ʲôȵԶգȻûκˣ˵һ䣺ɡ



207 체Σ
ýѩۺ֪ϯضǰѾԵĳ
磬ôˣѩʵ
֪ۺ룬û£ֻ˵ˣԪĹϢͿˡ
ѩ۵֪õľ֮ǰұ㷢õ֮ˣȻΪ£ʵȴݺӣѾͻ˾硣θλˣʵ̫˾ˣ
֪СҼͻˣľֹԽô򵥣ҿѾͻ켫磡
ʲô粻˵Цɣ˾Ϊʮ㾳磬ʵǵʮ˲㾳磿ǣǲ˼飡
ƾٹԸҲݣ˵е˾籾һľ磬켫켫˵Ŀ꣬ǳȻѾͻ켫磬֪׿˵ѩһŵġ
ѩɻȻþͻΪʲôΪأӵнΪ綼Ķ֣ھȾǺһ
֪߿ű֮˽и˵·ȡֻԼ淽ĴɣС֮ͻΪԼĵ·ҪΪ䣬ջֻһʱȡɣǳ֮
ѩۻȻ򣬲ɻǾ֪ܹİַƺҲָνͣ
֪ЦǰŲǶûжӰ죬СΪ£糬ԽΪ̫࣬ʶûӰ졣ڷСѵˣֻԼľԪľԪȻ㲻οСѵľԪڷСѣνͬԴҲûЩˡ
ѩۻĵЦˣ֪˵ȫͬΪַˣ֮ԸӦ켫磬һûб壬ǵѩԪ淽ΪԾȴ޷
䡭䡭
ȥֻɪɪظš䡱֡
ѩһɫ⻪ָ֣ٴΰȻ˯
ڸô죿ѩʵ
֪˼ÿڵɣ˼Сѵı廹вʱҪָˣԷС˵ʮҪġһص˼Сѵı壬þ۲ȺĶ򣬱ҪʱһѣмǲҪȫ࿹ر֡
ģСüסˣʱ
֪ڰɣСѾͽˣСġѩ۵ͷ˳֪ЦЦתʧһƬ֮С
체ԭལХҽжƽ
ãһε˫ֳڲƺϣ̾ϢһԶѾһٶˡ
ãһܳƺܳŵϵʬʦ棬ЩҲ𣿡
εͷǱôˣ
ܳѾȫ㶨ˣʦ浣ȥע⣬뽫ֵܺͳʦһ뿪ý硣
ǰǸ뿪ˡε̾ǰôˣ
ܳǰЩãʦǶ϶ҪָˡεͷһãЯһȥ
Ҫ˵체ԭûעǲܵģֻýעĵطֹһûرע체ԭѡ
ýǿؽս·ȻǿԱҲ˲٣쳽ˮԼʿĴսýһƬս
체ԭϣŮܳλһԲߣȻң˲Ҫ체ԭҪϮѾкܴѹˣǴһǾɳһѰַ㡣
񽣿ԸַܵϢŮֻҪĿһҵַ㡣޵Ȼ䵽ϣΪӵħܹħߵΨпԻ֮
ͨ񽣵ָټ֮ںԭ˳ͷѩۣڻ֮С
񽣴ʱ޷ַܵϢҪֻ˱Ѱַ䡣
체ԭ｣ס｣շͻȻüͷһһԣֻһͨչһλɫͤͤڲƺϣǻݺ
Ǻˣ｣ʵ
ݺ˵ɨһۣ체ԭ𣿡｣ͷϸĹ۲ŻݺΪݺϢʵ̫رˣ｣һЩ
ݺλҪҪѰҾȵļλӣ֪ʲôط𣿡
｣ʲôǺˣ
ݺСŮӻݺǷ㹫Ӻͳ¹ѡ
｣ЦˣԭСѵѣϷˡλСѾڲԭڣҴǰȥɣݺæл｣һȥ
ʱ˱εŮݺŮҲоһ˿⣬ǻǺܿĵģݺλŮҲʮϲŮݺһַ㡢ɽǧӰȫˡ
εİ»ݺȡ˾ȣ˲Ŵʮ£Կڵһš
εŮӶЦַѾҵˣҵҲ˺öࡣ
εĴ˲ƽַ̨㡢ƽ̨֮֮ǧӴֺòڣɽƥɫ체ȻԵá
ַ㣡Ůͬʱַ۾ЦҲЦˣݺȴǵͷˣԶɽһƬ
ӵŮѾЦЦַע⵽˻ݺķݺҲˣ̫ˣôˣΪʲôƲ֣ڴҲѾȫ𣿡ŮҲ˻ݺ
ݺҧ촽㹫ӣҶԲ㣬ҡ˴ݺѾ棬ַ㼸˸ɻ󲻽⡣
ƹﲻҪʲôί˵ɣܰһ㡣Իݺϣָοڣ
ַƺ뵽ʲôܣֳʱһǧɣѯʵĶ˻ݺϡ
ַݺоԶԣһ˵ϣͷ
һַľ˸Ǿ֡
ƹʲôЩ輱æ˻ݺ
ݺ¹Ϊ˾
һһɽѹϣַһѪ˵ϣŮ̽｣һַ㱳תԪַԼֵָû˵ĻһԸܵڣϧˡ
｣οСѲҪģСһԷ׻ģסƵһ°ɣ
ܳҲο˼䣬֮˳ĬˣǻݺһѾסַ֣·ʧϸĹ۲šַ㲻׻ݺҪʲôֻþ
Ƭ̺ݺϲ̫ˣ¹ﻹţţ
ַ㱧һ˿ϣƹ˻
ݺЦĽᣬֻҪĽỹڳ¹ˣ̫ˣû׻ݺ˼ʲôĽ᣿ʹַҲס
ݺĽһģһǣģΨһſȡĽᡭǺǡ
ַ˻ݺ˼ͳӵĽᣬѾͨȡĽǶ˵һ仰˵ֻҪĽỹڣˡõϢÿ˶ЦˣֻҪžͻмһ졣
ַѯ˳飬Ѫħλ˺󲻽Ų٣ܵйλˣǱ
ַ㰵ҧȲ˵ˡܴ磬체ԭЩ춼Щ£ҡ
ܳ򵥵˵ʱ체ԭϷһЩ£ؼǽԭߡ
ַ˵체ԭѾעˣȻôʿԽԽƵ
ܳͷǰҵĵҲ²체ԭͻᱩ¶ˡ
ãַͻȻһδ
ε체ԭϡ
ַҧҧ̾˿체ԭض񶯣˵һע⣡ˡ˶סˣһ˭Ҳû뵽
εѸٸԵش鿴ʿնɱַ
εͷһȥ˽Ӳεһ飬ˣ체ԭԵشۼ˴ߣѾˣ
ַȻжˣ
ԼˣΪ¶ڴ֮ϣεʮֵ侲š
ַǽȫ˵ͷ׼
ݺ㹫ӣɽ䲻ˣȴһЩɷǰǰɣϾ̫ˡ
ַ㿼һӦ˻ݺ󣬴ʱɽѾ;ȰһѾû·ˣҪʿ
ǧھ⣬ǵطʽַĿɿڴȻֱ˵£ʹַ˸̵ʶ
ʿХͣھϿոžȣλʿ˾ʯ
ȣ
λʿһ᲻ֻ֪û뵽Ȼڴҵȵڡ
Сģ
ʿͬʱߺѾһֻãȿڴļλʿ׷롣
һȴǧɽεضϵߣ̷ɽײ෨ϡ
һŭܳλһȳȺǧɽڻݺָ²ûгɲٿطɽϵߡ
һƬңһ߱ɽ䣬ɽ䵱գܳ˽ãڽȺ֮Уʹʿ
ãʮλʿԱŮֳӰսһ
ˣ̳ˣ
֪˭ʿԶɽɸ棬Ȼдʿڽ¡
һλ˵նԣ·ʿ޿κηŭ˵ʵܹԸģ
ֻɨһգʮʿŮܳ˸ǴԪ˲λʿ䡣
ʣµʿѾӲͷƤԪˣɨһָָ죬Ӱֶ췼
һ˲⻪磬ҫ۵ĽãյգʹŮҲ۾Զ롣
ҽвϴֹһ˲һʿ֮ʬҰɽƬɢڸʿȫ
ڣɽ£ַⲽſе˵벻ǰȻˡ΢Цŵ˵ͷ
ܳ̾û뵽ǰȻһ˰ߣ˵｣һ｣΢ЦŻһ
εע⵽ǰն
ͷǰƺѧϰɷ˵Ҳɡ˫ޣ
µ˵ǰѾָһ˿䣬ǲָ֪˼ɡŮӶЦ
ַ̾˿ӲùˣѾע⵽ˣ̾һεص˵ͷ
체ԭߣѪħĴսǰȥǷ־Ⱦ͵𣡡
˷ģ²ʧġ
սĴºƺƵسˣ



208 ˫
체ԭעңǲʵھȼΣܷڴһ١
｣ַͬ󣬾ȹͬɽ磬Ҫȳ֮ſɶַȻ벻ˣںδֻ֪체ԭȴ
أȽʮˣַ֮ս֮ɽǧȻأǾʵ̫Զǲܵģֻɽ뿪ý硣
ݺַĺ⣬ϾԼļ壬ҲΪѣֻĬˡɽһͬ뿪ĻܳλȻǲ뿪ַҲֻͬˡ
ɽӽȺַ㽫СεУ񵽴ˣֻεɱܹ
ͻݺַʩһ񣬲˽ַ֪ҲΪᣬһܷû˿֪
εַߵ˹ߣַһۿʼ
أݺ˵һ䣬λҲַ˰ַ֣΢΢һЦ˵ͷĿž˲ƶȥ
ߺַ㷵｣ס｣Ůѵ
ˣַͷ
ǺǡЦЦǸô죿
ַ絽ҲҪһʱ䣬ץʱϢϢɡ
｣̾СѣҼСֻһ鷲ˣǲҲ뿪ɣ
ַ̾ǰСﲻ뿪ģҲ¡
｣εصͷҲֹһȰ˵С뿪체ԭǶһڷˣö֮｣Ҳûа취ˡ
ԭ֮ڣʵôأǰȥˣ
ѩ۵Ѿ뿪ˣҲҪˣúչ˳ðɣ˵ŷѩվ
ɻҪȥģ
ѩ۵ֻǳȥߣûʲô¾ͲҪˣ˾ʹ체ԭɣ˵귽ѩ۾ֱ뿪˱
ͷô֪Ƕ체ԭģô˵ѩǲ˺ȵģһʮڳѾԣӦȴȥǡǽټ֮ԭȥ
ɳ֮ͻȻоֳζֻܼһɫɽתͷȥüͷֻѪħսĿתԼߡ
Ѫħԭ㣬һΪأѽԭҲڰ̫ˣսһЦҲЦ
ʲôЦģô
ѪħЦûʲôҲǸոպͷɷ֣Ϊ˼ҿˡ
Ѫħ̬һһ˹ȥѪħЦһƽɢҪǿһⶼûеģ
һХ콣ͣѪħǰ콣ҧҧѪħΪʲôᷢԼˣ콣ܵͨͨűԼΡ
Ѫħ콣𣬵ҿǺͷɿˣ
ߣˣû£һֻ˫Ѫħ
ĵЦˣ΢Цŵ˵ͷ
Ѫħüͷģ
ԣ
Ļվҡҡ׹˭Ҳܿǿ֮ĩǵķס˳Ҳ׳ѾΪˣſ콣ϢԲŻ
΢ЦŸ򣬵òҪģнڲµģɵųյ˵ͷ
Ѫħһһƻ˫һɨѪãѪħһæ콣һ죬Ѫħ񵹷ɶأͣӷŭų
΢Ц𣿡սҧгݣ߸ߺη壬ЦҪΪӵ콣ͿΪΪʵҲûʲô˵ġ˵ֹǣͱˣ
ѪħΪߵ𣿼ʹȫսҲȥģ
ֻЦЦѪħ񲢲뽫ȸϾɱԲŻҸ뿪ý磬ڵĴս治òȫһζ˵ȷ뿪
һСѩ׷һλŮѩ㾧Ө
ɣѪħȵ
Ҳһ㣡ôˣ
ѩ΢Цŵ˵ͷѪħǵǲǸһˣ
ѪħðȻżȥҾͳȫǣɱ
߷ӵѩ΢Цǵºαñ˲أ˵һɺɢȥ¶ȼ½׷Сѩ̱׷ɵı
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ֻѩ΢Ц˲仯ΪɫһɼǿĺХȥ
һ⣬˲нλ߱⣬߷ŭɽѩۣĽҲķ顣
ѩ΢ЦţıѸΪǿĺϯա̴һϻס˳Լķɽӭѩ۲һ
ֻһȣѩѩ۵屬ҫãޱȵĺ˷ɽ˲䱻ڿУҲˡ
ɽǰ̣޾ķɽײڱķɽ϶ķ飬вƬ׷ɶϽ꣬Ѫħֹ֮ͣٻطɽʱǧɽ١
Ѫħʵô
ѩ۵ǡ
ѪħҡҡͷƽѾһ棬ܷǣҿ㻹ǲҪðյĺã
ѩߵһҪأ
üͷѪħƺȰ˵ѩ۾뿪Ϊã͸ɻˣѪħ񾿾ʲô
ѩ۵ĻѪħҲִˣɣ콣ХһɢħѩۣͬʱħսҲȥѩһ˺ʮףȻ콣Ҳܽ
콣һڷѩ󣬷ѩ۷һƣȴûл콣ɢ콣Ҳһ㣬ѪħһһѸٳ
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ޱȵĺɢķѩϣãܲϻơһƻã˲佫콣֣콣һˣһıɫƯڿС
ѪħŭԪѩۣѩȴ㵽һ߹ĴսĴս裬ֻúԿѩۡ׷ѩΪԼᣬ콣⣬ѩΪӦò⡣
ߣҲ뵽Щ̱סһȥѪħȻŭ׷϶ȥٴܵѩ۵
ڷѩѪħǺܹ˼ɵģΪľһּ֮˿־壬ղţѩۼʹûȻ˲ʩչʻ˭Ķ֣
ŮȥѩһѪħ񣬵ֻʣǵսˣ
Ѫħҧãһ㣡
ס֣һ̾Ϣתȥֻһħ˲ٽ
ħɢȥħ΢ЦŷѩۣôˣѪħ񣬳ʲôˣΪʲôҪͻ
Ѫħˣǣ˷ɣ콣ӡڴˣħЩȵ˷ѩۡ
ѩΣҪɱ𣿡
Ѫħ߲ĴսҧгݣħȴһЦˣô˺أ
죡ѩŭȵ˭ãɲҴ磡
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˵ħֻһֱֻӴס콣콣Ϊһħħڡ
ѩ۳һߵʹ㣬Ըң
ħЦöˣǲ˺㣬߰ɣ
ѩɻħΪʲôҪԼѩҲ֪ѵãҲ֪ԼħĶ֣ƾղſȡͿԿѩ̾ϢһתʧС
ѩߺѪħʵˣΪʲôҪһѵ𣿡
ħһ䣬ղźͰģ˲ʧȲҪˣ˷ɾ
ΪʲôħЩ
ħ˵ȲҪˣ
Ѫħħ񣬵Ǿô죿
Ȼᴦģħ˸ſֲѪãսһ۵˵ͷħһ񷵻ɾȥ
Գ˰ɣħһƬ˵
ã˸һλֳӰ̬΢Ц磬Ȼ֪ɣħԶĳŵ˰ɣ
ɵͷȡһŽ壬ұһ˿ǽ˼硣һɳСڳһ˿򣬿ͻڵľ硣
ħͷڣʫ˶ˣ
ź˼Ƭ̣ӦΨɳûˣ
ɳɡһ壬㵱ŵùȣʧܽ˵ħ治ɫ
ЦкŲţʹʧΣֵܵĵӣҲһҲǡ
ħգ
ǺǡƺԶôĴ飬ʹħǰ۾ȳɹʼҪָġ
ߣҿɲ˵ʲô֮ҿΨʵſʵһУ
԰ķȥҲ˳ǵĵ·ǰУǵʱһп֪
ħɢֲѪããǾƣѩ۶£´ȻҾͲ飡
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ħߵлˣҲᴦġҲҪСˣһŹģ
ЦЦתʧһƬ֮С



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ϵܣ㿴˭ˣ迪ĵĴţųݣ󻹸º͹顣
ַ߳ݷȥһϲЦ˹ȥ㰡ϵˣҿûȱʲôšãûȱ첲ٸȵģٺ٣
οЦЦҶûгͺãϵ⻰˵ôôѽǲǽҪٵ㶫ſģ
ַ㻵ЦͷһپסַݺݵתһȦַ첻ģ˹Цֵջԡ
Цַ㣬ںǲýϢһ£ַͷŮݡ
｣ſڵͷһЦСڻˣϢϢɣΪ׼Եġ
Цǰˣô鷳Ϣһ¾Ϳˡ
｣Ҳ˵ʲôݺַԶϣ｣ƺʮ꣬̾Ϣôʹ
ַɻǰôˣ
｣СѣҲΪʲôԼ⣬СҲԸҡ
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ַüͷ｣ȻҪɫ체ǿǹʫᵽҪ֮Ҫʲôַ｣Ϊˣɫ체｣ҵģûɲǰҪַȻ߾ܣεûлǰɷЩʱգ
｣ͷҲãСѻһСģСֻųǾͿˡ
ַӦһԶԶֻ޲ͣ׷ţܹǵĹϵѾʮҪˡ
｣˳Լһ˲֪ȥֻƥϻ체ǻš
һպεɽӼܳ˳ɹ뿪˻ý磬ھֻʣƥص체
Сĺַųɫ체ƥСΪԶȥ
εʵΪʲôҪſǣǰأ
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һǿϯ˵ķߣһҫãֱͨʣãЦһҲƽˡ
ͨãһһҹ˵ڶûʧַڲԭ϶ȹһޣ֮۲š
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һ̶ħħڵˣεŮַŭҪ֣ȴֹˣǲĶ֣ɣŮʵĺһַߡ
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ħٴνкãǳķΪ˱ʾһȫԸʲô;ɣ
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ħͻȻһһԣͷȥֻϵ۰߰ߣദЩ˵塣
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Ѹ｣ߣξȲĿ｣Σնȡ
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｣ȫٴɢҫ۵Ľã˫Ĭھ޾֮ӵһߡ
｣ֻһɫɽƻưƵڰƣ֮
˳һǰɣ
Ѿˣ｣ŭһɫǳħħٴλָжŭһٿ콣｣｣һɨ㲻ܣ콣Կһ
һ죬콣һ𴦣｣ŭħȥ
ħһѪԴ󷢰ָ죺ֻأֻ˺һȻ
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｣ΪҪ֮ȼԿħѵı˱֮ģ
˵ǵĿУ｣һᱮ䵽˵ϣʵӢô



210 
｣ʵסˣʹħڡ｣˴ڱȱ˵ġ
｣һᱮ˵ϣӢԶֱͦĺ˵һλصӢۣ
｣˫ѾϣʱƺΪһʬ塣
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ϵܣһλӢۣ㣬úñģϣгһԹǹͬһİҵ֮ħ˵
ǲأǶǰ裬Ȳܽǰ彻㣬ʹݻ
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｣ƣӡ⣬ΨСѷӡ⿪ҿҵʹˣ
ʹַɻ
｣ЦСѾںϣڴˣڴˣǸʱ
˲ȡɫƣһ｣ңӦ
｣ͷЦһ٣ɫ˲仯Ϊһʺڰɫ֮У֮һ統նɫʱΨ｣ã˸
ħһͻȻ֣Ѹٳˡ
｣ȻʱҪһһִԼزؿڽһŽãȡ
｣һɿ֣һС͵ĽɫɽƮϣǻ񽣣ҵУҵַ࣡𾪣ࣿ
｣ЦΪһãڽɫɽУɫƣɫ체ã˸콣ܵٻзɵ˽ǰ
ħŭųð׷ȥģ
ħһ֣Ҳȫʹ÷֮ںϵһ˲䣡
ȷһ˲䣬콣체˲ֽ⣬˱񽣡ƥ˿ƣһ˲Ӧ塣
İ˽ԪƯһ߽к壬Ǳ߳ɺԪ룬űǽɫĻ񽣡
콣˵ò̫Сˣ黹ǽ콣еĿȱ͵Ĳʵڲָںϡ
ʱɢ֮ϣ콣ƺ˹ʶһСһǴ󣬾콣˻һ㡣
˲Ѿ߽Ӵ˫ֹͣ˱仯ʱ콣˻ļ룬״ǡûָΪǰģ



211 ϼ
񽣵ĳֲ磬˾ȣȴûһ񽣣û뵽｣Ļþ֮顣
ɫƼɫ체ĳֽΪ˴ٺϻ鼰콣ںϣҿԿ콣лռ˾󲿷ֵΪ콣Ĵ²ָΪɣɫҲȫΪʥĽɫ
콣ָΪɣַȴоɫɾȻһûн콣
ƺ̫Źˣ񽣽񽣣ԪҲˣ񽣲ǿڰ˽Ҵ˽ΪɣȻҲн飬ű񽣵ĺȴΪ֮ʵ˷ѽ⡣
ʱ콣ȷǿڴǰڽڣҲȫͬûнһжô
Ȼ飬ȴе˽Ϣϻ｣ַкøУַ콣ҡҡλεߡ
ַЩЦã߽ͬģԪԼ彣˽һܿ԰ַϻ񽣺Žĺƺǣǿַ㲻̾һʮһһ뾡߳
ĿǰƿƲʮȻ콣飬Ҫ㹻ǿǿ󵽿Žʮͬĵĵزַ»һ콣
콣˲ںħ޷ֹŭһ˳ϡ
ʹ÷֮ȫ͸֧ѾѵħĹֻüһˣ˻ַߡ
콣쳣ַͨϬѾоˣȻҲɻ󣬵ȴ콣ǿڴǰ̫ˣ
һ񽣸˽ָɣɼǶôǿ콣ȻҪǿڴǰ
͸֧Ѿս콣ַˣ޷Կ콣ںƺһ¡
ħ˼콣û̹ˣ콣ַͳͬʱٻ壬һɫ콣һ콣ˡ
ħϸĹ۲ɣûл콣ļһ˲ħˣʹ콣Ҳоǿ֣֮ʱ콣ƽǻɶȻǿ
񽣵Ľ｣˵｣˽Գַ˽кøУзܱˡ
ַɨħһۣŮ콣赲뿴ܹʱסħ׼뿪ý磡
ŮͷȴСȲҪҹ۲һ˵
ַ㼸˲ų⻹ʲôù۲ģ
ַ㼸˵ɻ֮̾ǰо˼ǵΪ֮ϣ֪ǵѣǻСĵã
һȻûг֣ѵ𣿴Ҳõô˵İ
ͨ飬صΪԪָмĸɣʱûʲôԱȻָҪġ
ħῴѾ٣Ȼָܷ
ħҪֵʱħԸоʲô˲ԼͬԶ
Զһħȴȵʲôڹۿҹ
һãһһλŮ欵ƮڿУħҪôƢô˻ôꡣ
ħô
Ů΢Цô
ħһô˵ִˣ
Ůͷ£
ħһ㶶ʱҧгݣŮ洺⣬ַ㼸һ㶣ʲô
ħȻҲԳ˰ɣϼ岻ֻһ˰ɣ
ŮЦݽһֲСȻһΪ˱ʾϼĳ⣬ֵܽüȫأ
ã˸ϳ־λӰŮλŮһʮˡ
ãһһŮŮߣСûôļ꣬Ǻǡ
ŮŤҪ˵˼˼ҲΪôһ㣬ȻҲֵģŮӶЦܹжôĳ谮
ȫһ𣬵ʮλˣλͻƵ켫磡
һ˽ԴסˣôǰʮλŮ˾磬̫˾ˣ
ħҲЩľû뵽ϼôˡ
ŮԵһŮԲͬƺдԣӵħѵ㻹ִԲ𣿡
ħʲôִԲݵ÷ҪΪǼ壡
ЦǺǵַ㼸ˣͷɵĵӹȻҲĵӣαظϾɱһ˻ûĥ𣿡
ħ߲ַ㼸ȴһʮ˾ȻʶɣǾǺͷ
欵ŮӱԱŮӵĸ첲ڽ㣬ħûรǿɲܷŹѽ
ЦЦħħһǰѾ㣬ǲЩˣ
ħΣ飬ǺθɣѵҪִ𣿡
ַ㼸һ£ʮ˵ļ徹Ȼˣѵɱģ˵ϼ֮ǰѾˣһ˲֪õϹż壡
ӵϼþڴˣҲһӣȻҪΪ
Ǿǧýֹ£ߣħЦţѵǲ֪緢ʲôѵǲ֪𣿡
ĳ˵Ȼ˽֮Ǹͬȵ֮ѵһ𣿡
ħֻһ֮ȻҪһǿֵزνûʵкãϣ
ӱ˫̾ͻƼҪŽᣬɱĥʼʵ
ħȻŽᣬҪͳһ˵Ҫʵûʵηڣ
ӵԣλľԸҵȣӦɾȳ棡
ħͷЦ֣֮ͬģʹãϱ˻δ̫˰ɣ
һ̤ΪԣȾΪãɼʹƼʼ֮أѵһ˵İΣ𣿡
ħתͷȥ˪ǺǣͬʱҲĹģ߿ֱ˾磬ʿֹǧ򣬲궨ɳеά簲ΣΣ
˪䲻ϱϱħӹ磬е綼ս֮Уʵ̫˽ˣħ
ħЦֹΪЦΣػɴҵкĿӹ»һ𣿡
ϱѾɾҩˣϼ岻֮ģ
ħЦǰǶһ˼ɣҪԸûôףΪ˶ԸϼҲɷѿİ
ãһλӳħԣϱݣ־ϻԡϴϡı
Ҳݣλʦ֣ôǲ𣿡
ıЦʦʦúþòˣϱ̰һ
˪ͻȻûв´λʦǱħİɣߣħأѾ׹ħϱ˳һ
ıЦǵȷǱħȣѾ磬ɻʦֵܣ𣿡
ãϼ˼磬ȿûκʤˡ
ϱԥλӣҲˣ˪ȴģʲôʦֵܣʿõλʦֵļˣҪһջ磿Σ
ϱЩ˪ͷֻʿǼĳ裡
ıЦǺݣٵһġֻһ£ΪĿǰԻָҪģڽ˭˵׼
ϱħǿи̫ϷϳЩѣζҪħ
ħΪǿ磬ᴫ겻˥
ԭ欵ŮӼ㵱ӡ˴ɾǬϼܻ죿
ڵͷΪһ֮ûв֮£Ż䡣ΪΪܹúù磬ȴкߣ뿴ϼҲвжΡħ磬ȳֶԿϼӦæ
˿ϼ廹ǷǳǵģͬʱҲʮֳԾϼ徹Ȼħ˲ӵĹϵ
ıЦƵ˵ĺãϼĹֻЩкιϵ֮нȻ֮ٽͿˣϼĪҪ;϶Ըħɣ
˪һüıӼ֣ȣȫԸϼ壬ʵǺüıΪʲôҪģܣȻ磬ǲþȲˣ
ıЦڴˣħɽĴϼһ޷ʱȡ㿴ǣ˲֮ˣһܳе֮Σ
ߣ𣿡
ȥֻħȵ˲֣Ի



212 価
㻹ǲҪǿĺãЩȣΪȴܵͣȻ콣ѾȫָǶԸħ»ǲġ
ɨһۣȷһ硰񡱵ŮӣʵۺĵҲǳʹ޵ľСƾȵˣԸ
лл⣬ߵȫǿԼǲҪ˿˵
㶣ﲻҪᣬϼûд⡣սҲˣҴһս
ɱ֮Ҫ㵱ߵģǸ˽ȣ
ַȲ˵İǶԿ粻Ϊ²и˶ԹϼھΣ֮ͦʮָлǵԼᴦģ
ϱ˵Сֵܲ£ѾԪˣӦǿǰ
ַЦЦס콣һ֮ϣԶ׵ģ
ãһַϻߣٴνַӡ
㣿ǡַ㲻ų
ַֹ֪㣬ֻģҪżڻħĶ֡
ãڿУϵ˵ĲԶ׾ȵģħҵĶԹһģһΪñʲô;óɣ
ַüͷһǿԪֿڵķӡַεЦ
ħЦҪȫˣһȫԸģռ䣡콣ХһΪٴִ체ԭ
ЦһõһߣҲȥ磬£
һ˲仨죬һɫ߸ռ֮ϣַҧͺȵôôӡɶ񰡣ⲻ
輸ŮûַĻȵʻǻǵһοʩչ˼
ħʻüͷζɣûԪУôܣ춼ҪΪ𣿡
ϱʻ̾ʻ
Ҳǵͷ˾壡һʮλ˸˵Լᡣ
ħȻȣһΣǲģͬھ
ϼʮλεЦЦŮַȴûпô࣬ǿⷼӡڷڵڵķӡֻԽԽ̡
ͬھҪʧˣ΢ЦСһ˦һ󻨶Ʈݵķ罫ַ֣˲伸˵Ӱʧ
ħһռ޷ʹͨģȻʹô˵ʵ󳬳֡
ϱڸǾȣռǾ͸оһУֻҪ콣Ҳ޷뿪ǳȻ˼򵥵Ľַ㼸˳ȥ˵ʲô
ѵѾͻ켫磿ħŵųʮ˸ĿɿڴҲǵʮ˲㾳𣿡
΢ЦڣͬΪŮˣϼҲǾȵѣȻǵġ
ֻǿ˵ʮɻʮλˣ˲ʮҲ뿪Σյĵط
ıӿЦԼǲ뿪˵ˡ
ħһָռ䲻Ϸ磬ûܳɹ練Ӽ̣
ħһεؽ콣лأҪϾȵ·û뵽ΪֹȻԼ·ˣħɵÿЦһ¡
˫ڸͤͤŶʮֶˣ޻ڵ΢Цڻһ˿޵
㣡ɲɵ°ʮ⣬체ԭıԵشַźɫߴкš
ŮεվַԣϱҲΡ
㣡ɣҪɵ£ħϵܿԶԸģ
ƾַκкãͬ˵ôüʮĳ
ַ㲻֪ʱڼʮĿ΢ЦԼͿԱ˵һ仰㶼ס
ħˮ˫һ˿һ˿ΣΪ˵ħ
ħԵѾħ֮£ħȥܹѹ֣˶ʣǺ治
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ħŭƾʲô˵˻ʵϷƫܹӡǧ꣡
ЦҵķûʲôҪ˵ˡ˵ճر۾ĵǧʱ䣬ܵӦܹһˡ
ʻ˲ƮеķеתеĿήеƮҡȫû·
ħı˶ʱһޱȵȫ޷ı޷˵𾪵ų
ħҧʲô
۾һ価
ħʱסˣ価˼価ǷʹõķǷɵռɱ
ƽħ־壬־ǳľ磬ͻ켫ľ磬ȻûгϣħѾ²⵽ˣȻԼҲᱻŴηӡ
Ļ꣬ʻ粨ãһʻԶ£ںϣʱһ京ŵľ޴õ廨ڿа㣬ʺĻƬƬԡ
ħ־Ҳڴ켫Ϸɵռһ¿Կġ
ͷŻ˼ţƺڻ£ǶʺõѾʼš
õţħֻоܵѹԽԽ󣬶ıѾһѪ
ħĶʢõ廨һֻɻ¶һ˵ѹ˲һħɫҰ׿֧ţıѾﵽޣѪ˹ȥ
Ļ˼һѾ޷Ӱ쵽ڵѾʧµĻ䵱С
õ廨ѾţĿֻֻջ˻֮ڡ
ʺõ廨ʻΪͻΪξ޴󣬻Ϊǻ˸ǳĵâ
һƬͻȻȥħֻƺǷȥĻҲϵһ֫ȥڵħԪҲЩܿˡ
һƬȥħһѪήӲ
ƬꡢƬꡢƬꡭ
ħѾﵽȫ֧ţ˫ɶõ壬ҪŮӾˡ
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֮˲ǿ˼㣬ħҽһѪ磬ʵŭţΪλŮһģһĸоλ³ΪΪ켫磡
ΪʲôⲻܣⲻܣۣħٴһѪȵŰ³
µĳ߳˻䣬˰µԼ
³΢΢һЦҲǼΪ᣺ľ𣿡
³ͷħħѾˣʱҪɱ練ƣ˵ӡǧˣ
ʮ⣬ַήĻ䣬ˮ£׳Ѿ׼Ըħ
ַĹڵϣ綪֮һֻˮš
ε̾˿ַߣҪģһѽȳġַתͷε˫г˾ȡ
ϱǰʵ̫ǿˣʹҲ޷ͨﻹǲҪȥˡ
εû˵ֻǾַ㣬ַȻεʵһҪ㰲ȫȳ
εͷİɣһһȱĽ㣡
˵εҪȥַĨһˮסεл񽣣񽣺Хһ֮콣˲仯Ϊɫ
ַ㽫콣εУ콣Ȼ飬ɱϾ콣ãε΢Цŵͷһȥ
֮Ϸӿޱȵķ֮Ĵѹεһָ屬һã֮ܵãͣڽǻǰεһһնһĵ·˲ƶȥ
ϱڡ˪Ůһ˭Կķ֮ĶôĿֲεȻɹͻƽȥˣ
˵пΨַ֪ԭ򣬷֮ȷʵ˲ٴľν޵УǵûĵҲûоԵµһεͳˡ
ڸĵȳʱַѾ֣εľ֮˳ķ֮
ε콣ʵӣʹǿħ޷Կķ֮Ҳ޷赲εٶԽԽ졣
ӡħǧ겢£Ϊ˶Ĵʲô𣿡³΢Цź³
³ЦѾ뵽ˣ˵ЩѾνˣֻҪܵǰȻͺá
³΢ЦŻ˻֣ı˶ʱΪɻҶȥȻ˼򵥣
ħ־Ű³Լˡ
³û˵ʲô΢ЦħħȫҧгݣҲʹܲģʹȫ޷ѷֻ֮ÿŰ³ԽԽ
³̾˿ħǳƽȿᣬҲѾ¶˾ġ
ãһε콣˰³Ĳ֮ϣ³Ծȵε΢Ц˺³᲻㣡
µĳû뵽εطλĽóڱֳһ˿ᣬʲôΪʲôҪֹң
ħһͬʱεת˰³ע⣬ϵķӡɶ˺ܶࡣħңЦŻס콣



213 ʹ
ʻ裬λͬʱ˴εһ΢Ц磬һĲᡣ
㣬ַ㻹ڵ㣡ε˵ҲֻЩ
εƺʮɿȴַ㡣
³΢Цô
³һߣ֮ǰҵķɣӡħǧ꣡
³εε콣赲Ĳ
³̾÷ȥɣԾ˵ǸѵõĻᡣ
ǲܷȥģ
˭Ҳܹӡħĵ켫ֿ֪³㾡ſεͨ
Ѿ¶˾ģ³ҲΣʹĵңǾ̫࣬赲ң
ϣһǿڱεһҲһãԣεԸ˺ʮҧҧš
ħЦץʱתħԪķ֮ԽԽ
³ͻȻͣ³ֻӡħε޷ʩҪѡɱεǷħ
˵εǼʮĺýˣµȥ֣
ε콣˵ϣһȥĻɱˣ
üͷЦһ³³ЦҪңҿɲ֪ô
Ц˵ãӡħް
εʹӡħھ˭ԶԿħ񣿾ͬð
ٴһϣ᲻֪ˣħӿֲѡ
³һ˲εԣץס콣ε˺³ߣֻεڵĵطħӿħŭˡ
ǣҴˣħʵǲСģ³΢Ц˵
ħҧгݣȻգǶڰ³Ǻܹ˼ɵġ
ε㣬Ϊ²Ӧô¾Ժû˵׼ģ
³̾ã֪ôжɵ𣿷価һʹǲֹͣģǿֹֻͣ벻˺
㻹лȥε˵Цһεصͷ
³ȲҪ˵ЩˣħҪ·ӡ뿪˵εͷӹ콣ųһȥ
ħЦߣȥɣռ䣬Ƹۣ
˲ħڣħû콣ûǽռֱӷųռѾôǡ
⣡³һ
䣡
ռ䲻ܿǿж˷磬аڷײ󳹵ױʮԶ체ԭұը
εѸ˲ǿͻƷصַߡ
ҵıըϼ弰Ů̷ǵصķ֮֮˲ϯˡ
ޱȵ屬εѪ˲仯ΪɻңֵҲ˲䱬壬Ҳûж˽١
˲ʩչסԼַ㣬Ǳİ³ػ
һըʧҲ죬ϹͺһƬԲںһжԵ
ãһ³ź³䵽˵ϡ
ã˸ˣַȴ
ãҫۣʮ˹ͬɹɹ˽١
һոӣըħ
ߣû뵽ô˻ħ
³һŭѣħڵĵش㣬Ƭû⵽κƻΪ˾Ⱥ³ȴ˴ɶǳ֮ٿѾЩʧĽ
һѪߺ޵һˮ˽֮Ƚʣ˼ˣȽý
ϱħδ̫˰ɣʮλȻһ٣Ǹˣмˡ
ħЦ֣ҳֶԸҵĵ˶ѣкι֣
³ŭһħȥŮҲǺĵģǲ֪βġϱҲŭһħʮλˡ
³ܣĿַͣϡ
ַͬܣЩĮŮ˺ܴĴ̼
ҡҡλַԣϵôˣ
ַҡҡͷ㣬𣿡ǿЦŵ˵ͷ
ַ˦˦ͷôˣ
Цû£Ҫġַľ㶵ĵͷ˵ϣҲʮֵˡ
΢΢һЦһ˦ȥ콣ХһУ콣ڵϳתȥˡ
㣬Ҫɵ¡
ͣתͷȥַֻ˫ۣܹŬͻڵķӡ
ˣоƺ˳Ļŵܾܵ뿪ý磡
۾̧ͷȥֻԶħսĵط
ħʵۺ񣬰³ֺ³ľûʹ÷ƾӲϱΪʵҲǲСӵģ˽ħȫѹһС
³ЦɣҪľˡ
³һ˳ս³Ŀַͣϣһ˲³ƺʲôһ֮½˺³ڡ
ϱ˲ʲô˻ԡ
ħΪɻ˳׳ʲô
ޱ価ѳʽʹҲ޷ıˡ
˵ճ˫һѪãħ΢üͷӽնȥһ죬ħ˻һЩɻԼ壬ԼȻûеסһ
΢΢Ц˫ħȫһٴαӡȵ˳
־ָ󻨣ħɢŹĺãħԸоԼħԪһʧʵһ½š
ħѾ˳ˣǰµĻǺµģƾ޷ƷӡֻÿԼʵԽԽ͡
ͻȻһѪ˵ϣ˶סˣַ㼱æܵ˳ߣ鷢ȻѾֹͣˣ
һ˲һ绬գַ彥ɢãڵķӡһĻˡ
ַħֻħɱӡţʵѾ˾硣
ַˣһвΪ˾ȣΪԼķӡѾȫ⿪ˡ
һˮٴ£ַŭȣʵʹʹ춼ҪΪ֮
һС껺Ʈ䣬ַҧгݣΪʲôɱħħ£㸶ȴֻܱӡ
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ַѾһħҽģ
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ԽԽʹʧȥٶࡢٶ࣬Ļһ仰ħɱ
ΪʲôַѪ˲䱬壬ʣ½ɫԪŭ
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ͨãһն£ħһѪ˲䱬壬֮ħӿ
콣ХһħȥַԪãʵŭƮڲ֮ϣΪʲô
ͻȻãۣ˲ָֻ֮Ψһɫ콣ɣ
ַ㡭Ҫǰ鿴һѪֵ˵ϣڵҲǼΪʹޣΪʣߵһʣʲô
һòҪģܵ׷ħȥûתͷֻѵ
ϲ˳ߣ˵㻹ѽûΪ
ЦЦڵ״Ҳֹۣ²ˡ
ȵҡҡͷģһµģ޷ûгַľָȥ
΢ЦĲˣΨеܵܿԾңġĵͷȻĲ׳˼
һȳһѪüסˣڱӡԼԺѾ͵ҵǰ󽣣ڵ״γֻᣬҪұ֮ڣ
˵ĵ˵ͷģһµģ
οһЦ콣У֮ƾճĿĴָĽɫ壬ر۾һվ
ЦԺֻһˡ
ѾڲӡԼֹͣҲֹͣˣΨһǲӢվǧ겻࣡
ϱ̾ϢһߣǰδҼɣϼһչ˺ùİΣ
ߵȲҪ˵İĺˣȻȥģ
ϱ㶳̾һ뿪ˣſյЦʲôûˡ



214 
һԿ֮체ԭ׻ȥ체֪ȥ򣬼ʹ޺黢Ҳ
ڲԭѰһǴоȵһöָ
ַ㱬ֻԪ壬ûöָһûдݻ٣˵͵ڲԭһط
ַöָǰѩɣϢֻҪ벻ǺңԶԸܵǹϢ
ѰһϸŻʲôطûѰңȷԼȷѰ˲ԭ
ԭûУǻһֿܣöָû뿪ַ㣬ַһͬʧˡ
ȵҪ׵ģǲһסô򵥣Ϊ˱ٴѰ˲ԭ֮ʱҲֻȷַָߡ
صԭأվӡԱһʧ
ʱĳһӢ˻棬콣ĳ¸˾Цһ⿪˷ӡýѾûбҪ£ӦôųȥɽѰ׹۵䡣
յͨǺɫĻӿָˣû뵽뿪ýʱʣԼͳ
ͨų̾Ķַ࣬㲻֪ȥ֮룬˴Σȵǰںδ
ɽ綫һȺĺ׹ۼ׵ҵ׹ڣѾ˽裬׾ӢæµԼ顣
Ĺ׵޴䶯еӽ߳ӭλñʦ棬벻ǣĿǰһλʦˡ
ܳɵ˹ְ֮λָͬȽͲ֪ڵѩ⵱赹׹Ϊʦ
׵ϲ׾ӢɵӣϾдãݷﲻȵ˲ڶȻ󲨡
Ⱥεڻý֪ĿеʥĶԿмȫ˶һ
Ϊ˱ǿߵľ⣬ɳǰ׵ʺսھȻûʧȥġ
ܳչղãλʦǿɾ֮ˡ
ܳĴ£׹оӢȫ֣׵ߵɽ֮Ͻһ޴ã
˵ЩʣΪûо޴ĹûкΰĽеֻǾ׵ķ羰
ɽ֮ϰƶ䣬ҡҷһʻҰŷھʯ֮л
ǵģΪ˱ﾴ⣬ܳȫɽ֮ϽȼƵã屻ƽ̨֮ϣÿն׵Ӽļݡ
ܳɽ֮ʯ·κ˼ʹֻͽɽԱ⣬׵ΨͻʸɽΪǾȵޡ
ý֮߿ν˶Ҫʶһ¾ΰķɡ
콣վƽ̨֮ϣʹѾûֱ˵ʻ־̾аݷ
ڶ࣬ܳΪ˱岻ܳ衱ػ֣˵壬Դ
ڱŮĽٽ񣬳ַ㡢ѩۡȾʿУʹԽԼĵ֮С
ڷƽ̨ǰκ֮ݲԽ磬׵ӿʹҲǶʦһ裬οվ֮Ǿ׵еʥˣ
Ϊ˼еʥˣ׵ûһ±ҪһΣɹػҷûеõȵͬɽ߽Ϊ󲻾ɽã
ˣó׹ػΪΣ
Ϊ׹ִΨһʦһԾڶ߾ۺʱεضܵʥ˴ν绽ꡣ
ûʧңճ֮һĻԶĻݺ
ݺļܳɽܵ˸߹Ĵ׵룬׹ۻΪѰһѪĵ죬Ȼ׵ΪңԶϻǵõ˼гԱϿɡ
ƽ̨ϣݺ˵ųȶҲأ벻һ𾹻ֽųɲӰݺ̧˹ȥ
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ݺȻŷ㹫ӻǸҪչ˺ó¹壬Ȼ㹫ӻ˻ĵġ
ͻȻݺĺϸģȻǧŲ࣬յķ紵ɹ¿³ܲˣҸղųͷȷѾЩɢˣʱ䳤˵ñˡ
ܳ壬ǰ
ܿܳ棬ͽǰк飿ܳҲѾϰŮơ
ЦһҪܴ磬շ紵ɹȻᷢʲôڵĻҪģܴɷЩŮչ˽㣬Ҹԭ֮һչ˽ġ
ܳתͷȥֻݺΪװ˼÷ģ¾ͽҰɣǺԸЩġ
ЦŶŮӣеҿɲͬ⣡ܳʱһ£ŷԼĻȷЩʣεЦ
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룬ɺεչԽ۲죬Դһ壬ǹĻǶôҵһ¡
ϢһŮȫߴߴĻЦصڸط
ܳû뵽ŮӻȫұӡɵҲȫˣнˣܳƼλǺã
ܳ壡ܳ壡һ˵ע⣬ֻȺг˳չ˽һҪһ
ܳЦãҪһ£Ͼйسõ½ԲС°
С죬ӾҪƢܳ˺һЦȲҪɣǲһµǵ򵥵İͷһ¡
Ʋɴ۾е˺һֽܳеƣΪʦ渶һѵ𣿡
ó˵ҲֻܳôƼʹٲҲϰߵǰת˻ǰ
ߵҪΪ޲չˣǸͷǵëԼأ
˵ջץƵͷʼϸĵܳͷһȷĺܲ
ͻȻеӼʱҲֻƵͷһ֡
ҲǳһæҵľȻûнջȥۿžҪյƵͷ
ؼʱ̱Ůһ˲Ϩ
ܳһ亹Ů˵ͷŮͷҿʸ𣿡
ܳЦȻʸ񣬲ҲҪͨԲſԡ
˵Ʋòˡ
ȥֻ˪ͷһڵϲˡ
Ůüͷܳ壬ֻһָԽԽˣ
ŮͻʹסԴܳеȫϸ񣡡ŮЦһվһԡ
ܳ峤һǾչʦѡͨѡһ¿˵ݣԵƬ̣
ڵԾԾͷĿܳ˷ȥ
ͨݺݻѾ£ݺѾȷΪһѡؿˣһȻû˷ԣΪĿõģĺϸġ
ݼΪŹ֣һΪ֣߳
ĵʧֻ˵Ϊ͵˷ʺϡһ̭˼ˣ׵ӸӢһȫ̭ˡ
ڶݽΪЦһûѶȣ߻϶Ư
飬ܳȷѡ֮κβϰߣҪǲ˺
չɼİȫ׹˵жôҪ
ˣչһ˲һһϦ飬ûĿ϶⡣
ܳɳٵÿȫϸſͨĿ顣
Ϊѡѡַ߽ܳ͸Լһ˿Ԫ֮
˽ԳһʹݺҲһɲʵͻͽлӴȣܾʶпܻܵߵĴѾλ֮
һѡѡһλδСɵһԵӵĺ
СѾͷɶҷǳϸģԵһܳϲλɰСҲʮϲȷλСͻݺͬչ˳ճ
Сᣬֻһˣ˴θĸ׶аҲнĸҲû뵽ŮͨпˣĵĽύܳС
ᣬܳȡһ˿ԪȻӦԺٶֽǷˣܳǰ˳ŵСﻹ֪һ˿Ԫıһķ
ãųĶԻݺ˵㣬ʥ˽ƯŶͽһƯأ
ݺСԴ΢ЦԺһչ˺λʥ˽㣬С𣿡
ЦҲôİɣһչ˺ʥ˽ģ
ݺЦˣԶܳҲЦЦ



215 С
ý֮󣬳㽻˻ݺСУĵĿʼܳػͨ
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غÿڻݺ˵չûܵһ˿ί統һ
ػɵĶλҲǾҵҵ˼æһ񣺡μʦ棡
ͷһЦ˳Ҳͷˡ
ĿתСʱʱסˣ̶̼µʱĸıģһλͤͤӣΪҲ˴ɣĸо޵ַϢ
ˣѾȫ˰ɣתȥֻݺ΢ЦԼ
ǰѾȬˡлƹôչ˽㣬Ҳô͸ԭˡܿģԭˣΪҲɶ㣬ֻһ֮ң
Ŀⲻٴ䵽ϣڵѾû˼ǰͯɣȴǷݵܹѾ׽չˣⶼַĹԪ¡
һ뵽ˣ̾˿ԼȻΪ֮ȴûеõַľԪڵȻЩĽᣬȻľԪַ͵ġ
ĿǷݵϲЦʲôѵý㿴𣿡
֪ǾȵˣʶԽƣϲá
һæ˵ϣͷ᲻ңʦ滹ǽСɡ
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簮Ŀ£ֻĬˣü㡭ص˵ͷжˡ
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˼ĸĸɵһͨߣ˵̫ʥˣǹݣĸĸҲЩϰߡ
ͷ÷ģ˵ģȻҪԽӴεصͷڵƺɴһ˿١
ѾͬˣбҪ˽ȵĹȥڣͻݺ˳ǰĵϡ
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λҲһԣҲǾ֮ˣбҪ˽һ¾ȵʷ
ȵʷ˽Ҳȫ棬Ϊǰ˽ĽǷѩۺ;ȼŮϾ֮ʱġ
ȵγԴϰλ񡣾˵ǰ绹һǳƽ磬ʱػ޿ء˳ƣǽӹ֡
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ݺ˲еˮ˵㹫ӻһ磬Ϊʲô͵͵ǱؽѰأ㹫ӻ˾ȲҲо𣿡
ַ̾㱾ˣǿתԪ֮Ǳ׷ħȥýôָѰң
ת˳˿ԸַܵϢ½ܲԼƣַ㲻ܼʱΣ½ҲΣա
˵ڵ˿Ԫڹ֮壬͹ͬԴǷҲԸܵǹϢأ
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ͨһˮεضһãǳϣԼɼһӰ˸Сʮλ׵ΧܰνԶͨĺɫĻ
ãܳãüͷΪ͡
̧ܳסҪǰΨһλʦΩᷢκ⡣
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СܳһۣͻȻЦԭǸС
ССʹеСôѵ𣿡
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ȻССɵǰЦô뱧ѽ㱧
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ǰСɣǵЩɹˣð֮½⡣
Сͷһţܳ壬ֵöˣ
ܳסƲ̾˿ƵƨɿѾˣСԼ֦ܳڴһЦһƵ˷ȥ
СƤĺһ棿³
ԵʱЦãôɽģ
СƤӣ뿴λɣ⻹һЩҪ֪ͨ
ɻ֪ͨң
С˵ͷڵܶ࣬йַϢȤһ°ɣ
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СַûΣգﲻصģǵһֱ׷Ҫʱġ뿴λɣ𣿡
ͷƾСΪǿǰĻû˵ģο˼
ãһСá
Сɨһۣ޵羰ܲѡط
Цƽ̨ͻݺΪ¡
СͻȻָѩ񣬵ôģʶ𣿡
ɵĵ˵ͷѽѩãôˣ
ѩСЩȣڻ𣿡
üڻţȥ˱𴦣СʲôԵ𣿡
СҼ֮ǰѾˡһлֻɺϰɡ
һѩΩΩФѩòʹҲô
ѩáǰˡת𣿲ԣüͷѩǰޣǲģǰҲػޣôأ
ޣ顭ô˵ѩ֮ǰػޣСѩ˼úЦԭû뵽ģʵ˾Ȱ
ƶǶСЦһǻ׵ģǸŮӴ
ƤЦⲻЦⶼʲôʲôѽΪʲôǰ˻˵һ룿ѵʲô˵
Сһƽ̨֮ϣ̾Ϣһȥ
棿Сǰһû뵽ǻйɰСһ
ЦãĹɡ
СЦ᣿ֺܺʲôأ
ɡ
СЦЦݺأţĵְܹɣ
ݺһҵȷСŮӻݺǰ
Сʵĵ˵ͷĳ˵úøžȰɣкôġݺɫһû˵
Щ죬СΪˣ۹ȷʵ׼ȷԸЩ
Сעųò̾ǷѽȻЦЦų
ȷţʹûϢѾܶˡС˵
ȵССЦİɣûôģַ׵ġ
ĵЦˣСҲЦˡ



216 
ѽ˼һƬƺϣĽų죬һƬѾɢ
ƲǼǮһΰȻֻ˯һζѣӴҵ
С˵ʲôţСһرϲƬƺȻΪʲôϧ˯ҲҪ׽һ£
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е
εһԣֻüЦվ
»ܸλѣõദѾʮҪá
һλɰСӣһߣȴﵽ˶һ˳Ƹܣͷܵ
һߣһ˳µһУӢΪҲΪ󷽣ͷⶼ
ѾǰģüĿ㣬һȴһ٣˳Ϊӣǰ˵ĿͷҲֻñһԼĿͷˣ
ڳзǳΪ˽ǸˣһЩԭ۷ġ
Դ֮ɣڱһصɸȡɸǽˣһǾˣʹ㼸ܣȻɳ⡭
˼类ͳΪܣΪӵܵȻĿ
ҲǺģӢ󷽣ؼһܴһʮɶԸ
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Ҫ˭ڴ϶һʵʵɾ˾۵һʱ̷ͬһ㣬޷죬Ҳܶ˳Ϊ١
Ӵϵ˸ǿЦãΪ˵ĻʱʵЦԷǣʶ˱ﻹһĳƺţ飡
СӣҲˤһ¶ѣõô˵㵱ƺðǰҲǱ޳ܵԸȾˡ
Ļر֤ӶĺȤĻҲ⣡ƺûðٺٺ٣
Уһۡ
Цû취ⶼСõģŶ
ͦصûϵֻҪϲھͰйܵ
ε̾˿Ը˿ΪŹ֣ԭ׷Ůʼ޶ԣرŮǰʱȻΪϲۿҶƮ龰Բű˳Ϊӡ
Ϊһ㣬ƦӲŸ˵첻ᵱ棬ֻЦѡ
ˣЦҡҡͷƦӶʱЦ
С磡
һԶƮʱһ亹ƦӸèԶ
ЦתԶһλȹıŮܶʱЦã
Ҳ»ܸģŮðҲڻ»ǲͼ
ȴ»ϲһãֲòɲԸʵ޿κΣֱǿŵĹͷ׼ȷ˵ǵ͵졣
ִֻ̧к˭֪ûڲֱ˽ĻУЦҪ˼Ҿֱ˵ôµģ
ֻоθһ󷭹ǿ֮²סǺǣֵƤˣû뷨ԼҪ˽
Ϊʲô㿪أ
ε̾˿㶼ܵǰҲ㲻ˣ˵Ҷ㿪㲻ˤϰһԽ鷳ɾͲˣ
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쵹һ㶣ô˵˵ȥԼĲˣУҿɲռˣ
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Цһס˲ʲôǲѽ
ͷɴ춼»ᱻᣬæóʹҡ
һָ˲٣˵˵Ŀģǽġķҹǽҵμ䡣
һϲԽķҹҪҵ
һ˹еģǱʲôҪƤ»ķҹһҵⲻҪȥԴȣѳԺȣȻ»ģȻƤļһﶼǮ
Ц˵˭ҲȱϯڷҹӭǵģͷȺȻܷŹˣ
СʲôʱȥѽŸһɣЦ
첻һ亹Ц绹Ҫ׼һ£ڷҹǵǰɣ
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»סֻзҹרŽģ˼ͯȫѣΪϲ˻кͯһĸо
ҹɸ߿ոӳԲΣһ۹ΰԲҹ̫ͬͼ


217 ֮
ҹǵ伫Ϊ¡أȴûʲô⣬޷˶˵㣬ƹĿ˵㡣
ҹķʵĿɿڴһӵķһȫˣֻŲˣҺǻ˵Ļˡ
뿪ʱ»Լʱ䣬·Ȼǲܲܵģο˶Уʹ»ڡ
Ϸַݣ»Ҳϰ߳ƺΪСˣС㣬һһ̼ģħΣ
ЦЦ㣬ǵҺˣ·
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·ͬɵ⣬ҽֹڴˣҪͻΨһǳþǿͻƣһ㣻һַһصĵ·벻ͬĹ񡢹֮·
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»ĿɿڴħѪʧ˲Ѿ½ɣһ¼С
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»Сʵүүʲôʱģ
ַϣȻҽҲѽ
»صͷɨһ۽ͷڽַ㻳С



218 ֮˵
ɵĳˣر˼򵥵˹ħ
ַЩŻе»Ϊ΢΢·𿴵ʲôµ顣
˿ĵΧסַ㣬ɱħȻõ˴ľ飬û˵ɽʲôȻЩǿ⣬ҲѾˡ
ٻһξôǰ»˳ȥԼ˽ַ㻳УַЦá
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ЦЦҡҡͷͻȻһƬˣţȻһ֮ڴﵽ˾磡
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·Լʹ˶ֹ»ƴ岻뿪·Ҳ뿪ˣַ֮Ҳֻ뿪ˡ
У컵ЦɲҡڣүүڿԸô˰ɣ
ЦЦϷһϷΪ;ֻҪ絽ΪȻ͵ˡɵҡҡͷ
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ܾúܾǰ˼һ˵Ĵ˵ÿնܹɵټĩʱǳˣ˹ű
ϾǺܾǰĹ£»˽⵽Ҳ࣬ƺ˽⵽һЩΪ֪顣
˵˼ǳɵıؾ֮أΨ˼侭˸Ѳſɷɡ
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켸Цˣɵк˿ʼò͡
»ʵүүСҹôˣ
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ĪҪ̫
ҾΣ
ѪħռԸ
ã˷ģ²˵˵ġռ䣡
ɶ񣡡



219 ħ
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ַ׷ɱħ֮ʱѪħȻѪħĶ֣Ҳɹػħʹռ佫ַҲڡ
ĺãǾͿ԰Ȼˡħַ㣬ȻѾԵħڵķӡǿΪѾҪ
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ѪɫϽַַ쳤Хȫã˸һ֮ͻƷӡѪħ񣺡
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ռһƬĿռ䣬ȫںɫ֮УʹҲ޵ĺɫ
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ħһѪڵʵַ㣬޷Կŵ
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ַ㱾һЦһ׷ȥΪŵã뱾֮ڡ
ѪħЯħʧҹĻ֮Уַͣŵãɨܡ
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ڵҹĻַ㲻˴ǰڵĻЦҲ΢΢ڵҲΨ֧塣
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һãһһλԣϴ󣬳ѾҵˣȥˣʣµĶ㡣
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οҲҪ̫ɥˣȫʧ䣬лḴԭģҪһЩܹ̼顣Լסͬл쳱ˮʴʧһЩѣһָĻҲкܶࡣ
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Զֱ˽컳УС磬ǲȥ߰ɣڼҶû˼ѽȥɽ裬Ҳȥ
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Ů㱻ˣλַ㻵Цɨ¡
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۾λַ㣬֪ʲôɫ𣿡
λַɻЦţǽɫΪµĻҲԲ㣬ùԹԵغҪˣ˼
ɴ۾ðСӣȻҽңɫͲ»𣿡
λַһ㶣ôǰŮһҲƵģѵԼ˵ĲǽɫŮẦµġ
һλַ°ͣҿǲ˰ɣȻ˵ǣֵܣ·ʶʶһλֱַסˣ
ߵô鷳·ֱѸǿ
˵屬һһ֮ȥɫȹʱķѡ
λַֽһתȥŮв
ֹв϶żˣ
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ѽλַԴ˵ϣΪŮѹ·Ҳת
ʵûѹ⣬ǽ¶˳ɴҲժ
סַĶ佫СӾȻҴңҲ˭
λַЦãŮҪôߣҪΪ㣬ǼǶ˭Ҳûкô
һľַĶתһȦһȦģλַʹæһƣŭһſַ㣬ƺ䵽˵ϡ
һλַҧҧôˣŮȻ´ˣҪΪ㣬Ůֹɣ
˵һλַת֮󲻽Ŵ͡
һλַ㿴ȻΪŮѹˣ̾˿ֵܱϹСǲģ
λַЦŵ˵ͷž˵ıʱ̣ҽȻ˰ʱ
·˵Ĳҽһ㶣ܶ˶̾˿ǧҪŮ˰
ַϵղŲͦôˣǼ
λַεͷϵİɵЦһλַԭôģ½Ҳ𣿡
ó̾˿˵⣬ɽ磬Ϊǡ
λַһ㶣ϴϴʲô
㶵ֻܾȽѽϧֲ֪ܵȥˡ
ɵλַ㣬ҲַֻλڵȷӵкַͬľԪǷκóأ
λַҲһʹ½ˣ𣿡
أҽҲ˵ַֻſԾ
λַһЦԭô˵һǳ½ľԪ⣬ҲֻϴҽΡİɣ½ҲҽΣæ˾ͺȥ
ɴ۾ȻܹҽλھͻȥأѵǵºҪ𣿡
λַͷһ˵ϴ֪ʲô⾹ȻҶ˸ˣҲ˵֮ڵȴȻϴӰ졣
ȵŴͣǱַ᣿ǲ𣿸ɾˣ
˿ЦȷȬˣҲȷʵ˹һ
ַƺʲôҲ԰ﵽˡ
ǲ˵ҪҪʲô飿ʵ
λַЦģϴȻˣ֮ǰҲһ񣬾ǲħùϴͲˣǵõһϢѪħϴڵṥɽ硣ǾӦȰħʰٷأ½²Żаա
һѪħȻҪɽ磬ڵ׹ۿ޷赲ȷӦȰħʰӦôأɻŶˣ˺ٺٵػЦš
һĳУ罨һɾˮޡ쳽޺Ѫħ
罨ɿʮֵĻԻͣнɵΧڻýҪһС
һԺڣһλŮӶһˮһ䣬λַһ˷ڣż촫е˵˵ϡ
һλַץסͷزȻĨüʱͰԼһŮӵӡ
һλַ㻵ЦŶˮһԪнŮӴַУӻЦš
Ѫħڻý磬ڻýʮϤʶΪ
һڣѪħһϣվλŮʮλʿͦġ
ʲôˣ
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ַѪħһۣЦСơ
Ѫħص˵ͷַ΢ЦŰ֣ؼһȥˡ
Ѫħȫһ𰵰ЦţǷתȻģŵӵֲ÷οԻλŮء
ͻȻθһ󷭹һ촫˲ѪħѪħҲΣɾϢЩټе׼ɾĵǲ
˰ȥѪħɵԼĶӣͷ˺Ժ
Ժé⣬ѪħͻȻоʲôһƣһãһѪħ⣬һλַéֱ˽ȥ
һˣַ㻵ЦԶԶŮװַҲͣ͵Цš
޺ˮ޶ӡȻӽé
Ψ쳽öԸλַ㹲ͬǿѹƲſס̳֣˲쳽⣬⵽˺һˡ
һħȫӽéħַ̫̫ƻ
ټַ˵Ĭϣͱַһ㾳ħǵĶ֡
ַéЦéڽĿֵˣ۹Ҳǲסͷ
һħˣͬΪټӶɢţ˻Цһȥ
ԸħȻɣΪֱˡǵһҰȻôףȻİ취
ϣСɴ䣬̱ʿ֣žǴսæߡ
׷֮ʱλַ֣񲻵ж˱ߣӹַ׷ձӡⶪһ
ǹħ񣬹ħħΪλǰħ˶ãͬӡ屻ӵһݾС
ӰħٶΪҪԸ϶ҪѲֽš
Ϊ˿ԿӰħٶȣַڴɽдһͨԪ乮̡
ӰħȻϾĴڶڵľ˵̫Ҫˡ
»һɫȹӰħڡ
ӰħûдڳУɽ֮ϵȴϢΪṩ˷㡣
һХӰħע⣬ӰħɻԶʲôˣ˵һȥ
ԶʿЩʿͻĴͷһ˲ʮˣЦһһȥ
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սž൱ھ׹еĵλӰħĻ˵пܶħǼ˳ء
ʱнǧʿӰħͷȥһǧʿæ׷ȥ
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Ӱħٴ֮ʱûԥ׷ȥܿ׷սһȷ
ƾʵ˲£ӰħٶһԿĻǶ֣һǧʿϵ֮Ѹȥ
ӰħȻһıϾһǧʿ棬Ҳͷĺܱܶ࣬ƣҲǻýû뿪ڱ
һнǧ֮׷ĵص㣬ͻȻͷӰħ񣬴սһ¶Ӱħˣȡȥ
Ӱħ˼Ƭ̣Ѿˣһϣɱ
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ǧʿһѸɢȥ֪ӰħѾ˲⣬Ǹ޷Կ֮ˡ
ãһʱ̳ҽвϣʿˡ
Ӻ󣬽ǧʿ˹룬бܽɢȥ
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˻һȥƿڴЦֻɽ֮һӨ͸ӰħһԾı̧ҪߵĲһ



223 
һҰϣλ˾һԶʲôʿķվ˵
Ѿһˣôûħɻߡ
Ѫħ񱳸˫ɨʿ̫ܵɢˣۼЩѣٵȵȡ
һλźҿǿˡ
Ѫħɵϴ˻
ߵҪˣλַħôûлѵǾͲо𣿡
λħüͷĬһһߡ
һλЦЦȴԵĳŪУ޷Ҳˣŵһ羹Ȼַȥ磬µ׹۶޷𡣡
ħһҪǰȴѪħλ˵ЦˣλҲûסַ˵ֻǱ˴˱˴ˡ
һԳϿЦлħĿ佱ˣҶ䲻ɱַ㣬˴ǻġ
һλЦһֻλ˲㾳ħ񣬾ȻҪɽƽ£ƾʲô
ŶѪħЦô˵λǲˣ
ʿսӣһε֮λ˵ȹҡҡڡ
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λħҲһ̴̴壬ħ˵㴴ʲô
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סκѪħȵȻϣɽ粢ĺֻǽ۲˽ѣ
λ˹ЦļʿѸٷɵѪħ˽һŭر顣
ЦΪɽ粻˳еɱ
طŭųرʿѪħһ˶ȥħͬһλˣʿŭϵˣһսʹչ
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һλַɴųβų򶷵˫
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ĴսһƬңǧʿսţԪҲһѵĻ档
λַ㻵Цɴɣһһȫ˲źأ
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Ӵλַ㲻
ֻ߬Сȭͷʲôж˲źãǻýıкܶǺܺƵģȥæ
λַɴ۾бҪ𣿡
СеǾȵĵˣν˵ĵ˾ѣȥæ
λַεض̾Ϣһ֮³˳ȥ
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ãһǧʿԶλַ㲻̾˿ߵʵϾǿ壬˵ҲΪǺܳԿġ
Ȼǧɽ纣˰һ˲
λַһһȥֻѣ޷ԿѾźεǧߵġ
纣˰ķɽһδϮȥܿнʬѻɽѪغ
ҲײǶ֣Ϊʱǧʿķ󲻶׷Ա٣ż˹֮弸ȫ𣬽ʮȥ
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üͷһȥһ˹ɭ֣ϣûвⳡս
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һսϣʿĻɭ֣Աȳ룬Զʩչϵߡ
ɭĲ֮Ҳֻʤֻʱѡ
һãһȺ֮Уһȣѩ
ޱȵĺɢţ߶ʱ⡣
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Ůϸ֮µͷһЦȻǰǰ룬СŮΪ·Ůתȥ˸ȥ
޹ȣε峤ӼˣһλѾΪε¹
˽⵽岢ûֱӲսµǣΪʲô϶ԿҲ
µ廹ûȥͨѯûеõκνûܵ˾Ѿˡ
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Ұϣλ˵Ĵսڽţ˫˭Ҳá
ƾҲԸ磬δ̫˰ɣѪħһ߶Կһ߷š
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ѪħһüסҪǰļλ꣬΢ЦһãλˣӰһȥ
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Ѫħ˼ãȵڻ½ۣ֮ҵӰħǣֻǱʲôط
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ħַҲ·ʧһ㣬ûеõǵϢҲ֪ܵȥˡ
ڣλַ˾һͬǰɽ翴Ӱһȥ
ûע⵽Ӱ˵ʧҲʧˡ


224 һ
μʦ棡ɽ綫ʮλ׵һ΢Цŵ˵ͷλַҲЦ
һλɻλַ㣬ʦ棬ǺˣΪַɴûϳ
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λһЦͻȻ֣ǿ˶һҪַ֣죬Եַһѽ׵˳ȥ
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С߬ȭͷЦʲôŵģ͵Ϯ㻹һ磿ߣ
λüͷһЦֻҪɱˣǲƽϲʲôִһˣ
λŭŴԪСҧҧһȥλһһ׷ȥ
׵ϣСܳ廳У˺أ͹ɵ뿪ȥ赲ǣ
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ܳ彫īУǰãųõͼŮ뿪׹еϧһд赲繥
ҪĽһûģīܳһ˦˳ȥߣʦһҪ
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һ죬ԵٴκɨʣλһѪɳȥλһ˺ٴȥ
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һ죬Եٴɢҵغصؼþòƽ
ٵӲɨɳȥʮӵ
ǧ˹ͬޱȣλҲǶ֣λŭŵɳȥƬ̺ٴǲĲݡ
ǽȱٰӳ©׵Ӽʱȥ˵ĵˣֻǿжԿλˡ
ǧȫ㣬ǽһ᲻ɴݵı赲ˣ˵ĵӱںˡ
λҧгݣ׹۲ŽỹܳĴ¸Ĭ
Ȼÿγֶһ׵ӣҪǧ̸ףǧ˵ԪϿֲʹ˲֮ҲΣա
ܳĺСҲļԪϸǿλҧŭɾ޴֣˫˽š
ãݺ̷סŮҲ״˴׹۵ĵ˷ǳǿ󣬲֪
׹۳Σ֮ʱǰ󽣣ĻӡУʱ˿ҲԥǷӦûѽܳεķɣ
һٴδߣ·𿴵һڼֵ׹۵ӡ
һˮ䣬ǰȥϣܣ޷ػ׵ӣ㾡һ¾ȵĵӰɣ
һ绬գɫʱڰԶǧӼλ˲֣ͣɻŲ졣
һٴλգ֮ϣһãϲ죬һ˵ظ
ãƽ̨İڣɫҫ쳣ãɽš
ͻȻ۾ſһ죬һѪã˫ֲѹڳ˶
۾ԽԽ˫֮һƬѪ죬ںڰԵħֲ
ãһӰ֪ȥǿһ׷ȥīݺҲѸ׷˳ȥ
ͨȫɵסˣֻޱǰһѾȥ궼ɴĻҷ
λŵųһλŭһһָ죬һãֱͨ죬޾˸ڲ֮ϡ
ȥŭΪȫն
ޱ飬ֻãһͨã˲ʧһ˫۵ڵϣɨλˡ
˶ɵˣǿѽڳǰȻţնɱ˼򵥣
λ˺һȥӰ˲ʧͨڣޱɨһۣӰһȥ
˹ԥĳ֮ͨڣݺҲ˽ȥ
ܳ˲ֹ˵Ӻ׷ȥСҲ׷ȥ
ý磬ãӴܣһãһһλ˾ʹ䣬ҽжûüгһ
Ŀɿڴʵʵֲ̫ˣ
ݺܳ׷˵Ľ࣬ΨС׷ȥ
ãһʧޱ飬˫ѪãΪ죬ſһ󲨶λֳӰ
Ѿˣնɱףټ֮ʱմȻҲƳΣ
һλкһԵ˴˳Լȴһȥ
ãһһλ˻ҷ𣬳ɨǰ
ͻȻüͷһߣֻһħãһã̶
Ƭ̺ãȻħַ㣡
ħ־ȵųɻͻȻãһħҽһΪħ콣Хһħȥ
û콣ɻַ㣬ַҲʮɻų
㲻Ҫ֣æ˳³ַҲɱСѱסˣŶ˶˵
ַɻŶԷеѪãͽãѸһ֮һε֯һž죬罻֯һƵġ
һʧַһ˦ͷٴ˳ǺˣСסˣַ㲻
ַͷɨһ۱ȭڣ˵һȥ



225 ǧ
ãһãһɵӰٴγƽ̨֮ϣӰѡ
˾ۼڣ˵̸ţϾ˵ӡʵ̫ˡ
ãɾô£ΪʲôͻȻܳʵ
ҲǴɻģʹСҲڴ
ɨһۣ֮̾ӡԼɴǡ
˵ų㽫Ա岻𻵣ҵ׹ܵشΣʱͻֽȣҲֻλѣ֮½Ҳ䡣
˳һСų֮ҡͷûôأɵ峤ڴ£лָһγֺ󷼻ɲ䷲
˼ʹΪ׹ۿνǸһС
㲻ٶˣʹַҲȲ˽㡣صĵ˵ͷ
˺أչذɣС֡
΢ЦŵͷոսܴˣȷӦչأܴ磬һһỳɽҲΪ˼ɽʵ½磬пܻǰ鿴һҪסܣҲǽá
ܳ÷ģ֪ô
ҧ촽ٴ½磬ȥ֪ͨҡ㶣ܳ̾˿ͷ
˳΢Ц磬ɵĳ¸ԵǷ
ýһһ켫Ϊһλͷ˵Ѫħվǰŭţλˣλ˰ȻһʧλˣΪʲôҪж
ɲ˵ͷվ
Ѫħǻ˶پ˽ЦЦλ˾Ȼ˺Ϳô򵥾Ļǻ𣿴
ȫһ𣬵˭뵽ﻹһʲôɣôֲҪҲôҡ
Ѫħ̧ƾҪ£ħæסڴҲûˣʹǲҲû뵽ɵӦȿӦζԸ˵ӦѾȥŶԵġ
ѪħһŭŰ֮꣬ſڵҲǳɣ˵ĲɺܿѾֻ֮ؼʱ÷֮ӡƣԴɱˡ
ħüͷ˼أ
ѪħһΪǹ˼ɷɶ½磬ǾƫƫҪ½磬һһҪ𷼻ɣ
Ӿȵ̧ͷɣܵģ̫ˣ
ѪħǱھȲ˽ȻóȻ֡½磬Ҫҵȵ䣬Ҫһ򾡣
ƽ̨ϸĵΪŷߣԴӼʵӵλʥ˽ˣų΢ЦᾹȻЩλնɱ˵ŮԼĽ
ݺһˮΪӣ쳣ʵ֥ôˣ
ˣʥ˽㲻ƯôоԼá
ݺЦҲй뷨ʵûʲôģ뿪һЩˣֻҪϲ˺ãԼʲôνˡ
ĵ˵ͷݺ΢ЦżΪӡ
òԶһСɽ壬ıչ֮أλػ
ɽڣȫã˸СΪˡ
ƻ̫ˣԪʮֵСѾͷ󺹡
֮С˫һоˣ
ͷһЦѾöˣллİˡ
СЦ֮ͺҳݣúˣͿȬˡ΢ЦŵͷС뿪ɽ
ͨһħѸٳʮλ׵˲䱻֣첻ϣʮλգۼ䡣
ħɢȥѪħ񡢻ħλƯ֮ϡ
ʮλһѪħҪ׹۵Ļɡʮλӵͷͨλһȥ
ӵĴ˺ܿ׵۲Ƭָһͨɽ壬ʱһϢɢģ뷼ɾѪħͷһЦĵ÷ȥ
֮ϣλħƶɨãѪħ̾û뵽ǻὫȷԶһǾȵƽ̨뷼ɾĿٶ֣
ħ˵ͷĵķ˹ȥ
ڣݺƽ̨Ե죬СһŹɵ˵ͷ
ݺЦСˣôˣ
СЦѾûʲôˣֻʱͿԻָˡŮĵص˵ͷ
棿ָܹԶ˵
ŮȥֻܳСɻɹѵֳ𣿡
ܳأˣҿȥæ
Сһ˳ȥػõλҲæ˳ȥ
ܳɻᣬģ
չѽָ֥ԶСɽ˵ܳɨһ۵˵ͷ˳
ݺʵˣ֪ʲôˣ
ܳЦλˣ˵սãһݺһѪɳȥҲһƣѪɳʮˤ˵ϡ
ãһѪħӳƽ̨֮ϣֱӴ˳
һ죬ɽ̳֮λһܳԡ
ܳһΪ˻ħ񣬾ų𣿡λңңͷ
ѪħѸо˳쳣ΪûһûħΪܳˣԱ˳ֶԸ
ֻؿڱ˴򴩣˿ǰ͸Ѫӿ
ѪħӦѾˣ
建صȥݺæڻУʹĵĺţ¹¹ôˣɲѽ
Ҳľ˻ݺԣôˣѰ
λһۣͬһƴˣͻݺ̱˳塣
Ԫһޱȵʱɨãɽ֮˲仯Ϊҽ
ãһѪħ˳ڸ߿֮ţֻ̳֮һѪɫ֡
ãһ̳˲ʧ˫Ѫվ֮ڣؿڵѪڲϵʣݺŮıӰ
Ѫħɴ˫ۣûֻǷӡԼãǿߣ
Ѫɫһʧźãһħҽһ߶ȥѪħ̷һƣӭȴһɫ콣
һ죬ԵɨգѪħҽһһΪħһħѸٳԶȥ
ӴǰĳֻѪ˫ħ㣬ؿڵѪʣеҲҫ쳣
䣬Ӳҽһһȥ
ͨħһ룬ħ֮˲ƶȥ
ãͨʮλգۼ仯ΪѪɢˡ
ͨһߣű˫ֱۣ׹뺣֮УѪȾһƬˮ
ãһͷȥ棺㣡Ѹٽˮ档
ȫʪ͸䣬纮԰ޱȣؿڵѪɲסţڵĳһʬ㡣
ʹű˳ɲѽȥΪˣǧҪͣסˣãһŮӰʧ
ɽ֮ϹͺһƬֻһԲƽ̨ϣǳϻסģݺˡ
ų䵽ƽ̨֮ϣ˹ΪˣؿڵѪۿɼٶѸܿˡ
һѪήӲΪСˣΪ֮
ݺסͳ̾˿ƵĹ׹ۣʹҲ޼£ô죿
ãһСŭѣΪƭвˬɶ磡ȻϷˣңôˣ
Ҳ֪״鷳Сһ°ɡСͷʼ顣
ãһ㶵ɨܣʹĵųŮ
һѪڵϣΪˣüͷҲǼصģٲҽο϶Σա
̾Ϣһĵӿ²ùˡ
ãӿܳȹһſյɽסˣˮӡ
С̾Ϣһ֣Ѿˣ·ӡԼܵ˺ǿгֿµͻ䣡
һסˣܳڵϣػòʦͷҰɡλҲȥ
Ī⣬ѪħǸһȣⲻǵĴɣ
ܳӷģùܵһ˿˺Ҳ̤׵һ˵ܳһȥ㶵Զȥܳ塣
ܳ弯еĵӣеӵһ춯صľñϮɴδѾΣⶼҵػɧŲϣ׵˲أҲ쵼֮ټΪ˽ǲʦȥ磬ҪеİΣԼ赲Ĳ
еӾܳ壬û˾Ļ⣬˵ÿ˵
˺ͳʦҵȣҪԼ淽ջǻļ޷ӡ˶£Ϊҿٹ֮ʶҵȵΪͻͽҲ޵⡣˾Ȼˣܳ岻ţֻܰҽ֮ǷƫҲұ֤ʽҪɵĵӽԿõһ˿µĹԪϣܹͬػ׹ۣ
ǧӹ˵ϣҵԸܻ󣬳е´Σػףػʦ氲Σܳ΢Цŵ˵ͷ
ãһͼλܴ磬ԪǴɣǰ㹲ͬԪһͬ档
׵ӣַľԪΪ⣬ԼĵΪδαΣǵõ֮˽ԿʺĹ֮ҵȼΪַ㾫ԪϣҲҪļնõģ
ܳλİ£ÿ춼ٵĵӳɹվԪɣһʱ׵ϹȺɷ裬ʵʼ
׹ۿʼͽͨĸ֮˽Կɽ޹ɣʵǰǿ
ܳҧȡһ˿Ԫɾǧ񣬹´壡



226 ȫ
˼磬»æµţ˻Ц죬ͷ⣬ǾҪʲô
С죬ǳȥô§ļЦϡ
üͷܸЦʲôΪʲôܸоЦôأ
ЦһߣЦһֻñ˴ˡ
ϣ˸һ¶㱻Χ첻ܣ˭ʶ𣿡
һλ䱧ؿڵǾǷٰɣҵǵȵĺÿడ
첻ɴ۾ʲôǣѵԼгôоҪִأ
סСĵƦϰֶǮˣû¸ɾ;ˣҪǾͿˡ
ͷҡſеű𴦣һνӣƺû˯ѰԺһȻվ˯ˣˡ
̾һǸѽ㶵ص˵ͷ
ɶ񣬾ȻǵĴڣֵǣǼʶһǵ
ΧЦߵܣûηҴ򣡡
ֽų˳ȥץס˾ǱᣬʰƦȻڻ¡
һһţ·㽫˳ȥҪСңҲ䳤ģ
⻰ʵɴСͽǿ֮ȻСȴҲ˿ĺܲ
СƦһ͵һƬòͷĿСƦһ亹˵ˣҴܣҪؼúӣ
ֱӾһţúǰɣ
ЦЦŶԷͷúӾӦùһЩȥú÷ʡһ°ɡ
תܣܱߴţҲǣֻΪ費Ҵܣ
ЦҪӡ
һʯӻƮͷ˹ȥ
ˣ
ֽȥˣЦ
ȫһ۾ɨһۣ𣿴߰ɣ綼ҪˣҸط˯һȥ

˴һﾹȻ۾·ֱһȥˡ
ˣ
һˣһ۶ʱЦҪ˵ʲôһ˶ʱˡ
˳״סˣȻ˯ˣӿЦֻ̧žưɳ˹ȥ
ưɣ˰ֱӽһ䣬Ȼһʼ죺СѽԽæʲôأΪʲô֪
ЦţҪżǺ˵ˡ
ƲƲƱһЦͬһ
ڰҹȲľҪؼң֪ǾҪʲô
öˣһﾹȻﵽ˸Ƹ˯ľ磬˯ظоࡣ
ҹһµգһӰһζ˲ͣļǰ
СôȻܳҪ죡
ȵ죬ЦЦűĵȫǹŵģһƬͷſȥ
ڹȻһƬֻƾƽļߵ˴ɳԡ
ˣ
콫ֱӵɳϣүүȥˣ˵жҵ𣿡
ͻȻһæɨķЦ
ֻ󷽷һŴԲϰɽ亣ζɺ»ŮԼ
Ц§סļ򣬵ˣǿûǡԽ㣬Ŷ»Цͷ
ɻˣʲôˣʲôӣ
źЦʮգ
Ȼ򣺡ѽȷˣٺٺ١
һţСˣһôľѽһ㷴ӳҲûУɺ˯
ͷץסһҡڣӶѾȥ˾ûӳһ취Ҳûˡ
Ц˹һ
һģģĿɿڴɺ»Ц
ϵķ㣬˴ԴȵΪףգҲܿģһЦš
ûע⵽һϲԵĲ˱һδʹҲҳԡ
ͻȻоһͷΣڲʱһãĻУʱǰһڵϡ
ɼһЦ»ɢĿϣһһƣҲøˣǰչ˷ܵܣ
ɵͷһЦлλæ
»ͲһЦŮ뿪ˣɰһҲȥˡ
΢ЦŽڴϺҲ뿪˱
ҹķ͸һ˿Ľãϵͷ󺹣˿⻪ڶͷ˸ţ廹ʱĳ鴤¡
ܳΪ˿Ҳֻһɣ
ҵǧ꣬ڻˡ
ǵһҲ
ǵʵܵͣ
ʮһ
û°ɣ
ֻأֻ˺һȻ
ʮټ
ŴɨܣȷԼķ쵹ڴϱ۾
ڶ죬򿪷˳ǵ˫ɨ¥´ûзɣ̾Ϣһĸң
ҡҡλε¥źʳ﷢̾Ϣһ뿪˱
ƺϣ˵ϣ߳ϼ˼ǰ֪ȻЦ˫һƬ
һӰԽԽ̧ͷȥЦЦҾ˭
ЦСѻûѹ𣿡
ַ΢΢һЦû뵽֪ǰȻҵңʮ꣬м
ַһЦǺǵĽַһʮ꣬һȻҲӦõġ
ַվֱ壬֪ڵʽˣǰҽһ𣿡
ɵͷԴ֮ʼ˻ý磬ĽҲ˶δսԪ񲻽ǿ˺ܶࡣ
ַЦûнý𣿡
һЦлԼȥɣ
ַͷһЦɻѩ˭òǷɣ
䣡
ַ˵ϣ˦ֵҪ˵ôܳأ
ַ㸧ԴǴСɾͽϰǿܲͨһģ˭
Ժˣȿһɣ
ҵ⣿
ɵͷļѾָˣ˸ĸϲҵضϣԣ
ַüͷȷһ˼ֵ飺ǰô
̾黹ԼɣҲò֡
ַЦߣ˼ƽǽǻڻý磬꣬ٺٺ١
̾˿˼Ҳ̫ƽԺͻᷢˣѾˣϵԪ𣿡
ַҡҡͷϵΪ˼ʲôưɣ
ЦҪָҲЩѣȲҪЩˣȻ˼䣬úõһ˼硣
ַ֣˼ƺһصѹĻ߲
Ͱַ㣬Сѻѽ˼ȷˣҲǳŻỳɵһ㣬֮ȷʵͬһ㣡
ַЦǰ˵ЦˣܸоЩûжϵΪڻһɲ֪ſԸоǹѹơ
΢Цŵ˵ͷַҲ΢Ц˹ͬߡ



227 ѩ
ʣʺ죬峿ǳˬַҡٻ˼Ȼ
һתѾȥˣԴַָ֮ͿʼĴΣҲѾǰģһ׵ȹʮ
μºַҲоѷϾ˼磬ûʹãڵǸˡ
ַڻһֱȡƾɽˮƽء
Ӱַ㲻֪ȥٻһƬ껺䵽˵ϡ
ʱַ뿪ɽ΢ЦУܿ뿪ˡ
ջصַˣڼûбķԼɣַСЩԼ
ϵذַ͸оһЦĵԺصҲеҫˣҼϵذĶ˲ʸ񣡡
ڼϢ˼죬ַÿ춼ɵĽ̵ȻЩַ˼һ
ҹʱһͻַһϢ˴⣺ʲôˣ
ַ㴩·뿪˱ΪӰԶȥ
ߣǻ֮ϣʱһƬɣˡ
Ӱַ㾭ʱĲϱľսĵط
ַɻܣһɽڿУһ統նһƬѪΪ
ַüͷ΢ɢŵĽãܣʲôΪʲôһһУ
ַŵϵһƬѪѪǰַ̧ȥ
⣬һӰſڵϣȫѪʺѪ⣬Լɼ׹ǡ
ַ㲻˺һ⾰ʵֲ̫ˣϵ˼ֱһŰ㡣
ʲôˣַ˵
ϵѪַ·ʮּת˹ַ㲻һ⻹
ȻѪǣ֫ǿԿģ˵ͷǿֲ
ĿȫǣѪһƬֻͱлѪݣ˿˿Ѫв
Ѫ˸ݸղŵַ㣬ܹ˫ּȸãжദѾ¶˰׹ǡ
ѪƺеҲΪѣԿַܼľԽԽˡ
ַ㲻ٴ˺һ֪ϵѪ˾ʲôĪǵӰЩĹ뷨ַ㲻ٴ˺һξ롣
Ѫ˸оַĽŲƺҲַĿ־壬ͣﲻˡ
С껺Ʈ䣬ѪһƬѪ죬Կʹ࣬Ⱥֺܴܻѡ
ַһ¿ˮ㾿ʲôΪʲô˼磬ΪʲôӰ쵽ҵ˼
ַļǵãԼϢ֮ʱһãпٻԼһ˲䱻ѵģ֮ҲƾŸо
Ѫ˾ҵشϢţôտˣַ㲻üͷ
ѪֱۼѵѪֱϺͿ£Ѫ֮Żַǰ
Ѫ˴ŴһֱۣƾȻֱץ˸
ѪƾȻƿѪ˸УѪ˾ҵزϢϵѪⲻ䶯
֪ΪַͻȻһʹĸо߽˼
ѪһѪɸóһѪַ㡣
ַɻѪˣֽסѪ⡣
ճѪַ֮ϣѪĵ˵ϡ
ַ㾪ѪˣΪʲôϧ˺ԼҲҪŽԼžʲô
Ѫ˵ڵһѾˣַһæһѪڣеš
һ˿ŹֵϢǻԣַ㾹Ȼоһ˿У·Լϵġ
ַػѪ⣬һã͸ַʱĿɿڴ
ַ㾪ȵ˵ϵѪˣ˫۲ˮԪ
ַԪ񲻿ܻԼƽĴ˼䣬ֻû뵽Ȼ˽Ԫ
Ԫε˳˾Ȼ˭Ҳ˵߱ضǾ֮ˡ
ַʱΨмŮ͹ڣѪ˵οԿӦһλŮӡַȫһѵǼŮ֮һ
ַ̧ͷȥѪ˵ڵĴϢţһ˿İɫƬıַ㲻һֲƬͨ˿ƳɵΪ֮ûɡ
ˮ䣬ַһеѪ⣬һŽɫУǿҵϢɢڿ֮С
ַѸٽѪ˷ѪȾ˽ȹַȴоôС
ԥַ㽫ԪڵѪڣѪ˶ʱһɽɫѪֹͣ˲
Ѫһסַ󣬿йһ춯ƺ˵ʲôַлָķһϤ˳Ҫ
ַһ̫Ϥˣѩ˭ַһѽѩӵ˻УҪ£ûµģ
ѩش˼֣ͣҷѾ;Ԫ㣬ô˾ͽԪҵǰ׷ˡ
ַжıѩѩԶôʲôʱǽԼڵһλûϵģ˲ָˣҲµġ
ԪַԪָвԪļ䣬ѩַɥʧָĻᡣ
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ѩȥҲЦ˴Ц˹ȥܳ̾˿ƽ̨ϵĳҧҧ˹ȥݺ̾һҲ˹ȥ
ƽ̨ϣַЦһ³򣬵㰡û¸ʲôϵܻ˶кһ¡棿õʲô
ַɵ콣ô֪ǾȵǱ콣
ѩЦ˹һ˽УͻȻһ㶱ס˳ȻҪ
æҪˣѩæһַһѸٱס˶ŮͻȻɴ۾徹ȻǽӲģ
ַעųӣ֮𾪵ܳ壬ѩҲʲôԶܳ岻
ܳͷ˵ϣֵܶԲ𣬸λʦ桭Ѿˡ
䡭
һ׻գһɾ˵Ƴķƽ̨ǿ
УܳͷڵϲַעѩѴסˣ˫гˮݺ̾վԶˡ
ղ˵ʲôַʵ
ܳ衢ε¡λʦѾˡܳ岻ַ֪ת飬Ϊַ㲻ʲôҲʵʵ˵ˡ
ܳĻַסˣ˫ã˸Ծ˻еĳ
ôͻȻַָ㻳һ
ѩǡˣôᡭ
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ܳúñչˣҷӡ˵ֻԾ
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ݺ˹ɵһԷ򸾵ĺһ¹ճѾ˾ȡ
ַתͷ˻ݺλŮһգˣҲǾ˵ԪԼӡǳ̡
ַʧĿݺ̾˿ܸϣ㹫ӽڰĿǰκó¹Ҫġ
ַȻ˹ȷӦˣܴллܴչ˽ôá
ܳҧվεַ㡣
ַſѩѾ˽ˡѩƹΪһ¡ܴ磬鷳ṩһĵطûҵκ˴ţ
ܳͷֵܷİɣñչصĵط滹һɽֵܾȥɣ
ַͷ˻ݺƹҪΪˣͲˣе¡
ݺͷ㹫˵Цˡ
ַЦЦѩѩų˵ĵͷַЦҪģ㲻µġ
ѩͷһˮ£ַΪѩᣬȡ³е콣Ҳ֪Ҫã֮ûгκ˲ôǣ𣿡
صĵͷַ㻯Ϊһʺɽʱһ죬ɽ̮׶סڡ
ѩ콣ɨɨȥǽ佣ΪʲôҸоеϤأ
ܳ͵˵߽Ԫͻű񽣵ĺ彣ЩʱһֱڳС
ѩͷأ˵Ԫأ
Ԫ񣿡ܳͻݺɴ۾ѩַת˵һ飬ܳͻݺסˣַ쳣
Ԫأѩɻ
ܳЦ
ɽУַȡһ˿Ԫ䵽˳ڣתԪ߳ڣڵķӡһһƽ⣬
㣬оˣַһΪһʵ
΢ЦŴ˼ãˡ
ַͷųô£
΢Цǽ㲻СԼܵǲǸоַܼ֣Ĭ
ЦܹѾˣܵܲġ
ַ㻺صͷ˫ӿ˵ȷ̫ˣʹַҲûаҽΡ
ĸһַĵַ㻳С
ַ㼱æ쿴̾˿ߵ˾ͷʹѾַԪάǱϾֻάֻ֣Ҫַһֳͻǡ
ľַأ켫֮ϵʮ磬ԪȻ˳Ƕڳľ˵ⲻˮнֻάѡ
Һַʵȫָˣ͵Ԫȥά裬һ˿˳ڣַһûµġ
һ꣬δѹַ㲻ΪԪΪ崢㹻Ԫˣ
ллϵˣ˯˶ã
ꡣ
ôѽֲýþöأǺǺǡ

ȻˣȻʮֵҪַԪ棬ַ㻨ʱΪ崢㹻Ԫ˳ſѡ
Ĵһʹãǽάһʹá
ԪѲܶãÿ춼˴ԪҲַֻſԲΪԪҿԱաʹá
ڵĳ濴ûκ쳣ַжôĴֻҪԪʧͻɢǻָԪ
һ価䣬ڰ³ʱ価ֻʽӡһ
ͻƷӡ׹ۣʹƼȶ񻯣ڵĳѾǷһҪȬǳһҪַ㳤õΪȥ



236 
һʯ׷ɣɽ⳾һʺХƽ̨֮ϡ
ַ㣬ҪҪУڳء
ѵ׹ۼλҪȴһҲ꣬ѩݺŮŮδ뿪á
ַ㣡㣡Ц˽ַ㻳УַЦűסþò
΢ЦɨãǶѽллҵĹˡŮĵΧ
ᣬ㣬ַ㣬ãͰ˾ȣþͬſԡ
ַᣬЦǸŮӣҲͬ⽫ȡ
һסˣѩúܺѽΪʲô㲻ͬ⣿õĹɾԪҲͨľԪγɵġַЦ˳
ס֣ԭðлл֮ǰչˣҲòʺϽȡ
ٴסˣ㣬⾿ΪʲôݺŮҲǲ⡣
ַ̾ǸǳΣյĵطôʥΪİȫǾòӦýɽ
ͷҲôáͷȵˣȹϵ֮˶ΣգúܲҲϲãһҪȡ
ǳʧ׳ַ˼ʵҲȷʵˡ
ҲЩģǹɵЦЦʥ˽ĺף֪ôˡ˵תȥˡ
ߺﲻ׹ۺ;ȶΪһˣĲһ㰡㲻ǺַȢ˻ؼҲһλ
ȻʧЦѩŮһ亹ַҲǿЦá
ϲᣬųĸ첲ҡҡͷܵôȫΪãֻʣɳһһʮΣյľ˵ͻΣաƿԣȻˡ
ַʹµʫˣҪһսǲκˣʱֻоȥԡ
εصͷȻܲƽȷʵΪãҲֻĬˡ
ѩ˽㣬Ұѳһˣûʧɣ
簮ĸѩ㷢ܰˣ⣡ѩĵЦˡ
ݺǰϲ¹ȬѾûˣҲҪˡ
˻ݺЦҲãݺչôʱ䣬ȷӦûؼ忴ˡݺȻȥɣʱǻȥġ⡭ݺɲܼѽǽ¼ң
ˣ
ʹһίַ㣬ַε̾˿
ݺ糺죬ЦȥˣֱԶɿĺǧҪѽϵһȢģѽϵܱ򣬽֪˻𣿰Ӵ
ݹƣѾڣͳ̫ϡý磬ӵǧ֮࣬ħͲ֪λ˰֮¾ƺǳС
ͬǿ˹ʮ˲㾳緼ɣɣӵ񡢹ɵӣռɽҪ
ǰİλµʫֻʣɳһ䣬һ¹°ΣܷȫһߵΡ
ѾʮҲһ鷲ˣŷɥҲٳٲ϶ֵԭ
һԭǷǳЦģȻǿȴȺףħ켫ȴӡǧڲý⣬ַԪ׷ɱѲ֪ܵʲôطȥˣֻѪħӹܡ
ֵõϼв˾ȵѹ׵ӵЩеӶܹϼָ͹ɵӷǿ
ѩҲ׵λ׹һͬ˾磬Ȼû׹ۣȴа׹ۺܶ࣬Ҳ׹ۿ֧ŵһҪԭ
ϵܡ
ţôˣ
׵һСɽϣַһʣתѩųѾ
ѩųĸ첲㡣ַɻ
ѩ㷢ллˣ뿪ɣ͵̸̸ܵܵ
ѩͷ뿪ˣ̾Ϣһַ㲻ַ˫޲ų
ãϵܣЩ½㲻Ը㣬Ĵ㡣
ʲô㣿
ǳ¼Ҷӣ¼һҲף㲻¼ɴ˶Ͼ
㣬˵Щʲô
ַתʣ˵ַıӰֻһˣʵǵ㣬㽫ѩȢؼҽҲͷˣܴչ㡣
㣬ˣһ𣿡
ʲô
ַ㻵Цڳǰӵ˻УϵѪǲˣ
ȫĿɿڴ֮ɬЦѾǳ¼֮ˣڵֻ졭
ַЦЦĸˣȻˣԳ¼ѪѾˡǷԿǿѪ
ַ㣬ѽ¼ѪѾˡϵô
ַЦ㲻һ𣿡
һǶã
һǧɣ
ϵܣħӡǧ꣬ȴһǧңֵ𣿡
ֵ
Ȼһ׸
㣡Ҫ˵ˡ
˵ŶԷַſ˳ԪѲϣ޷ָԭ򣬲޷ϡҿԸоԪѾ΢΢£ˣֻҪʱܳѡ
һǧ𣿡
һǧ꣡
ϵܣ㲻һǧʱ࿼һɳɣʱϲֵãҪ˾Ϊ²
ַͷЦ㶼Ȳˣʲôʸȥ̸²
סˣַᶨų¼ҲãҲãԶҽ㣬ǸһֱߵСŮҲῴȥģ
ЦˣЦĺҲΣɵϡ
ɵҾֵˡٺ٣һλŮȥİ᲻á
ַ㻵Ц§ųεЦЦûзַ㰵̾һȥɡ˵ͷһȥ
ᱻַͳܾûзɵ׹ۣܳرչŮͻҲߡ
ѾӵнΪҲǳƣ׹ǹϵı
رҪܳ岻ϧ۱ᣬܳЦ̸½׹ۺɽɱŮͬ
ɽվˮĿˮеԼ۵СŮѾ˳ɷ˱ӣҲɳ˺ܶࡣ
ţȷʵˮܽصĸоõҲǺܴӴ
תȥַֻųԽԽɫ΢һ񣺡ʥ˽㡣
ַʩԪᣬЦǲǻûнȵ£
ҡҡͷңֻǻ¶ѡ
ŶַͰᣬ䣿Ҳ˵¡ȻΪʲôʥ˽أǺĵġ
ᾪųЦ𣿡
ͷַЦŷſȥˣ΢Цס֣ͽİɣ㻹ûк̸أĵ˵ͷͳһͬˮϡ
ַ뿪˺ɽСɽϼʣѩĽӽ˵ıϣ㣡Ϊʲôأ
ַЦʲôôûлˣ𣿡
ѩҲ밡˼뿪ͽԶĻΪή͵İ
ַһ㶣ͻȻЦ˵ҲͦЦģ˵Ϊʲô뿪ǶήΪأĺ˷ѽⰦ
ѩ΢صͷַ㲻ɨһۣ֪ʲôԭɣ
ѩ𣬵Щʲô
ַ˦ѩֽѩӵлУҼǵԪһ£뿪ҲήΪ
ѩŴַ㣬òᡭַ㻵Цȥѩ˲
׹ۣܳ忪ũһԵƼλ㱨
ɵҪ̽ɽ𣿡ܳͣʵ
Ƶǵģɵ̽Ѱһɽ磬˵Ϊ·׼ƺǣǺǡ
ܳҪô˵ɵҲǿԿǵģϾвʵ̫ˡȷӦ·Ҳܳġ
ĵɵ׹۸ܴ磬㿴
ðǾһЩһͬǰȥɡҼǵֵַ˵ǵһ̽ɽӦҲҪ顣
ǲͷ㻤̸̸ɵ̽ѰһɽΣ
ܳȤ룬Ц¾ͽˣʧɣ
ЦЦǾȥɣˡλһȥܳͣԶ̾˿
ɽϣѩַ㻳Уô죿
ַҴȥ˼䣬̫ˣﲻʡ
˼𣿡ѩ̧ͷַ㣺㲻׹𣿡
ַ׹۲µģﷴ谭׹۵ķչĥѣ׹ԶҲ޷ɳ
ѩסˣַ㿴ʵڲͬκˣ׹ӶԿ籾ͺַܳΪ󻤷Ȼ־
תַ㿴ȷͬˣڵǵǲ֪õĽ
ȼɹ٣ʵǿҲǲ٣ǾȱϾǾȣ׹Ҳֻ׹ַۣ㽫İΣ׹С
Ŀǰǿƣͬǿ󣬸ϼЩż壬Щʼʱġ
˵籾һ壬Ϊֵĳֲγ磬ϼ廹֤һ㣬Ǿ粻ֻڵô򵥡
ȵĿǴݻ֣ݻٵͬʱҲͻָԭòܻͨʱľˣʱҪһػ簲Σ׹۾ַ㿴ص
оȵĴڣ׹۵ȷǿ˲٣Щֻֽ׹۶չַҪ׹ܶӦԸ־棬뿪
ַ˵ѩǳһò˵ַ뷨ܴ󵨣Ϊȵ뿪׹ۻ𣬾Ⱥпɲ˹µʫ䡣
ͬģ뿪׹ۣȷһ
ѩַؿڣǺðɣǾȥ˼ɡ
ַͷ°ɣĵ޷صĵزҲԾ췵ءҲֻ˵׹۳еά簲ΣΡ
ѩᣬЦַһڣַЦЦѩ
ѽûǼԶεı
ַЦЦ⣬˵뿪ˣַɳɣ˽ɽȷ޷ɡҲգ̽һɽ磡



237 ɽ;
ϵһȥ̽ɽ磿ⲻʰɣȵַ㣬ҲһڵĳôĴأ
ַЦҲûа취ҲܷҲ
۾תתЦҲãҪİš
ַһڻؾܣȫҰţ
ίС죬ģַ㻹治СŮʲôǣ㲻ܵģЩʾﲻˣ
˦ͷ𣿡

ɵַɥվڵڣѩݺŮվһԣһ׹ӣΪڽ֮ϡ
㣬Ҫѩһ˸ͿˣҲ಻ѽַεͷ
ߵĵѽұѱŮϵģҪ˻ȥǹ
ַ㼱æ֣òãͦˣǺǺǡѩŮһۡ
ܿ찲Ծʹǧ˳ͻ˶չЩˣ
ַֻ̽ѰòôӸɣ̫˷ѽ
ЦЩӲ˰µģǰ½رԵʵĵطɣΪ˷ɵתƶѡַ˵ͷǧ˷ȥ
㣬֮ǧ˵Ķ鲻׺һǲúͲͬˣԽԽ׳ȻﵽʮˣԭǸ嶼½ϽɳӸ档
ַЦɨ󷽣вһŹֵ뷨ȥܵĻж˧ѽ
Уʮ뿪˴½
һƬƽĲԭԶɽɽϱྐྵޱȵĻĮȻڲ˽ɽƵ˵ȴһܺõŴ
ѡŵɣ׹۵̽һԶ֤岻⵽ã˸Ӹַ㼸˷ȥʮҲɢѰʵ仧ȥˡ
ɽַ㷢ҰޣЩҰֻͨ࣬ͨݺӦҲֻһЩΪޣ˵ֱһ
ַͷ˼ǰУһʱɽɽһ˴ַ˼һµڴϢͺȥһɡ
ͷҲãѩҲҪһѩò뿪ǣǲݺʶ㣬ȻҲӦøǰȥ
ַ̾ǻһȥɣ
Ƴַһַۣʱ亹ЦһɣиӦҲãǺǡЦŵ˵ͷһȥ
ɽҲƽƽ棬ûһߣʹ˺ˣ˽ɽһʵΪҪһ磬ȻƫƧһЩҲӦһҲûаɣ
ַŮ߽һҾƵ꣬˵Եɨܡ
㣬ôַ˵
ҡͷֻóĬԷ
ת˴ȻûзһߣʹҲûп³üͷˣɽôܣ
ַ̾˿˻ص׵ߣ˾Ȱӣºǰ½ڲ̽Ѱ
ɽػ˰£Ѿʮа˾˽裬¿νƽƽѩŮˣַ㰵ҧֻʮ̽ɽ硣
׵ôˣ̾ʮվ˳ַϳȷȥʮԶٶȥ
һķУʮڼɣַȲˣеĳ˽ȥεظ˽ȥ
һӴɣΧڸʮɽͷӦɽָĴɡ
߾ģ˳ַ㵱żʮλɽߵʵںɽ羿ӵʲôʵ
ʮλŭַȴٳٲҶ֣Ҳʮɻַֻж֣һȴЩӣʹ˶סˣɽֻЩ
Ϊ˲˼ֻΪϵ͵׵Ӵ֣Щɵƺ޵еĴڣ㼸¾ͷŵһƬӡ
ˣǲװаӦôİɣЩӶ̲סˣԷʵ̫ˣ̫Ͻʵ¶ԪӤڣ
ַҲԺģǵõϢɽһ嶼СӵڣڿƺҲ̫׶Ը˰ɣ
ڣԷˣһλϵߣںǵӽַ֣ʵڲٳˣֻ׵Ӵ֡
Ŀɿڴ鷢ˣӵǿʵ߾Ȼֻ˼˲ˣʱȻ˵Ҫҡĸַ֣亹ʵõ֣
һСսǱˣţӣǲ߶׵Сһ٣׵ֻԹһ䣺оһȺˣַ㼸ͬеĵ˵ͷ
ʹУַε뿪ˣַ㶼һУ·ԼһȺ޹Ĵ㣡
һ⣬ַ˼⣬ɽ屻߹磬ηڶ򲻸룬þ߳һɳɣʲôΪһ緲˰ߣ
ɱԶ߷ŭַ⣬ɽɡ
н֮࣬ƵǺ˿ֲϸÿ˶̤Ҳ˵ʵܵ͡
ַ̾˿ڰ֣ʮλ׵ɢȥźϣɽʿ˵أʮλ׵ֻΪⱻɽˣҲ̫˰ɣ
գ۵ĹѾ˲ߵսľٽǻԶԥַ㰵̾һټ֮ʮȥ
𾪣ƺûмʱմı죬һľ㶵ַʧĵط
ַʮɽ¶ˣϵɶصսߣһ׵Ӷˣʹûʲô
̾˿ǶֻԪӤΪߵĿҲֻдڣ⵽ô£
ҡҡͷַɽ粻Ǳô򵥣ǿһûӵǰʲôģҵһЩ˵˵ͷ
˲¶ˣòѰǰҵһλǰ̸ҲʲʲôλǰҲΪ˵Ѿɽǰˣɽе֡
ַŶͷ˾ɽǰҪ׹һɽǿԺߣ
ĸ¹Сܴ˲°ٳַε۾ˣֻô˻ص˶Ŵ
Ѿɽ裬⣬Զ򣬲⵽ɽ繥οɽôв
ص׹ۺܳһΧǳģַ̾˿ҲǿЦá
еӵ˵סˣܳŵַ㣬ɣɽ߾ͣҲ̫Ц˰ɣ
ַʼ磺ʵڶڻЩ⣬˵Ӧòôһİɣ
ѩסͻݺ뿪ˣʱҲĻˡַ֪̾ͨ壬ڴ½չȥɣҶǷǳģһ亹Цõص˵ͷ
Сɽϣַųߺ޵Ԫ͵ڣʲôװ˷ĸʱ䣬˴ʧ
һЦĸַӣҪļ©ʲô㲻˵ǰ˼𣿲ȥ˼ǰѯһ¡
ҲãҲֲʲôˡǵģɽôôģ
˵ȥѯǰ𣿾ͲҪôˡַεصͷ
ãַ㣬ѩŮҪһá
ֵܣҪ𣿡
ǵģأҪȥ˼
ǺòײŻģھߡǻ᲻õġ
Ǻǣܴ磬ǾѾˣΪһǰ˼䣬׹۾ͽˡ
ַ㣬Ҫѽֻһ𣿡ַ㼸ˣַ뿪Ҫ߳ѩҲ˵Ƚֻˡ
ַЦ벻ոռҪˡ׹ۻðչˡίصͷ
ܳ̾˿أĲ𣿡
ַ˼䲻һƽĵطĿǰ״ֻܻסˣοȥҲʣúɡܳЦŵͷ
ŮھҪ𣿲Щʱ𣿡
ЦˣܵʱҲˣкܶҪȥҲҪģԺкܶټġ
ѩӵţౣأȻúģҲܲܳͳ½㡣
΢ЦòҪ˵ˣ㶼ףԺҪѧúչԼҪַͳ½ģ𣿡ѩɵĵͷ
ߵһԽ̸ȥˣַ̾Ϣһס֣ЩҲˣ󻹵ÿػ׹ۣ᲻ί
ҡҡͷֻЩ᲻ǡ
ַЦŽӵǻģأͷַ㡣
ܿһж׼ˣܳ˲İַָ֣ͬһʺ绬Ӱ֪ȥ
ܳ̾˿ȥˣԹԵػص˺ɽųµ콣˼Ů򲻽Żݺݺ΢΢һЦĨһ۽ǵˮȥˡ



238 ˼䷼
ʱմַЯѩɽ
ɷƽ˾ĵҫˣº͵ĺ紵Ū˵ķߡ
ӴԺǾҪ˼𣿡̾˿
ַųЦͷİɣ˼ģҺܰŶ
ѩųһ첲ͷЦѽ˼类ţǲչʵģǳͣ
ǺЦŵ˵ͷһ֮ͨС
Ѫɫͨʮְͨû׺ӣ̾˿ͨҲЩ˻ˡ
ܿͨͷַ㻵Ц§ס˳ѩϢһӦ
ɻɨַѩһۣͷԪϢַ㻵ЦŴŶŮĻС
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241 Ů
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ɵͷתȥˣַѩ˵ͷѩ΢Цת׷ȥ



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һƴһַͨѸȥˣƮԶ㶵Ŷȥĵط



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ַıӰЦˣַҲڰ׵ġ
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244 ɵū
ˣַ㰵̾ϢԼĺֻķС
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ΪεŮĸ¼ܳ塰һáķ׹۾˾ǰżжǧԷ򸾾ʹ˲
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253 ɱδ
˼ǰѳʧ֮رǿҵľ
ʱǧ꣬˼ķٴμˡһʱش߷׷ֳɷ֮˵һ˼䡣
󼸺е伣ҲñԼݣ˼ջƽ
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»û˵ʲôž˱ߵַǰһѩǻɱˣһˣ
ѩ۾ɱ𣿡
ַҧؽѩرڻ



254 ѩ
ѩΪַ㵲һӵȴΪˣִ˼λ޹
ǰλַ߬ȭͷΪѩڼȹʲôڣѩٵһַôۿѩץߣ
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ѩҡҡͷЦԽ㲻ҪˣɱʵǿҲȨưɣֻҪҺ;ȥӦò鷳ɣ
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ԥɨַһۣջȡѩϡ
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»ķԸȨõķԼȨѹסǣֻҪȨƴȻ˳ӡ
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258 ̥
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ѩߺַ뿪ڲƺϳĬţַԶİƵСڣôԽʶģ
ЦЦǲǺɻʵԽҵǣ·нʶġ
˵·ַЦˣҲ·ʶ»ַԽ¹жߣ
һ£û٣Щʲô
ַ̾ûʲôֻǺܺѡСʶƺƺͼ׿𣿡
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ַŹֵıסˣǵһοֳַ˸ӵı飬Կжôķҡ
ַ㳤̾˿Сڣлл㣬ĺøлҵĺѣϧѾˡ
һˣɣǿǽɹѽʵ֪Ƚɵǿ϶ٱʲôɱǣ
񽣡ַ˵һ䡣
ü񽣣ʲô˼
Ϊ񽣣׳ԼСڻ֪ҵɣַЦˣЦĺȻ
ַıӰһַһ꣬ΪַתǰΪ׵ģɹ
ַһҵĹºֻ̣ܶмʮʱ䣬ҺƽֱΪֹ
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أַĹµȷ̣ܶȴһδεĳԾȻַ˵ĺܼ򵥣ַ㾭˶еΣղ˵Ҳ֪ġ
硭С죬ô˵ǾԿ˼ʮꣿȵѾ޷԰ˣַһ·ߵҲ漣ˣȻַ㲢ûиת֮Ĺ¡
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ž
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ѩؿڵͷ翴𣿡
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ַǸЦЦòҪᣬһЩ¡׼𣿸籣֤͵ġ
ѩͷת˹ȥԭӵغϵ㱻˺棬ַЦЦһ϶ΰ߰׾ӡѩıϣűӵĴš
ǡַ۾Բˣһѽȫˣѩʱ
ҪַһְסѩļоȺѩȻѵȴֻǿ侲
ַ㸧Ửϵİ߰ףã֪㱳иͼ𣿡
ѩ֪˵Գ֮ϾһëͼӦ̥ǰɡ
̥ǣַ̥ǲǶƨϺ𣿱Ҳ̥𣿡
ѩЦֵҲ˺ܶ࣬ôûеģ̥κεطпеġ
ַ˵ͷҵ̥ǶϺƨأ
꣡ѩСЦ
ַεЦЦͼر𡣡
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ɫβǷ˵ġַ̾
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Ŷ»Ȥգգۣʲô
ַ˫нãһ飡



259 ʱ
֪ѩĲǾΪȦβ̥£ַ㿴ǲֹһ̥ô򵥣ѩǰļ䡣
һʱĹ۲죬ַ㷢ѩϵ̥ڻı仯ţʱ΢չһ㣬ַ²⵱βȫչʱѩͻָ䡣
ǰͷˣַðԪ񡰰̥ǣЧѩܡ
ԴӻصҺûĹֻһҪѩչԭַЦãȻǵ˻ѩͼıַҲڡ
ʵʵԱַҲͬ£˸ûа취ܾ»νɳһʲôҲܡ
һΣַһִӵĶԱʹַʲôҲܣԱܸҪ˽ġ
ԴļͿʼˣÿѩǣʹַĶҲͣˣÿѩԼʱܻĹԹ
磬᲻ܷѽѩȻǱţСͺܺõûиоУϧ顣
ַЦУֻЩΰˣ˭Ҳÿ춼˵ĵĲǣǺ⣬ֻҪϲͺáѩߵЦ
ãÿ𣿡߳Ϻ
ַ̧ͷ¶һ˿Ц⣬仹ǲѩʱ䶼ڻױ磬ôԼǱȲѩǲƯʲ̫ࡣ
ѩȥ̾ĺƯѽ
ַһۣʵҺѩ˭Ư
ѩƯ붼ַͿˣѩεЦסַ㣬ַɨһ͵Цѡ
һܻطȥˣѩ磬Ͳ˵һƯ𣿡
ַЦֻʵʵ˵Ҹ߹ˣǷȱĲǻױƷʺŮζⲻˣҲû취
ѩʱ糺죬ַ֮ŮζѩɬĿַЦʲôô߰ɣѩЦš
źߣ
ȥֻѾߣĿг˱ӣ
ۿ۹ңַԶѩ˵һ䡣
使һ˫ִϵҿʲôҲû˵
ַ㰵̾һ뿪ˣ֪ٴҪһЩĵĻˡ
ַ뿪ˣ͵ƤץסѩǵģȻַ˵ѩίֲðַ˵ֻεЦš
ַ뿪һǻڲƺϣʱƽַĲûƽһǵĻýλã˼ԭ
ַ˽һ£չѩȻڣǷԼĻѩͻĴңַ޷뿪ʹݵ뿪
ͨԵݽַ˽⵽ʮλԱȫɢֻԺַڶʮ
Ϊַ㲻֮£еⶼԴϾޣַżҲҪܴӳϯһЩΣԽϴĳ棬ȱܵȵȡ
ǰַͲһץжòģΪӵַֻ
ƺַܳԿʵҲʡ˲ģѩͬʱҲѩұҪʱչѩΣ֮мַܶѹ
»ΪҹǵĹʱ뿪ˣַֻһڲƺοʹҲһԼ
й˺ܳʱ䣬ѩܳҵַ㿪ڵոյõϢһȺֲӴ벩нٳ˻᳤Ѿ¼ҳȻ᳤
ַ̾ûȥʲô¶˻ҪǸʲô
ִеĿ϶Ǿ첻ܰȫ⣬Ҫ֪һɾͲˣοһЩȨƵˡ
ҲЩΣʹλҪȥģȻǿǣ⻹Ҫǵġ
ַ㳤̾һ˵ɣַ
ЦҴȥɣεһЩ֡
ַһۣһ˴Ļְܼɣ
ҲַһۣȻҾͲȥˣȫˡģڲѩίġ
ַ㶣ͷ˵ˣһȥ
ַĳַ㵣˾ַҲֻĬˣΪѩҲڴ˴УǱϵģȻַܷԡ
ָ·ɱţСʱ˲УԭһҺвƵ鱦̻ܹ˾Ҳֲ֪ǿǮƻǺ鱦еĶͷ᳤г𣬷ٳַˣҲȷʵ˲Ա
˲٣ƺڿֲӵв˾ۼȺ򣬻м̸רͼԷ̸
ۣһѩڳɣȥȥַҵʵĵط³˳ȥ
ѩ뿪λһȥ棬Ҳüʶһ£Ժкô
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ַоܺЦѩԺͻΪһλߣĻҪѧϰֻ͵Цϻ޷˵ģֻôѩˣˣչ
д˽һַеһ࣬ʱ㣬һЩ㣬᳤ڶ㡣ֲԱĿ꣬ЯΣɢڸ
ַ˼ʲôô죿
ʵ㴦£ô죿
ܼ򵥣ĵİпֲȫɵ֪
ô죬¾ͽˣ

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Ǳжַ˵£ַҳһ򣬸ղٿشһȴɹ롣
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ðǾͽˣ

㣬ַңԶ̲ٿƮһѸȥ
㶨ٺٺ١
ٺٺ٣ȫˣ

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ѩַ߽ԣ磬ôˣǲǶǽ𣿡
ַӦûеʲô
˵ַɢ鿴䣬һ䷢һааַˣȻһŵĶʱըС
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ɫʾʾֻʱ䣬ַЦûϵģ뿪͵ˡ
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ַȤźɫʾ˵Ӧʯû뵽ѧǾȻʯ
ѩַ㣬ѽֻһˣôѽ
ַЦûֻҪʮҾͿԴ뿪Ҫ¡
뿪ɲУ¥¾ۼ˺ܶˣը˲֪жء
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磡ѩűסַ㣬ҪըǲҪ
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ַ΢һıըֻܶԪˣʾĬĬ룺ߡ塢ġ
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һַ㣬̧ͷȥֻĸ߸Ьһһ㶨
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µ᳤ȥˣַаѾ˿յģըɣ
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᳤һ亹һҲҶַʵըȥˣ
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⿪߹ǰɣֻҪĵطԴȥֻܴġ
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ð죬㾹ңҪΪִӵĶӳҾͲʰ㣡
У
죡
̽ʲô𣿡
˼ҲŶʮò
Ŷ裡
ء˼ҲŲǴء˼ұ㻹ҪСء
ַѩЦһԵĻ᳤ľ㶵ˡ



260 
һַʶŮܣȻܳԾĽϾԼʲô
ȫȫȣַȴòμʲôл飬ѩֱӷ˱ûа취ֻòμλ顣
ʣµӱȽУȻʱ仯ױȻһ䣬ȴӵļᶨƣִַʾ
»æ깤رϢȴֱܲһַҲӵ˽룬ɻַ㵥ܲ
һİ칫ַסˣ»ͲҲʮλİڷַĵһое˶ߣ
С磡Ц˽ַ㻳˲Цۺʱϲַ㻳ꡣ
ӵнΪȻ˶֪ģЩѾǰ˵ʹַ㱶Ŀ
»ЦϵڹˣͲˡ
ַ㰲òʵʲô𣿿ﶼԼ˰ɣ
Щ˼ҵѣǰҪǰһæ
ַɵӵˣЦʲôæ𣿡
жʱһƬЦЦҲ˵ǴܰɣǺ˴򣬶Ǻ򡣡
ʲô˼
ǰ뿴
һǽΪԣһĻǰڽĿʾһ̫յĻ档
ǰ뿴һ߲ٿһΪַ˵˼һ޴ƽ磬ײ㣬ȴӵֵ̫գҲ̫˽⡣ǰΪǰ뿴
һʯĻϣƺĳ棬ΧСʯʯ
ַ˼˵ǵĿʯ𣿡
ͷͨǹ۲쵽ģʯԤͻᵽ˼ƼĻͨ޷ʱݻʯģǰ̫취
ַûȥ̫տƺ޷ˣ޷ֹʯ˼綼һ˼Ҳַĵˣַ޷ܾ
ǿ̫շ𣿡ַܺǷԴ̫С
Թˣ̫нܵޣ޷ҪյѹֻܶͣΪԽߵͣʱԽ
˵˵ķ
ǳǰ̫գʯԭʯɷѵʯԭը
ƺףжôΣգ߱ȻˣҪ̫УҪԲ֪پ͵ľ޴ʯһΣա
ʲôʱȻ˷Ͳԥˡ
С˵ͳڽԭַͷһ
Сʱ׼һжʮһ˽뷽ǰ̫ա
УӦûʯΧʱҰԭʹ÷ߴҡ
ϰǣ̸
ʱĺܿ죬ԶԶѾԿʯ
۽ʯΣգҽͣ棬ҺϵЯԭзʯ֮»ǹϵʵһˣʶΣյ
ַЦһȥͿˣҸʲôһ𣿡
»§סַ첲ģ˼һ˺
ַסˣ»ȻԼ׽Ҳ֪ĺһ˻Դ˹ַһͬǰ
»Ϊ֪ģ˾磬ʵҲǼΪˣַ֪ɷ˶ˡ
ԭַͲ»жʹ»Ҳǰģ˴ԭɳ˷ۡ
һַ̫ȸоûʲôܵģԼȫûио˾̫հ衣
»ʼΪַھ磬ַܲססҲ˲κвַ㱾ͲʵȻ»ԼҲֵòˡ
ֻ˴ԽʯȽףûκв˾ʯϣȷĳ档
»ɨʯѡλÿʼַֻǸЯԭͿˡ
ܿһ׼»صϵûԹǻָϵܾҪ֣ɽ㴦
ַЦŵ˵ͷ»ЦЦԭ붴Уַܿصַܣַ㰵ЦŸ»ȥ
صۣ˼ʻԶ롣һʯķѣΪʮɢȥ
ЩˣǶЯ˼öԭѡصʯƣʱͶΪһСʱ
ɢɢʯԭ˹Ϊһʼ
ҵغ̫գҫ۵Ĺâ̻ʣһΰĻ档
ЦɣʣµӦܹԸˡ
죬ٴη˼磬˴жΪܣӰ쵽˵˻Цз롣
ʣµʯһ󵽴ѾԵ׼»ܲ۲һԷһַԷ˱
յѩͺۣίôַСַǸֻЦŰοȴѩһ仰ˣһΪֶ˼ܳȥҪüأ
һ󣬾оӵڻգлʯ硣
ѣĥأ棬ֱĩա
ַվڲƺϹյѤãѩ־ַ㻳ţҲѾĿɿڴ
һСʯַ㻹ûѾˣַſʱܡ
ֻСͷһȦһȦɫ⻪ƾճڿУһɫ⻪ա仯˲һС͵ʱڣʯ׼ȷʧҲͬһʱʧˡ
治ַԵ̾һ
ǵһο˻ҵգѵĩ𣿡
ѩ۾գίرַ㣬ַЦһЦա
ͻȻַסˣҵһʯΪ޴󣬶һã˸ʯ·
Խ㣡ַĵ
޴ʯӦԭݻ٣ΪʲôҪ赲ַһ˿ʯɢȻ»ͼʯһλ˷ɣֱӹǿΪǷӡһϵĹɡ
ַһ˿ϵľ޴ʯԿ»ѾܳˣڶԿҲգʯؿ»мΪҽ
ַ΢ЦԼʵôãʱչһˣ͵Ϊ˾»һ
ãһѩֱڵϣʹһίɨܣȴַѾˣȥˣ
㶵ҡͷҲɸղŵĽãô¡
߿ϣһãͣ»ߣַԽ㣬Ϊʲôԭը
»ɨַһۣоʯΪ˷棬Ѿûԭˡϵܿ뿪Σյģһ˿ԶԸ
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»磬ַѾһȥ»һæ׷϶ȥ
һǳ֮Ͻã磬һ쾪춯أ޴ʯΪ顣
»סˣַʵΪΣòƳԽɡ
ã˸ʮλַڸ߿֮ϣã罣޾ľ޴ʯƣϣԪֹܿвˡ
С͵ʯ·׷ɣַüͷȥ»Ҳ뵽ʲôȥ
ѩʯһٳžѩֹһܿ͵˼ޣʯʵ̫ˣһؾͻһƬ򣬼ʹʹ
˵ϣԹĩˡ
ѩ̾һίܣһȻڵַİΣ羿ȥˣ
żʯ粻µģǾͲ˵ˡ
ѩµʯ̾˿˫˸һ˿⡣
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»סˣַ㾹Ȼͻƣȴûз֡
ѩԽҲ𣿡
»صͷѩʱˣһĸͽ㾹ȻˣԼƺˣƺܱ
䰵̾˿ַˣ»ȻҲˣ羿жĳУ
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ַЦνֻҪ˻ϣͲϣҲֻ˲䡣
ѩַһ£֪Ϊ˵ĸǷǰǰ㡣
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ˣ
ַ㶵ͷ߬СȭͷҪΪ˾ͿΪΪʲô۵Ļʰ㣡
ַԴЦѩҲЦˣ»̾˿磬һҪ¿ʼˡ



261 ѩ
ϣ֮أŮ΢Ц磬ĳ΢΢欵˳ˣһ˫۾а
ˣû𣿡ַο˿ƽһԼ顣
ѩһַһӶ޷Ůӣ˵δʱѾעǧհ֮߹һһ褡
ѩǵ˵ͷ΢Цַ㣬ĽȴΪʵɫһƬƬëɢȥ
ѩôˣôַԾץסѩ֣ѩƽ΢Цַˮ
ץ˵֣ĸо˵ҲᡣأأëһƬƬɢѩҲʧʼû˵һ仰ֻһ΢Цˮ
ʧˣѩʧˣַɫĹΣһƬëַϣַļҪȥˡ
ѩַһԼڴɳϣԭֻһΡ
Ѿһ亹ַ˿ĬĬػţһ㻷ƱǼ⣬ַͷȥʱסˣѩĻ۾ȶִ档
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ַͷԼǾѵģѩȻַ㾪ʱĺ
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䱻»˷ҹǣ䶼ٻ»ΪҹǵĽҲæòɿ궼ַѩȹġ
Ƿҹٶȿҵʱַѩյ»μӿҵʱˣַѩ뿪˱
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ѩЦŵͷϵСǽϢɣȥԵġ
šɢɳϣǻɳѽѩЦŵͷ뿪ˡ
ҹǣһҵڼַ˾һЦţַĵģΪоѩϢ˵ŮѾ˼ˡ
󣬸˸Ծһͷҹǵķ羰ؽķҹǷ羰ǲġ
ַһɢһС·ϣΪѩпܻѰԼʶַû˴һ𣬶ѩΪ顰á
ǰһɽַЦˣСʱɽʱ龰֪ʱȻ
磡һַ㾪ѣתȥѩѾܵǰ˽ԼС
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ѩ㡭
ѩסˣֻѩҲһãַЦȰɣѩãһģһأ
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ҹַѩڷҹޣѩԷ˷䡣
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Ϊʲôַ㱧ѩ
ѩΪѩˡ
ַһһ治ԺУһѩѩͬʱǰѡĸ
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ѩЦûлˣѾ̫ˡ
ܣһлģַŭһȻѩչԼ˵Ȼ޷⣬ַѾ˲ôˡ
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֮ˣóǵǰҾ˵ˣҵѡ㣡
ҪƭԼˣϲֻһӰӶѡ
ţ
ѩסˣַҳ׵㣬õ㣬ҵĻ㣬ҵӣҲҵӳκβ
ѩ΢Цʵ׵ӦŶԣԶ޷ġһǶ޷ܵңӵ㡭
ģҵӣô᲻أһа취ġ
㡭㲻Ҫ֪Ϊ㸶ʲôΪ㸶һУһҪˣӦϧġ
ģĵ飬ԭַʹðԪԭΪԶ֮ģԪѾ׳Ϊһ֡
ַĬˣһѩȷһУѩһѩôĳ
㡣ѩַ֣ӦңúϧҪҵȥģ𣿡
ַĬĬѩٵĴϢţƾȰ˵ַҲͬ⣬ѩʧˣˮ
һԸһ𣿡
һǣһ飬ѩ



262 Բ֮ҹ
ˣһ˿սڣַ㱧ѩʬһޣԼ¼ůҪȥʬ塣
һɫӰſڣַɨһ۵ͷ˻ѩѩˣһҹͷʹѾһУһѩѾˡ
ѩݵǳĬĬߵַѩַ㸧ѩĳɣѩĬĬصͷ
ַ˲ҪĲڸ㣡ѩ۾ţվַ㡣
ַ߬ȭͷѩٱ֪ѩѾȥˡ
ߣַ㽫ѩƽŷŵϣת뿪˷䣬ѩŴϵѩĬĬҲ֪ʲô
ͻȻһѩע⣬̵ֻı£һֻ۾
񡣡ѩһ˿Цݡ
ַߵ˳ߣ㣬ѩԸģܸ뷨𣿡
ҲѾе£Ҳ
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֪ȾƵһ壬꣬ѡһһͻɢ

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ַĬĬ߽ڽַ㶼ƶ飬ƽػѩЩ졣
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ûйϵΪչ˺㡣

㣬ܰģӰ㣬ѵѩѾˣǿԳϦ飬ֱĵϡ
ǡ
ѩһֱ۸ַţӵй㣬ѾԹ޻ˡ
ѩ
ѩЦ˽ַ㻳˼ҿ˵ĲҪСҪ˼ӴҪӵĻѩģܿͻ
ַĬĬؽѩӵ뻳ĻˣҪ𣿡
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ڰƬ촽Ľӽַ۾һ顣
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ϣѩַ㣬֮ѩſַ㣬ɬһŲһξ룬ַѩѾˡ
ãѩĵͷ˵˺ߵһһǿסزżڵĳ
񣬽紺˭Ѫͷĸоַ㰵̾һ뿪ˣѩίһ죬ַ㣬ϵĽɫҲ֮䡣
ַɳϴſһǰӽַߣʵϵʲôأ
ַ㳤̾һɳϣ㣬Ҹô죿
Цô죿㲻Ƕõ·ǹʣµ㻹𣿡ַ㶵ųشļֱ¿졣
ЦţϵѽǶõĻ㿴ûڵأ
ַεصɳϣⶼʲôʱ˳鿼Щ
ȻЦŽֱ۴ַϣ°͵ȫˣõĺðѽƤҲǳãĽҶˣϵѵûио𣿡
һŹֵַεһĨѪֽ㣡
ʱЦַίĨȻıѪ
ѩȻһ˿ңС鲻㿴㣬˼ҵ·Ūˣѽ
СգƯС۾һС
ѩίظֱۣȴ˵Ц



263 Եһ
鷿ѩһһŷۺɫֽţַ˼ʱǰơ
ѩϹѧģдɣдԭĶɣʮʱ䡣ѩ߽鷿
Сѩ¶һͷϵķۺɫֽŵҪд𣿡ѩ˵ͷ
СϣֽŵֽǷۺɫģ滹кöأ棿ôһ֧͸ˣһ𣿺˫Ƶģٺٺ١
˵Сצץֽϻּܿһˣģٺ٣
ѩЦĸСҪ˼ͨ׵˵һ飬Ԣమˣ㿴ôּһ
СŷۺɫֽŵΪ˫֧ѽȻٻֽɣֽ͹ңҾͻ档
ѩóֽŵСǰûϵ֧ҲܲЩֽɣһ𻭡
С˵ͷץһ֧ʾͿʼһ֮Сͣ±ʣʵѩ㲻ô鷳ģҽȥʲôҲû𣿡
С۾ѩЦˣˣԼķȥȡԭ¡
Сеĵ˵ͷȻѩͰɣȥ㡣
ѩЦҪ¶ݣȥɣСһȥѩ΢΢һЦſϻš
Сһַϣַһۼ㣬Ѿˣǿѩ
ҪҲ̫˰ɣ˵ѩҪһֱдȥ𣿡
ַ̾ôܸѾҵĵˡ
ϵܣε̾һѩȥҲģ˺ĲֹԼѽ
ַĿɳϣɣҷʮ죬ҴӦ㣬ʮ֮ѩҶԭ𣿡
üͷʮѩ𣿡ַ˵ͷ
̾ðɣ͸ʮʱ䣬ǲҪ˺ѩˡ
ַЦŵͷˣһԼġ
Сͷַϣַ㸧һȥ
ļַٴϾưƣÿȻ飬ΪѩֵչַΣַȷʵû˺¡
ѩ˯еַ˵һ
ѩ΢Цǣסַ֣졭
Сѩϵа𣿡ѩЦЦҡҡͷСͷַ㡣
ÿظÿڷ㲻ѩһߴɨһַΪˣֱϲܻص鷿ȥ
ַΪѩÿƣһƺѩļˣΪַ㲻Ѷ˾ƣٴεΪ˵Ρ
ھ죬ַɳϿѩɨСҲеضַϢַʵѩѾˣдôˣѩַͣĵ˵ͷ
ַüͷѾܾûи˵ˣô𣿡
ѩҡͷҿ˵𣿡
ַʼϣû˸Ϊʲô˵ѩĵ˵ͷ
СַһַۣɿԼʱ䣬ú׼ʰɡ
ѩͷûϵģҴɨȥ׼ַ㶿ЦãʱԼ̫ˡ
ҹѩĬĬ߽鷿ϵķۺɫֽȻҳС黭ϵһȫǿհס
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ʮ죬ַɳϿѩɨѩѾʮˣӦ׼˰ɣѩĵͷȻɨš
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һϦ飬飿ַš
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ССסˣ˼Ҳǳ

˴ЦСί˽ַ㻳˼ԭǻˣҺ
ַ΢ЦűסС飬ۺʱʲôӣֻҪ㻹ڣԶҵѩ
ַһתЦҲҪһ԰ѩ
ٴδЦСεַ㻳ˣôðɣһ˾֪۸ҡ
ַ΢Ц˫ֱסС飬ѩͳҲһַСϣСסˣѾһУοԭģֻΪɢЩʱµĲ졣
С죬˰ɣַסˡ
ʮһСƵַѩɷ򸾼򸾣֣ô֪ģ
ЦҵġǰĺƽΪػϼűʵʵ
ַ̾˿ĸֱǹģ벻ᱩ¶Լݡ
ſĵˮͨ뵽ܶˣ»ǶˣҲ뵽СѩӦҲ˰ɣַЦһ˵ͷ
ͶˡɵֲСѩʶǣӦҵǧȴ˵үүŮˣСѩҲһλˣܶ²ǿġ
ѩЦô˵ֺҲΪЩûзҺС𣿡
Цˣ㹫ŵ⣬Ȼɢǡ
ЦС죬ĸǲͬģȻͬҪúչСѩ۸֪𣿡
ַЦ֪ˣİɡȻѾǵҲͲˣʵҺѩĽֻΪ˷һڽˣʽҲͲҪˣ֪ͺˡ˵˵ͷ
ЦѾ׼ˣ׼סһɣǿһ͵Ϊǵĺʡʡİɣ
ЦˣַѩҲЦˡ



264 
ѩ¼˽ᣬַѩĹϵٴλָԭģ˼ʮ˸ĸıʡ
ʮ˵һЩı䣬ĸʺַ㽫ϼŵʲ͸˹ңһױΪסƾַܴӳݣҸĲ衣
»ʶַ֮ʾɽͬ棬ǼʮȻڵˡ
֮ǳƽƽʱĸˡ
һ꣬꣬ꡣ
ȥˣַ˳Ϊ˼ĹŶҲһ죬ַͻȻɽ磬ΪַЩţѩٵ飬˴Сһصɽ硣
귢չ׹Ѿ쳣ǿ󣬹ʮ֮ڣɹʤܳ塢ƳɹˣмλʸĹ񼴽ͻɣڤڤ׹Ѿȫӵ˵ֵʵ
ʱ꣬ܶѾˣַͳѩ׵˽֪ʶ˷ʱǳ˳
һַټܳѯʻýǲûеõҪĴ𰸡
ϵܣʲôˣǲǸоʲôȲҪ꣬˵
ַ쳣ѩҲǳ⣬ַ㲢ûн˵ֻǵͷ˼š
㣡ڻĵسã겻Ҳ뻵ˡ
ĵ̸ѩַ߳ĬţС¾뿪ˡ
ַ쳣ַôˣôһͳüģ
Ҳ˵ѽϵܣʲôˣ㵽׸оʲô
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ܳͷǵֵܶµֵҪȥý𣿡
ַǵģ鷳ܴһˡѩʱͽչˣҿܾܺòŻ
ѩҪһȥɣҲ㡣
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ܳЦİɷֵܣ۶ҶλʦǸˡַЦЦȥˡ
ûзûĿַ꣬뵽Ѱţû֪Ѱʲôַһȥʮ꣬ʮַȥɽȥɭ֣ȥħĹأ򣬸ׯַҲȥˣȻûҵҪѰҵģֱʮĽ졣
̵ַһУڳйʱһŮӲεĲַоʲôԷƺҲоʲôɨַһۺȥˡ
ַԥһ¸ȥԶԶעŮӵӰֱ뿪ַ֮׼
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׵ַ㱾ã첻׹ַۣɵ
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ַ㶣ϸȷˣ겻ҲˣǺǡ쾭ˣѾûжΪˣϣñ
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ѩַͷҲӦ˵ɣֱ̫ˣַЦŵ˵ͷҲԼȷЩ
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ַͷ̾ҵˡ
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Уһã˸ţѩֳɴַԶȥ
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ѩҴųȥߣ鷳ǰҴ󷨡
ӷѩıϵȷһˣ󻤷ַ㣬̳һͨ⺣ĵ·ѩΪãַ˳ȥ
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ѩŤͷַ㣬Щʲô
ַЦЦ˫ۣʮ겻ϢҲѾۻˣ֪ľѩ˯ˡ
ѩ̾˿ʣ˫һ˸޴ӰԼԶȥ
ַʱԼһɽϣһ˻ȥַסˣѩʲôʱģѩأ
ѩĵͷᣬ˼һε𣿡
ţַͻȻסˣеǡѩ
ѩίصͷַʱЦһѽѩӵ뻳Ҿ˵Ѿô᲻ܻأ
ѩ㣬Լ֪ͿˣҪý֪ˡ
ַͻȻɴ۾ѩѩ棬ٷʲô˰ɣ
ѩЦסַˣԼ壬ֻ˵Һòͬᷢˡ
ַ㻵ЦȻͻΪˣҲŮˣٺ١
ѩЦҪҿɲҺѩ
ַѩѾȫصԼߣͲ˵ˣڵŸоԼжôҸ
ѩ㿴ַָߵһƵ
ѩ΢Цߣַ㻳˵ͷַǺһЦѩ



265 ħ
ɽ綫һãںϣãһֻĵضַϡ
ַѩæ
ѩſɰСԴʲôæ
һˡ
ŶʲôѽΪʲôҪأ
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Ϊʲôɴѩ˵һ䡣
Ҳ˿ҵģ
Ȼûм㣬ҶϤĸо

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ʲôˣַС
λӰһ񣬵ػѲʱ⵽ֹ
ַźϵʬôôֵĺ֣ǰǼ𣿡
ҡͷûм˾޴ĺ֣ԴкҲᶨѲ麣ڲûзֹֺ֡
ַ֪ˣǼѲӰɣСкϮλӰһ뿪ˣַɨһۺȥ
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ƾһѩѩ˺ܿҵڣյַͳһѩڽսȻŮ⵽ħϮ
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ַ΢ЦŽɴʱ͵ĸоɨַһĬĬ˫ۡ
ôᡭһѩһ
ɣ۾Ĵġ
𣿡еѩ̾˿
šԶ졣
죬ϵĻǳ±֣һݡ
𣿡ַ΢Цһѩ
һѩ˵ͷѩ𣿡
ѩȴЦӦ˵ǳŶԡ
Ծգֱע⵽ΪεѩЦϵиˣ
λѩΪʲôΪʲôѩ㣿
һѩͷֱ漣λѩȻͬʱ˷ߡ
ַЦˣþòˣַ㡣
ʲôһѩĿɿڴ
ѩ΢Цô˵Ҳ¶ˡ
ͷŶǵܵˡ
³ˣŵϴǷ
۾ίصַһַۣ˫жʱһźģѪ˳¡סˣһ˵ϡ



266 
ַѾ׹ۣλѩ׵˾޴䶯۱ŮᣬĿࡣ
ıƽебֵĺܳĬΪ˻Ľų˲ýá
Уַ㡢Ůܳ弰λѩһ
˷ǳע˽ַһ壬ʲô˶֪ʹַ㱾ͬڴֻǲ֪ڴʲô
ζʹ£˽˲Ϊ֪ľࡣ
ԭʵݾַγɵԪַ㣬׷ħʱ˱ʣʶɻΪѩʲô
ʮǰڻý체ԭΪʹʱڣŮ𣬳Ҳ˼Ψɽеѩ
Ԫַ㱬ֳԪ֮׷ħȥЩ䣬ǳɹ롣
ºԪַʧȥ׷ɱħڻýޱȵĵؽĴҴܡ
¸ʮ󣬲쳱Ӱʧַٴλָ˼䣬ħ׷ɱȻûֹͣ
ġ価ӡĥħʮħΪɽɣϾ켫磬ʹʵַҲûа취ɱ
ħΪѾ½ԪӤڣΪµħ޷ַ׷ɱˡ
ַһħʱħһ벻£ң
ԭħͿʼ׼ҲԼһᱻַܣʶǰ콣Ԫ콣ͬħһһȥħܵõ䣬ꡣ
ԪӤʵħѾ޷ٶԸַ㣬ۿҪʱʹ˷ǳһأң
˼壬ŮбŮŮУħ˷㽫ַΪŮӡ
ⲻԱת⣬Ƿǳʹ䷲ַֺ̡ܵ㵱ʱ˴˷һ֮½ħɢ콣ȻħЯħ뿪ˡ
ƽˣħ뿪ַûֹ׷ɱжڽħʤսˡ
ַſڵϣþȫֵڷʴǼʹġ
˷ħʱ۵ԪַһһϦɵֵģַԼջǻΪߡ
˷ħ켫õĽϣܷʴԱתԪҲڱ仯ʧ˵ַǽַ͵תЧתص㣬Ҳ˵ַ㲻ữΪŮӣΪҲᾡ֮ȥΪһʵʵڵķŮӡ
ַ㲻ҵתȫֵΪһٻԪɢҵʹĥ
Ҫ˵ַ˵治ѩΪһİԪ񼰰֮ģʱԪɢԪ¶ʱɢһ롣
ԪΪŮԪħû뵽ģַԪʹϢַıԪȻɢڵİԪûܵô˺
뷨ĶԿ˶ʮ֮ãַʹҲǶʮ꣬ʧˣħĿơ
Ԫ񳹵ɢԪܵ˷ȫʴַ֧żԿԪҲ⵽˾޴˺ַʤˣûг׵ĳԪ
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ˮ֯ϻΪѪˮѪˮڵϣñγһѪѪһŮĬĬգʧŮ֮磬ַʣպر˳𣡡֮ڻýεֱʮַĲ
˴סˣı鶼Щֵֹģ治֪ڵַ㣬ӵַĶѩ
ַ㻵Ц§ס򣬵ͻȻħǸͦãлܳҲɸŮԡܳԺֱӹһź顣
£ϵעһΪڿһλŮӣû
һѩ΢ЦûϵֻҪϲͺáĹϵȷʵͬһ㣬Ǻġ
ַЦɲҺϬأҪҾ˵һжҵģٺٺ١ЦһĬĬͬ˽ַģҲ÷ַ
ŮǵĻͷǳˣȻħ£Ϊλ˶ħѵħѾ޷ѹ֣ҪĹ𣿡
ַ̾Ͳ֪Ѿ˸ı䣬˵ĻһֵļƷ
˴һͷܡѾ粻֪ˣѾǣ˵ĸֶգôһĳΪħеһ
ǵ체ԭʱħ˵֮أֵĴΪһԡҲֵΣա
ѩֵĴвİΣҪȥġ
ַ˼ʧ֮粢ûз⣬ô˵ĻǲģʹħӦòΪ˶ʧᡣ
Ǿɹһ˽һΣڵ״޷߳һ֪ħѹƶãάֵȬĻ˵Ǽ˾Ϳһ
һѩ΢Цֵ֪ĲȻ֪ǧһֱά編ƽ⡣ұȽͬĹ۵㣬ʹѾı䣬Ӧò磬˵ǵʱܳ㡣ħҲԶԸõķʧ⡣
ַͷһѩ§˻Цҵѩƽʱ䣬ʹҲȥԡػɽ磬赲粽ȵһ־ͿԱһҲƽһѩ΢ЦŵͷһԵѩ
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ѩЦ⻹ףѩǳӣȻӦһ𣬶Ľںǹͬչඣ
أͷЦ
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˲佫ѩ§˻ϲ񣬲ڽ߰ɣֻϲŶѩʱסˣЦŵ˵ͷ
Ļַһüͷһѩ۲쵽ַ㷴Ӧڷ߰ɣǿһչַ㻵Цͷ
ѩҡͷҪѩ㹻ˣưģҲŲҪչأ
ַƲ콫ѩԼߣڲᷳߵŮ̫ˣҵߣ˶ʱĬˡ
ҹһѩһվɽǿգҲ֪Ѿվ˶ãƺңַûио
ôˣַɱһѩס
һѩһַ˿ûʲôֻһЩ¡
˵ѩĬĬͷѩַЦˣˣ
УôأȻ˵ûʼ˸
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˴ʱһӰ˲Զַһѩоʲôͬʱһԣֻѩߵվ
棿Űɣ
һѩһƽַһԣʲôһţѩַϵӡЦŵͷ
ѩѩԲҲ֪ҲڣһΪԼһ˳ģϾ뿪
Ȼ˾ͲҪˣַʩչԸѩԡ
һѩЦ˵ʲôأõǸģһҪллչôãԺһչɡ
ַ㻵ЦͷѩȴֲСˣʵǶҪߣΪʲôҪչ
ַʱЦá
һѩɫ΢죬ǾͲչˣź
ѩҲн㹻ˣҿ㡣
ַ۽λѩȫ§˻˭ܲǽҪߣ֪𣿡һѩЦŵ˵ͷѩ˳Ĭ
ڵϵܽĺϲתҲûתԶʯϴЦš
ַһ£㣡ҲҪһ°
Ц¹ǳ¼ҵ㵱Ȼˡ
ַֻ֪
ٺ٣ͻȻЦ𣿡
źߣ
Զվôôѽֲָ
ɲҷҲô󰦣ʲôˣŹŹֵıվߡ
ǡַ㲻һ亹
Ҳ÷ͦģǻǿȥϢɣַεˣŮȻվ˳
λѩæȰ˵ַ㣺ȥǽǣûʲô˵ġַεص˵ͷ
Ұɣ
Զĳһָֻܳվ
ַðɣܳҲЦǰɣ
ܳЦֵܶԲҲû³ˣɣɡ
ܳã˲ԶȥϴǴˣ´β
°³գ
ʱãȺãɽԶȥ
ܳ壡ɣҲ𣿡
ܳʱЦãˡ
ɽ֮ϴܳĲҽλѩС糺ͷ



267 Ů
Դӻص׹ۺַ˺ڳֵħ׹۵ĶԲɳӢɴǧӷΪٶȥɽؿʼħ
תۼѾȥһٶ꣬ŮµǧԼһ룬ΪŮΣܳѰŮ䡣
ֹ˰꣬һѩɽʱŮ䡣
Ϊλڰ֮ûбѩǣȻŴķ羰һгַеתš
ϵܡ
ţ
Ѿˣĺÿ찡
ǺǣǲǸоԼѾˣ
ɣҲ֪λôˣѽ
ǲµģҪǡ
֪Ǻǣ͵͵ؿһۡ
ܣǲԼüص𣿼ȻǲΥԼǼ档
ѽ͵͵㲻ϼģʵǡ
ѽ˰ɣ͵ϵ˼ȴһ֪ôܽ͵ǣҲƻ֮Լ
ðɺðɣ˻ǵģڶڳΪǡ
Ǻǣô˵֮˭ý磬ֱԼʱ䵽

̾ûõģѾôСأ

ԶԶģһѩ˹㣬㣬Ϣѽλˣ
ַЦϢˣ
ĵ̫ˣϢˡ
ѩܴܽڵǣǿЩȥɡַ˵ͷƽ̨ȥ
ƽ̨ϣܳŮ̸ַ˻ӭȥֵܣã첻ţҵλõˣ
ַЦܴˣȥҶлڻýѰҵĵǡ
ܳЦֵܿˣԼھ͹ȥɣʱֻʧȥǵ䡣
ַЦȻֻ鷳ܴȥһ˻ýˣǼ˾Ͳȥˡ
ܳסˣǲȥΪʲô
ַǧԼǧ֮ڲü棬ôԷ˴⣬ҲͬȥѰǡ
ܳɻǷֵʲô˼
ĵַһ£ַЦЦܴЩǣ㲻¶棬ҡַܳ˵˼䣬ܳ循ȵַܾá
֮ܳŷӦֵǵҪ𣿡
ַͷ³֮ûýĵȫɡ
ܳĬã̾ðɣһᰴշֵܵĻλõġ
ַܳһЩܳȥˣɻղź˵ЩʲôΪʲô֪
ַ㻵ЦûʲôҪһ㣬ǲ֪ǲ֪
ַһ۲С죬ַЦ§סԵѩѩЦЦεҡҡͷ
ý磬ҰУ迿һϢƺһ򶷣ڵ
ʲôˣ轿һ۾ְγԼı
һã費һüͷֻһλ˽ǰ׵ӣ֮Ѱʦ档
ϵܣסˣʲôѵ׹۳𣿡
ҡͷ׹һжãǷ֮תͻ˵óһŽɫԪӤŵУ˵ˣϹŽ֮㲻Ͼ֮ˡ
еԪӤЦˣϵܻİôˣ
ӵʦ棬ȷҵȲø֪ǵ״ʦԭ¡Ƿ㻤׵ȫý磬ҲŮṩκΰ˲ԮֻԼ
΢Цúģʹ˵Ҳ׹Ԯġȥַ㣬ǽõòģǧ֮ԼȻЧҪʱ䡣
Ӱһ뿪ˣЦϵܻǳѽ
һɽ֮Уε빮׵ĽɫԪӤַָ
׵ߺЦϵܿǺģȻҲǡ
εˣϵҲɳˣûӵĻԼϵ˺ˡ
ЦЩһǱ緢ͻϵȴȥð磬Ӳһħǲˡ
ε΢Цһǹ̫ˡ
һȻϵѾҲ÷ֿˣԼСЩ
ε˵ͷİɣǧδôҲҪСġ
ЦѽôˣܵĻ˭׷ˣ
εεЦЦЦһ뿪ˣεǾҶԸħɣ
һɽ֮ϣ߳ɽ׵ԪӤ׵ӵ˵Цˣ뿪ԪӤһǵһһִиģȵûؼ֮ȥħˣˣ
µƺˣźĲһλɰСﰲĵ˯š
֮ŮȻħ˳ͻʱûǵʲôʵħʵȷʵŮ˱ħ׷ɱÿζᱻѣڻýԶħ׷ɱ˼޼Ůʼɢ
֮ŮԶΪýĴŮܣŮ֪ħȻҲȷǾǾŮټŮ棬ħӲǻýʿ³ţʶ׷ɱ¤Ĵעǲʵֵġ
֮豻ΪŮε˳ΪŮ鱻ΪȪŮ±˳ΪŮЩַǿġ
ʱֹȥ꣬ɽħѱַ˵Ȼǰƽֱ뷽ѩá
뷽ѩ۵׹ҲǼΪģȻַ˵ҲǷǳһѺһ
ɵɽħ·Ѿ˵ˣĺܺãҶԵǵҲҴһҲᷴǵľΪ˸һϢҲ˺ܾ˰ɣ
ַЦȷʵ˺ܾãǲļǰúʣҲǺõġ
ЦЦǰǵĺãҲ׼һɳɾҪɽ䷲Ȼ棬ֱõһ硣
ַҲȷʵµһЩֻǷǳ״˻ĺ塣֪ɽ澳ǳ£Ҫ䷲Ϊһ㣬ԴҷǳĲ⡣
źЦˣҸɽڵأҡͷû˼
̾˿绹һʱȷʵһɽ磬ˣ֮ϣһҪɡ
֮ϣ
˴һַ뵽ֿռеǼͨǾͨɽͨ
ɼɽӵ˽粻ͬ棬Ϊڵ棬һҪɣʮһ
ַֻ֮ɽ绹ǵ֮أοͨͨѱݻ٣Ǹȥɽ硣
Цһǰɽ磬ʮֵաЧطô컹
ǰ˵˵
ɵͷ˽аɽ壬ǰ֮ƣɽİԷ塣ȥɽͨڰɽ֮ĵھŷ嶥˳ͨ壬ȴΪֻط塣
ֻأһ㶡
ɵֻءɽ嶼ԴͨȥɽֱͨȥɽͨƽûʲôرģΨھŷ岻ͬѰʱڿԳһӵֻصֻͨҲԱΪֻص
ַ·еֻصҸһγɽֻصºʹЩ֮ͬ
ҸͨĿһҪáֻصᴩ磬Կɽ룬ûй̶Ŀʱ䣬ֻвѲͨſȷֻֻͨάһʱ䡣
ַ㶵Ӧȷϣ
ֻصͬͨȵͨΪѪɫͿԽˡ
ǰ֪ͨĴſʱ𣿡
ҡͷ˵ֻصÿǧֻῪһΣÿһǧڿʱҲǹ̶ģʱм꣬ʱȴҪȴǧꡣ
ַЩѣʱȷʵҪȻֲᷢκ⣬ǼʱƵǧ͵治֪ˡ
ɵŰǰһֻصһǧѾȥˣٴοһǧ껹߰ʱ䣬Ҳ˵ֻ߰صٴοһΣΰֻܿǵˡ
ַǰʲôԼ򵥵ķֻصѾǲϼͨĻпܴ
ɵͷȷʵһ˼ǿա˼λײ㣬ֻصҲֻ˼ҪߵľҲ˺ܶ࣬ǳա
ûϵֻҪܹȥзһ谭
οص˵ͷ˼ǿջΪѪ죬ֻ֤صѾ벻»ķҹڡ
ַٴδһҹǣ
ӦֻɺϣֻҪ㸩ӷҹǾͻˡַ㰵̾һ˵ͷ
ɵ߹ֻǽɽ磬ɽȴữΪͯҼȫʧֻҪᶨ־ʹʧȥҲ֮·
˳˿һҲ̫˰ɣ棬ҲȫʧȥʱҪҵһŽںϣ⼸ǲܵģ
ɿ˴ҵǣЦѾ뵽һ÷ٻָ䣬ҪһʵǿˡֻصֻάһӣɽȻͨУֻҪֻصʧ룬ȡǵıԺںϣǾͿԻָʵ䡣ڵ棬ҲὫǵıתӰ쵽ʮĺһ
뵽һˣЦллǰˣѡѾˡǿºܾò̤һǲ֪Ƿάֵǻع죬ǵҲһա
Цģзʱ㹻ʹˡһЦ
ַɻǰΪĪǡ
ɿЦԭɽ֮ˣΪԭ̤ͨĴ˽硣ãҵʱߵǡֻص
ַȻʧЦⶼԣǰֻҪǵɽͿеˣ𣿡
ɳĬòŵ˵ͷ΢ЦãȽǻǾǰ˼䡣ͬʱ˵ͷ



268 ͷɵ
׹ãַ˴ǳʣ˹߳á
ŷװ׵ĺˣҶȥɡ
ѩһ·ߺá
΢ЦעӷѩãˣԺúչԼѩ΢Цŵ˵ͷ΢Цг˿ɬ벻ᡣ
ɨַˣĿַͣϣСѣһɹģַͷЦһ£ΪоЩԾԲû˵
һͰЦתȥˣѩһһỨؼһ˸Ĺԣַ˲ûע⵽
ѩһַ߽ʵ㲻úǰһȥ𣿡
ѩ΢ЦҡͷˣӽҾͻعˡ
ԭǺǣӭַѩ۹ǴݻǸ˵ѩ۶ʸַһûзѩ۾ûоȵĽ죬һַ֪
ѩַ˼΢ЦŻһ񣬾ʹ׹һջع顣
ѩ۵һѾ˽֪ͣܵδģûкʵѡԸܵһ֮
ЦİɣѾ˺ʵѡ֤һ¡
ַεЦ˼ǺŲ͸ģµѡ˵Ҳ뵽˻ݺ˭ݺΪʵһˣʶݺʵʵַҲбҪȥݷһѪ塣
Ϊ¹һѩҲԼʶһ£ʶڴ֮УȻҲڴ֮УǾȵ֮Ӧ˽һ¾ȵ£ַҲϣΨͬľλѩˡ
һѩַӣҲǾȵ֮οҲɳɵѡУһҪϵģ쾭ֻ֮ʣԪӤΪַ㲻ۣڣѩչˡ
ַİû˷ԣԾĽַİţѩأûַΪѣַŷѩԼŮ뿪á
ָͨܳ˽ѪأʱԶԶĿһӧͷ׵졣
ϣַһһĵƯ
ЦЦŷѩϾû̫ĻģܻͬѩۣŮһЦϡ
ѩûв룬ַͬһͬվһ겻ѩҲ˺ܶ࣬ڵѾû˱䣬ǰǸЦĴ·ˡ
ñ·ѪӷˣΪϳַ˺˳Ľ˵ڡ
һ·ﻨ㣬ʻʢС·ԣżܿһλѪӷɹַΪѪˣİҲġ
ڵӵĴ˻ݺסһܺĵãſλһ۾ϳǣʩ㹫ӣ¹
ַЦλ񣬲֪ƹںδһλŮӵعӣܲɼʦѾչˣ㹫ӿɷЩʱգ
ַ̾˿ͷȷ̫ˣҲûа취Цûйϵ漸죬ǿж
ȷϸ߷ԶԶȥʻ鳤ľŨҷϢ洦ŵż΢绬ỨҶ죬ȷʵһĵط
ַ΢Ц§סѩ漸죬ҲԺúõһ¡ѩĵĵͷַļϣһԵĳЦ
ãһһλŮӳԣݺȻǰˣ֪㹫Ӻͳ¹ݹ٣δԶӭˡ
ݺͬʱһڳ˽˻֮ϣʶȻĸо˻ݺɢϢһɼǿϢ˵ĵһоǻݺΪ֮ϣѩ˿ݺӵ˸ʵַ˵Ҳһ
ַ΢Цƹˣðô˹չػҪϣƹﲻҪǡ
ݺ΢Цŵһͷ΢Ц·ħصڼԺУѩ۲ЦͬΪŮȻᱻȻ󣬻ѵĿ졣
ٿһԵѾ״סˣȻζŻݺ΢ЦǳַûܵӰ죬ƺ͡
΢Цַ˵ͷַҲͷһƴ˻ݺݺһ˱ܣַ
ͻıˣ˭ҲַΪʲôҪԻݺ֡
ַ㱳˫ֵŻƹѾȣΪһˣַ㲻ֽһ£
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ѤõķԿۻݺγֻб˵ĽĻݺƺַ⣬Цһͣٳˡ
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ݺַ㣬㹫˾Ϊұ𣿡
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ַϻظ֣ƹҪûĵһǸһѵϣԺҪ;Ѭġ
ݺذһַľ棬ͬʱҲǶָ㣬뿴Щʼ뷽跨ʵҰַͳĿ겻ŬڵѾƫԭȵԼ
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ݺʩ㹫ӾܿڣֻҪСŮõһհ졣
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ַǣסݺ֣ݺʱ糺첻ųֻЦŵͷ
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ݺһȻûַ˼ǴַΣΪԼַ㽫ȽԼ
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ڻݺУַǳȻĴڣ޷Խģûַ㡢磬˵Լ
ݺϵĽָҸô㹫ֱӸҰɣ
ַ΢ЦһҪľҲһɳɡ
ѩ˹ַǵ뷨֪ԼҪػַλʿ弰Ȼݺٴγһֹε⣿ַѾԼ˿ˡ
ݺȵĳɰڴһ٣ǵȥǿҪܳʱָܻڵʵݺش󡣶ݺܼͬ罫ںϣȵʱſںϣʱǻڶ˶һ뷽跨һƹмѽ
ݺ㹫ӣ˵ôΣɽ緢ô죿ûиȫķ𣿡
ַҡͷûˣ˵̫Ҫˡʱ˺٣ϣƹԶ
ݺ˵ͷ㹫ӷģ֪ôˡ
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ԼصݺҲаַͬ˼
ɵķ羰ЦˣѽݺԴһ𣿡
ݺЦŵ˵ͷȻԣΪҽһǵĵɣλ롣
ڻݺĴ˳ˣʤգַ˿ģݺģΪҪ뿪ɵˣΪ˾ȵδͬҲΪȫδ
ӧͷ׵ɵӡõĻ棬ݣһͷҲпܻһ䡭



269 
ݺַ㼰Ϊ䱣ϡѡ׵λѩȻŻǳһλѩͬð
ҵܳ壬ܳ尲ŻݺԾʿסãַ˹ͬһ
Уַƹһˣʲôдܵľܿڡ
ݺ΢Ц㹫ӿˣһϣ㹫ӿΪСŮṩһϢ֮أֻҪͺá
вûзݣַ˵ƽ̨ϡ
ַƹģ¾ͽҰɣ
ַѡһΪݺһéݣݺס˽ȥܿéԱֶһéݣҪݺһַֻΪһéݡ
§ŷѩ۵ĸ첲㣬ҲᵽɣѩЦЦͷַֻٴνéݡ
Ȼסéݣַɴֶཨéݣû켰ѩס˽ȥʣԼһѩˡ
ַΪΨһӶˡŮ򡱣һѩַӣѩַóףҪѩտʶλѩҲ˳ȥ
λѩίıַЦãֻðԭȾ¥ģƽ̨ǰٴνһ¥λѩס˽ȥ
ҹλѩڻϷַ㻶Ц˹ԭҶֲǾ˭˭ˣǺǡ
ѩ㱿˭㲻ΪЩǵģ
ַЦǰʵСãˣ
ӣΪȻ᲻ȥǲô
ַЦûϵþͲҪûʧˣǻ𣿡εЦ
У˻ݺ䣬ݺæ
ݺɻ¹ﾡܿڡ̾ݺǧ꣬ḻӵϹ֪ͨзϵܵ
ݺɴ۾ܣʹͨڷ㹫ҲЧģ㹫ӵΪʵ̫ˣ
Цô˵ݺа취ϵܵ
ݺ㶣ֻöԷһЩĻȷʵа취֪¹⣿
Ǿͻˣ֮ǲͻ̤һҲ֪һΣգҵϵܡ
ݺĬĬ˵ͷַ׽㣬ַİΣҲǺģֻǵʲôϵ
¼ѾˣֻҺϵܻѪһֻʣϵһ磬һϵܳʲô״ݺ㶵ĵͷǲ̫׳˼
Цھǧ֮Լ꣬ϵľͷǲԸģݺæϵΪ¼һѪ
ݺ˰죬¹˼ǡ
ЦȻĲУǾЩӲģֻҪϵʲôã
ݺѾˣѴַĽ㣬ĸһذַ㣬˭ַǳ¼ҵĶ磬˷³Ҳ˾޴ľġ
ݺЦ¹˼Ѿˣ÷㹫ѩŮɣǺ£ﲻ㹫Ӻú̸̸
εʲô̸ģϵλ˼ʮ궼޶ԣ̸ʲôѾöˣֻǡ
ݺЦ㹫ӵһó¹ͷ۰ɣðɣ԰ﵽʳ¹㹫ӵΣ
ͷȻҲô˻޶ԣ߲ȱŮġ
ݺЦַ²ͷۣѰ졣ݺıݺǲа취
ݺȷʵа취ŮӽԻһЩ˲־ᶨǺôģο㹫ʵܿ
Цϵܱ˷ˣ־ȻᶨĻݺﻹа취𣿡ݺľ㶵ĵ˵ͷ
Цһ˵ͷݺ
ݺһȻ¹Ϊ㹫ӵĽŻ˾ҶԷ㹫ʩչʹɹˣ㹫ӿ»Ǻңָ
΢Цİɣϵܲˡ
ǡŻݺΪӳС콿Цϣݺģϵܲģ˵и檲Ǻ
ݺʱ糺죬¹ῪЦȻִˣһȫģֻǲ֪ô죿
һְϵܱɷ˵ģʣµľͽ̸ݺ
ݺһȻҪַһˣ᲻̫ˣ
׻ݺ뷨Цģϵܣô˺ֻǷӡԪʱ䷲ѡ
ݺһ֪ģû뵽ȻǿӡַԪĵز˵ľҪַ߳һ㣡
ЦסݺһȥݺЦֻĬĬΪַеֲַ㲻³һ취ҲûС
ƽ̨ŻݺһԶַλѩͬʱƽַ̨㣬ôˣһŻƹǲǻƹﲻϰ
Цһֱãһַֽһڵϣʲô
˻ݺݺЦһԲ˷㹫ӣԭ¡
һãַڣַʱɴ۾ʹһסԴǸʲôס֣λѩһųͻݺ
ϵѽҪֽĺݣʵûа취˲Żô
ַʹվʹģ⿪ҵԪ񣡡ҡͷݺǸЦЦͷ
λѩַ㣬Ҳ֪ͻݺַʲôǿַȷʹࡣ
ַԴ㣬Ҳ̫˰ɣֱС˵Ҳ
ĬĬصͷϵܣ֪ãǽϣ¼Ů鲻ǿԤģҪýʧ𣿡
ַһ˫֣ȫ̸ģûҪʹַɣѵϵܷ𣿡
ַݺһַ־ȻᶨȻǿѹ˼Ļҡ
ĬĬַ㣬ַҲ˵ڲҪӣڻжµȥԣ㲻ЩʵȻĵʹֱɵİ취Ҿͷ㣬ϵܶʧ
λѩסˣݺҲסˣַ㾹Ȼһ̬
΢Цַ㣬֪Լ˽ǡ
ʲô㣬ʮ˲㾳ķɣ㲻֪ϵжôĳ㡣ԵĻһҪһ޵УԼ뱣ˣΪ˱ҾͷȻʹ˶ӵķַ㱯˵̾˿еһᱮˡ
Ŀ˸ţϵ˵Ķԣ֪Լˣǲ⿪ķӡģ˵ʲô㶼ᶯĵġ
ַ㱧Դڵϣҷˣˣ⿪ҵķӡҴӦ㣬ĴӦ㣬Ҹһ𣿡
Цϵܣĵģǲ⿪ӡģǨһ½ɡ
ַֽһڵϲųͻݺЦһ˵ϣַһӾסˡ
ϵܡˮǽǹ֮ʱ֮ʱ̤һ㵹νҲѽǵˣ֪ǸĲˣֻǲϵźͬʱҲԼź¼ѲˣϵܲԸΪ¼㲻㣬ϵҲӦһɣϵûͯ꣬ò׽Ϳʼ˶Կ磬ôˣϵĿ𣿡
ַ㣬ϵ˼վ𣿡
΢Цżȷʵ˲٣ϵһȺ׹ҲǲףֻһˣϵӦùԼ˰ɣҪٺڡ
úúã֪ˣɡַ׳ĺ⣬ȻȷʵЩʣԼ׽㣬ŽַҲЩĲ̡
Ȼ΢Цţϵܸ÷һˣ꣬ԼӰɣǿܾûлˡ
ַ㳤̾һ˵ͷˣҴӦ㻹˵ϵڹҲڰ
˵ַĺϵףվǾȵķɣɺͳ
ͷվַЦЦ̾˿Ȼ⿪ҵķӡ𣿡ͷ
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һѩʱЦáһٴηӡѩԪ񣬻ݺεЦЦѩҲʩչѩʱ˵ϡ
ȥ䡣˵
ַ㰵̾һǣסѩ֣ѩת۾ĻãһӰ֪ȥŽãأݺԶĳ΢΢һЦ˵ͷݺЦ
գַѩҹ֮˲䣬ļǵ÷ʲôѩίصͷַ㻳ַĬĬﱧ
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ַ㽫ѩߣΪҸ¡
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270 ̥ʮ
ڣѩϸΪַѾϵ·ѩַ¶һ˿ЦⱧסûоίѩҡҡͷΪַ·
ַ˼ھˣѵҪҵĻǲӱܵġ
ѩҲŲأοǳ飬ֻЩϰ߰ˡ
ַҲͦϰߵģرһѩδݹãó׵ѩԲȴһѩӦѩ
ַ̾һ䡣
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ַ˫۵ˣոڣתҪѩڣҿ
ѩЦ˵ÿɹ׵ģԲ˳Ȼô
˵ҲǣϾǰݹóɹ׵ģʹ治˵ʲô˭ܲµ᲻ʲô뷨һѩȻеЩ޴롣
ַ̾˿ˣȲ˵ˣǳȥҰɣѩ˵ͷ߳¥
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ַεص˳һ˻ݺƹԺҪٰҽЩɵˣģ
ݺЦ˳Цϵ治˵ݺɲҪȥζлݺ֧֣ȻҲô׾ͳɹ
ݺȻͬĻ۾ȴַ㣬һжַһѩԸģԶ˲ûвӰ졣
һѩߵĶַ㱳󣬿ͦҸģѩͣ͵Цʹѩˡ
ַ˼£㣬ѾﵽĿˣϣԺҪϵΪѣ´ϵһĲ㣡
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ҹַ֮ѩȻһЩı䣬ݺ˵˵ѾһЩ仯
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һϢȻԤϵѩ֤Ϊϲ
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һʱѩеϢߣŮѩۡᣬԼܳȶȽĹ׷ǰϲһƬ֡
ЦϣеĹɾۼһѩ߽Цţʹѩ۶޷ͣЦˣ֮һѩĻЦΪͻһĻЦ
Ҳѹַ֣һˣ˾˼ط꣬˽ĽһеһоѾźƵġ
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˳¼ҳŮĿ˳ĸַı仯ͬģΪ󽵡
ݺ壬ǴеŮ½ΪڻһĽںĳŮӵԽԽֱͣǰڻ᳹䷲ΪԽ½ķȻԽ󡣡
ͷݺ˵ԭȵʵӦΪ˾磬ڵÿ½вɵʵӳ֮ͻָûʲôõĵġ
ͬ׶Σַ˽⵽ڼۼں⣬ԿΪĴ粻Ϊе״µ
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ڵһѩˣޣѩڵСʵʵڵĳ¼ѪΪ˳ݺչѩʳѩһѩȹʣµʱ⣬ַҪһѩİȫ⣬С㣬Ҫľһѩġ
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һʱת۶ٲڵ˾ۼȺ򣬳һѩĺýȫڡ
ſ˵һʯͷ˵أЦ춼ϲˣѩΪ¼Ҳһӣ
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ַ˳¼壬ʵڿ㲻ϣ¼ҿԲʢ𣿼Ȼ˻úƽɡ
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ѩ˵ͷʵҲҪȥ𣿡
ַ㻵ЦȻ㲻ȥ˭ιѽѩڻûء
ʱסˣͻȻЦһ˻ݺݺٺٺ١ݺʱȿ޻ѿԺһŴĺ顣
ַƲ۵鷳ƹ˰ɣ㲻𣿡
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ַʹһų߬Сȭͷ죡Ȼҵ˼ַ㶵ص˵ͷݺЦ



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һɽ֮ϣַ㱧Ѿ˯ĳϦѩĬĬһԡ
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ַѾӿǾ뿪Ϊô
ѩḧ˯гֵӣɣֻҪҲᷴԡ
ַ׶ѩ˵Щ̣ӱϾģѩͬĸԵĹԣַ⣬¼Ҫǰȵķչַ˵ú棬ʶ˱ضҪ뿪ġ
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ɵĳɳ֣ܿǳĲвеģַŮͬڳҺúģúַĻ
һˡΪʲôҵһͬܶ˸Ҷӵви׵ֵġſɰСԴַ㣬ӳɶҲ⣬̧Դַ㡣
ַЦһ˲ݣҵıǳ¼ңΪҽּҡֶͬһ־ΪЩҶµľģԳ¼ΪּΪСŻгϵϣֺ󡣡۾˵ͷ
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ַЦЦǵģҲݣǵĹùúͶɵĴڣǲɣȡһԤʾǵľģҲǳ¼Һɵļҹ档
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ǰַ̾˿ȷкܶ಻ͬѰҲԽ󣬼ξͻԽѡĻǻѡƽǽڣҪ˳¼ңǲҪˡ
üᶨĵ˵ͷ֪ˣ
ֵù˵ܾǰ¼ûʲôˣ
ַЦֻһѣֶ֪Ҫס¼ҵļҹ棬̤ɣҪĺΥҹ棬֪𣿡
С֪ˡ
ֵַʣӵַѩɾѵʣȰ棬ֻΪҹ
ȻСȴַѩĽ̵ǣʹĽ̵ͻҲѡַָʶַŻܷġɶϾΪŮӣַɶ棬ַܾˣԳɶҲʧȥĻᡣ
˿ַ飬ӶַܳûжԼݣЩеַǰ̬ͬѿ֪Լĸ׵λͬһ㣬ҲľԶ壬ʶûκβ
ֶס˳¼ΪΪﵽĿĿԲһЩǳֶΡңи檺ǲɫʧԼȻǺصġһ뿪ģ¼УֳҪչ˺ãҪ۸ˡصͷϵľǿַһЩƣַ㲻Ц
ɵĳɳܰݣȻ簮ˣ˲ûкΪܿһܵܣַѩĵӣַΪȡΪľȻܷԡ
ְַ֮㽫չ˵ܵõνԴӰ꿪ʼѾϳ¼ҵļΪԺΪĪ塣
ʮַ֮뿪ʱ䣬ڳ벻ַΪ˳¼ãַ㡢һΪ¼棬ҹܵ񹩳¼Һ˰ݼ
ַѾźó¼ˣʽΪ¼ҼɵַȻб¼ңǻмӵȨΥ¼ҼҹĺɵȨַ֪ͨ㣬ַΪԤ¼Һ˲ѵɶȡĴʩ
ǼͬԼ뷨ǳ¼Һ˼ΪҲ˵˼ǰҲɣΪɺȷûʱķչ
ǳٴζ¼ҹ棺¼Գ֮ʮ֮κ˲ɣΥҹ߽ϳΪԶ¼ң
ֵļҹַͨɵļʿѾ˽⣬ڳֵĲַʾ⣬˼ҹַǳͬ
һٶ󣬳¼˼ĹģмʮˣҶˣûΥ¼Ҽҹ棬¼ҵķչ˳
Գ֮¼ճֵһΥҹɵĺˣʾЧɵӽ˴
˺Υҹĺ˽ĵߴͬĴɵӴʱߴɵŹˣɵֻ֪ͨ˶׹ַۣʾ·Źλߴˡ
ַѩ˳¼ңҵѾĺˣΪ˹棬û֪ǵݡ
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¼ãַѩĬĬɨ£ѾԵĳǵߴλԪϡ
ַѩѾ¶ĿһģһòʹкǰĶǳ¼ҵĽߣΪڣȻַѩϡ
ߴΪС꣬һλŮԺˣַ㶨µļҹһͬκμ壬ǳ¼Ϊļ壬λûסвŮĹء
к˽Էڵϵսľô˵ַҲһٶ֮ǰ¼ҵڣھȻڼУܲ˺¡
СַѩΪ˳Υҹһ£ڣΥҹȷʵԣﲻϣڿһ档
ַ㵭֪ɺʲô𣿡Сҡҡͷ
Ʊزһλ˷µĴΪصĻڳ¼˭赲һλ˸𣿡ַĻƽڳСʵҲȷʵˣ˽ڳԷԼ屨¼Һܻܿš
ַһ仰𾪣û˵ҷĻСĿԥںʮ
ַӻԪ뿪ãֻ³Сͳַ¼ҵķչҪȣʱ¼ҵȷǿˣǶ˵ȻֻǷˣʸҲԣӦγеҪ忼ǡǼ˵˵Ӧô졣С޷شֻܵͷŵ档
ַҶ¼ҹº˻äĿɣȷʵΥˣռҹδã
ϳΪԶ¼ҡССش𵽡
Ȼ֪ҹΪʲôռҹִУ
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ַһжһͻеڶ֣Ա֤ǵԶû𣿡
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ѩסַĸ첲Сο˼䣬СɡС갵̾վ
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С깧İһ񣬽ãһַ㡢ѩ͵ϵĳʧСʱ˵ϣ˫ã֪롣
ɽϣַӵųϦĵطĵһۿַʱ嶼ˡ
ߴݼڣݼãַ˵òӡļ䡣
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ҡĵͷ
ãһѩһЩˮַԣһ˲ü⣬һɡ
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ַӹѩݹˮҴųֺͳɾۿϦģһٶȥˣҲȥꡣ
ĬĬӹѩˮڣ֪ΪʲôɵһԸ޹أҪ־͹Ұɡ
ַЦЦΪʲôɣ
Сʱĸҽǵ£Ϊˡ
Ϊ˺ʲô
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ڣΪʲô㲻ɣ
˵ͲҪˡȻѾ̤ɣΪҸһɣ
˵һã˳ڣַ볤ҿԳȫ㣬Ӧң֮Ҫúñ¼ң͵ұ¼ҡ
ĵĵ˵ͷô˵Ӧˣ
ַЦŵ˵ͷһᰲɵģ㲻Ҫ˵ĻһԼΪ󡣻ȥ߼˿ɣȻҪԼ巢չΪء
ͷڷģһתģ
ַ΢Цˣȥɣʱ˴ɵġİһ뿪ˡ
ѩסַĸ첲ô¶Ҫ¼𣿡
ַЦ¼ҷչѾˣξԼɣҲΪԼЩ׼ˡ
ѩǳ¼ͳײ𣿻˵⣿
ַ΢Цѩѩ˼֪ľŮٲ졭
ַƿڶЦѩشַһ˽ַ㻳



272 ɾټ
˽ᣬʱ们֪ѾԼڡ
㣬оôˣãַһ
˫۸оһ£ЦоüˣллϵܣַĵЦЦʱǧ꣬ڸԭٶȸ
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ϵʲôɲܼһʱѽ
ַЦˣҲٿӡ˵ֻҪӵнΪͿԺɨ磬ȻöԸ磬ϣԱԼѾˣЦˣͷַΪɿ
֮󣬳Ѿӵ˽ΪΪʵڸֻռɣʶſôӵнΪ
ַ˵ˣȻǽ켫磬±ʹʮȫַĽΪַ㸶ΪģȻװ˷˺ܶΪַΪֵˡ
ϵܣллˣڵĳһַԸܵǿһַĵ𺳣ʮ˲㾳緼ɣΪ޵еĴڣ
ַʼڻָ֮Уѩ׶˵״ûдţѾЩȲˣַ˻ָ֮ʱǾس֮գ
壬ĵҫˣַ۾վ΢΢һЦҲվŽХһַڣַǹһ˿΢ЦߣĿ귲ɾ
ǧԼŮַ˶µģǷѩ۲Ǿ֮ˣݺҲѾΪȵˣʶ˴μַˡ
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ꡭ
ŮЦָϷҴһȥɣ
ղһʱͨǰŮַͨЦЦҲȥ
ɾڻýڵأѪħսħĿפɾ֮⡣
ʱǧ꣬ʿѾȥ룬м˻ڻýɣδħߡ
ղһͨɾϿչַ˻߳ͨһɾ׾ˣ
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Ⱥɽϲ죬ַ̾ô󶯾ֻǹ˶ѡ
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ַɨɾ£̾һǧˣһ㶼ûб䣬ħôġ
Ц˵ħ˽ǣ֪һ
ѩЦЦǻˣôӭأѪħ˷˸߿գβĻߣա
Ѫħֹþòˣ֪˴ɾĿĺڣ
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ħĵ̵ˣҲδ̫Ŀ˰ɣ
ַЦǶ˵˲Ҫֻǵˣᵷҵģ
ħҧҧҪ֣Ѫħֹ֪ȵʲôˣ
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ѪħһŮǻ磿
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Ѫħô˵ȫûаǷˣ
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276 
Ϊַ㱩һ٣ȻҲǱͷѣַ㲻ʹ˷ѩ۵ҲѾĿɿڴ
УЦͷ϶ϸߵĺҪ˵ƽʱÿַ϶ᱻᣬ˴γַΪãȻỹ֡
ϳ͵͵ƵѾʮһȰʹãѩѾһţַָʾ¶ֱһַ㱻ǿƴһһоǷںꡣ
лԼһŻţˣ⻹Ѱһ͵͵Ƽš
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紫»֪Ƭԭ˼һȽĲԭƽ̣ѡһԭǺпܵģĴƬԭΪײԭ
ԶԶȥֻݣƬԭǺܹģַ˵Ѱ˻Ǻ׵ġ
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ڤ񽣣ֻͬӵл񽣿ԶԿͬڷϵ񽣣ԿʲµħͬĵЩƣȻϧ񽣲񽣣ʮ˾ԼصķӡԸʵġ
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ʲôطôͷʹ
ͯ۵СԴɨܣڹߺڰͯǲ壬ûзԼһ֮С
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©ƫҹ꣬οַ©ݶûУŻ谵ַֻܿɬЦ
ѾûжˣַЦһ۾ҹֻ´պˣϣꡣ
ӭ洵ַֻܰӣ֪ԼǰںδԼ¸Ŀĵ
ԽԽڰмһαϣַ֪Ѿˡ
ϡϡС껺Ʈ£ַʱ˿Ц첻ңҹᱻʪˡ
һ绬գ˲ԶһУַ΢΢һЦԶ
ͻȻĲݴһζַһ¶һ壬ѾʮѾ޷վˣʹݴܳҰҲûа취ӱܡ
ǵģӴѽȻָһ·ݴôôʵ
һַٴ˿첻ҡ
ʱһŮɲݴ˳ˣ̫ˣû棿˭ѽô
ͬһСŮӣҲֻ꣬۵ģַһ۾ܹŮڹ龫͵ġ
ҽַ㣬ˣϢһ¡ΪַûվҲ
ţкӰɣô˵ģˣˣǱĸˣСŮ۾ַ㡣
ַ㲻̾˿û˸߹ᣬʲôˣһҶûоʲô
СŮʹЦ˼ѽСܵԭַ㣬ʲôѾ㲻֪𣿡
ַεȻ֪ˣ֪벻֪νҲö
СŮŹֵΧַת˼ȦɫӦû˰ɣ˺Զ·𣿡
ַͷ۾һֹСŮʱ͵Ц˰ɣ㣡˵СŮɻóһͷŵַС
ַһ£ˣϢһ¾ͺãŰɡ
ܽͷڻ˵ҲСŮַһ¿㶡Ĵߣַ㲻ĽСŮǧͷΪá
СŮЦÿҺ͵ܵҲԵһͷ԰ɣǰиͤȥܱɡ
ַԥĶˣҲĲĳԵСŮΨһͷɿžǲԸ̧֡
СŮַԴСܵɣһͷҲԲ꣬һһ롣
⡭
ʲôѽ㣡СŮַͷԶ
ַһжʲô֣Ժôܼ㣿
ԶԶСŮҳͿˣҪҾȥʥɽҰɣҪȥַͤ꣬ܵټඣ
ַ΢ЦͷصĴͷ᲻óԵ



280 ط
ߺַȻϢָ֮ЩַǰͤȥϾСܶ˶廹Ӱġ
ַӡ̣ͬ޿Ȼİˣַо˼ڡ
ʥɽ
ַоطһϤϢƺʲôԼ
ַѾܹͤˣﱻһȺСռˣӦֻа˾ꡣ
ڽַ˵ǶǸ磬ԼǵģȻַͤ꣬㻹ǷˣΪһСŮΪȥǴ˳
СŮڵίͤȻһȺӴˣûпޣַͬȻȻģַ˳ﶨȻǸСŮ
ַ㲻֪ԼܰʲôСŮԼƵַϧ֪СŮȥ
ַֻǽСŮСŮ޵ַֻܰ̾ϢɨͤһСŮ뿪ˡ
СŮʼĬĬȻͬʶַ㣬Ҳûзַ֣Ծץַ㣬ַԶȥ
ַСŮٴλص˻ҰַϤһЩ
СŮ·Ѿദ𣬲֪ǱղŵȺӴ򻵵Ļ֮ǰѾˡ
ַȻûж·ԸСŮӦҲСŮ
ַȴСŮȥСϴϴִСŮժһЩʵԣҵһɽСŮȥꡣ
ɽʮַСŮţԼȥЩɲ
ַСȴϵԼĸоȻľȡ𣬶֮ǰ֪ľȡԵõԴ
֮𱻵ȼůĻҫַСŮϡ
ʲô֣Ϊʲô
СŮĬĬֻŻ淢·Ѿٱůַֻñ׾ԼСŮϣ֪鲻ã޾Ϳްɣû˻ЦġСŮҡҡͷץסַϵ¡
ַ̾˿һӲһ˵ǵһģЩûмҵĺֻܿԼҲȻܻٲ˴㣬ԼҵԵĻȥ
ַûСŮһߣΪԼѾ޷չԼˣûٰСŮ
ַ㽫еİͷŽСŮУҲֻЩˣҪúõĻȥ˵ַվ
СŮеͷһҪȥģ
ַͷʵҲ֪ȥ֮ҪˣԼԺСЩ
㡭ʲô֣СŮ۾Щˮ᲻ַ뿪
ַַͿˡ
СŮͻȻһ£ַ֡㡭
ַһ£ѽôˣ
СŮҡҡͷûʲôֻǾֺܺ
ַЦллʲô֣
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һַȫһ𣺡ѩѩ
֪ΪΣַһҲ£뷨Ȼƾð˳
ͻȻַһ뷨ѩȥѰҳҲԳûΪʲôԼʥɽеϤϢ
ѩеطȥ𣿡ѩҡҡͷַҪһ߰ɣҴȥҽ㡣
ѩɻ㣿
ַصĵһͷҸոʶһ㣬˵ʥɽǶûеطȥȥ򿴿
ѩͷҲãûеطȥȥɣ
磿ַסˡ
ѩûʲôʵİɣ
ַʱЦûûУֻûԽʶһá
뿴ַҲĬȻˣȻʶһ㣬ٽʶһҲûʲô˵ģðɣԺãᾡչġǾȥ򣡡ѩͷĵЦˣַͷҲɵЦ
ȻѾȷȥҳַ㲻òЩ׼
ʥɽ־ͿжһƬƣַҪҵӦʥɽŶԣҲпʥɽϵһط
ַǴ֪˴Ҳ˵ֻҪ֪ʥɽķͺˡ
ѯַʥɽȷзʣµľ˳ǰС
쿪ʼ¶ĺӿʼС
ǴԽƬҰɽԽÿ춼ܼͬ˵ĻЦڸط
תۼһ¹ȥˣѾ٣׷װѩѾǲãأХСӰɪɪ
̫ˣǵѩͣ߰ɣ
һƵ˿Сһȡůһµ飬˹ϵѾʮҪá
ַ㽫ѩϵ·𣿡
ѩҡҡͷ·ˣ𣿡
ַɵЦܵ䲻µģ
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ַӦòԶˡǰӦþسǣ˵سǺԶʥɽˡ
ѩͷʥɽɽѽǻȥſԡַЦŵ˵ͷ
ѩǵʥɽô죿
ַҵõһϢ˵ʥɽ֮һɣʥɽǵĹϽΧӦþ档ֻܴ֮Ϣˡ
ѩɻҵأ
ַһ£ܲܽУԳΪǵĵӣԺǾͲˡ
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ַӦߣǸղ˵ˡ
ѩϲ쿴Ƿȥĺúÿ
ַȥҲЦ϶ΪǳַԿĹã˸ûмߵĶ˵ȷʵƯ
䣡
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Ҷ˵ֻһ⣡˵ûˣ㺦ʧȥԬټҶûй㡣֪׷ԬѾˣ
ϻ˵Ұιͷ
ٴ𣬲ԶַѩĬĬۿʱʱĻƽкã˿ûʶΣվڸ
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Ҳ֪Ԭùַ̫ãÿδӽ˾ͻᱻĶ˲ǽɽ壬֮ûа취ӽַˡ
ԬӰΪΣϢأֻнӽ˲ܷĴڡ
ַ֮ȻоϢǿΪעǰҲûиоΣڿ
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ѩͻȻһ£סַ첲磬ͻȻо䣡
ַһ㶣Ҳûзѽǲˣ
ͻȻַҲоһɺ⣬˲ѩ䲻ΪԵʣΪһɱ⣡ַ㲢ָ֪֪һ츳Ϊÿ˶ܸܵ
ַ֪ڷɱԴͷԬڵһѩϣ

ַĺ϶˵ע⣬˲ϵĶͣˡ
ӣǵ˽㣡˵ַǰʵӲҪ£ʲôˣ
ַָԶһѩأ֣
ɨһЦҪ£ûֵģֻѩضѡţ
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һҽдֻղŵƬѩһֻͷֳؿһɫɽΪͻ
ӳһȵĻعͷַˣϵŮѴסˡ
ɫɽŮӴģΪٱ¶ԬƶʱŮӸ֪ɫɽһ
Ԭӷǳεֻ֪ȥѰڣÿÿѡ
˴ʵ˾ȣ߶޷ֹ֪ԬǰӾȻ
һ۵˵ͷƺҲ˲ϳˣʲô֣
ַͷҽַ㣬ʲô𣿡
Ůأղôֵ֪ģ
ַһ߷ѩȷֵģ˵ͻȻ䣬ҾͷйŹ֡ǹɺûио𣿡
𾪣Ƕ˶оˣַѩɻص˵ͷ
ҵģ
ҵģ
ߵģ
ҰɱԬͰˣҾҪ

ֲ߳ݣַѩһ㶣ǾΪʲô



281 
ַѩ˵ĸ֪ע⣬ַ֪ȥʥɽλҲⶼ⣬ΪǾʥɽϵߡ˱λЯǰʥɽ
ʥɽ߿ƣϷΪ󴦣ֱΪϼѩ֣Ϸ¶Լľá
ʥɽ崦ùϽ֮´Ϊɡ
Գ¶ΪףȴԾΪأһӵĴõɣñΪأǳʥ
̸ַ˽⵽ǰĶ˷ֱΪѩԼϼΪҦ
˴ַȥĵطǾãַ֪Ϊɽе½ʹסƽӵţؼʱڱɵİȫ򵥵˵Ǿסɽ½ʹʥɽ֮ϵλߡ
ĴѡĵӶᱻ͵ѧϰʹָ
һҪģʹÿλӽ̽飬ɴ˻ԷλӵоʣΪɵĴṩȷ
ΪĽַ֪ͣĺӶ͵Ҳ˵пҲԾַȥˡ
ڳУĴøԷչʶӳΪĴӵĶҲΪʲôҦΪַ㼰ѩֲݡ
һַ㲻뵽ģĴȻǸԷչȻܵһЩŹ淶ŮֹܵĹ涨
ѩԼ¶ӵãϼΪŮӵãûرԵӡ
λַ֮ѩΪǶ˵㹻õŵر׼
һ·λŶַ˰ٰǻʱʱ佱Լĵǿ⻹ûžѾʼ£ˡ
ԴַʾΣڳû˶ܳĽƽˡ
ùͨõһƽӣһ־׵ĸо
ͻȻ𾴵ĸоʹҦҲⳳˡ
ڶ˵Ĵַ㱻һڣѧһڷڶİʺΡ
̨֮һ¼鼮Ǽ¼ڵĵԼʹΪµĽۣǵӵд˵ӵ֤
ֻʮλͯǸɷѡģȻҲһЩͨϵġ
ûиǼǵĵӣŵӶŻ߸õĵӴǼǣַѩӦѩֻǳϼʥַʹҦҲڴ
˾ַѩݵǼǣ˵Ҳκεʹ֮̽ɶоǰδ߾ʹ䡣
ҹɫѾʮֻ谵ŵӱڴ˹ҹɾػӸЩӵʳ⡣
;ܷİɣġʹͻǽ̽⣬һЩŽѧҪúñ֡
ҦӵѧǻǵģʱپǰδַͷҦһۻȥˡ
ַɨãĺӻ϶ӣҿҲǸá
ַ㷭¼鼮ԼѩѾд£֮һƬհףҲ˵ǲκε鼮ַҵ˳֮ͬһƬհס
ò󣬼ʮҲɾ۵ף
ǲѽַһѸתֻһһССŮ
ַЦЦסѩߵ˳ߣȷ㡣ʱ˵ģ˭ѽ
СŮߣ§סļǵҲû죬Ϊ½½ģʹͶͳһϰҸܵܽһ£ҽʶããҸ˵ǸܵܣǸͷõһ롣
òЦЦСãþͿˡ
ַӦһ£Һøõ˰ͷô˵ͷð
ЦǷֿʥɽǰ·ã㲻ðͰͷˡߣǰʥɽ·ңͰһˡ
ַ˵ͷҲԵҲ֪ͼԻͦġ
ѩλ˭ܵܲһ𣿡
ַЦѩżȻáǰͷܸܵˣܵҲðǺǡ
ʱЦҲͷˣԼζܰɣ
ַɵЦŵͷȷܣܵܺܺ棬ôͷģ
סַ㣬ַС˵㲻Ҫ߱Ӵǽӱ͵͵õģַʱɴ۾ôѽ
ַҡͷǾʱôû뵽
һ㶣ַһͬʱЦַԼͦģַҲԼЩ
ѩλòַ˵ʲôֻίشյһ鿴ɵЦ



282 ̽
Ҳ˼գھõĹض˽һЩ
ΪɣҴܵܺλóȥ߰ɣҪϰˣԺҲûлٵˡ
ַгֵĺӣҪҹɣȥ𣿡
ģģѾȥöˡ
ַЦһðɣǳȥ䡣
÷羰ΪʥɽضΣ˴ؽʮֿ֮Ժ䣬ʹΪϲԺָľְ㡣Ȼ˴ַܽԺС
˵סλˣɽģҶʹǰЩǾͼˣ
ַɨܣﴦԺԵشúжξ룬֮ľַܰϲֵط
ָǰʯǹȥİɣַͷһ·Сʯ
ʹƽСĵطϻһЩĺͲˮ
ַУǵܳЩǿԵģ
ַЩʹƷõģǳ˺𣿡
һߵһ˵ûģʹϺˣ
ַ㻹ǾЩʣķŻУէͰʹĵĳԵҲе̫ˡ㲻Ҳ˵ˣһǾ군ˣ
СЦ˵û԰ɣ
ҲЦץܶķŵѩУˣЩƽʱԶپö١Ҳ˰ɣԵɣ
ѩЩԥȻȷܶǺܵĻᱻʹײַҲѩܶԵɣӦòµġ
ѩҡҡͷȻ粻ԣҲԡ
ַ̾˿ðɣҲԡ˽ĵĺɨһա
ʱһ˹Сɣһλ̵߳֡
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ЦЦǵģ£ûж⡣̵ĿҲƷⲻ̹ˡ
ЦллˣҵܵܺøողŵǿͶˣ
ŶԭСһܵܰҿҪúüʶʶ˵ʹַѩ
ַѩһ˺һʲô
ʹһ£ôˣֻѵĸһЦ߿ˣ΢΢һЦҲվһԿš
ַղӿһ˿ɱ⣡֪ĶԣˣôСŹѩʲô³
ССѩʹʱЦСĵܵܣôԶܸоڵı仯˵ĻСһģһ
ɱȥʹķŵϣЩϢɣҪʼϰˡ˵ʹȥˡ
ַ˿ѩĵûŻɣѩͷҲ˿
ЦʹֻǺǿЦģҲʹ˵ڵһָӦֻоԵܸӦΧϢԭܵܺõҲԣ̫ˣ
ַѩ⣬Һͽ㵱ʱҲоʹɱ⣬ʹ˵˺ټģ
ַһô˵˵嶼ԣ
ͷѽʹ˵ˣƾǵ԰ʥɽûһ˿⡣ҪΪ̽أʱ֪Ƿʺˣ
ַЦãʹɱԭΪ̽Ƿͳһи֪Լȴˡ
ڣַûпʹĳ࣬˴һַʹܺͰȤʹĽϰ
ڶգھõӵָʾкӹؾصǰȺ
ַΪѩԼߣͬˣȽϳҲûʲôʵġ
һƬ˴ҳһ£ɼʹжô
һнĽŲ⴫˵ĿʱۼڴӰ֣ʹܵ
λʹǳᣬȥжʮӣ棬ҲǷǳ
ҺãǾǾʹһʱǶΪҽ档ҿԽʦ֣Ҳֱӽʹˡһλʹ΢Ц˵Щߵ˽̨ϡ
һλʹһɨĺӣַ²ʹӦþ
̨ϵʹ¼鼮󿪿ڵڽ֮ǰҪΪ̽ʣλϲҪҶͿˡ
ȵʹһãˣű۾ţʱͷѾ̽꼸˵ˡ
ϵãʹַܺ棬ɵ˭֪ã˲ɢַһλʹ
̨ϵʹߵַǰСܵܣҲ˵ҪҶΪʲôҪҶأ
ַҺܺ棬뿴ʲô
ǺǣؼģԸ֪ǵʡ
ʹЦַܰ꣬㲻ƽѾˣô죿
ʹЦַıӣõġʦΪ̽⣡ָҡַԥһ½ַŽʹУʹ΢΢һЦ۾
ַоһֱͨ۽ڣǹͣ
ͻȻʹɴ۾ַʱоһ󷭹ʹһѸһַԴϣַٴλָƽ
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ǰʹȵɨַһۣҪСģ˵ĿʱۼַϣҲüΪ̡
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壡ʹһȼ̽⡣
֮壡ʹľڳгӡ
顭ţȻʣ
˵֮׽ʥ˵ġ
еӰ̸λʹҲǰԵͷСʦʲô֣
ַɻܣǻûиǵء
λʹһ´ЦһСʦܣȻͬˣΪ죬Сʦܺʦ־ͿˡλЦЦʦ֣ʦܿԽָ𣿡
ַͷλʦֺãҽַ㡣
ͷ˿óһɫʯַ㣬ʦš
ַɻùƣʦ֣ҵʿ𣿡
ЦһЦʦܵ˵ʵڲʲôʦܵɶû⣡
ַŶһʵЦʦ˵ʲô壿ʲô˼ѽ
ЦЦʦܲʾѣʸǾ޽Сһ־磬һ֪ˡ
˵˿ַԵѩСʦãָʦ֣ʦְ̽һʺ𣿡ַѩ˵ͷѩίַ̧ŽЦС
֮Ц˵ͷ壡֮壡
еٴξʣ˵еľ壡΢΢һЦóһɫƽѩ
ѩǳЦĿֻý̧
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ţ
һۣе̱͡óһɫƽ۾ȴЦЦ˵ͷĬĬͷ˳
Ծؽ̧ЦЦЦס˳С֡
֮ЦͻȻɴ۾ľ㶵죺ʦҲɣ
ɻĵͷץס˳֣ܲ⣬ַҲܲ⣬ֻĬĬȴš
֮۾ͷѾȫ亹𡭡𡭡ﳯ

סˣַҲסˣʲô˼
졭š𣿲ΰɣ
𡭡

׵˶Ѿȵ޷ˣЦסˡ
ַʦ֣Ǿʲô˼ҽûɣ
쳤̾˲亹û⣬ܺáַ˿Լ˿
ʵҽʾǺǻʲô̶ȵģ
ЦǿЦ飬飬ЩǴ˵еʣǧѵһڽﳯǿǧΪһģ
˴һĵô˵ұȵܵöҪٺ٣Ҵһǽ㣡
ַЦǵȻˣǽ㣬ȻҪǺѩҲЦ
ЦЦãиִСģ
ʵ˾ȣ˵еʽǰҴ˻ҪõĽܽá
һʵ̫˷ѽˣڤڤ֮ƺİš



283 潲
̽ϣ֮кܶ಻ʣѾʶ˵еˣЩȻûô˾̾ˡ
Ҳõһɫʯǲ֪ɫʯʲôֻýʯΪװιͦÿģԴ˽΢Ц
̽ϣҪˣ潲⣡
վڽ̨ϣһľϿʮֱ֣Ϊ롢ǡ塢䡢ʥ档
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ָš롱֣ŵӽҪеǵһΪ硣繲жʮ㣬ĿΪȥʣ־ʮָԼʮֺ
ʮָһ㾳磬ڵʻ˳ָԼֺų⡣һָ׻ΪɫͿɲһ㣬Դֱʮ㡣
к̹۲Լַָ˲ǵָʦһɫ
ЦЦʦʦãʦΪ澳飬ǲʡ˵ǻᵥǽ⣬ҪְŶһԹԵر͡
ЦЦﵽʮ㣬˵Ѿǽ磬Ҳǵڶ㾳硣
ָǡ֣ǽȥΪ㾳磬ĿΪߴﵽĿҿʹи֪
ַһЦѾи֪˵ѾԽǽ硣
ǽΪۡڡǣǴΪй١ǽ֪ͨϢĸ֪ݸʲ֪ͬȻҲͬ
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ַɻųˣҲɻ󲻽⣬ʵھͿԷ
Ĳ㾳磺磬Ԣɡ̰ɫ֮˱ؾղʳ
ַŹֵˣַ˼һһֱӽַ˳ȥַʱЦԣһԵЦЦ
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ַɻ֮ľ޷𣿡
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Цɣɽ֮Ϊɽ磬Ϊ˽ӵ߱ٴθ塣߾Ϳʹ㼯ڽữ鲼壬Ӧ仯߱ɽ߿ʱſɷ
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ЦʱЦĵûҵ˼Ȼô˵ˣԺɲҪҡЦãѩһߣԾõסѩ֣ʦָ棡
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ЦλʦͬԾסϼҲǽӣ˵ͼҪˡ
ЦԾָ˲÷룬ʲô˼ɣͷַӶЦ
ЦҲַѩЦЦַɶͷԣʲôЦģ



284 ѩԡ
ַʹЦţֱѩԼϼ򵥵Ҧߡ
С㰡ѩȻطѩ֣ʦȥʹ̸̸
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ͷַԶĵӣЩǷѩֵĵӣǵʦ֡
ַ㿴ǰվмλµӣӦǷѩоӢӡ
ǽַѩطѩ֣ΪǰźסΪǴ档
λӹһλӵʦѩʦҲΪѩ֣
ͷѩʹԶµģǾͲҪôˣλͷ
ЦŶ׵ַǰС㰡ȥ֮Ⱥûɾ·ϻȥʦٺ̸
ַЦлʦЦЦ˾á
һλߵַߣСʦܣǵĴʦ֣ƺʦ־ͿˡȻطѩְɣ
ַ㡢ѩͬǣʦ֣
ӰԶȥȻַʦʲôѽǶǵʦ𣿡
΢Ц߳ãҺʦҦʦã˿ѾˣЦЦһԵǿЦá
ѩ֣һƬľ֡
ԭʥɽķһɽ壬ϼ¶ɽƽɽ֮ϣѩΪΧûеãʶԷѩΪ
Яַ˷طѩֵĵӹˣĵӡ
λʦֽɳдصĹ¶ӣַһεءָ棬ڷѩѾһĸ֡
λʦƽݣǶԴӷǳƣһصǲȡ֣
λʦ־µʦֳԵʦֳ֣ʦֳδʦֳʦֳ飬ʦֳ࣬ʦֳˡ
Ե̾ǵõʱʦ˵һ䣬Եδˣͳǵ֡
ַ˲ЦַʦǲǾʫѽ
ԵЦСʦܾ˵ˡʦʫģǲʧʱĸ̾
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˲סˣҦ𣿿ΪʲôҪŸأַͻȻ뵽˸ղŵʫ䣬ЦԵδ˰λʦҲЦ
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ڣһ磬Ȼʹʦְַѩѩ֣һʦֵ˼ΪҪӰŽţھѵ𣿡
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ʥɽСϣλӴַɢȥ
ַʦǿԷ𣿡
ȻԣСʦЩʲô
ȻܷɣΪʲôǷɻȥأ
Сʦܳѩ֣ʦʦϤһ·ѩֵΡ
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ΣӽӶԽŷչش壬ܾģ
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˼˺ܾãĿԣûǱ߾ʦȥͨɣмǱܽݣ֪ݵĳɵԽԽã
û⣬Ȼȥˡ
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ѩַ֣ɻܣѩ֣Ϊʲôѩأ
ԵЦΪѩڻˡѩֵһȪȵģѩ޷أʶΪѩ֡
ָԶһСɽǷѩȪǳеϴԡĵطˮǵȪˮ㼯ɣȶȣµĵ˵Ǿõԡַ˵ͷԶȥ
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ѩһʯƵľ޴ˮأԶһɽɽˮؽԱȪˮûһ롣˴Եڵܶ࣬ȻˮеˮǷѩֵȪ㼯ڴ˶ɵġ
ʱ˿̣ѩдޣŮڳˮ㶵Զַ㣬ַסˣ
˲䣬ŮӾŲˮ֮УһЩӶ˶С
ַμæתӣԲҲ֪ԡʵڶԲ𣡡
һӰַ㣬ҲҪţֻһӰˣ
ַȥ˿ԭǳϼҦ𣬿ѾԡϣɫȹѾϡ
ҦַѩһߣСô
˵ҦЦˣԭַǲ֪ѩкܶŮǰԡɳҲڣѩԡɣСҳȥȣ㿴ô
ַͷ֪кܶŮԡһģϧԵûܼʱЩ



285 
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ѩ⣬ַεҦʦΪʲôôĽԡ
Ҧ͵Щ󲿷ֶǻ롢Ǿ磬㾳ҪųʡŮձϣϺ˴ԡ
ַ㲻ŮձΪʲôǲڰأ
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䵽ַߣԭСʦѩֵӼҦʦ壡
ҦЦλʦֶλʦֶҲѾ۸˰ɣ˶ʱסˣһЦá
ַԭղɽϵλʦְһΪǼλػĽء
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ͷҲһǿַ⣬ȻҲԵý졣
Ƣ˽ģַ֪ͬһȥѩ͵Ůϴ裬µð˵Ƥˣ
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ѩϵ·ѩֵķβʺϴСʦϣ·ô
ѩĿ·ʵܲġ˵ͷѩʱĵЦˡ
ڴ֮з䣬Сʦֶסɣ
ԭ֮סڵķ䣬һļ䣬ȥ֮⻹䡣
ԭȥͻȻ뵽ЦĻʶַҪѩͬһ䡣
ַֽеʦֻһŴģ
ЦҲûа취ֻô࣬ʹ˵ǲ÷룬㵱ʱҲͬ𣿡
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̱úΪѵӣСѽʹµģ㵱ʱҲͬˡͻȻҪѩֿΪʦΡ
ݵɬͷϱͲͷҲ˼ַʱЦá
Ȼַ뵽뿪ʱЦЦԭ뵽Щַ㵱ʱû˼Ҳˡ
ѩַѰ죬磬ûϵģǰɽǾһ˯ģһҲԣ
ַȻףֻԺڶ˻СνǼ֮أʮأַбҪʹٺú̸̸
νǲˣַ̾ðɣֻ÷伷һˡ
ַ˽뷿ꡢЦʦʦ˼ʦ壬ʵС˵Ҳ޵ΪʲôǸԾסһأ
ŪһԼͷǺӦҲλΨַΪӣضɽŵˡѩȻã˲ãʹ˼Ҳ˰ɣ
λӶʱ̺죬ˡʦЩϢǸˡ
λߺ˦һݵͷСӺƭĨűӽԼķ䡣



286 
ڷѩһޣڶգַ㶥һ˫Ȧ߳˷䡣
֮ǰѩɽһͬϢȷ˲٣ʱ˶·ַ㻹оʲô
ѩΪȪԭ¶ձϸߣϴͲоˡ춼ˣҹأ
ͬͬ·ٺַ͸оһ϶޷Ȼ˯
ѩ˯úԴʼѩ͸оһϢַɢһϢ
ѩ֪ǹϢʲôǹϢ˯ַ߲֪ͽ硣
˯֮ѩͲԾַ㣬ַһˣ󶼵ˡ
ַЦѩԼУ֪ѩڽѣһͬѵĻһԪ񽣣
ѩ嵹ûɢʲôַϢСַ֪Ůбرѩԡ֮
Դѩԡ֮ɢһ㣬ζջַֻԶѩԼ˼
ùǣѩΪѩϢӽַ㣬ַ㻳ŻеַЦãһôȥˡ
߳˷䣬ЦСʦĺ硣棿СʦܵĺȦô£ûϢ𣿡
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ЦСʦڸв֪Ȼˣʦȥϴϴɣ
߳˷䣬СѾ徳ˣòϴˣţС˫Ȧô£
ϵζַ˯㰡
˵ַ㵹˵棬ƴһ˲佫ַ뻳Сʦ̫ܿˣϢһ°ɣ
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ѩ۾˳أȥˣ۾ѩɻƽ㣬ôˣ
ЦСʦӦֻˣϢһͺˡ
ѩϲ·ƼСʦãȻҪϢʦȥ·ô
ѩֵַ㣬ѾоַڵǹϢˣðɣ鷳Ѹŵȥɡ
Ʊַ㽫ŵѩĴϣ߰ɣѩ˵ͷƽг˾ʹѩ뿪ˡ
ֱַѵһԡ
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ѩһۺɫȹƯ˱ͺڿСŮ㡣
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ѩ㱧סַ첲ǸĿ佱ҿѽַʱεЦԶĶŮҲЦˣѩʵ̫ɰˣ
˳ЦλʦֶʹҪַѩǴǰȥɣ
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ꡢƶЯַһ˷еȤȻǻֻɽܷС
ϽЦѩЦصʥɽ֮ϣһַҲܿĵЦˣֻҪѩģ
ɽٶȺܿ죬ܿ˾ͱ˾ãѵˡ
ۣܵǲ˴ǹôƯĽ㣡
Ҳ˳ϼʦΪ·Ưַ㿴ͬܿɰ
ЦλСʦ˵͸㣡˵ͷȡһβ嵽ͷ
ЦллˣܵܣʹʦѾڵˣǿȥɣ
ַɻҲʹģ
ЦȻȻ˭ԶܹѽַʱˣԼѩǹ˵ġ
ַסƵ䣬㣬Ǻһȥ𣿡
ҡͷЦûͨǲõġСʦܿȥɣǣַͷѩų˽ȥ
ȻǸԺ֣ЦһߺȲһƷġ
ַ˺ܿ˹ͬλʦֺã
˶ʱЦʦʦǺãˡ棿Сʦܵ·ô£
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忴ַˣȻЩɬַҲûа취
λʹʱЦЦʦƽվͰĵģȻôԴǵСʦܡʦΪ㻻һ·
˵Цƾһ˦һãַϾþòɢ֮ãȥַԭȵĲ»ΪһСΰɫ¡
ʦ־ȻѽҲҪߡεЦЦ˦ΪҲһ¡
Цַ棬ܵܿ쿴Ҳ·ˣַ㲻ЦҲߵЦˣЦ˸ǴЦѡ
ԭսַ˾һΪǽ棬Цÿ˶żΪʣǵҦ޷ָǣʶǽ
ʲͬ淽ҲͲͬ𣿡
Ц⵹ǣֻиʺŵ淽Ҷһġ
ַȤʲô
ЦѾӵ徳磬ҲѾȱٵıǿơǻڴһȥ⡣ǻӦþͿԼˡ
ѩʵʦ֣˵磬羿ʲôʲô
ЦЦŽѩ˹ȥָϲͺñܳؼɣǲеˮѩװ˵ͷ
һ˵ΪΪָԼصԪܳơ
˲⣬Ц͵ĺѾˣΪͻˮɡ
Цеˮֳɣɳ˲ԪôΪ˵ǵ塣ɲˮһƮǰ
ַ˵ͷˣҲ˵ͷҲˡѩͬˡ
ЦˮŻغУǿʼ档
һãˣܿãʧˣǵѾһǸһ¡
ϸܣȻԸоһ
ЦЦͿʼˣȳȥɣ
˱Ц˾ãơ̰񣺡ʹˣ
ЦЦλʦòʦöѾôˣΪˣ
ʹͻĽ磡Щַ㱾˵Щʲôɰʹǰֻñ˻ȥ
ãλʦڣͰæտһǡ
ǣٴΰһ
ʦ֣Ҫô
棡
ţסˣҲ棿
Ц͵ڶЩղŵǹΪĲͨ޷쵽ġֻˣûһǾͿԸܵ
ԼǵʣǵͻԷԴڵˣҲײٿˡǿʹ󣬾ԼҸǵĥˣ˵Ѿˡ
ô򵥣˸оš
ЦЦףɾˡꡢλʦñſʼģﲻǡλŮ˵ͷ˶ʱоƺĲô׵ģ
棬ʲôãʹѾȥˣꡢҲ˿ӥץСϷܷģ
ַ㡢˾òؼǺĹ
ѩСԴʲôӥץС
ЦũҺӵһϷһ˰ӥһ˰ĸʣµС
ѩίСұȽϲС񡭡
˶ʱЦãðɺðɣǾС׽ӥһģ
ַ㶵һ𣿡
ͦصȻˣܵСƽӥ
ַֽеΪʲôң
ඣȥַίߵһԡ
տʼѩЩϰߣ֮ϷĹ򣬶ַ㱻ΪСʼڲߡ
˰죬˶ܿģҲ֧˭Ҳ޷ܵʲôԼ
һѹأӵ㹻ܸ֪
εȻˣЪټ棡
˵ͷڵϿʼϢ



287 ˲
⣬ַۣȴ̫ۡ
ƵҲѾ˼ޣǸоˣԸо𣿡
˽ҡͷƲڵϣҲˣһҪĻǰɣʱЦá
ַڵϸڵı仯ǹԼ֮СˣԼϢǹƺһЩ
ַͻȻðһ뷨ܵߣС㣬ûо֣
ɻ֣ˣ
ַڻֻһӣֻͨĺӣʦǾȻֻһţǲе̫Ϊˣ
һɣʦǲҲŵķûиоﲻѽ
ַؼȻʦ˵ĲҲǵķˣΪʲôҪλտǣ
üͷϵǲ̫ˣϾǻСнտܺʵѽ
ַҲ˵λ⣬ʹʦֵĻ⣡
һ㶣⣿ܵܲ˵˵
ַ룬һֱ룬֮ʲôطܲǽǶȥ˰ɣ
Ц֪Ҧʦҽ˵ڱ鲼պͻ뾭֮лΪͻھ߹ʹá
ַ̧һָˣ
⣬ַղһֱڸоڵı仯ҷʦָǹˣȻ٣ҿʵĸ֪
˼һô
ַڳС˵ʦ˵ڻһ㻹ǵ𣿡
˵Ԫ𣿡
ǵġ˴죬ȻûзڵԪƳˣ
̸оһ£ģڶһ
ַͷҾʦ˵Ļʦ˵ͻǶôһЧҲûУǸǵǹˡΪ⣡
ҲоЩɣʦ˵ԪһҪܣǲ˵Ԫ飬ʶͣ
ַû뵽ǵȷЩȥˣ
һ£ܵ˵ʹڵĥˣ
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ûѽͻȻһ£ȵȣʦ˵Ҳſʼģʲôľǣ
ַտǣ˵ǿܻʲôΣյ£
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СЦֻҪѧԪǾͬԿ
ַҲСЦֻҪǸΪʲôҪһͿˣҡ
ͬ𰸾λٺٺٺ١
ַ˵ĻЦע⣺Цʲô
ҡͷʵ㣬ʦһΪʲôѽ
ŵĵ޷棬ͬŻʦſԡ
Ϊʲô
ΪŵĵӾǷյģ޷޷ѽ
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˼ʦ˴ͨӵľɵ̾
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סˣ۸ӣֻԼȥ֪˵˵ġһص㣬ɵ￪ʼ½һܺͿٴλص֮УַͷɵЦϣѾЦ⡣
˽ǵĲ²ĸԼѩ֪ϢĶҲúе
ꡢƸо⣬׼ȷ˵ӦǾȣ
ַβٿԪпڵһԪɵҲʹΪµʼȫ
ԪһɼΪּΪǿֻʱһ֡ĺã֣ѩã֣һɱɫãַ֣һ߲ʹã֣
ƶ˴һҪַ֪ûŵĵӣǵôɢ˹ã뵽ʹΪµ˾ȻˣΪʹµ
ַ˿Ԫ߾һؿ򿪣ͨ
һɢڣ֤һѾͨ
ƶŮٴһַ֪ڸʲôˣǾȻԼͨ
˵һεľ飬ڶҲܿͱͨʼǿԸַܵ˻ۼ

֮Ѿͨеľ֪ȷϺĬĬһۣʣµľڵǹˣ
˿ԪĥԪϾ̫ˣҾͨԪҲѾ᧿Σ
ַһҧȵǣŮͷͬʱƲԪȫ
һ죬飬ԪҲʧȥϵĹã˲ɢһϢڣ˲һ˵ϣѾ۵˼ޡ
ƶ˱Ҫ쿴״ͻȻǱסˣ
飡졢ЦһЦ
ǵģǿ飬ΪĿ飡ؼ޾ڴˣΪɫӿַˡ
ãҫۣ˱ǿ֣ƶ˾һס۾Ѿ𾪵˼㡣
ɷԡ֮пЦ
ԼǻۣԼԼţʷΪ׳۵񻰣
ʧ˽վʱ˿ǿڴӿ룬ļʣѩڵĻַڵѩԼԪ񽣣гڵĻ񽣽ѣ
ǽӡƶĿɿڴַѾ׵Ľ徳磬һ֮䣡
ЦЦ˳ϲʦʦã
ַЦʦ˵ЦˣûʦֵİҲô׾ͳɹ
ЦҡȵʦܿˣⶼԼŬĳɹǲûʲôӶЦ
ƶӷղŻͨӣת֮Ѿӵ徳֣ǾȻֻ꣡˾ԼŬƺ׷ˡ
ʦʦΪ̫죬¾粻ȣǼչأ
Цͷм治ɼ꣬УʱԽöԽкô
ѩʦȥϼչأѩûʺչصĵطƾӵҦʦòܾġʦãͷ˷سϼʦôС㷵طѩ֡˴αչǿʦһԣҾչʮ꣬ʮ֮ᣡ
ЦΪѩһ£ʮ֮Ҿٻᣡꡢƣʮ鷳λʦչˣ
ƶ̵ͷʹ˷ģҵȶȻȫչ˺ʦʦã
ʹˣַ˿ʼչأ



288 չز
Ц£ַ㱻ƴطѩֿʼչأ֪ʹ˼ںɽΪַ춴Ѩչʹá
ַ˳ʱչ˻ǵһοϾʹ˼û˸ʡ
ַչؿʼɽѩŵػɳԵλʦ򣬿ɼǶôҪ
ʹίչַӣΨһһɽĵӡ
ӣַչغٴοʼҦʱʱܿΪ֣
ַȻѾӵ徳磬ɱϾţкܶ಻ĵطƾͨ棬ҲΪַıչṩ˲ٷ㡣
һʮ꣬ʱ˵ѾԳأַ㴫˼չصϢ
ڴͬʱյϼϢȫչأ
ЦҡȣЦʦʦöŬĺڴǳغжı仯
һߺȲһЦһǴһģǾĿԴɣȲ衣˺ǺһЦƷ
ѩֺɽѨڣƶһЩַߣʦϢһ£ȳԵİɣַ΢΢һЦ۾
ַѾʮˣʮչԭС˴ˣַҲ˾˵ʡ
ллƽ㣬һ԰ɣ
ɽֻһʯԷ˯ڴˡַΪʵ⣬۰ҹʼմ֮Уʶ϶Ϣ
Ȼܹ裬ǻоַΪչ˶ʡ˺ܶ鷳Ҷ˵ĹϵҲѾʮˡ
˲ͬϲַСʦܣΪַӵݣַҲǿŻԽơ
ʮַ꣬仯ǳ֮󣬲Ϊ˳ӣԼģô
һַĳôˣ
ַѾĽˣƺһЩ
ưĲַͷĺˮʹ˵ʱԽԽкôʹҲҪʧ֤ǵĸԽԽȹˣ
ַЦЦͷƽ㣬ʮʼңΪңҲ޷ܹܵⲻȥ
ЦûϵģʹʮҲǽ硣ʮʦǱɽ㼯ڴˣҲ˲ٺô㿴״̬ǺܺȻĽ磬ǽĸѾȹˣ
ַЦˣܵܶǷ˽һ飬лһҪ㣡
ʼճƺַʦܣǶϰߣʦ˵ЦˡʦܷɻڴˣֻҪǵý㣬ˡ
ַ΢ЦһƷϼʲôϢ𣿽ǷѾˣ
ƵϼѾ֪ͨ˾ãλʦȻڱչ֮СʦܾͲҪˣչˣǻ˳ġ
ַЦЦվǳȥ߰ɣþûкͽˡҲЦЦַһ뿪ɽ
ѩֺɽһƬտɽʥɽԵԶַ˿ӣ֪ʲôӣ
Цϣڳ֮ǵߵĵáɽնһܰĵط
ַȤܰĵطлᶨҪȥҾϲĵط
Цˣѽ˽ʹȥ
ַ˽⵽ΪҦ裬볯ϼҦͬʦã˽ԱָɵԼϼ
¶ͷѩͬˣ¶Ϊͬʦ֣Ϊ壬˳ˡ
¶ΪɱŵӣѩΪ֧Ϊأɳ¶ػ
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ַȻƺΪ㣬ΰڽӣܶǲܸģʶַҲ֪֮١
ƲòǱѩܻԹɫַɫ仯ͻֹͣ⣬Լ˲ʵġ
ƵַʾлΪһŮ˾Ů˽Ļ˵ǣǧҪŮˣ
ȻҲ⣬˵ѩѾַ㵱ǰַԳԣص⡣
ĿǰΪֹȻַҪ飬ʹżһҲ̫ãƽȻЩַɽԴַֻܰ̾ԼãߵĽ㲻ֵ˵
Ǽ˼һη⣬ϲлַͬ˵ƿܼįֺΣʮ궼˹ˣҲϰˡ
ַڼ䶼ƴѩ磬ʮַ˽ѾߣѩֵҲϤˡÿÿƾ;ÿЦΪַ㣬ȻͷѩֵʮҪá
ư̾һ뿪ɽǰѩΪַ׼һЩĺͲˮ
ٴιһ꣬ʹٴѯַõϢȻǼչأԴֻܿЦϿɡ
һ֮ȻˣЦҲʶʲôԼӵбԼǿ»ȥǲѯˣŰɡεҡҡͷҲϿЦ뷨
һȥˣַоѾˣƵĴڳأ
ַصϢܿʹ˾ãʹַǰáûзɽ˱Ƚε飬ڼַƷɽϰУȱٵֻһɽ
ַѴܴ󷽵Ľɽַ㣬ǵûң
ƵķɽһСذ׷ɽΪСɿԲؽ֮Уʶʱضܹʹá׼ȷ˵еӻ϶˶СķɽӻƳڱϡ
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ַ֮Աչʮ꣬һΪ˹̡Լľ硣һΪɽ׼ȷ˵Ѿͨķɽһ񽣣Ԫ񽣣
Ԫ񽣵ԼӦַչؼ֮ŷ顣ΪַڣַûиκˣҵʱҲڵǹɸӦʲô
չʮӦԽԽǿң֮ʱַ㷢Ԫ񽣵ĴڡʱȻַܱӦַ޷ٻԼʹãʶַչ̽񽣡
һַ꣬ڵõ񽣶ճأ
ͬߵķɽԪܹںַڣѯһЩйطɽĳʶַȷԪΪһ񽣡
ȻԼԵ޹ð񽣳ܷѽ⣬ַñչغֵˣԼѾӵһ񽣣֪Ҫ˶ٱ
ַȻǵʹָνвƲ¶ĿǰΪֹû˵֪Ԫ񽣵ĴڣʹҲ֪
ַ㸧̾˿ʹָƲ⣬һǿʳ磬ûԪ񽣶Ȼᱻǿ˶ȡԼҲпܻᱻɱ
ܿѾӽ˾ãַջԪһ֮½С
ʮ겻СʦѾ˳ڣʵ̾Ϊֹķڷ
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Ц̫ˣʦܿһҲǵĸţ
ַЩ⣬ʦʼΪ⣬Ȼǰ;ܺʦܽȷʵǵĸݣַ˶˵˼
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һֳƺţֻа˷֮ϵ߲ʸ񱻳ΪˣЦûʸ
ַ㾪ȵǽﳯҲǳǧһġ֡ʣ˵нﳯ澳ʣǽǴ֮ϵĶ徳磡
ַɫ΢죬λʦ˵Цˣ򲻸λʦᲢ̸ۣʶʦֵĸݣ
ЦչضСȻҲЩнˣⲢʲô¡СĶԣ֮ĲޣʹʦҲȫΡ
Цʦǲ͵ģԷСΪƭԼֱΪأʦԼ㹻ˡ
ַǸЦЦһ񣺡ðˣ
ͬʱҡͷǷŵùʦ֣֮ǰôнϲȻǴǰǸ޾С㣡
ַ㰵пЦʵҲԸˣֻԼڵʵ̫࣬ȫŵùַ֮
ʦ֣ѵֻһ˳ôǣַһǺ棬ԼչΪ˵õԪ񽣣ΪʲôչôãҲˣʮ겻Ҳ֪ôˡ
λʦδأ»ҪչһӡַЩʧǲǿġ
ЦС㣬ڻûԼķɽɣҪƷɽĻʦֿԸҵƷɽĲϡ
ַͷͷʦˣӴɽƳԼķɽ
ЦͷѾƷɽˡȥѰңࡣ



289 
صѩַֺ㽫ɽƣллƽ㡣
ƽɽջУЦʦܿˡʹ˿˵Щʲô
ַ̾ûУֻ뿴ҵı仯
ַΪӵݣЩǲܸԼģЦʦܴô죿
ַЦʦƼһطȡ
ȣüͷȣʦȥʲô
ʦֽȥѰҲԼķɽ
ƵɫʱúѿЦʦܣʵѾûʲôˡ
ַסˣûˣô£ƽַҲˡ
ԭɸֵԼķеĻѣΪȶ⡣
ΪṩƷɽĲϣ֧ԮıҪΪ꣬ȱĹؼ
ɵӱϾڶ࣬ģͿգҺѩãֱȻǷѩ֧ԮĻѡ
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ö֮ƺѾΪ˳ɵŹ棬ɱ֧ԮάŮɵķչ
ƽ˵ַ˽⵽ɵӱŮʧ⣬ɵ˵ҲǧŮɵĵ١
ʶŮɿҪԶԶɵĿҲΪʲôѩֺͳ¶ûз֧ԮŮɵԭ
ҲΪˣѩϵҪãɳչַʱҲûлؾ
ַ˵ʵֻǺܲ⣬άɷչģ
ƽַͣ˽⵽ɵӵһݣҲԽʦ
粻ƽͬˣΪ˻ͳӵȡӶάɷչ
Ϊѩãϼ볱¶ãʶĵΪΪ˻ͳӣ͵ҲᷢŮӹͬ͵顣
˵ƺ飬ǶϷѩֵӹͬһλ˴̵ĳӡ
ַףΪ뷲˹ͬһ磬һЩСΪɷչʲô캦£Ҳ˵˻ҲΡ
ַ㶼ףԼҪƷɽǲˣ뿪ʥɽɽѰҡ
Ʋ뿴ַʧӣ͸ʦܣ㻹һʹõġ
Ϊ޷գɵӶ˽ӵɽ֤ʱӵս
ַллذˣϵܻа취ġ
˵ַ뿪ˣƺסȴ޷ڣֻĿַȥΪַһʧ䡣
ַȷʵЩʧ䣬ʧ䲻Ϊûзɽӵ񽣵ֻΪܹʹ񽣶ַţֻҪΪˣûзɽһġ
Ȼû뵽ЩΪ˰ַһɽ뿪ʥɽ
ַһֱԼڷ㲻ΪѾӵĽ侳磬첻ԲҲʲô⡣
Ѿַ֪֮£ַΪܾȣʮ꾹ȻѾĽ侳磬Ǵ㿪ʼ
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ʵϣַΪ»Ŀɿڴ첻Ϊ˺ú˯һʱ˿ڴϺ˯
ַصĵ죬Ժַ㱻ԵѣԭѰԼѾڷѩſڵȴ
ַŹǷ߳˷䣬ɻʦ֣ƽأȥˣ
ַദʮ꣬ʮۺδ飬ַ㲻֪Ѿеϰӡ
ԵʦʦҲ֪ȥȲ˵Щˣʦܿȥɣ˵Էż㣡
ַһ㶣Ѱ˼ʲô˻ἱżԼأѩſڣַŹǷ˳ֶվһλŮӣΪǱӰַ޷ĳࡣ
ѩôеػģַƽôûǵĶҿַסˣֻλŵӽɵЦǰŮӣѪȻ˳
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ѩ㻹ûгء˵ˣҲͳˡ
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ѩַ㣬ַεʦô̵ǵˣ治ɼģʱԽԽã
ѩõȷ˺ܾѽ
ַҵ˼˵ӦѹΪ;磬Ӧô޵磬᲻ȵģ
ѩַ˼̱úίǰ˵ģ˵ˣҾһ㾳磬صʱѾˡ˵ҵĸȹ̣µġ
ַʱסˣȹ̣УѾ߾ˣʮʹﵽ磬ôܺȹأ
ѩҡҡͷҲ֪ѽ˵ģ˵ҵĸȹ̣ѾﵽľˣչҲûжˡ
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ѩίͷסַöȥѩõλŵѳˣʮʹﵽ˷ľ磡
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ãַ㽫ǰһ飬λʹʱЦ
ЦС㣬ȷʵ̫Ҳ̫ѩʦá
ַ㲻⣬Ц͵֮ԼﳯľʣȻʮѾﵽĽ侳˾ȣǲҪˣǱչصʱѾӵ徳硣
֮ԼﳯչʮȴĽ䣬ЩĲ̫ˡ
ַסˣô˵ˣ˵治ɼ꣡
ЦˣϾǵʱҪǿܶࡣЦʦܽʮѾɽˡ
ַĿɿڴеңҺú롭
ЦЦˣʵĶȻһЩǵĸѾΪȹ̣ȹ̵ĶѾ˾ˣѩʦãСˡѩǼʣڼϤˣʮɴﵽʡʦѹ֣ʱʦþ粻֪ҪǸ߳١
ַĿɿڴѵ˵ʱҪõĶ
͵ʻһ˵ǾʣʹɽҲǲɶõʡ֮Լﳯڽ棬ڡʵ뾳Ƿ쳣࣬ЩԺͻˡ
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290 
ЦַͣѩӵΪʡȻˣַɴѩ뿪˾á
֮ϣַŻԼߵԭվΪٿЩ
ѩЦѽɢЩͿڿˣ
ַͻȻһ뷨ԼĽ侳Ȼ޷ɢǿԲٿطɽȻɽܲٿأǲҲܲٿأ
ַ֪Լ뷨ܴɽܹ֮ƣΪɽƳɣЩܹӦʶſ԰ߵָʾзкս
ַûһЩƽƷʹԼգȴͻŪһЩʹԼĽ侳ҲܹաС
ѩַ֪ʲôȴַɵЦɻЦʲôַҡҡͷȻɵЦѩ⣬ֻôַС
ٷɳûԶ˿λŮӴԶᴩӻǼææַһʶǳˣ
ͬǳɵӣĳַӦæѩǣ
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λʦΪ˴æ𣿡ǰַʵ
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ַǷѩֵĵӣʱ䲢Ǻܾãλʦ㲻˿
ѩֵӣǾ̫ˡӡһλӱ˴ˣǰˣʦֿɷһͬǰ
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ַ㲻˷ʱ䣬˼Ŷָķȥͷˡ
ַ˾һʱķУһɽկڶУɽկȴ˸УɽկһȺ߽ġ
ַɽկѩչʮѧϰ
ѩɻҡҡͷʲô
ַѾﵽ˷򣬶ѾĽ侳磬ɽկӦòɣ
ѩסˣί磬˵Ҫɱɽկ𣿡
ַЦԷϵǵΪȻԸŹǣҲɱˡնֱ۵ǸˣѩȻЩԥǵ˵ͷǲַһȥյġ
ַָʾزǰܿɽկ֮⡣
ʲôˣٷס˶˵ȥ·
ַеʲôʲô
ĸɽկģ
㣬ôΣ
ɷͨ
ûУôΣ
Сӣ㲻˰ɣ
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ɱɱɣôΣ
ַŤͷѩ˵ѩϣɱ
ѩʱЦã硭磬ûɱ˰
ַֽеҲûɱѽ˵ȥɱֲȥɱˡѩʱĿɿڴ
ַ㰵̾һƻ㼯ѩһȥɱ
ȻѩޣǴʱѩǵˣλٷ˺ԥγɽ˹ȥѩֽһæ˹ȥ
ַһʯͷϥȻѩΪԸûоʱǺܳԿġ
ַ㲢ҪѩѧɱˣӵбԼϾѾˣԼɣַ㵣ʱԴ
ͨ۲ַҲ˽һѩΪԵĻսָһѩ
ȻַҲʱֵ׼᲻ѩܵ˺



291 ƽɽկ
ѩַٷҲΣûзɽûо飬ֻĴܷɽĹ
Ͼ磬ѩֺɽ׷Ҳδ˵ѩֺ
ΪѩǶܣַûܿΪǳ˵ѩʵٷȻѩĶ֡
ѽɽկϮ
ѩԼٷ˶סˣַɤӣɱеѣҸҵ֣
硭ѩίַ㡣
ַЦѽΪߣƾʵǲĶ֣ϸΪʲôᱻѹƵѿ
ٷһٴδɽѩһܡ
һ߶ܣѩһַĻоַָ磬˼ףûзɽѽôԸɽѽ
ַƾʵǲĶ֣Ϊûзɽʼմڱ֮СƽҲˣһɽ޷ԿɽղŻˣʧһۡѩһ߶һַ㣬ַ˵ʲô
ַ˵ûзɽĻѶԿɽòҪľ硣߲㾳粻ΪգǽһĻûˣר÷ɽĿ
ѩһַ˵ĲΪĲ֮࣬ʵĲҲбʵĲͬ
Ϊһɽ͵ߵ֮Ĳ࣬ǷͲҪʲôˣһɽͨͨ
ɽկͻȻʮٷˣַĺϹġ
ѩѹʱܶ࣬ʮɽؽʤ̼ͻҽ֮С
ȻЩ޴룬ѩȻܹÿɽĹѩʶԼĹ֮
ΪĲ࣬ѩʶԼӦڽٷˣ֮¿ڽٷ˵жϣʹܹǰʶΣնܹȥ
һ㣬ΪѩΪҲǿڽٷˣѩܹʼձڵĿٷӦٷ˽ģɽٶԽԽѩҲԽԽɡ
ַ΢΢һЦѩѾʶԼŵ㣬ӦòԼˡ
ѩҲһ뷨һ󵨵뷨ԼգһķãҲ˵ҲԵʹãҲԵһַ
ѩţַ㽫㼯ֿԽһκεطˣǽǿ㼯ϣǷԴ˷ɽ
뷨Ͼ뷨ѩûɵֱȥԣǶһɽһָһصڷɽϣѩָû˿ˣѩʱˡ
ѩʼΪѰҺʻὫԵķɽٷˡԽԽܿѩѾȫӦֻеķɽӽѩ󶼻ᱻԭ·ء
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һٷͻȻӳһö裬ѩԱըΪŨѩ˲䱻ڡżɽգۼŨУλٷЦһ˵ϣûһ˿ˡ
Ũɢѩ㶵ǰֻǰһɫ񽣣Ԫ
Ԫ񽣻һɫϽѩס֮żɽѩˡнٷ˴һѩԼѾ״סˡ
תͷȥַֻû°ɣѩɫһ˵ͷ
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ѩһ㶣ߵĵͷȥллָ㣬üסˡ
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Ԫһصѩԣַŷáѩί콫ԪץС
ַߵٷǰǵֽŽȻˣǼ֮ͻϣǽҲ޷ˡշŹǣȥúöȹ˵Ӱɣ
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죬СηɽĽַǰַʱһЦСν
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ô˵̫˵ɣŮ˶ˮģ˲𡣿һλ˱µŮˣأ
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ڵĽٷȻڷЦַֻǵ̸ĺܺЦЩ˵ĻԡǶ
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ãһַһսۺɫɽվͷǰղ˵ʲôɱң𣿡
˴һַʲôʱȥģٶʵ̫ˣһεѪ˳ŷۺɫɽ£ͷѾȵ˵
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˲们䣬һȦɫⲨɽկɢɽկ̼仯Ϊޣԭɽ嶼Ϊƽء
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ѩɻַ£ͻȻ뵽ַڵӺշУʱЦԭҪƭ˵ѽĽ侳磬ȴҪֵ磡
ַҲЦÿɲҪ߱ˣǸܡѩɵصͷٴδЦ
ѩַĸ첲磬ǻȥɣ㻹ڵأ
ַ˵ͷ§סѩաȥԶԶĻѩؽЦ



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ַѩٴλصʥɽҹɫѾ٣ֻзطѩ֡
Сʦֺã
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˫ĶԹ֪ɺʱʼǧʼմڵж֮Уɽͬˮŵжԡ
ƾʵ˫ǧ˫Ҳ޷ԷΪ۳ɻˮԼĻʹ
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ճɵõϢˮٴĵֱ֧ΪáڤȪãԼµԷλӴ졣
ݿɿϢˮսѾͨǬ壬ʱɽԸˮ
ȻɶԿԼЦòԷͬˣκ˶Υġ
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ַͻȻʮǰЦ˵Ǿ仰ʱЩץԼѩѾôԼסһɫ޷Ѱʹ̸ַֻѩ˯ڴϣԼڵϢ
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ַ֮ãһͻȻˣһҪչ˺Լ
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ˣòģ

ܿѩͽƵֱϴɾˣһǿշһʱַ㳤̾ѩ˯ˡ
ѩ῿ַļϣַζûӱչ֮ʱҲûôúϢ
ַ㽫Ƶֱ۷ŵѩϽ˯еѩԾرסַ㲱ӣַЦһֻý˷ڡ



293 ɽ
ѩַͬһչʮ꣬òʮûкúϢֱʱֲڱַѡ
ַ㲻ϢѩʼһֱıĲӣַͷվһϣ
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˵ȽϻһͺͺɽϵĴȷʵΰѹ
Ϊʾַѩ˳̨ײɽֱ˽ʱߵͷ̨׾ͷһƬտĹ㳡ƽƺӽĵطǰˡ
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˲Ϊ˿ƣַ㻹뾡ܰӻֱۣ취ٴֱۡ
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ַ˼ַȷʵʺҽƣϾԪ²֪
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ЦջԪû⣬ͽǰɣ
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Ժڣַ㽫Ԫ񽣻һָᵯ񽣶ʱã
ַ㽫Ԫ񽣽ѩԼó͸ԼĽɫɽ߲ҲԶ֣սҪ˭Ľˣ
ѩɻߺٻսģΪʲôҪҽ
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ַЦʵõķӦЭѾһЩף˴θ罫ƽ㴫ҵĽ㡣ҵĶһ
ѩһپְֵַḶ̌ѩܻЩЦڡ
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ַΪ˽̵ѩϰ뽣Ľϣʹѩϰ˿ʹý
ѩ˵Ǻֵܿļ죬ΪַʼߣԸܵĹģַĹҲںģ
ѾˣѩѾͨҿԻ轣ʱʩŽԴַ⡣
ַʵսҲֱֶ仯ѧϰı仯
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ƵĴ£һϰ
һƬƬҶȻƮ䣬صĲǰҶһƬҶƵĿ



294 
ƿַͬѩٴηطѩ֣鲢ַİȫֱɽ硣
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ַ㲻ΪʲôʹʦҪ˰ţǲѩͬӵĻѩͱסŮУԴѩѡǣֻһ𣡡
ˣʧܣַֻѩߡ
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ЦϵܲҪô˵Ǿȫͺá
ȫ˵ȫַЩȡ
ʦҲ뿴ǵʵʵȫĻʦҲġ
ַЦЦðɣϣҲþȫͷһЦ˺ַ̾˿Ҳ˺󣬶֮ľԽԽԶ
žҲס˺֮ӵıԾҪʼˣ
ʵʦ֣ô
ͬʦ֣ͬݣɷǱãλӸǧʵڲԤ֪
Ҧ𽿺ߵòˣһҵĵӼһϼһȷѩ
ߵСҲôģҿСŻӮ
ĵӶһˣֱһģһ
ţ˵ʲô
ͺոճͷ뱻ε˰ɣ
ܰ
ʹ򣬵𣿡
ĵŶ˵۾ײ̽˷ֿǵĵӾҪˣΪʦдʱֲݵģŭһ˦ͷ˳ڵĶˡ
ַѾ˺Զ֮ľѾﵽףɻǴԷɽϾǻ޷ʹøߵȵ
Ҧ𾪵ˣ˽ɽˣ
ЦҦһɨվ˶ߣ׼֣һ˦ͷ˱𴦡
ַԶԶصͷԤʾ˵ıڿʼ
һã˲ַ£粨ΰĽͬˡ
ַ½ɫ˲ڡ
ǲηڣ
˻𴫳˽µĽɫ˲仯ɫ
˴һߵȷЦ΢΢һЦĵԪ
ַԷó˺Լһķһ㶣˲֮˻ָ̬һƻǰ
˻һԷȥڶ˵Ĳ½֯޳롣һ쳾һȦɫⲨķǿըĿɿڴ
ãһַ˲ڳ󣬽ɫɽֶմڳϡ
΢Цܵ
ַĬĬ۾㣬ˣҡͷַʱһԼ徹Ȼ޷ƶˣ
ãһڱ𴦣ַ΢Цһ̾˿ٴλָ˶޷ֳʤͷ
ַ㽫ɫɽ˱𴦣ǹƽԣܵܲռıˣ
΢΢һЦ˵˵ܵΪƽͷ£صܵѾûжԪˡΪ˹ƽ㲻ʹԪ
ã壬ڻ񽣵İնַЦЦã壬Ԫ񽣵İնλ־ȣַĽ侳磬ƾ޷յġ
λʹȴһЦΪʹԪû뵽˽һ񽣡
ã˲ɿգȻ֯˲ɢϸ߿գ˸ԲٿԷͬʱֻ㼯ִ
֯裬Ӱȫڹã֮Ĵײ
ͻȻأһɾ޴޳֮⡣
һæɿգڿпַ˵ĹãȻڲϽ棬ֺûбղŵǣ
ĵ޲𾪣ʮĽӣѾӵǿʵ󼸰ָӵкʵ
ѩĬĬվЦߣַ˵İΣҲܾȶ˵޴޳Ѿȫƻˡ
һǿٴαгĴɢȥֳַֻӰƮһ
˾ȵǶ룬ȫûܵһ˿˺̬䣬ȫûΪ
ã˸Χɫɽ˽Ѫɫķɽ˲һɢ欵Ѫãַȥ
ãһַһɽָ죺Ȼɫͨãһն¡
һ죬ǿٴα˽ܵԶ
ã˸ٴλصϡãѾջ񽣵һԷȥ
Ȼ˶ûиȫǴﵽЧѾö˺ˣǸ÷ֳʤˣ
ַɢɫãӰ˲ʧã壬ӰͬȰʧ
һ죬볡һα޴쳾ķȥ
ɢȥ˴һַֻӶַؿѪ
Ѿ״סˣܵܡΪʲô㿪
ַ΢΢һЦһѪ˳ǽ㣬һȵܵ
˵ַ㵹ȥɫһѸٽַӵ˻Цһɵܵܡ
ַЦһ۾ε̾˿ַڻѪ˵½Ⱦ졭



295 ͷ
ӵıǽˣջʤֻ˭ҲûпһַΪλ֪
ַ˿ɰѩŻˣסַһʹޣǰѻԵַˣ
ַȻܵشƲǺأؼʱ̱ܿҪ
ַ˳ҲǼΪھΣ֪һӦòʤģ㱩¶һ㱻ַˣַ֪㾹Ȼֱ嵲ס˳һơ
Űοѩַ㣬ֲ֪Ĵʹʱôϣ˵
ҲַܵѯƣԴַЦá
ãַЦˣߵߣ㣬ܵû£õġ
һַһȭΪʹ˹ֻý˵Ļ˻ȥ
СǻᴦġԺһһʱִһЩɳ졣ˣڳ֮ڿ߶Խ˵֪Ҳ˵ʲô
ַ㱻ЦؾƣƵĽʱס
ַָĺܿ죬ԭûȥѰŮǵ˷ѩ֡
ѩɳԵַ˽⵽ҦִһΪҦýӱԵʤЦ
Ǹ̵ܻʦΪ߲ҦڷѩִսʱӦûڶԿС
֪սַȥ˷ѩ֣ҵ˺ַʱˡ
ҦȻѾľΪʱ˿̿Ͻп֮ռ˱ˣΪҦͷң·Ҳٻദ
䶼Ѿˣ㻹ղǳ죡
˭ˣҿˣеͷ֪ˣ
Ҧеȷץһͷƺϲã֮ǰ֮ԱΪͺҲǰ͡
һߴϢһԴǿŮޣͰͷιˣ
ߣЦռ˵˾˿
ѽܲһŴ򣡡
㣿һҲιͷ
źߡ
һַֻĬĬվԶ
һվͬʱЦСôˣƺЩ𣿡˵ŭӶԷҪѧ˵
ַƿڶЦҦѾ֪ˣ֪жѾʮϤԷͻȻȱһ˵ĻǶòϰߡ
ԵʶԵλʦȻûһ飬ѾôˣҲѾ޷뿪Էˣβƽľĺú̸̸ַ֪һֱϲҦ𣬿ϲŻһֱԣܹסԼ
Цƽľ붼룬ĸſƽľģ
ҦҲʾߵǣҲϵͺʲôģƽľҵٻ꣡
˵ʲôӵأ
С㿴˰ɣһͺñҰελʦŭһ
ַĬĬߵ˶м䣬λʦĶԹ޷֪ʦԸӽһ𣿡
û飡ֱӻһ俿ȥ
Ȼ˾ЩԶǶȻ棬ܴϢһܡַվм䣬ǡ赲ǵߡ
ַ̾˿һһӵʱ򣬾ʳʱҲ֪ȥδһΪĵһͶ·һϢʱֶ㯲֪鴦ϣȴ첻Ҫ´꣬ҿԶȹһ졣ʱ򣬽ˣҦʦĵӣ
ҦȤ
һҲȤô˵ʱѾʶˣ
ַЦЦڵϣѽʱǾʶˡĺӾ۵һҲǿЦ˰ŵģһΪָ˵·
·˺ĺܸȤ鲻ԽŲַߡ
ַЦλʦ²ţǽԵֵֻһͷͷҺͽһѩҲǱͷǵߡ
ͷŹֵһҦزҦһץһҶϡ˴ѵûһ¼ַĹ¡
ַ΢ЦǰͷһͷܺˬľͽͷָһμĺӣҲΪͷʶˣ
ҦͻȻЦûУ˰ͷǺӣǶô
Ҧһۣأ
ַЦѩΪͷߵһһɽˮѰʥɽΪľܹҵ㡣
Цô˵ǰͷѩ
ַ˵ͷѩûгԵǽǰͷֻ˽㣬Ǳչصʱ򡣡
ʱЦҼСѩܲСƺʩѩ֪ͼ
ҦЩˣ֮ıҲǱ֮ıԡ
ַЦҲѽҺͽֿ󣬽㽫ǰͷ͸˺áߺҵҦһԺߺ
ַͷκ˵ʶദиж˲䡣ع˲䣬ʹìҲ֮⡣Ϊϻ飬ֻҪǿϰݣͲԵδˣͻȻסˣҦҲסˣַƺǶԶ˵ʲô
ַĹ£ܶӦöôİϧԷ˳ĳμȴԣԼǺεȵơ
ַվֻǽܹϵǶѶԷ˼˿λʦȻ֮ͬʱ˵ˣʦʧΪǶþȫΪӣǵȻϣʦܹ֮úദˣǻңλʦأ˵ַ㻺ȥʣĬĬӡ
֮ѩٴαǿҶԿַĹǰ˵ˡ
ַҲҦһżȻĺӳԽԷ˿ΪʦǸӦýԼĵӵˡ
ûнԼĵӵˣ˲ΪԼıӵ⣬ԼԼһ˽
Ҳַ£ϼѩֵĹϵǰǰ䵭Ȼ˫Ȼԡ
ЩεʵϵܣƺЩ𣿡
ַһ߰οеѩһЦģܵѾûˡЦһͷƺкܴĸҡ
ַЦ㣬£ϷΣ
ϷŮһԵơҲȤ
ַͷϷͽĽգ
Ľգɻ󲻽⣬ѩһЦ
ַһ§ѩЦ֪ѩҶĽ侳磬ҿգӦҲܹ
˳һգ
ַͷȻˣʵܼ򵥣ƽľ
ѩС죬ַ㻳껵Ц
Ϊ֤ԼĿԡաַʹ֮ϡ
ַߵ̤˼ţÿŶ̤գҲˣҵĽŲȥҲաƽľ̤ȥ
˵ַͱ۾ģһ鵤Ķƽľ
˾ͿַĽ̤֮ϣַһֻҲ̤ȥ
ֱǡ漣Ŀɿڴַ㾹Ȼˡ
ַĬĬתһٴλص֮ϣ۾˿Ҹղ
ϲüңΪֻҪõҲܹ
ܿܵ±ϣַ̿ڵûгɹǵþʩԼ
ַġֺأַ˵Ԫͷʼѧַһ飺鵤ƽľš
ѩһ˽ַ㻳һЦֻѾӰ֮´˳ʹ
ַѩͻȻЦɻɨһۣߵ±ϾҪ̤
ַ̽˻ûûдﵽֵزǲҪˣǾһԿıݾͺˣ
ͻȻʹµײַһ㶣ôЩ죿
ѩСղҿƽȥ
ַʱĿɿڴʲôҵν㰦λɵӴ
ϦĹУַſ±ʹĵĴʯڣµײŮʹӳѩվһԿЦá



296 ϯ
ԴӽӱԽַ˾ͱλʹرžסһ𣬾˵ΪִʵҲΪǵİȫ롣
˾סĵطڷѩֺɽַչصɽ½éݸǾס
ƺȻչ˵ӣΪѾˣչҲ˺ܶࡣ
סѡڷѩҲԭģʥɽسǣСɡȻɽս¶һƬɽƽʱ޳ûʺ˵ľסοַ㻹ӣסҲʡ
ʥɽΨзѩȫΪѩֱһƬشαɽաα֮һƬԭʼɭ֣ƽϲܵӰ졣
ȻŴɣҲҪɵĿӣشʹɲַǱ˶ϡ
ɻ϶ɽ½罨ģǷӵежԶԹǲһɰȻġ
ҲΪˣַ˲ŻᱻڷѩֺɽȻơ걣
ƽȻݣַΪԼķ˷ܣܶʱ䶼ڷ
ѩѾﵽ磬˵Ѿûж壬ԾַķС
Ƚ⣬ΪǼʣͨ˵Ҳûж塣Ҫʵǿᣬ뾳ߵûжͱȽˡ
ЦûָȷҲǵʧְʵ͵ġ
Ϊֻͨ磬ȻͬǽӣҾַͬͬʵԶԶַ㡣ǻЦǶһʱֻĬĬ
͸ַʵѾˣѩзľ磬ΨԼʵҲЩġ
еģΪԸǻúöչʱŵ㣬֮ʼղϾ
ⲻΪʶַġĽաѾͷÿʱÿ̶ڳԣɽµʹ֤һΡʧܡˡ
ַġաͶȡɣȻųһδˤҲܲҲûиյĹؼ
ַѾﵽĽ侳綥㣬ͻƵ磬ʶںַܿӰӡ
Ȼַһ¡աķҲַͻƣҲ˼
ѾϣԼʵΪȣʹﵽʵҲǿ϶٣ֹֻͣ
Ȼڳգεˤ䲢ûĥţʼţֻҪַܹҲܹ
һʧܣƲվſڷһ䣺ôˣ
ĬĬҡҡͷͷˣ
̾Ѿˡ
ΪʲôܷƵӣֻסɽܡ
֪Ҫʲôе㲻Ҫÿɲѧϰѽ
ٺ٣ûϵҲģһɣʱЦá
ɽϣſ񣬵㲻Ҫѽۡ
ЦҪ£۾һվûˣ
Цɽ¡ɽ¾˵סɽ׵ľ룬Լ޷գ㻹˰ɣĲѧһԿŽ㡣
ҡҡͷһѽȥʱϳ֮׹ɽ¡
䣡
ΪǱģڿǰ˵룬׼׼ַķ䡣
ַڴͻȻϷ£Ϊɺϵַ㻳Уѹ¡
ҵﰦַʹֻеסˣڸʲôôͻȻʹݶϵˣ
ɽŵòᣬرַǲɿ֮۾Լַ㻳Уַɻ۾Լ
һȫԲڳգˣ
ַֽеǺ˵˲Ҫôѽ
ί죬ɲַ֪ǳġ
һϷͬʱͷ
䣡
˲ҽŵ˴ϣֻſϽϡ
ַʹŽŮһǿ׼λúǿҵķӸҳʲôˣ
εЦЦʵڲ˼ҿõˣ͸ɴһˣ
ַ亹㰡춼ڳԣʹԪҲܲ˰ɣˣֻҪȻͻˣ
ҡͷǶû˼Ľղźأַε̾˿
˼м伸ҪˣҪѽ
ַ뵽ڻУɿɵЦöԲ𰡣ˡ
һЦ´ȥоú棬ܾܵŰɣһŽסǣ
ոĻʱһֵַ㻳ַס㲻ҪˣǶѹˣ
Цŵͷס˳ȥЦֹ֪ͣ
ַЦҡͷɨһݶ̾˿۾
ʱͷִһУַֽһ˴ûܶȥٴַ㻳Уַݺݵѹ£ַЦֻϵù
ɲٱɽˣɻطȥ˳ȥ
ַ㰵̾ϷмҲˣɴ쿪˫۳Ȼֵû˽ַ㻳һŽַ߽ȥˣ
ȻһҲоۣллܵˣ˵ųٴ˳ȥ
ַЦɴ˳Ҿ͵군ˣ
ѾҵĲӵķӣַЦһ뿪˷䡣һַˣֻѸ뿪˾סء
ơѩȥѩԡʱյ˷ѩϢʹҪ¡ַһϢˣҲܰˡ
Ϊ𻵣ַʱȥѩķѩλʦܳȥˣȥˡ
úʹʹ˵һǾȻóγϯӵְ
ˮˮʦܵõϢˮж򡣳Ѿ֪ͨǬɣǬѾɳӸɣҳɽǬ϶Ըˮ
Ϊʲôʲôϯӣ
Ц͵ɱϾһɣ˴ǬϣǽɳĵӢӡʦõʵĿõģʱʦôĵӣϯһְĪ
ίҴ죿ҿʲôҲѽõܴܵɣܵͦʺϵģ
ЦʦܱϾ£ο²ġƿԣ֪ʱЩַأ
Ц˴¹شǬѾɳǵϯӣȻҲӦɳԼϯʦ֪ĵԼĴӣǴ˴³ѾѡˡѾλЭ̹һϿʵ㵣γϯʦҪĵˣеָӣҲҪǬӵˡ
εطŰۣǲǵʱһж˵㣿
˵˵ͷðɣȻʦŵùң˴Ҿʦֵģǽҿɲʲôϯӣ
˵ͷһЦʵѡϯҲΪ˷˴Ǭɵϣһдġ
Ϊϯӣܿĵټе˴¡
֪ΪϯӣַԵΪˣΧųϵϲǲںʲôϯϯ壬ϲڣԴַ˱ʾɲǵģԼ뷨
ò˵ȷʵ뷨ȻаϯӵҪַϰաַ㱾ؾǵոϯλӣҲ֮ҪͳĵӢǬɣԼΪܵȻӦ֧
ַӦ˳֮ͺˣΪġ顱ǡ顱ǵ汳



297 Ǭ
ѩֺɽ
𡭡𰴣Ŷ
ѩ䣬ַſڴϣΪַ㰴ĦεվһߣϵܣҪٽ˺𣿲Ǳ
Ǳ£Ǵɽºòã
ѽһûʲô˵ġ
ַֽ˵ףȻ㱻ԣտʼϣȻֱˣÿζô׼Ҷǹôˣ
˭㲻úýҵģҪǲ𣿡
Уַ᣺ҪǲܾͱȵͷˣҲ֪ôģ˫ų²˵ģҽ㣬ôѽ
֮ǰ㲻Ҳӵͦõ˭㲻ġ
㵱ܷɰҪ˵첻ͣ˭ôһֱѽ
Ҳַ˵ͦеͷðɣϢһ£ָټ
ʲô㻹Ҫֱַˣǹǿġ
Ȼˣǳɵϯӣһ㣬ȻᱻǬЩСģ
ַ㣬ʵѾˣѧʲôˣ
һ˦ͷǿɲУѧ᲻ɣˣϢɣһ㣡
˵ˣַֻоԼıͻȻʹ̣ҵαƿЦãСذĦַ󱳡
ߣѩǾ˽ѩһץסַ֣ôˣ˵ûˣ˵һҪأ
ҵαɽصַزҽ
ܿٴյʹԭǬѾʥɽҪַǰ¶ϡ̾Ϣϰգڿûлˡ
ַ֪ʹпԣǱŸߺˣտҲô죿
ȵ¶˵ֻѩչַ¶ƺԴ
¶ΰĳɱŽ׳ۣķ羰ַûʲô羰ƵĴ˽볱¶
һɿվڴ֮ϣվʮλµӣһλӴ졣
μţΪǳˣǻҪġ
屳˫ֵ˵ͷ°ɣ
Ѱλǰµģ߼һʮλ
ҲȥλǳɵľӢӣƽϯӴ졣˴ɳϯɾӢЭͬǬɵĸλǰ򡣡
µʩһ񣬵ųϯѾѡһȻһ˲ţ
ַᴵһвˮһڣʦֿˡλǳɵϯӣСܲͨһ
ӶʱΣͬʱֳԾַĻߵλŮӾȻǳϯӣ
һ˵Ůͨҹ˵ʱԽ٣ʶʵӡƶϯӦΪӲŶԣǳϯȴһλŮӣ˾˵һ飬ǰλŮϯͨŮߡ
ӿЦһһ񣺡ˡʦ׾ûϳʦݡʦǬϯ£
Цʦܲؽ仳λܵڳɵҲָľӢӣᱻϴ
ַЦЦԭȴ߶ųΪʲôҪԼͻȻַסˣΪ룬Ȼ˱˻ûãζѾˣԼֻ̡ܸ
±ַԼ䣬ֻǿַһһģҺеߣֻĬĬصλϡ
ԭλţ˴ǵʲô
ѾõϢˮɳȥ򣬾ĿĻö֪ʦܺҦʦѾЯǬǵװΪͳӣ˵򹩵ʳáǻһ񣬾ЭͬʦܲˮĿģпܾ;ƻǵļƻ
ַžʹʦѾȥ˱βҵǣ
Ŷ̺룬ʦ¼ͬһжĵӣʱȻϵפء
±ȭţȻ˴϶Կˮ;гַ磬ָɺָӣ
ҪͳӣȻӦ̷ͬɵӸһΪ̷˰Ϊӣֵɵӻɵϯָӡ
ЦҲãƽҲ໥ۣͬ̽һ򡣡
оɣȳȥ׼ˡ
¶⣬˳С·һ·ɽʥɽɽţλɵѵڴ˴Ӻܳʮ󳵣üͷ
ַѩĲǰƻҪıһˡͷ
ʵʦܿкý飿
ַӽϳ׷㣬ࡣǵЩҲȫġƽԼ㣬ǵλöŮޣװ̷ţɵȫΪ̷ͣǼ˸ڳַĻɴͶƱ
ĿǰΪֹҲȷʵֻҪˮ͵ϮҲˮ۾˭뵽ɵĿѺ˶ֻм
˴αϾΪˣϣλְܹ֣ͬʱҲҪעȫһͬͷ˳¶
Сʦܣ
ַ˳ȥʱˣʦ֡ʦ֣ô
ԵЦ˹ʦСʦܣҶСʦһͬǰСʦôˣ𣿡
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ַ㻵Цһѩ˯ˣ˻棬֪жĽʡްǳһЦѩˡ



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ʮһղԲ·ʹܵˣҲܲˣʶֻڻĮϢ
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ãһɫ϶ʱ飬ַ㽫ѩӵ뻳У˼ллׯǺڣ
ãһַ˲֪ȥͺ΢һһתȥˡ



305 
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ַһѽֻһѪˣҪٸˣɨһĳˣַһȥ
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ԭʳѪΪֻ׺ѪҺ֮Իĳɷ֣ӦþΪѪ
׺ɻɨַһۣתͷŰϲѪ
ϵѪɾˣ溾ͽַŵߣſСٴ³һЩѪ׺ʳá
ܿѪͱ׺򾻣ֱַӽ˹ȥ³ѪѾЩӣҵİɣ
˵ַһָѪҺ׺ɻɨַһۣСͷһһַ
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ĸأ
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溿Цҡͷǿ˵ᷢͻΪάƽֻΪռѪʳá
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ַͷεģҪѪά֣ȻһΪฯö
ַ㰵̾һ溣;ֺαضһλ߶飿ȻҲᷢ⡣
ĬĬͷַҲԼ˵ĲʣЦһ˰׺
骲мһ£˵Щ־ģܷͨɣ
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׺һͷѪ𣬱˵Ѫúȶˣ
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׺붼뿪˵
Ϊʲôأ
Ϊ۸Ҫף
ɵصʯҸĸŮ˶ˡ骴еǺˣ۸ˣ
Ϊףϲҵ˵
骶ʱƿԣԼȷʵ˵һЩĻʵʵı͡
ַصͷ⺢гϢ׹֪λǰʲôԼ
溻̧ͷҲˡ
ĺӲˣ
ޱ齫׺һ취ġ
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ַɰ溻б׺ŵ˼ϣôɰһһ취ǰˣԸ׳ѪͲΥԼˡ߰ɣǿԱ֤㺢Ӽʮʱ˵а취
溳һû뵽ַ㾹ȻԸǡ
ʵַԼҲ֪ΪʲôǣȻԼҲţܰͰɣϲϵֻСꡣ



307 ˮ
ôɽַϵİ׺ҪѪ˾͸ҡ׺ͷַ˯˹ȥ
ַʵÿ춼ںѪԶ𣿡
溵ͷֻܳʳõʳҲ
骵ȥԵĲͿ𣿡
ַ㳤̾һȥ骲⣬Ц׹ﳣڴˣǮ԰ҳжߣһԱ⣬Ļʱԣ
εرͣԼ˵ʲôǶģɴֱӱˣ
溿ЦһַȥҲֻøȥ
ģַسҵλߣ˵ʲô취
骱ΪʲôͷһʱԼ˵ϻֱӴѯʵͷ
Ѿ߳Զ뽫׺ŵԼϣǷȽϺã
ַƲϲϲɣʲôڣ
ַһԹԵЦѩһЦסַĸ첲ַ㰵̾һȥ
ּܿУǾͷֳ߳λˣˮˡ
ͷһ㶣˷ɽַ̾ԩ·խ
·խרģ
ַһ㶣ңҸʲô
һһַȥַüͷһն𣬳Ҳ̷ɢ
ãһַѸٶһԣֻǰ·Ѿƣεַն
ַˮĳԹ壬ǵĶԿҲǺ壬ȻΪʲôҪƴ
ٷϻεһַ㣬ַεʵԪԶεһһ׷ȥ
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˴ˮΪΪˮһӣԸַҲǵΣʶ˫ֶأԪڳĴ׷ɡ
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ĬĬͷַ˵ʵȷͬһ㣬ԷλŮͬ˳ԾĿǰַ˲ж֡
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ɽʵ̫ˣһҪչ˻еİ׺溶ʱɽˣ˵ƺѾǼҳ㷹ˣޱš
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εһһַ㡣

һ죬εķɽϣַ΢΢һЦһ溡
ã˸̶۶صڴϣַֻӰƮ죬һɫɽޱȡ
Ƭ֮еķɽϣַѸջ溣ֻĶڵϴϢš
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һãһ̧һնһɽѣüͷ΢һԡ
ãɻأѩַ˳

һ쳣̶ֻԶⲻϣһַԣƬ֮䵽εԡ
һϣΪзɽԿֽڶߡ
Žħ
ֽ
һ˸˺˼·Ѿֹͣ˴򶷣ãһ˹ߣ骽һѸ˳ߡ
ԭǻһУεһϽӵϣ빮Ҳˣֻ²Ϊʲôǵķɽϵ
ַ˼£ҸղѾ˵ˣǵսû壬ʹܹɱǼǻܹɱϳ𣿡
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Ҫʹ򣡲ǲǶ֣
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Ҳַ֪һ֣ǲ֪ǾʲôϵķɽһǿԿ϶ģԼ÷ɽûƷǣȻҲûа취ǡ
ߣһһȥ
εǻмĻᣡվͷһ룡˵εһȥһ̾һͬȥ
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㣬˰ɣ
ε̾˿ߵʼԪ
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ѩСܣЩֺ߲ûֱӽʵ˿ȥеʰˡ
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磬ô죿Ҫ𣿡ѩԶߡ
ַ۾Ϊʲô
ǹ׹Ҳܵǣģ
ַеҪǹ溺ҷģܱε𣿽ǣ˭ҳҶ
ԽԽַɴҲˣѩߣ߶ʱ˺üǿǼʶַʵĻҸŸɣ
һЦСûмַ㷢ŭǼˡ骣һͬŰֲ
溵عˣ˶֪˳ǣ˭ַǶҪԶԶġһʵ⣬ַλߡ
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ż䣬ַ㡢ѩһͬȥˡ
ַϵİ׺Ѿ˽ʲô뷨
ַ㵭
ַ㻹Ϊ˵Щ䣬ѩ˵ֻĬĬַˡ
ЦСֵĪҪ߳ӴȻҲ̳֡οͺڲ޴󰭣αΪ˵С¶ŭ
ַ㲻̾һҲΪԼ˶ŭЩʵ̫˰ɣ
ЦϾȣЩȻֻΪʲôҪ
ַָżϵİ׺ǰ溵ĶӣǣȻҲҪˣ
߻ҡͷСֵΪʲôҪֻꣿ
ַÿ춼ҪѪֲðˣֻܴˡ׳ԼѪΥԼɣ
߶ʱЦͷȻΥԼҲҪһСֵܣһŮԵ޹ܶ鷳㻹Ҫ𣿡
ַͷɻΪʲôҪ˰һŮ̬ûƻΪʲôأ
ַҡҡͷҲ֪ģ̫ͬ˰ɣ
߼Ϊ˶ߵĴսָԣ
ַȻҡͷ֪˵ɣеָо˵
ߵͷһЦСֵ̫ˣ˻Ʊġ
ַʵǰʲô֣
ЦֵûʲôͳƺһЦɡ
һЦַŹֵһЦǰ֪ôֻܰС𣿡
һЦҡҡͷţ
ַЦǰ֪ô˵
һЦЦȷʵУʵںѡ׺ܸĸӰ쵼棬һºҽΣȷʵһ
һЦۺ룬Ĳ޷ڣֱ˵ӵȴ壬ܹҵһӵѪҺޣȻ޷ͳһ
ӵѪҺޣַѩһ㶡
һЦͷЦȷʵˣֻҪѪڸ׺ʳͳһ
ЩѪҺ
ܶ࣬ǳϡ٣顢ˡҲԡ
ַ㲻һ亹˵ˣû˵



308 һ
һЦ˽ַͣºܼ֣ӵѪԵ޲޾ޣƽһѣ˵ץǲȡǵѪ
һЦر𽻴ǳڷʳҪַץѱһֻޣڽĽ侳˵ʵЩǿѡ
һЦ˵ޡ޵һ壬ӵ߲ȵձ˵ߺǶԿ
ϰ׺ϡͿܹµļѣҲԥǷӦðַæ
ַǰ˵Ҵδ֪ǰʲô
һЦЦŵͷ˵һЩҷȰСֵܻǲҪԵĺá
Ϊʲô
νߵĹأ߼ûܹȫ˵ģ
˿µĵطʲôطȻˣַ㻹ǲһȤԸ͵Ĳ
һЦ磬һƬĵڱĺѩ򣡡
򱱷ַȷʵ֪ԱһֵأޡӰԼѩһȻҲ˵Ǹطֻǲ֪ʱλǷʵ
һЦɫ࣬ѩǱΪƽȵģΪﵽǱְҹѩǳ䣬˵߽ԻẮ޷ʹǺֻк߿Դ˵еˡ
ַü棿
һЦͷޣ壬һ˲ܶԸˡ
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ѩʱЦãʵ˹Ŀ࿴֪ΣջҪǰ̽
һЦһ㶣֮Ц͵Ŀⲻϵͷ˵ĺã˵ĺãСֵ˾ʵѵáȻˣҾڴ˹Сֵֻܿ׺ͽҰɣһչ˺ģַͷһЦ׺ˡ
׺ſɰС۾磬һҪСģҲ޾ˣûбҪΪҷգ
ַЦģ˿粻ʵµģǿԼġСŸ磬ҪѪ˾ҽ㣬ģ
׺ɰС۾ˮһƬСûмΪֻƴߡ
ַѩþѾҪĥúϢɣԼȥͿˣ
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ΪˣȻƺأĻָǺǿģ˸ΪѸ١
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ַЦǿɲУҲǰĻ˭׺ιѪ
ָ骵ѽͿඣ骵ɴ۾ЦкĵطôٵңҲܣҾҪȥͷҪʲôޣ
һЦЦΪֳѩǺеһ֡
ʲôӵģ
ȫΪɫɫΪûгΪޣǵѪͬʹá
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ȫ亹ΪһѪ
ʱҾһ㣡
ɽ骱۾ΪƣַĿɿڴԸŮ˻кð취ģ
һЦмǲ³çѩͿԽģУ˵ͷȥˣԶԶȻַܹĳ
⣬εٴγ֣һλµӳ˰񣬵Ǹոճǣ򱱷ȥ
еܸ棬˴һҪǣ
εɴ⣬Ҫǻһδ֪
ʹӵҲܶ࣬ǡ֮ѽͷ֮ޣ
һۣȿʲôĿģ׼ʱһɱлᣡ
εߵҵôǵ£
΢üͷô뵥жҵļƻʹͬˮһ飡
εЦȰ㲻ҪΪǣҵĺһŹ㣡
̾Ϣһ㿴ǣû־ѾʼڧˣôԸɵӣ
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ߣεһһȥεҡҡͷ
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˷ɷֱ֮ͣͣŵﱱ򱱷˴˵ĵһоǺ⡣
´½⣬Ҳȷһɺ⣬ٿ֤˴֮ͨء
磬㿴ַ˳ѩֱȥֻһƬңֶϽľһأȻҽս
ϼһȽõķɽǵȫѹϵܣãҲüɽðɣַͷѩѰҷɽ
ǰһƬɭ֣˵ǡɭֵڴַ²ӦǱصڴ˷˾ҳͻ
طɽͨƷʣ˵ҲǺôģѾûҪˣȫ˵ˣ
ܿѹϣһҵʮһõķɽַ㻹򵥵̽أµѪַ֤Ĳ²ǶԵģȷʵ߷˽ս
ɽ˾֣ѩΪֻõɽѾˡ
ַǰɭһסԷһǻǾͨΪã
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ʹԪ˵ٶѾ쵽£֮һβܿѾᴩɭ֣ѩı߽硣
ոͣ˾ʹһֻһƬͷѩ׵ڵɭֱԵһ˲һ
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ҲЩָ֣߾Ȼ˱ֱҰѩ̵طֲȣƬѩȻγɵ
ѩͻȻָԶ쿴
ַǰֻǰѩ׷ɣڵȫ磬ʲôɾȵģ
ַɻѩסˣûиܵʲô𣿡
ַĬĬҡͷʲô𣿡
ѩһ㶣еҸоϢַٴǰǳ˷ѩãĸɽĶʲôҲ
ѩ̾˿һſԽָ߾ҪȥͻȻסˣתͷһ硱
ַ㲻⣬ͻȻоѩϢڴʱһһѽѩ˻ѩѾ͸ֽűӲ˼Ƶġ
ѩĺַǳԾǹɺȻ˳ѩ崫ַַٸֽųɿѩѩЦһֱֱص˵ϡ
ܲ⣬ѩȴַֹˡַѩǳ䣬һ¶Ắ壡һܲһֱѩڵϰɣ
ַٳɽѩ𣬵Ĳܽġˣ֪ǰһ߽벢أôģ
ҡҡͷ벻һ֮˴Ĳ࣬о޼ס
ѩѵؾֱָԶһɽ壬ַһ㶣Ԫѩ塣
磡ÿɰĺ갡ˮ˳ַҲ㶵ص˵ͷ
ֻһѩ֮ϣһֻɰСԴ͵͵ˣɫëɫĶ䣬ɫСβ͡
˹Цǵȫѹ򣡡
һãһѩһѪڵأ˴ȥֻεЦվԶ



309 ѩ
ΪԵʣַעûܷΣա
ѩǵһεˣؼʱתƫ˷ɽķ򣬽±óַķɽ̴Լ塣
εЦ֪˻ʹԪأεףԼʹõѩûʱֹԼġ˵ѩı˷ɽķ򣬲˵εŽɽתѩ
ɽ̴ѩزδ˼Ҫ֪Ǻ˻εΪԶûаպó߶ȡ
ַ̽ѩȻѩȻ䣬ַҲ޷ٹ˼ˡ
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ε߲Ҳֻ÷˳ʮˮӳɰԲַΧڷָԡ
һȵַǰϵߣֹǣ
ַһε˿ӵԪĴڣƾһζԿˣͻȻ󷢽ãַ㰵˿񽣵ĻƥС
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ǰˮкѩƾһͻˮǲܵģֻн뺮ѩһַ̾Ϣһ׷ɵ磬ҧҧһȥŭһεȥ
εüͷһһӹ򺮱ѩʮλ߸ε뺮ѩ򡣹һ۳һ߶ԸһעεǵĶ
ȵķεǾȻη䣬ǺƺûвӰ죬ô£
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ֻ̾ףַˣԼѾûа취ٰˡ
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313 
壬ַѩɳ˯ţվһԿʼתԪ
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314 
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ѾۺӳһֻɰĺɫС񣬶ô죡
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£ɢŵعãữǷʡһƬҶȻ䣬һԶŵĺƮƽ̨֮ϣ



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ģΪ޹أͨдͨԪ뾭ӣѺԪɾתﵽ˼㾳磬磡
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Ϣ֪Ѿλǰһڣ߿ǰ죬ֻбϿɵ˲ſԵõ񽣣ȫҵ֮ʧ
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֮ˣȻѾӵ񽣣вɴҫһɱ֮ɲҪûǰǣĬĬͷ׻˵ģСһҲ˵ͷ



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Ϣպ󣬳Ԫκֱ۵ƣѩҲ˹
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ΪӦʼھƵڣһЦչǣҸȡѪΪ׺ʳͬ壬ұѪҺǳʺϰ׺ʹã׺״̬ԽԽãڼʹ첻ѪҲκβʡ
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ϾΪϯǬȻͳݣʶԶµףο¶ԳҲкøС



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ѩַѩȥʦǲʲôƻ
һƷʲôƻ㶼ѾӦˣǻô
ַˮһڶʦ˵Ҫ𣿡
һ裬С԰꣬ϸ飬ʵкܶƥ©𣿡
˵˲ˮ˭ַ֪һ˹ȥ󽫲豭ĵϣҿʲôƥ©ʦǸҰɣ
̾Ϣһٴεһ裬ַһ˦ץ˹Цһ𴦣ãһַ
ˮأһãһɨˮٴη
ڵľǱеˮƮֻкͷһַ㽻սһ̵߽
ַһˮٴ𣬵ʹƮҲǰʦ˼ģ
½⣬ʦѾ侲𣿡
侲ʲôãʲôң
䣡
˻Ϊãݶϲ죬ǱˮҲַһߵ˸߿֮ϡ֮Ͻãӿһˮһ߶Կ
С㰡Ϊʦȿڲֻ
ȣ˵Щƥ©
ֻҪ˼ͻֵᷢģ
ʹкãѵһԺΪ𣿡
䣡
ַһƸԵˡһֽס˵Ĳˮһˮûб
һڲ裬ɣΪʦΪʦʹͬˣ
Уַһڵϣ˯ȥˣСĲҵĿˮ
ۡ
һڽˮ˳ȥЦһѩ
ϼĬĬױ̨ǰҦ̾һ˳ߣˣ
ҡͷһЦûУֻܿҪ뿪ˣ̫Ĳᡭ
Ҧ̾㲻޸Ǭ壬ΪʦΪģ
΢Цŵͷɽ綨µĹأʦҲ޷ıŹ档ǵˣһЩҲͲᷳˡ
Ҧ𽫳ӵ˻ʵԾֻܾΪǲǿͬ⣬ܵҲΪİɣ
Цжˣֻϣϵ첻Ҫɵ¡
ҦͻȻһ£ƺ뵽ʲôСʲôɵ£һҪ֧
ɻ뿪ҦĻҦЦסΪʦĻʵΪʦҲϣᷢˣɣΪʦΪʦСԼ뷨ͬˡ˼Ƭ̵˵ͷȻЩҦĻǴ˼ˡ
תͷȥϼһЩѾʼŵƽʣӦٵһ



318 ׼ƻ
ӦǬȻ˵ϣǼȻѾͬ⣬ֲòӦ׼
ϯǬϯ֮˲䴫ʥɽơõϢǴһæѩַ㡣
ڷѩǸǳԾ·ѩֽ䱸ɭϣ˲ַ㣬ַ뿪ѩ
ƶ˱ѩֵ赲޷ַ㣬ֻ֮ǰϼѰҳѾΪһϲֺ첼鲼䣬ҲѾʼ׼
ƶ˵ֻ΢ЦǬϯٷ磬޸ʲôõģڳ̬ȶЩɣ뵽ַ㱻˶ʱǳӣ
ִ˵ԼǸԸ޸Ǭϯ˲μǵĻ񣬶˰̾Ϣֻܾʹ¡
պǬԵţͬǰϼȻҲС
ϼѾҦĳɺɫͻ鷿ϲ󣬳ϼλӽź³æµšڳ˺Ƶ̬Ǭŷǳ⣬͸λΪǬӶ˷
Ǭŵ΢ЦҲ΢ЦҦɫЩӲ²ǿһ˿΢Ц˵ͷ
Ҧٻ³ǬţԵһǬžѾϲ˳λϯ
òǴﵽ磬һ㶼˸о޿ޡ¿ϲüԣһλһ˼֮ͻԼˣвпǧ
һ̽ԲڳǬʾǳ⣬ͬʱִгɲ㣬ʦĽ̵Ǳһ񣬳ǰ൱ɹۣ
Ҳһ棬˽Ǭ֮¡ǬΪߣΪۣǶµףҲΪԼƹǬɣӵеǧڣԪϸˡ
ͬʱǬ廹żİΣܶ彨ϵǲԶԶǿڳ̫ࡣټеʦµƣҲѹǲѳɷһ仰͸ɵϯ
ɳɰţİȫǬ帺𣬶Դ˶ûκ顣ϾΪϯݵλͨӿɱȣΪ˱֤ɣҦĸơΪһͬǬ塣
ơͬѵõľӢӣڵλʹƣһֱҦ飬ǳʵ̫ҪΪ˳ĸŻ˾
ͳϯӣ۵춼Ѿ޷ˣŵԶãԴơֻܰ̾Ϣ
Ȼ΢ЦҲʼЩɣʲǳɾȻ˴ͬˣӣ֪һΪַĵӡ
ΣޣȻԸΪ˵ȻͬѰҲӡ
ͶʮһλʹԶµĽӣǳԸ޵Ǭ壬ǲͬµġ
Ľڸ֮⣬ҪǬԴ֣ΪɹУǬ岻ɡ
ΪһЩӵнӵĺô˭˼ȻҲ⡣ȻɳȻнӣǲͿѯʵģҳ˴ͳһӣӣ˵Ҳٵôߡ
޵ϢͬЦУǬۺӵнӣɽ󶼻ͬһţӵ֮ϣʶûзԴ˴λ¡
ǬãΪ˱ʾԽӵӣλʹ˶ۣ˵˽ӵĵλ
ɴ˶۸ϲ񣬼ȻʹѾ棬˵ǰ;ԼĺܹȢҲˡ
ޣַ̬ǹؼλʹȻΪַʸΪţ̬ȶ˷ǳӡʾ˴ַѾĬûκ飬ǻֳ
ĻλʹĻɣȻַĬ£ΪβϲμԼĻȻɻ󣬵Ƕ˱ϾΪʹҴ˴λ»ǳ׿ڴӦҲ޷˵ʵ飬Ҳ׿ѯַ˼
˴Ϊɴ£ϾΪϼӣҦǬɳϼԽӳͬΪϯڳ¶л񣬻ϲǬɽţɽźǷҪһǵˡ
ɳϼʼֱ¶ڼǬ帺𣬶֮ʱķɹͬء
ڳɵҪǬûκβʵҲ֮飬Ҧ²ӣҲֻһλϯǬͷһ²ҲӦõġ
ҹصѩֺʱԼָ̡ȫַˣҪ˵̽ˣʹҲ̤벽
֮˼Ǳ֤ܵκӰ죬رǲַܵ˵κӰ졣
Եصͷŵһȫַܺ㡣ĻѾȫַУַЦЦͬİţΪ˱ʾأرѩͬؽԼķ䡣
ɵģԸַһͬһ뷿Ų
ַ㷿䣬ѩĬĬڵϣգƯС۾ǰַ㣬ַ㸺ֶǿգ֮̾
䵽ַϣҪĿ޳ȥ
ַЦȻô죿ѵ𣿡
һ棬ҿѾϳΪˣΪȻġ
ַ㻵Цģ
ԺͦſɰţǵȻ˵ɣҪЩʲô
ַ΢Цһѩ˶棬˵һǵĽ׼ƻѩһЦ˵ͷ
ַΪУԤǬͻָɵӿʼ׼ȻܣΨһлľǰ֮ʱ
ַ룬ʦǵϢڳϼУǬӭȥ¶ڼǬػǬûʲôøС·̲ǺԶɽпһӾͿԴҪ㹥ǬӣҪŽǰ¶
ֻ׵Ļһ˾Ϳ԰ѽˣô鷳ʲô
ַЦʦ˵ȻҲŵͬʹҲǵ˾ͱȥǬŭпܷչɶʱ³ɶΪѡ˵߽֮󶨻ɣɵӾͻ׷ɱǣҿɲɵʦֵǶԿ
ЩףȻʲôҲˣô˵Ҿô
ַЦŵͷʦͬڳѩ͸ǣҾ͸סλʹҲԵǾͽˣ
һҶԸλʹ
ַЦĶԿҪ㵽ʱʹóǿļÿ԰ʹҲӡʹӡҲûʲôϵ
ͷǿļҪܳ׼ʱ䣬ǲɵʱʩŷġ
ַǰ׼Һѩ˵ע⣬þͲýˣ׼ķͿˡ
ѩЦҪעˣҪҲӡˣ
ַЦЦԸ׶һ˵ע⣬󲿷ֵӶᱻһҪעЩҪ˳
һ˦β׵ַϣҿò׼һ˳ô죿
ַ̾ͳˣһô죿עɣһ˵ͷ
ַ꼫֮Ǿɣʱٽ⿪˵ķӡ׷ǣ
ѩǾ뻹ܣ
ַЦһվǲҪףҪһҪϴˢعɣҾ;ְɣ
ѩЦ磬˼ҪԪ
ַͷԼʵ鷢ӣ֮¾Ͳ鷳ˣʦȻģ
Ůһ㶣ʦ
ַ㻵Цһ˴⣬ͺƽݣûһʦӣǹĺܣܲǵ
͵Цǽ˶ˣˣ
ַ㳤̾һߵŮ§סŮν˲ҲˣȻʹɲĺˣŮһЦ˵ͷҲЦ

ѩһĨӴҶˣֹͣһˣַǿһҪȫ赲ҵĻȫ赲
ǰŵķ󣺡ʦ
ĵͷȥ׼ɣԵ¡ٵѸɢȥʵź𣿡
ԵЦʦģѾȫ֪ͨˣʱһȫֹСʦܵģ
ͷѩ־ͽˣΪʦҪǰ¶׼֮£ǧҪʲôԵͷһЦЦЦ뿪ˡ



319 ʼ
붸µĻѾ£ʱ֮
Ǭһִɣˣӻ֮һ·췵Ǭ塣
ΪӭӳǬر˻Σʥɽ֮޼ɵϰ̧Σ⵹ǹĲõġ
ַѩѾ˼ƻ˴Ȳ鿴һµΣγȥס˶Ů
ַĵ߳ȥûˣǸߣ˵߳˷䡣
ûԶ˾ͿĵؿǽߴǷɨһۺ̵ڵ˯ˡŮһ㶣ʲô
ַСߣĵΡ˵ĵģ˻ǹ˹ȥ
ѩδųҪȥѩתתһҡͷһߵʲôÿģȥҲ÷ַѩһ㶣һץסδҾǳãʦȥתתʦ֣һȥɣ
ȥֻԵطŵ¼ʦҵȿܺСʦܣСʦõô˿ţһӣȥɣȥû͵
˵žʹųֺͳδ߳˷ѩŮ㶵ǿ𣿡ַͷŶŮ߳˷ѩϵĻʼ͵Цš
ʦֺãǰλѲߵĵԵͻȻ㶵ַˡ
λӵĿŮԻˣΪǱˣ˭֪λͻȻĿƵ˱𴦣ǻûѲӹҸŮĿɿڴⶼԣ
ַ̾İɣεģǿǵģһ㶣ɵӲŻַĻأ
Եųֺͳδ뿪˷ѩãַ˽ŵӿϰԵʺãǾסˣַҲסˡ
Ե̾ǰ۾㣬СʦܣǵĶʦλͷ֮µվԭɹ̫ŮĬĬһ亹Ӱַ㣬˵Σ
ַһǷȥɣ
һȥԵһҪСʦܣͲλʦйˣ˵귵˷ѩãٶŵȻȫȫĽ䱸š
ϼ⣬ַָǰĵãǳϼ棬ˣ
ͷԶĳϼӣַ´ŶŮԶλϼһ㶣æļæµļ졭
¶⣬ĵԶǬӣַʱ׼ɣļΧӦÿԸ¶
ͷҪһʱʩǿļôȡһʱʱ䣿
ַЦҺѩȽȥһž취׼ļͿˣ
ЦҲãһᾡʱģ
ַָԶһ£ʱǾ룬ʩżȥȴǡˣι۲һؼ˯˵ŶŮߣŮЦΪ׼ɲ֪ΪʲôһҲоţ
ٴη˷ѩ֣λȻǣַҲ޶ãֱӴѩ˷䡣
ʣ˵ĻʳǳãԵܻܶó͵ַѩ˱鲼亹Ҫú׼ˣ
ʱܿ͹ȥˣͿʼҺˣַŹǷŶŮ߳˷䣬ֻӭ˹ŮӦò˰ɣ
㣡˽һľַУѾʼˣҪ̫
ַͷľһ£ȻκתһȦڵϲˡѩŮĿɿڴⶼԣ
ַĳɵģȥæȥɣǴѩú͸¶
ͷһȥַҲóˣ
ѩãŮԺŴĺ飬ֻŵڵϣѩһƬңɽƬһء
ԵŷһƷһϻĵڵϲЦһЩӳŻҪ㡰Ѫ
һնһɽɽӵϵʦ֣ǵķɽѾˣ
Եһ˦ֽɽӵ˳ǰƬ
ַߵ˳Եߣʦ֣ҿ罫ѩõҲ˵ˣ
ԵеѽʦܣȥѴϵҲˣӰǰǽȫƵǼȥʰһ£ȫһ˵ԵЦҼסˣ˴ҾͲҽУܶҾͶҡ⻹ҪͷѪˣһﱨιι㣬Ҫ񷨾ӣ÷ɽ£
ַɨһܵ˵ͷȷʵǹʦ֣ٲӣ
δȥǱߵķӲˣȥϷﺰȥ
ʦ֣ҪҪѴҲˣ
⣡𣡡
ʦ֣ѩҲƻɣ
ҵӼȥ
ʦ֣ѪһûѪأ
Ŷ
ַصͷסѾʯĶŮ뿪ˡ
ϼλӲ۹г˻Σư̾һóͷ˳ͷϡλӲлηԶĳ¶ȥ
ͻȻһŻϮ򻨽Σ̴һһ컨׹ɢڿмȼգһֻСĻ˷Զ
ߣԸֻޣ
ѸԶȥʮλǬŭһźã޾˲ϯգ
¶λӿԶһȥʱӻŻη˻
ʲôˣ
һӱȭشʦ֣ӭ׶ͻȻһֻϮʦֵѾ˹ȥ
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Ƶû¾ͺãɸòΪӶԸһֻްɣ
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Ҧ߳¶ʱˣ쿪ʼɣƶν˳ڶ˵Ĵ»¶ɨһۣ̾һߵһͬǰĻá
ԶַעߵĻ棬ַ̾ϣҪŪĬĬͷַһȥ
¶ɳնɵּ⣬ɵӼǰϼ
λӹһ񣺡λӿȥ
Ц߳˵ã߻ʮһʹҲǵǿԵֿģʲô˳ɣ
ƶ쵽˵֮ǰȻڵӣκ˶ڵж
һ΢ỬͷҲز˼£˵ͷһЦ֮¾ʹ˿ʼˡȻҲЦȴǳɻ󣬲Ƕ޵ɻҲǶַ˵ɻ
Сʱַ˾ϵУޣǾȻûһǰϲ֮ʱͻȻֳϮ⾿ɺϻ飿
һ䵽ʹǰʹ߻ѾʼˣӦѾλʹʹ˭Ҳ޲ܻᱻӳȥʹٶҲܶԿޣ
߻ȷʵȥˣ׽ǰֻܰ̾һ˵Ļг붸߽¶λʹǺһЦںһá
¶Уһź̺㣬ƶ˲žվüЦվһԣɵԼҪ׷׿ʼ볡
ΪǬţɸףҦͬáλʹĬĬ£ǻǸоЩΣв֪ΪֲõԤС
ơҦָʾ˵ԣ΢΢һЦǣ֮ۡһƬ˴ףˣǴĽɵѺãеӵϣ
˵ĽŲͣˣͣڸ֮ǰ͸ͷǳԿԼʦλЦĺܿģ֪ЩпҲͬЩˡ
תͷȥߵĺӽҪΪԼɷ򣬳֮Լǰǰɣǰ𣿶˵ģǶڳ˵仰ǳķ̣ûѡ񣬴Ӧ֮Ѿûѡ
ơԶŲˮ͵˶¶ǰ̧˫ֽⱭˮºܿĵؽˮ͵УȲ裡
۹Ц²ˮƷһڣҪúöԴӣ
¹һ񣬵ǵ̻壡
һˮУٴ徴衣һãһ豭ˮأ˴һԶֻѩЦվڳԡ
СʦãλʹһվµӸֳԾһѩݣȻᱻʹΪʦãѩǾ֮ʱȻֵң
۲һȻѩֹ˻ļòʵڳڣʻϢô˾̾
ɻСʦãô
ѩס첲ЦҸ˵ˣҪ޸ʲô˶˵㡣Ҳ޸Ǭ壬Ծඣ
ЦСôģʲôط
һһɨĺͷǱˣŷϵĺͷǳ̾˿תַֻһãѾڵſڡ



320 
ַѩĳˣΪԾС㣡ôģ
λʹüͷôģĪַѱ
ʦַǻŭʧˣȻһֱֹңһˣַץѩƺһ˲䱻ַ󣬶ҪϵǱˤں̺ϡ
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Цһֹ˽𲨵ɢС㣬ʲôˣ˵ʦΪ
ַЦһ𣺡ˣǲԸɵĳ룬ȻǣҲܹڳɣ
ãһַ˲֪ȥλʹһ׷ãֻ֮Ͻãӿַն
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λʹŭ£
Ϊʱ֮Ͻãҫۣһŭ𴫳ǰеӽˣֻһʮַŭˡ
̾ϵܣǺαأ
ַһƽϵϲ飬ûʲôֻ룬ʹڳҲǺõģǿεԽαҪɵĳ룿
룿λʹɨ壬Цһͷ
Ц̾ϢһǰС㣬罫ǵί߳ʦһΪģ
ַЦˣЦĺ飺ѩ
ѩͷ֮ϣ̤ͷһ죬ֻΪλѩУ
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Сʦס֣λʹĿɿڴѩʹõϷѹΪԪԪֲϾʽѾȫһλ˵Ԫ
һɫ񹭳ѩУѩС£Ԫ˲仯Ϊһ֧ɫ˸ǿҵãҫų¶ֳԾѩʵʵ̫ǿˣأ¶ữΪɻҡ
ѩס֮Ϊ֮϶ʱ׺ޱһˡ۶ۻ嶼Ѿˣǽӵʵ
̾ϢһһƳ죬һãѸ֣ޱĴٴαһЦҲѩԪĴ¶ǾͲǴҷˣ˿¶ɣ

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ʹϵĴڣǽӾȻǿ󣬲ʹʹȫǵĹΪźѡˣ
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ѩЦŷɽַ㻳磬ˣ
ַЦЦѩСԴú
ѩߵЦס첲㣬һ߰ɣΪʲôҪίԼѽ
ĬĬַ㣬ַЦ㣬ŵùϵ𣿡
ʱסˣԺгҦ˵ĻСʲôɵ£һҪ֧
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˲ٴΰ½֣Ŀҫǳܲת˵ͷŵãɳڣʮʮɫϵһס¶
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ͷȥ㳡̮Ц˫Ŷѹʯ֮Уַֿ죬Ȼ˾Σˡ
С㣬ģʦˣҲӦȥˣ˵˵ԭίҲʦǿΪλʹûΪַŭɻַΪλˣʲôԲǵ£ղžͿȫٵ¶ģûô
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ջӵλͬСɣɽŵźѡˡ
ȻˣΪǵΪֺǬ壿
ʦܴ˻⣿
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һ㶣ַǵԼգҪ˰ţ㣬߰ɣ
Ҧ룬Ź浱ԴǿҪˣ
ַЦ봦ǣǿԾԣûסǣˮԸǵģ
ʲô²Ҧ˳ԾλʹΪԾַЦȰǿǱǣն˭ûкô
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ͷһ£Цѽѽ
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ѩһ毺දˣޱȺٳ¶ȴʹ֮˲䱻⣡
λʹһַ̾Ѿ㣬ʱΪɥʧλӣȫòʧ
Цʦñ׼һļҲҶҲᱻӡСʱֹǹǰȥЦһһȥЦЦЦͬһȥ
ʥɽ֮⣬ɽ֮ϣַ˾ŹۿԶʱ骷˹
ԭ˳ϼֻĻκоЩΣʶһֱڹ۲Ķ򡣻Ȼ骣ʰǬɵĵӺ
㲻Ҫôܵˣ
ʼЦϵǴٹˣ
ŹŹֵַͣв˼ǳף㵱ǹҼţ
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˴һԷ£˵ͷ
ĴųַϣʹôģַǻΪʦ֣½㱾ǱƲŻͬ޸Ǭ壬ⶼ
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ַ˲ֿܷȻ޷ԿˮһˮȫˣǷֿᱻǸƣҵ˼ЩԣǾǾ뿪
亹ҵҪˮأҲļƻ֮һɣСС;͸ǣҲģ
ַɵЦҲǱƼˣûа취ǿǱˣܲۿŽ޵Ǭȥɣ
Цҿڰɣ
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ַ㻵ЦŽֱ۴ѩļϣֻҪȥ֪ˣҪ⿪ǵķӡλʹεЦСһҲߵЦˡ



321 ʹ̵
ʥɽΧ˻ķţΪҶյԵʣ骽ͬ
ڱѾӴˮλǶʲôص𣿡
ַõεֶΣȽ˽һЩεصٶȵһڲʹԪһ£ʹԪҲֻѡ
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ַʹæģϵܲǹģҪַĶתһȦſϷſַίŶ䣬ǳ㣬Ҳûһ취
ЦЦεʲôˣ
ߺ޵ĵַһۣһģȻʵôڣҾ⡣
⣿˶Щɻ
ٻȪǻȪĺܣͲһ˿ԵֿģҲŸо֣ʵӦòֹЩġ
ַͻȻ뵽һ£ʦ֣ҷεٶȺԪйأ
һַ㣺Ԫйأ
ַտʼԸʱٶȺܿ죬ԪٶȾͱˣԪĵķǳ죡
˵ԪҲ뵽ʲôѽֲã֮ԲڣΪԪ̫٣ûа취֧ĻȪȻŲô׶Ըأ
ͷٶȪǲͬڳ˵ģʶԪĵĺܿ죬ǵʵžߣںˡ
ַֽеεԪ㹻ʹãľӰȥˣɱ˶գ۹ˣ
ҲԪ㹻࣬ҪȪɣʱ˭ܶԸ
εһЩ
ſأ
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ȷʵˣûʹùκξ֪ػΪԪʩž
骵ǸҲ⣬ֹ˵ʲô֮ҸоҪСĬĬţΪûˮֻ֣һ͸˼ˣ
ЦǶԪĴڣСκˡ
ĬĬͷʵҲǵŵ㣬ֻڻûֳһֵᷢģ
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ЦɻϵǳУ
ַһѽѩ§ǣӰ룡

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ЦǾʦõĻ¾ʹȡ۴һԭǺһôͻȻֱˣ¸ǾȣԼһͿɽΪޣΪʲôֱӣȻʹĻǶֲòѯԭ
ԸɽԶʧӣԸóɿӵнӣͬʱʮֲ⡣
ַǬĸλԲסǣҽǱƳɻ飬ı⣡
ǬȫԭΪһӣ˭֪ڳģ۵ǳƭȣǬȫܺߣⲻƽ
ЦЦҽʦµջأ۹ƽ顣ƿԣʹȷʵȨջƣʦ涨һ涨λʹסɣͬʱǬ壬ԷǬƺΪ
ʹʦ֣¶ѾˣҲҲˡ
Ĳǿûȣѩ
ַЦĲڵϣǿԼȥεصͷ
ӵʵǶѾˣ˭սǡʵȥǾͬⰴʦ涨ӣ˷ǵľǾҪʦ涨ȫɣûȨӣ˵ʧȥźѡˣ֪ʲôľͲгǬˣ
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Եһܽ㳡ʹ̹˵ϡ
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˽ᣬǬˮַ˱ʹסá
ȷ˷ѩ֣￴һ־磬ΪԵѷѩø߰㣬ѩƻĲӣٵһŷһѵ⡣
ΪַˣѩֿνʧأǷɽ˼ʮѩ𻵣ѩõƶҵķ飬Χǽ룬̮Ѷʧ˼ٽ
ʧַ͸оһЦ治֪ǳԵ˻õˡ
֮Ե˱˸Ѫͷŵͬܵ˴󻹵һһʰԼµĲҾ硣
Ҳ˷ѩ֣ΪԼеΣʹݺݵѵһ٣ʹַΣ֪屳Ҳǲæġ
ַ㼸˵Ǹǻһ΢Ц̽֮뿪˷ѩ֡
ַסˣΪַѩ׼˺ܶණԵΪ˴˹ȥҦͬˣԭԼĵӣʦҲ᲻ãʹַ˴ܸж
ãʹУλʹַ˵ǵľ顣
⣬ַѾ̤磬ʹ˷ԪʹԪӰǵ档ҪΪ˷׼ǽַͨ໥ΪͬʱֲֺܷԼĲ㡣
ַ˵Է¼Ѿˮ֣һԷ˽һЩǽȫ
ܴĿǰ˽⵽򲻹һ֣֮ͬӵͬߵˣΪ壬ҲһЩħ塣
Цε磬ʶѧܶ˽̲ĶҪĻ澳ɲţֻﵽ߲㾳˲Żյǿߣ



322 
סúַ˵Щı䡣λʹĽ̵ҪԪϰ֮ǾٶԪ
ļʣʹԪȻԵѾʹãʶʱڼǿϰ
ȻԪ֮ʱľǽԼΪнҪġַƴڽӵΪѧϰǺ׵ģҲᣬֻЩϰ߰ˡ
ѩΪʹͬΪҲҪַ˸̫߳࣬ϰǷҲѧһ㡣
ʲôȻԴΪǷԪԵģͱ¶Ԫ⡣
Сϰּҽ۽ǽͻģΨһȱΪַ˵һ㡣ƽϲڶԴȷʵǳ棬Լ㣬˽
ּҽ⴫骽ѿԥ֮ǽּҽ˳ָ
սԶΪķһǵս飬ΪЦơٴصַߡѩ뿪ַ㣬ַ㽣ѾСгɾͣʶַ㸺̵ѩ˵ѡһϰ
괫ڵģȱڽ뽣ĽϡϰּҽȻһߣǶһλӦеʵ˲١
ЦĽ£骺깲ָͬƾ͸ָ
һϰ˵ΪȷʵˣȻЩϰ߷ԪַĽ˾Կԡ
ȻģСûʺϱԽĵطʶĲƺ˵֮ءҪ˵ԺҵľǳǷԪʵҪԸˣʹӵΪҲûռʲôˣһ˸۵ùǺ
ҲܲңͲʲôڲٿطɽҲûһ㾭飬Կȫģһ۵ùǺ·ƴƶദ
Ҫ˵ʵĻַѩĶԿʹõĽƽҲԽϰǣ۽ԿԿͿ˱Եĵط̳ʼûɢ
λʹҲˣż̵һ¹ڵļ⣬ش
ֹһʱ䣬ַͻȻΪɽʼһߣǲӦᳫġʹַָΪǷļ÷ɽϰȵûģȥɽרϰ
ַ˵ڳɣ˵һȫµĸ˻ɵɽ棿ַΪɽӦ֮ǰߣ߿նУȫҪٽɽˡ
˶ףɽǷĹߣһսĹߣ÷ɽԴ߽һʹһЩ⽣ȫʵߡ˶ôΪģַľʾԡ
ѩһַ㣬ַ˳Ȼַľ˼˷ɽҲ쿪ʼַѩʼϰ޽棬ΪʹýԿԡ
տʼʱȷʵʲôЧҶʵԴзɽ֮ʱոϰýĳ
ַûоɥǼ޽棬ҸѩȻ뽣ѾϤʹϰҲһ޽֮սƽ֣ôɽֶսʤԷڴ˴
ѩϿַĹ۵㣬Ȼ޽֮ʵڤڤ֮ж˵ߣ˵ΪһʱϰѾϰ޽淽˷ʵȴǰǿˡ
ϲ֮ж˿ʼ骵˱ԣյı˫ѾսΪƽ֣ȻΪǵʵȷٴˣ
ģԽԽԾַ˲ΪѸ٣Ҳøǿٹʱ䶨ȻᳬԽˡ
ַѩĸı˵ע⣬˿ʼ˼ַľϸһȷʵҲĵַ˵ȫնУܹͷʹûзɽҲʹýΪʲôҪʹ÷ɽ
֮Ȼʵ½ˣǶЭԼǿʱϰĿʹã֮ʹþ֮ʵٶҲˡ
ַ˵ĸı䣬Ҳ̽һ£骡ơ˵İ¿ʼϰ˵ľλʹע⣬ѯ֮ǽǴ󾪣ĺôô᲻ַֻ֪ܹһˣò˵Сʦܺ뷨
߷ɽ֮һɽ֮ϵû˻ᾭɽܣͬ跨ɽַͬ˵ơ
ΪΪǼԵĲߣǷͨڵס߷޷ɽʹ跨ͨͨΪûģ
ɽ磬ΪﵽޣͿģֻоͨןn壬ܹ֮ҲΪˣλʹŻַָΪΪأΪľܹȫͨͨĿ顣
ΪкַܶҲû뵽ǿǵɽַǻҪɽҲûһ˵Ѿϰ˾ɣ
Ȼַ棬λʹȻԸָǡλʹĽ˵ַ֤ĹȷģΪ߽߲֮ٻõǳбҶڵ̡֪
Цʾ治ɽΪأؼʱȻһЩ⡣
ַЦϣͬˣʱľ棬ԼΪʵԽ˴ǰΪ񽣸ӳˡ
λʹϿַľȻٻɾĿŶȣַѩһʼϰ
ʹ˼ʶַľأ߱˵ҲĪôҲ㳢ԡ֮ǾͺˣƵǾ֮ж޷ˣ뵽ַ˵ƣ治֮ǰߣ
ʹôܶ࣬һشȱ㣬޷ĥߵľƺľʵȻĥֻƽʱľ鷳ͻȻϮʱȻܹһƽ̬Ҫġûһ̬ûжˡ
ַģַλСʦʹǺܷĵģַۺʱεܱȶ̬ʹŻºܶϣ
ȶԣ̬Ҳǳȶȶʺ֮ãҲֻʺ϶Կʱã
ϲʵ̬⵽˾ͻɢؼʱ޷ʱסԼơ
ѩҲˣ̫ǿң̬һ¶ȶͻȻĲȶ¶
βĥһ˴²̬ʹλʹǧҲ޷һ׼ȷĴ𰸣һǿ϶ģǾƵ飬ڶξͲ޴롣
ʹԼ뷨֪ˣһĥ̬Ŀ飬ҾһΣԡ˵Ҫĥַ̬ȤӸȤѩεҡҡͷ湻ģ
ơȻΪ˰ַ˲ãʹΪĥ̬κ˶кôõǵͬʹΪһش̬顣
ħǳʦʹùһɱ֮ʱʦɱָԭκ˳Ϸһط
ħһҲһ;зӡաΪһķǵʦĳɱ
˵ħԭʦʦɱӡħƷ˲ҵˡһЩѾɣȻһЩ˱ӡڹ֮޷롣
ħҲǳǬ崦ħĵطץ޷ħԻᱻŹ֮Сħжʮ㣬ͻԱΪ罫ֱɢڸ㣬ΪԽ߾ͻᱻӡԽ߲㡣
ȻҲ⣬ҲߵԸħ㣬Ҫһۣʲôʹûиǡ
ַ˵ƽʵΪǵļӦΪ㣬ʹԪĻӦòʮ㣬ɼħڲǶôΣա
˴ΰ˽Ϊĥ˵ľЦΪһԼĻ㹻ˣƾǵΪӦòʲôΣա
ħųơףѡΪеһЩӡרߵģԽ½Խǿ󡣻仰˵ַǽܿ˹ͱͨܳҲԶڹ֮С
ħĽƾдԽԣ˵߿ƾֽ־ӽƴڣƲǽйΪ˷ѹħƵĽơ
ħѾǧ꣬еĽ־Ѿ¼ȫƾɵ伮еļؽܴʮƣͷħҲֻʮ£ȻĵҲٺѳ
ΪԷһЦȽ߳ķֽ־ɶΪǴ˵ڲԼӦעһЩ⡣
Ϊ˱֤˵İȫʹַͳһָӣǶһֿ϶ҲǶΡ
Ҫĺܼ򵥣ȽһսǵΪӦòᷢΣգҪԴĥǵľ
ͨһ㿼ٴνڶ㣬սѰҵЦµ뿪־ֻҪƽ߳ħͨ顣
Щ棬̽յĴַ̼ͷЦԴѩ˱ʾΣΪܷȫ߳ʾĻɣ



߾ ħ粨


323 ħһ
ħʦĳɱжʮ㣬Ѻǧŵħ
֮£λ߱죬ȥһŮǿɬӡ
磡øߺô󣡸оô̼
ǣһܺ棬ٺٺٺ١
ħжôߴѾ޷ֻܿ·¶һ΢ԷΪʮ˲㡣
骳ԾûѶʱɰ
ƵʦʱɱֻǻԭΡ
ַ㻵Цһкܶħɣ
ƵͷħȫŵģһЩħΪ˾ȳͬϾΪɱû˿ԵֿķӡʶɶܷĹİȫ
ħĵײʮɸߣӵɽطԲһ±Եƽǵͨȡ
֮ǰһƬСͿյأյ֮ϷһЩͭ¯ƽ˻߼ħʹõġ
ָŵײĽɫţǿ֮ǰһӦǽͨ
ȥɫ֮ǰȻһС͵Ĵڴ֮˸ŵãǲش򿪽ɫŵġ
ַЦһҪѩһȷ׷ֹԭħڵĻǷֺ֪Ӧƶһ½ļƻͻȻסˣֻЦվڴϣãһѾħһ㡣
ŮĿɿڴʧ֮±ַѣַֻЦ׷˽ȥŮӿЦֻøһͬħһ㡣
ãһ˳һ谵֮ͨУǰԶէ֣ǰĺڰͨӡͨǰҲм׾룬ַվͨͷ󳳴֣˲ѯʡ
ԭַһƻҪͬЭ̣ǳͬԼļƻ˾˶мƻŮ˿Ѿ˱Ƚϱյİţǲ֪˵ľƻʲô
ʹ˵ˣͳһָ˵ж
ʹѹңǽ㣬һжҪҵģ
ΪʲôģҵļƻһʧӦðҵļƻ
ҿɲôΪôҲҵıգӦðҵļƻ
Υʦֵ
˵ôֻԼļƻѣ
Ѿشˣļƻȡ˰ҵļƻ
ǲģ
Ӷ˼붯֣Ȱס˶ˣƵʦʦ˵һǵļƻһ۾˭ļƻ
ַһָָŶԷǵİȫҵжΣգ
Ůһ㶣һʧļƻһ
ַɵЦͷ϶ϸߵĺŮ߬СȭͷʾǿҵĲ
ַЦһһ¶Բߣȫͬҵ
ҲͷɵЦԶԣҲ˵˵ĿҺ͵ܵһشҵ˼
Ƶʦʦͬһ𣬱׼ֻʲô벻£ֿǣҷֱһ飡ѩ˵ͷƺãַ˿ЦҲֻܵͷͬ⡣
ַչ֮ʱģѩһַ㣬ʶַ㡢ơѩһ顣ΪԸȽΣ֮±ַ㻹Ҫͷۣʶ骡
ͬʱ룬ֱַİȫرҪĥ˴²ľħв֪кΣգǰ㣬Ѱҵʹµķ־һҪȴ֪ͨһˣ˱һͬ뿪
ΪڵĻΣպӦӦԣֻ˵Ӧ䣬Ծƻûˣֻһһ
ǰɫãǹеĽƣԽĽĬĬһͬǰ
һɫͻȻˣ֪ǰڲһһ̤ͬɫϣһɺɫʱ֣
Ӱַ֣̤ԭɫмĺȣҲ谵֮ǰȫǱɫɱҰ
ۣʲôַһָԶֻԶɫƮƮȥһЩڲϵײ
ַʱһͣ˶һ˻
ͷһȽϽӽĺɫץУһһͷ
ַɨһֲۣͷʲôóԾģ
ǵȷͷһֻţͷһ˳ȥٴץһ򣺡ͷ
һ˹ȥֻеһͷŹֵˡ
ַüͷͷץУӻأˡ
ͷͻȻſھһҧַһͷ˦˳ȥеû㣡ҧң
ͻȻַסˣҲһ㶣ֻ˻ų˹
ͷְֽۣһȾܣҲǹֽһ˳ȥַҲȾܣǷͷ­̷Ϊֱַ׷ˡ
ħĵײ濴ʮɸߣǴʱ˿ڲ龰ȫһӦеĹģһѾ˷ǳѽˣԳһƬء
۹ÿ°ÿ£ֻһͷ­˾ȻԷȥģÿ°һȺͷ­׷ַ˲ϱܡ
ѩ޺磡㲻ҪЦҺѽ
ҲѽҪЦÿֲƿЦһͷ­
ͻȻַֽһͣӣã㲻ڽôˣ
ѩҲ뵽㣬ίһžˣڱ˭˭һˣϿ취ɣ
ͷ­ѸַЦװȥ͵ˣ
Ůɴ۾˺һôȥһͷѩѩһס˫ۡ
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ͷʹһɳȥַһֻȭͷǴȥҴ򡭡˵ַһȺͷ­һŮĿɿڴվһԡ
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ͷ­ʹһ䵽ϣַеʲôģŻţ
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ˡ
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һţͷˮɵַǰǹм俪ʼһֱˣ
м俪ʼַŹֵͷ­龰ʱֲͦģȫͷǣ
ֻѩƻɪɪƵɫҲЩÿƤЦⲻЦӣ
ַסţͷţǣ˶ˣǻʲô
ţͷֱַҲ֪ˣǵģ
ˣֵַͦģʲô˾ȻԸһȺŹֵͷ­أ
Ƶȥǵˣ˵ʲô֡
ַ룬ðɣЩͷȥˣ
ͷ­ӦһɢȥַһɾסһŲͷ­Ǹʲôǰɣ
ͷ­æģѽÿζ˽Ե׼ú֪ͨǵģǿɲ֪
ַһ亹˿湻ϡģȻһȺͷ­ƺǰǵ
밤Ķһַһȣͷ­˲䷵ڵϣһֿ־ַ㣬ַԼúܺЦôԼǹƵģ
Ȼ޷ҵǵˣ˽һô¡һȺͷ­Ľͣ˽硣
ʵһѹĿռ䣬ʵڹ֮Уַ൱Сˣ籾ҲͲ緽Բ²ᳬŹֵЩͷ­ֻһﻹˣ
ЩﲻЩͷ­֪ģֻǱ߰ˣַǰһ˻ҧԷˣһҧŶԷͷκӣҲһЩͷ­ȥ׷档
Щǵͷ­ַ޻˵ѩҲƺôˣǣһʯͷַ㡣
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ͻȻ˸оģתͷȥʱֻ˱ɫСӡַһͷ­ǾϲֳŮܿͽŮŰΧ˿˿Ƭͷ­зɳŻжŮĲҽС
ַŭһһƽͷ­ȫɣֻŮſڵϴϢ˱±˺룬˱ĳҲˡַʱ뵽Щͷ­Ŀģθһ󷭹
ȥֻͷ­ίַ㣬һЩͷ­Ȼһ˿ɫѪƽŮﲢôȫ
ѩ˷׵ַЦͷӵȷôȫ
ѩᣬΪŮǵȻҵҲеСﲻŹﵽǣһЩ˶ĵСڣڶŮ˵ֱǵ
ַ㵹ΣգֻǸоŮΣգǵɫ֪ˣϼ죬¶ø
һ˵ע⣬ͷ­ǴΪϲȥַεرסŮ׷档
֮⣬ַʵʵڵ亹ֹЩͷ­˾ȻһֻҰҰֻǸͷܴ󣬱ַ㶼ҪһͷӦһ
ͷ­ʳкȻһֻͷϴĳӣЩͷ­һַֻֻʹһ
ַҰһʲôˣǸոս𣿡
ַһ㶣ֻҰû˵磬˵ҲģΪڿеͷˣҡ
ַ޷ƵĿˮҰ˸Ů޿κεһ亹



324 ϵ
ô˵ǺܾǰΪ˶׷ɱŽħ
һ㣬һСУַ㡢ѩڵѯʣһܴҰ
Ұ̾ǵġ˽ѯʣַ²ֻҰħѾʮꡣ
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ҰЦ˭˵һûУֻǸоˣҲͨͷ­ƿɱȫ
˴һе޷ˣַϡﻩһͷ­Сף
Ұ˵Ի󣬵ͨ˲ᷢЩͷ­壬ǿͷ­ʵһƮꡣ
ַ㾪˵Щͷ­֮ڶһꣿǹ
Ұͷַסˣ˵СףΪʲôǲǶ֣
Ұǲûжصļ䣬ȴжصֻⲿȽ⣬һ޷ʶġ
صʲôַ˻һЩɡ
Ұǿ꣬˻ҧκ˶޷
ַʱסˣҲסˣַ񶼱ַɻ˻ҧ޷
Ұ˵ͷڵʳ˵꣬һֱܹӴݻ꣬ǵĵȷȷף
ַ۾һ룬Ϊʲôû£Χҧ
ҰɨַһۣЦûбҧοԼǲʹġ
ַ˴Ұһ𴦣С羿ô£ǻб𣿡
УҰ׵ǰ壬塢ħ塣ǾС
ַкܶ𣿹ǴзӡΪʲôǲ£
Ҳ̫ӦСǰɣķӡСˡ
ַʣͷӦСǱ֮ģ
ҰЦ۾֮ʵôѵҪͷʲô𣿡
ַЦΪˣһͬĻˣʱЩͷ­ŵɢˣ֪ʲôط𣿡
ɻǲǷֳΪʲôҪǣ
ַ̾Сģ˾Ͳʲôطһ򵨴Ϊһ
üͷַĲ²ȷʵЩȻЩͷ­С˵ȻҲԻ
ҰİɣӦòµģСȥ
һ㶣ˣ
ҰҲ²ⲻСһλǰġС壬໥Լƽ⣬ֻҪĽ㲻ǾͲᷢΣա
֪ΪΣ˲亹ƺһԿ϶£Ȼ巢ͻ
ʹ˵ַ˵ƽʵӦΪ㣬ַʵȻǰУ˵ԳʵԽ㡣һ㣬ݳʵӦò£ħ嶼ûнȺһЩΣա
Ұǵʵܸߣ벻ʲôΣաħȺͨԱɵģʵǿ
ַ˿˵໥Լʲô˼
Ұħ屾Ƕһ壬ΪȺչṥȺС緶ΧޣΪ˷չ峣ᷢͻǿģȺɻŻʵһЩؼĻΪԼħƹֿħ˭Ҳ巢ͻһ롣
һĿַȤ飿֮пƣ
ҰЦȻУߵĵҲȺĵԼ
Ұַ֪ͣ˵ԼϵĲ
¹ֱΪɵ˵ħϵϵ塢塢塢塢ħ塣ϵ֮Լ֮ԼΪӵġ
ΪɡˣħֱԼɣɿˣ˿ͬһѭ
ֻ֮໥Լħħɵɵ˵˵ƹ
ձ֮ѭԼǼϵ֮ͻüΪӡϵƣӦһЩϵϵĽ룬ԼҲᷢЩı䡣
ϵ˵ħ塢塢壻ħ塢塢壻塢塢壻Ʒ塢壻塢壻塢ħ塣
ʶϵַΪǿ塢塢ħϵϵƣǿϵ塢塢ϵϵƣϵ
ڴͬʱһЩϵ棬ѩ뷲Ĳ棬뷲岢档Ϊϵ⣬֮䳣ᷢıתɴ˿ɼԼҲһɲģ
ϵϵУ嶼壬ʶħħϾԼǰͬȾ磬ȻʹȻԴܶԷҰɿȼϵศɣϵҪģԼĵԶᱻı䣡
ŮĬĬҡͷʲôϵƣԼߵϵʲôģˣ
ʲôҪ𣿡
бŮע⣬ȥ˶ʱסˣַֻͨ죬ͷϻð˿˿̡
ѩסС죬ôˣ
ַעҰû¡Ұ˵𣿡
ַͷϵḬ̇ѴҰһˣ֪ľЩ
ַһöͷĺˮȵ磬ҪˣЦһһַԴתתȥġ
ַѾȫˣллҰĽ̵ҽȻ£ҵȺħ屻Ҳ̫˺½ὫȥħҲûкôɣ
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ַЦȻˣǾͲˡƽ㣬ȥ忴ʹʹڣҲԼʶһ¹壬ϵЩȤ
ƿЦѽȻСʦȥȥ
ҰҪСĵ㣬ҲôöԸģ
ַЦЦһ˦ͷİɣµġ˵ĲǵĵӦÿŹԱӦΪ壬ǵķͬǡңǵΪӦҲ֮ϣ
Ұ΢Ծ㾹ȻôѾ˵ϵĲ𣿡
ַЦðɣ˵㣬ԴҪˣ
Ұܹ̾ϵĲ𣬲Ӧõʵ֮Уַȷʵǳ
Ů㾹Ȼˣ
ַ㸧ͷû˺ˮͷˣȻЩ㲻˽⵽ܶԼ֪¡ŮַˣΪʲôûףѵĲࣿ
ַɫѾָҰʲôطȥ
ҰһСɽɽָߣСƽΪ֡ɽ¾йرʶԼȥɡ
ַһԶСɽӦþСɣðɣȥ˵ַһˮҰӦɣ˵ܵʲôĶν㿶һ£ҴûдڴڳԹᣡٺٺ١
Ұɴ۾˺˼ŮַһȭȵҪˣ
ַίԴĶˡǲ𣿡
ŮСһ죬˵Ҳ֮ǰ˾ûгԹҲһʱˣܲ
ҰҿǵģвӣҿǳóԵĳӣ
ַֻͻȻθڣЩĭΣգˣҸоѾˣٿŮɫҲǳÿַһЦŮȥ



325 ң
ħһ㣬ԴһλǰԼСΪԱľסءСȻ󣬵ӦоУһ硣
ʱ˿ַ̣˾СзУµԼַ㻳ǹ֮νС羹Ȼ棡
ѩűͷ­˻·ί·ҧˣô죿ûпԻ·
ЦһҲź󱳲ַֻýԼ·ֱݸ˶ŮȴϰɣܿǾͻ뿪ģŵ㡣
ԶСɽʦܣֻҰЩ֣
ַĬĬ˵ͷֻһͨǲ˽ôණģ
Ƶͷҵʱ˵СѾˣһʶСˣܻʲô壡
ַЦˣûж⣬Ϊȷܵ͡ľˣܸ˺ú˵˵ɣįֶʵҲΡ
̾㻹е㲻ģֱȥɣ
ַǵĿΪĥԼԣʹʦһҲ֪С£뼴ʹҲϣ̽һС硣ĵҲеģϾǳС磬һδıĹħܡ
ѩѾַ·ϣַ㽫ߣǰɽλСش塢ħ塢л֮УǺпԱע⣬һ߾裡
Ůͷסַĸ첲ַЦЦǰСɽϣǲʲôΣաƽ㣬ΪҪһЩһ֮ɣмǲҪɢ
ŮͷӦʣַǺһЦǰһָӰһȥ
ܿ˾Сɽ֮ϣɽԶ׼ɫַָüͷЩԾ
Ůַ̿㣬ַЦýţҵ˼˵СɽЩΡѩӦһǷ
ѩĸӦַ㻹ҪǿϺܶ࣬Ůһ㶼ϸѩӦַҲĺܶࡣ
ĸӦѩûȴһɱȽϹĲҲ֪ʲô
ַʵǹɲǲǾСɽ֮У˵ǹɲСɽƣ
ѩͷǵģǹɲСɽȦסˣҲǳ΢ϸӦĻһǷֲ˵ġ
ʵô֪ģ
ַָָߣǿָȻֵģ廮ֵ򣬵ھɽ»жξĵطʧˡһй죬Сɽ֮Ӧʲôڡ
üСʦ⻰ǲе̫ˣΪָûӵСɽСɽоͻʲôڣ
ַɨʣȻЩ㿴ȷλС룬Сȷʵָ߷Ϊ֡ǣûע⵽һ⣿
Ůҡҡͷʲô⣿
ȷƽС磬ǲͳιħ塣ǿַָɽ£羰кɽûһ˿ҸһƬžһûС
ƵҲ˵ʲôɣħǳа񣬿ǵҲϢġ
ַҡҡͷҪˣСһλǰµġȻ壬ʱһ뵽Сᱻƽ֣һ˹ħ塣Ůҡͷַ˼һҲûס
ַЦʹǹħأ֮ǰҲһƬʺأϢΪȺĵʧһֱ룬СĵشΪʲôûأ
峣гͻǲ̫ӽɣ
ַЦȷһ˵˵ĲȫԡСɽӵһɹ˵СɽڲʲôӦĴڣ岻ҽӽСɽҲҽӽ˵ֱַֻ̧ۣԶϣֻСֵ׷š
һ˫ۣСʦܵ˵ȷģǸأСɽ֮еȷʲôֻǺ֣ǶѾվСɽ֮ˣóȻӽΣգôû飿ӽᷢΣգΪʲôҪԶ
ַЦ𰸿ֻһ
˼Ƭ̣лһ⣬Ǽǲõģ
ַ˵ͷҰСɽ֮¹ۿıʶֱӸǹڣ֤ǹġǺĻǴ⣬ֻԼȥѰҴˡٺ٣ͻȻðյĸоô̼ŮЦһͷ
ѲСɽһܣֲûڣ¿ɾѻˡ
ֻ֪ɽжڣʲôǲûڣֻǿдͨڲ¿·֮ʱǼصĶңǶпܻһʲôģһ˿ɾ͵æµһˣ
ַ㻹ǾǿдһͨʶһеƷʲôıʯ䣬һС͵ͨڲ졣ɨܾ䣬ԷԱ޹ʽӽˡ
һ죬ͨͨһɽѨһɹŹֵϢɽѨƮ
ַסҽȥѩƽȺ򡣡
ѩſھ뷴ǿַ˵Ļֱ˻ȥ֪ڲʱֻίӦַ
Ϊɻɨַһַۣ谮ѩĿõģѩʵҲǿʹСɽΣգҲˡǿӲɣ
һ뵽ԼҪַȥСɽڲ;Լÿ࣬ȻΣյ£ΪʲôҪԼȥðգѵǿ϶Լʵ
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ŲԶȥѩίرסƵĸ첲ЦЦѩСԴԴѩʱͨ졣
ַܿͽɽѨУﲻһɹŹֵϢصɽѨڡ
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ȻһЦźɢһɵǰȥɽѨ׸ǣɽѨͿʼˣΪķ⡣
ԶһӰƮڿУӰͨ͸һƮڿеӰӡһӰַʲôˣΪʲô
ӰĬĬƺһСŮӰַüͷһɨɽѨܣһȫյɽѨռ䲢󣬳ӰʲôҲûС
磬ƺֻһӰӡִַһֱӴӰ溮֮С
ַɻƺһӰıģһͬɨɽѨȫգҿռ䱾Ͳôʲôڣ
ɻòӰı˰ɣΪʲôûһأ
ַȻ̸Ϣһ΢ӰĽ£ȥֻһӰ˸ϸ
оַѾˣӰʧɽѨһࡣַղӰڵĵطȥʱһ㶣Ҳסˡ
Сɽ֮⣬һصܣַüͷ΢ǰֻǰһ澫µƾƮţһλСòʱӶĴ硣ַǾʲô⣿
ֹ֮ͣ磬еСַŮַˣҪñ鶳˼˼Ҷˣ
˿Цãǰֻһ澵ӣǾȴһλСźܿɰȻָˣַ̾ϢĲһ
˭ΪʲôСɽ֮Уַû᾵ӵָ
еСŮСʲô˼Ǵҵ򣬻Ե޹ʱ˼ңھȻ˼ݣ
飡
ַһָھСŮԴϣСŮıַһָʹסСԴеΪʲôҪ۸˼
ַ˵ٴεһָСŮٴʹ۸˼ңַָ̧СŮˣ޺۸Сѽ
ַ̾Ϣһָ˵ʲôΪʲôɽѨ֮У
СŮίصַһۣ㣡ǲ㣬˭۸˼ҵģ
۸ˣǰɽѨ㾹ȻҪ˵ǵĲԣ
˭˵ҪɽѨѽﱾҵأǽҰܳģСŮУַЩ֣ȻֻһСŮģַƺѾܶˡ
ѩᱧסַĸ첲粻Ҫ뿪ɣˡ
ַЦ÷ģûֻ뵽һЩ顣ԣȥɡ
СŮɴ۾ѩѽΪʲôôᣬȴô
ѩһַ㣬ַ̾ʵľͲҪˡȥɣȻ㲻ϱԼݣҲٷˡ
СŮͻȻҡҡͷҸҵݣǲǿߣ
СŮָѩַ㲻üͷˣ˽ĶΣԣǿɲһΣƷĴ߶
СŮ˼ҲŲΣأ˼ôôΣգ
ַѩӣСŮڵðɺðɣ˼Ҷǻ˼ҽңΪ˸ֶƵġ
ңһ¡
СŮίѽ˼ҲŲΣأ˼ֻΪֲƶɵģͲ˺ˣ
ַɻΪʲôҪѩ
СŮߵ˵˼ֶƵģôҵȻˣ˼ҿӰģռŮòҵΣ
ַ㻺۾˵ʲôռŮò
СŮĵͷѽռԽ࣬˾ͻԽĵģ
侲㣡
ѩַ㣬ַֽž뱩ǰңԭ֮Խ֣ȫôйأ֣
Ȼ֪ռòģַ㵣˺ѩռòΪ˸ʹãַôܱ侲
ˡ
ң˲˿޿ﾵ



326 ̤
С磬ַңǸˣַߡ
ңֳСƶɣ˵ԭΪ˸ֶƵġ˵С˻Ѿˣַ㻹ǵСӻʲô¡
ң֮ԸΪѩò֮Ҳˣַ͵øСˣԼַ֮㲻ңռԼòʶǿߣһ·ϾǶ˵ˡ
ңڵʱӦọ̀ǾеСŮƵģ֪ɵ档ΪŮӳôƯӦñͣ˸ҲӦõ£־͸Ӧˣ
ַɲôΪԼĽƯ٣ӦñҲ٣ǲ˶Ӧͣңˣܹһɼ˻ôѩŮַ㲻ץĳ嶯
ͬʱмҲַ㻳ɵģңСɽ֮зǳΣҰ᲻Ѿ֪ĴڣҰΪ֪֪ңĴڣҲûʲô˵ġ
ΨһַǵģҰΪ֪ŵ֪ңĴڣôһϢ֪ġпʶСˣпܾСˣ
Ȼңʼַ㻹ѯʳһЩйС˵¡
ң䣬һλͨˣħ⵽ķӡɣ鼱֮´Сűסһ
ºС类ӡһ㣬ܵĽСħϽСӡСڵĹģγɵġ
ССӡС⵽ӡͬҲ⵽˷ӡȻӰԼʵˡ֮˽ңССɽУȴ֪ȥ
֮ңʼСɽг˯֪ı仯ֱַ˵Žѡ
ңԭ˸ʹãȻַȴЩȤô֡
ңǣҲǿģͬСӰ㣬Ȼַ̬ʼղǺܺãַ㡰̡ңġǺĴӦˡ
ʾ˲ףԭνĸһֻԭַǸӰңóͬʱңþһΧڵ˴þ֮УҲɴ˴ﵽֵĿġ
þУַ̾ң棬νֲַһȺŮ赸þе͡ǣ˽ңĿԼַ㻹ǲԸռѩ˵ò
ԴңȻܷԣַǰҲֻܹԹ˳ӡͨʾԼңĽַͣΪʵңҲиս
ȻŮͬҲһЩսй뷨ΪʵǿûõʶֻΪʹá
Ѿ߳·С·֮ϣŵС˲̤
壬˼ǹ˵ʶйǿֲа񡢲֮ʶйǲֻ֮Ǻˡ
̤ҪΪѰҳǽӴһ¹壬ַΪʶһЩûл
ֻС֮һ󣬵ҪҵǺѵġΪѰҷ㣬ҲΪע⣬ַͷȲ˵ЧΣݵʶͦ˾壬ʶһ¹塣
һӵӣһϢѩע⣬ַҲоһ˿
һ˻ɵ´һֻ޴ˮ״ǰڳץַ㣬ַüͷ΢̧һƣһֻɫ赲ǰˮ赲
˵˾ߣֻ״߲߲ͬ
Ϊ壬ɽûã߱ϾߣǳԽơԿõķԺǿķɽƵ齣Ϳ齣ɽĲڴ˴
齣ҲֻܶԿ壬ҪǺѵģӵĻȪ
ַ˲仯ȭɫͬȭʱˮ󱬡ԭˮ״Ǽɣ󼸸껯ԭַˣַһʱ赲ǡ
Ƶкأһǣϵڼʶ˰ɣ
ַЦЦעһץϵĹֻ꣬˵ǵǿǿĸԭԣӦҲ޵ġ嶼壬ȻߣֻԿȥ̽һ¡ҡȡ·ɽַУַɨһԶСϪȥ
˻һ׷ַ㣬Ůһ˿ǡңԶȥַЩ壬ýǲõģڵĻ׾ͿԶԸˡ
ɻôԸģ
ңƮǰеСﻵЦռòҾ͸ôԸģ
Ůһ亹һﲻԶַ㣬ңŮԿǿ
̾ˣֲɣӦÿ塣
ңһֲ壬Ϊʲô֪ЩŮҡͷĸһ׾Ϳ뵽ģ
ңߴߴǣŮȫûˡ
ַվСϪеһʯͷĹ꣬˼Ƭ̴һ̶㿪ٴ
ַٻɽ缸ӰʯͷϻȥַϣɽֱӴ˹壬ûЧ˺ǡ
һצַ㣬ַ΢˺һһǰ·ȴץƼۼַһѸٵˣ̤Ϫˮ֮ٴλ轣ֻϪˮڰòӿ
ٴַ㻵ЦһһƴϪˮһˮ˲佫ûһֻսɽٻ˲䱻նΪ롣
üͷһչЦǸ÷壬ǱϾߣϪˮûȻ壬ǶϪˮЩںϣɽ˵ˣѩ˵ͷһЦڿԷһˡ
Ȼȷ˵ǣǲûǣֻѸٺһ˻һԶһЩΧַɨӹһһٴλϪˮˮӿַƾơ
ˮεǿȴǶԸǡ÷һܲٴαַķѡ
ƺҲַ㲻ǣûֵͣ˼ȻΧַ㲻˻
ͻȻã˸ΪӰٷڸҲӰ֮ˣƬ̹ѾʮӰܡвӰͣΪʮΪ״ַ㳹װΧûйǷ׷Ʈ
ʮĵһַ㲻üͷҲͨĹ꣬ӦҲʹһЩ
ȻַԻصַ˳ּ򼸸꣬ǽֱӴ˹ȥûܵһ˿Ӱ졣
ַɻɨܣӰ𣿡˵ַѸӰ˲ʮֱйȥ
Ůַַ̾Ͼɣ˲λҲǳ׼ȷЩһܵӰ챻ֹͣ
鷢ˣй겻㲻ܣ׷͸²Ůַ㶼סˣȫǻӰ𣿡
ַͻȻвãǹѾֹͣѾСϪ˲䲨縴ȱڣˮ˲ӿַ㣬ˮ֮ãէ֣ʮҲһַͬȥ
ַ㰵̾һһϣˮ˲ȥһ죬ˮɢŨصˮСϪȫ֣Ѿ޷ַӰ
ѩһҪȥסʦܱϾ磬㹥κβģ
Ůȥֻˮ£һտյ
磡ѩһַô᲻ˣҲһûбƣַΪβˣҹҲˣ
һ죬Զһˮϲ죬ַˮ֮л轣ãһƬʮ档һٴαˮ˲£ٴνַ㻷ơ֮Ͻãӿַ꽻һ
ַŮ˿ַĴȻֹۣʮ겻֪ʵԸǳ鷳
ַЩͷۣʮֻмʵģЩӰȻ޷˵ԼЧԻԼҰ뷴ӳҲЩԹ˲ˡ
ΪԷ壬ַֻܽڷɽ֮ϣԴ˱֤ɽ˺ꡣЩӰ̫ͷˣУǻһֱԼϴȥģΪ˷ֹĹû͵ϮԼַֻܲͣؿٻɽ
ʧַҲЩˣһַԺС
ַһ߻ɽһѸİΧƾٶǸһЩ粿ٴαƣַ㻵ЦһٶȡŮɻַ㣬ûע⵽ԼСϪ֮ϵʧˡ
һȣַ˫ƺϻһתҫ۵Ľã֣һǿɢãһΪѸ˲ΪһԲνڡ
ƴЦʦܣȻ취ѩҲЦˡ
ңһԶַһĬĬͷʵͦǿģ
ƺܳԾȥһַע⣬ַץܵļȫӽڡ
Ӱʧ꾪ֵץϣַΪǸ߳٣ƾŬҲ޷ѡ
ַЦһϻصŮߣȷʵͦѶԸģʵߣȴӰѶԷڵĹǺȷʵж֮
Ů΢ЦŵͷңȴǲмҪҼ˶ԸǸô鷳ģ
ַЦ壬ƹ壬ܹЧɱǡǲ壬Ȼ鷳ˡ
ңƲôǶ壬ȴô˽أһЦңһˡ



327 ŷŹ
ַվ֮עڼꡣ
ʵʦܣղžʲôˣôͻȻͲӰ
ַ̾ǵĵͺֻΪҵעʵǶϪˮСϪˮǣȴҵĽ½ˮУͲ£ŮЦʱַжôǱ
˵ֻǼͨĹ꣬Ȼַ˴£֪ʹʵǿҲ鱡ȻͻַԴпΣա
ѩסַ첲Ѿ꽻ˣʲô𣿡
ַЦȻѶԸֻҪ߾裬ȶԼʹǣԱûģ
Ƶоһ꣬ԷʱԹ˲覡
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Ů̿ʼоϾǹ꣬ضķԳȥǣһ㻹Ǻ𡣾ַе⼸꣬Ȼɫˮ״壬ȻϷ޷룬븴ԻǴڵġ
Ů÷ɽͱý򣬵ǶЩƺʲôЧֶϣ϶ɢʵŭص֮ڡŮûޣɱ
ַָڼŮʼĥ꣬Ҳֻ˵ĥˣ۹걻ɢٴȻԻָǡ
ַѺ󿴵ŮɥңЩѽ⣬סǣָڲ
ַߵŮԣǾӵģͨɱǡ
ѩС챧סַ첲ǲ뵽ζԸˣ
ַЦЦȷʵ뵽һ취ǲ֪вС
ʲô취Ůң֪
ַǿǶˮ״壬ˮԾ˭ܽˮ𣿺οǱһꡣŮƺеӦôԸˮأ
ַ㻵Ц֪ûעǺȵĲˮտģտ֮ˮͨһЩ
ŮȻ򣺡˵𣿡
ַͷǻ׼ȷ˵Ӧ嶼壬״Ǹ壬ӦóܲסκԿ
̵ȼһѣַһ㶽㻹Ҫɱţ
ƲصͷѽȻǸʲô
ַ㳤̾һǺԩ޳ģҪɱǣο˵ģӴֻΡк֮£ǷŹǰɣ
Ůһ㶣ǿǹ갦ҲǻΪʲôɱǣ
ַεˣԾͿˣҪǣǿԶԿħġ
ŮȻסС磬ҲƺһӣȷӦ
ַ㽫ƵĻѽУ̶㵽ͷĺܼɵֶַЦЦϨ𣬳ϵ߰ɣҪҿǣҲ֪ûУһһûӰˡ
ַǵĿĲϤ壬ҪĥԼԡǷֿжҶȥԿ壬Ѳǵ䡣
ѩ̱סַĸ첲ҡͷҲҪ͸ֿƶҲ˼ַʱЦã⻹ôĥԣ
ͻȻַ뵽һ⣬ЦðȻҲԸֿǾһ߰ɡҪҰţǲܷԡ
Ůͷַ㻵ЦһŮǰУңɻһۼæ׷϶ȥ
һ·ַȻ󺰴УҲ˲ٹԱǰ鿴ʲôĹУǵҲͬȻѲߵƣȻǶԿǵ˺ܰȫ
ַһ·һ߼ʶһѰҺʵĵؽ磬û֪ʲôֱַ㿴һĵطŮַͼ
ǰãƮ˸ǵһ°ѨڣӦǹԱľۼءٿַŮɴ۾˭Ҳַܿ˼
ַˣǽȥɡŮһҪȥҪǵ룬δֲ̫˰ɣ
ַɨܣȥѰҽǵ䣬ʱͻǡѩѸٱַ㲻ҡͷҪۼأɱַһҲȥģ
ϧˣַû˵ϰߣϰ߶ˣһֵŮŻˣ
䣡
ѩ޺ô򱻷סͨƱҲ޵ģǿλʦ˿޺˼ˡ
Ǳַǿӽ˰Ѩַ㽫˵·ȫӹ̣Ůʱ޷ͨġ
ѨһƬƿЦһһϻסˣûа취ˣֻܽȥˡ
ѩҡͷͻȻֱֻ֮ץס˶ŮŮһֱȾܣƿЦ̸ȥ
ȷǹľۼأַͨҲгԱע⣬ŮҪԵĿɲԱô򵥡
ʹСԭڹ壬ǧĹԱҲ٣Ů˵Ǹ˿ֲ֡ҹԱ෱࣬ټϵ°Ѩ󣬿־ʱʱ̿ĥǡС顣ȻҲܺ¡
밵Ѩ֮ƵһĹʵ̫ˣǵڰѨзǳãóȻܻܿΣա
Ҫ˵֮Ϊ˵ľˮ飬ǿ֮⴩ʵڷʤͬʱкܶͷ۵ĹԱѪʳʬʬëõȵȣǾͨߣ׷Ů޴ɲء
ưַ̾湻ĵģȻ뵽ԸŮַĿԣھܹŮԣʵ˿ЦãȷӦýһЩпĥ
˼ǺƾսһԼԣȥҲܲȥһС
ͣѩסˣЩ忴Ŷ£ĻеǶԿַǲĺĲŮǿ϶ŮʵŻĵĽŮ͵ĥ
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һҧȺ֮д֣ǿҵ𶯰ѨҪ̮ѩĿɿڴԵƵĵ
һֻѪѸٽӽץסѩֻһѪʬվڶŮɳɳЦŻµĳζӭѩһһƽʬͷ­ķ顣
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ðɡҳԼȷʵȶȾܣѪ˻һ׷ȥԶԶؿĿ޺
ڹΪսҲ֪ܵȥˣΨѩɶڵʹޣֻķɳѩȥ
ϣַ㲢ûȥѰҳ˵䣬ĴѰ䵥Ĺ꣬ȻһһӽѨٰ֮ѳڶϡңʵΪŮе磬ʦܣ湻ۡǵģ
Ѱ죬йԱ඼ַӽ˰ѨַֿͣǽĴ㡣
ң㻹ȥĽ㣿
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С֮ȫûʱĸƺںҹַҲ֪ǽСжˡһ첻ҲѾ˸졣
Աˣַ㻹ڵ˯һ˯֮ƵԶѰҳˡ
ң޴ȥһֱַߣַ˺˼Ȼĺܶ鿴˺ΣϸǴϸַ˷ǳ˼֪еϲˡ
ַ˱ͷ­׷Ϻȷ˹򣬶ַ˿ˣ
ιԵûУ㣡
һҰϣɢڲƺϢԶһ߶ܻһҪΪŮտʳ
ַǿ̺˳ҵģŮַķˣȻʹӽΪտɿҲȻˣ
ţۣϵܣôɰоַϢȥʱַѾܽӽŮˡ
ַ̾ɣרǵģ
ɻǣʲô棿ʲô
ַɨһۣûʲôֻһӶѡ
ңѸٷɵַǰЦǺƯҿռǵò𣿡
ˣ
ޡҸʲô
ңΧַתȦַ̾Ҫ죬ʹͬҲͬģһ£ô˵ģ
骴ЦȤǲǰ˭Ƶ͵ˣ
ַЦһץסңŽ˻жˣĥôˣ
˻Цû⣡ַɻˣôĥˣ
骵ֶʵҲĥ㿴ץģ
ίտĹַЦã뿼һ꣺˵ĥĿˣһΣѩڽ顣
һվ飿µĿ飿׷ʵ𣿴̼𣿡
ַͷر̼Ŀ飡ôҪҪԣã骶˶ԼƺģʹĴӦˣΨַ㻳ең̾ϢλŮַˡ
ȻַĿ骶ҲЩԥӲˡֱӱַӽ˰Ѩ֮УƾκַǲϴͨƬ̺û˶Ůûʱ亰ˡ
ɻָԼҲýȥ𣿡ַĬĬͷѵˣĻĥԣ
ַµѨĺܸȤַ㲻Ҳû취ʲô
ַɢŷŹ
Ŀɿڴ



328 
ΪַĻѩơŮӽѨԿڶ塣ַĻ˵һŷŹĿ飬Ͼڶ࣬ƾŮ¶Ըˡ
ò˵ַ˺ģѨ֮˵ڴ˶ĹڵθϤǵĵ϶ԸŮֱˮ
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ϣҲʵΪŮһѺرѩˣ֮ǰѾͬ彻ַ֣˵ѾкܳʱˣѾ˼ޡ
ѩãϾԪԹʹãô죿һλʵʵڵĽߣ
ַеڲݵϢһҲĵӣʹЩˣܾܵʲô㣿
ϵܣͽ˵£Ѿƣǳ᲻ΣգʵڷŲģʹ߶Կڶ嶼ǳοǻĽ侳磬һĺҲˣ
ַȻһȻԵõӣ㲻ĿԽȥʵҪȳǺ׵ġ
⣬ΪµĿ飬˼ĥϵܾʲô˼Ͳܸ߽𣿡
ַ۾տգֻڼ֮вſԾҲֻڼʱܿһλӦеļֵȷܲпᣬǶǶ벻ĺôףԸǿͨⳡ顣
ףԸüͷΪʲôȥ飿
ַ̾˿ϵºڲĿžᣡ
㻹ǽȥ漱ˣŮ˭޷صĺȥָ֮ʹ
ַɢƲ˳һۣͲῴǰˣʱסˣַ«﾿ʲôҩôԼԽԽͿأ
ַ̾˿ȺѩϾԪҹؼʱ̻񽣿ʹãԻϲصǡƽΪƫͣԾصעƽ£Ԫ񽣸ˣؼʱ̻ģ
Ȼ򣺡ѽǻ񽣿ʹأϵܴǺǡô죿ͻȻɴ۾еСͼƻ˰ɣ񽣶ˣ
ַһЦȷɣ񽣣Ȼϧ񽣽ɣǶԸĹӦ㹻ˡַһۣʵڲŮֻٳȥѰŮ䡣
ַ۾ҪԱСƺһӡɻɨַһۣȻ˵ʲôǵͷӦˡ
˾ڵĬĬȴַʼڹʱ䣬ַٴ˶⣬ˣ÷ǳˡ
ʵѾ˶ˣ
ַЦӦңƽÿһζǽȥʱҳ˵㶫ֶˣӦˡ
ˣΪʲôҸоʱ们
ַ׳˼һƵС磬²ںҹоӦõġ
ԹҾ˵ϸоʱĺѾĥҲ֪ôˡ
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ǡЩΪѣ񽣵һֱڱܣ֪Լӵ񽣣Ȼ֪񽣡
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ңԭܾģһַĻͬˣ˵˾˵»Цַ̾Ȼַĳ
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ʦܡ
ַ㣬ַ΢ЦŽƲˣѾģЦЦڵ˹ȥѼ͸֧ˣ
ַ̾ƽʼԼʵͦģ󶨻Ϊ΢Цŵ˵ͷ
ַٴδ񽣣񽣺ХһʼѰѩܿʣµŮȫصϣڶּʱ겢ûз񽣵顣
˵Ӧѵ˼ޣʵҲȷʵˣΪ˻ȥһֱսڡƺٴγץסַһٱᣬַֻܰ̾ŭǿ
ŮϾƣʹŭҲѾ᲻ַϼĸо
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͵ЦҲϣַΪѣԸŮ˾ҪжԸŮ˵ķǿǲеģϵӦһ㣡
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ַһǿнѩת˹һǣѩʱȫһ˽ַ㻳оǴޣע⡣
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ЦǵȻඣҲ˭̸ģԺͼסģ֤һһ׼ַɵЦһͷŮЦ
ŮȻѾƣȻǸΣյĵطһΪӦþԶŮѾƣûУַֻͳͬʩչȥ
ңŮԣҾǣǲظлңͬռǵòͿˣ
ɻռòôռ
ңֻҪǿһ¾еԼͿˣ˵СŮӰȥңһͨľӰƮɻһ۾еԼͻȻ־еԼԼһˣ
û꾪ȾӴͬһͿˣһеԼƺ˶ʶַôΪӦңľ껯ò
ϵܣǲӦȥˣǵĥҲѾͨ˰ɣ
ַЦȷʵϢϢǳԵ㶫ɡ˵ŮĶӾѾʼҽУŮӷĺַֻÿɰ
˺ܿ뿪˹򣬲ҵһЩʳʱϢָŮٴγ
˴ĥΪƺͻĽļ󣬶ַĥЧ
˵仯ľˣڹΨһһԿˣһԼռƵ½еɱʽˣϿʲô仯ַף൱ɱ䣬Ѿڲʼǿˡ
ͣҾȥħ㣬뿪ħַĬĬŮʱоһ˿⡣
ԽС磬ٴͣһ֮ǰԽͿ߳Сˡ
ʹ˵ʮ֮µֻзƣ˵㲻ƣֻз֮ʱŻܵӡɵӳƺħףѡ
̤С磬ÿ˶һֻȻһµĸоħĥȷʵһЩЧǰȻһɫϣԿǶͨĽݡ
˳Žħ㣬Ѿȫڵʵ㡣һӵʯڽݾͷѪ߰ߣѣʴ֣



329 
ħ㣬ʯѾ֪ã߲Ѫǽ󡱶ֳеͱˡ
ʯڽݵľͷ·һӣʾǰ롰󡱷ΧһǡֹͣǰȻ󡱾һΣԡ
ûС磬ʵʵڵڸ֣ޱȿտĿзԲʮڲʱĸȫһ£ۿƺΣգ˿տǿտ
ƹʯѾﵽ㣬·һɫ⻪쳣Ŀǲǡ󡱵ޡ
ħ֮ԵҲ˵봩Խǰ谭ȥĽݾڶ档
ԶԶȥԼɼǶͨĽݣһɫƷڽǰ˸Ӧþʹµ־뿪ħʹ־
ڵڵؾݽʮǷйȥƬ̾ͿɸϵտҲʲôΣա
ĬĬӣԿɻң̾Ϣڸ̾
һû⵽κνӣȴʯʾǣĪǶнƣ
ַ²ⲻ㵱нƣҽƾ˫ԣȥ㻹ȥһ㶼⵽ƹ
ѩЩףʲôҲûѽ᲻´ˣ
ַӦòģҸо˽ƵĴڣһЩ㲦ңЩŹѺħѵһǱӡС磬˿տÿ㶼ˣЩħȥˣ
Ȼַһ˵ĺ˷ѽˣЩŹѺħ
ϵܣ˼أ
ַΪһΪֹǰ߲㣬Ϊ˷ֹӳֻһΪСԵʽӡˣû⵽κ谭λʦ֮ѡΪյ㣬Ϊ֮ϽǹѺħĵطΪڻ˽㡣
һֻһ˼һɨ㣬ͻȻʯı棬ԭʯͬޣƶʱסˣ˳۹ȥҲסˣǺ⣿
ǰɣɻ꣬ȴΣңƮǰ˰̾Ϣԭ˵ң
ңɵɫ⻪ǰͣһִΧĻҼΪɸݽߵʵвӦһǲֻͨƵģ
ΪңͻʩŻʶԻУǰĻʵ̫ǿˣϡһ
ַһ˿Ȥ㶼ʲô˵Ҳѧϰѧϰ
ңһԺĽղ˵˻Ϊ˫ԣκ˶ЧҶԴ¹˽Ƹǿʯϵ޽ƣ
ȫң˵ʲôңֻϸ˵
Ϊý齫ִߣԴﵽǵЧܹͨ𵽿Ч
һ˵һֱȽϸ߼Ȼ֮ɱʩͨ߶֣ٳûɱ˶Է˵ֻһЧĸҶ־ᶨ߾˲жӰ졣
Ȼ˵ֻһĻǿĻʵ⣬νǻʷ۷֮
ָͬߵȷ͵ȷڻϡֻͨԻ󣬶ߵȻɱԣתԣؼڻʩչķλ޾ˣǱͬһֽƣΪλͳ˲ͬЧ
仰˵ַɶǰݣɴ˴ԽĽΪ˳ֻܻĹ󡣷֮ݷضݱ޽ƣһȻͬʵԷ
ǸߵȻ͵ȻĲ𣬸ߵȻӵתԣʩŻ칥ǿʵʹԡޱͬһֽƣȫӦΪޡ
ڶԻȽ˽⣬ңԤͨǰơ󡱣µӵֻ
µǷ֮ʱޣǿȻҲͬһ㣬пµһλ
ַ⣬֮ϿħѺ֮һСԵʽƼ޷ʶͻΪħֹħѵһߣӵǿĽҲӦõġ
ˣַ㼸ָӦԣħֶʮ㣬ĽƿʹħҲ޷ӦԣԼҲʮʵʹöԿޣռͬȱҲô׾Ϳͨġ
ε˱ͨ󣬲Ȼòʹµ־˾ͽԶڹ֮УͬʱͨƲһԭȵĽжôǿ󣬼ʹС˽ƵʱɫϿ˶򲻿൱ڱСĵط
̾ʦ˵ˣǱ뻹ҪͨҲҡĿǰҲֻһ·ˡ
ѩȥԻΪߵġ
ַҡͷңҲ˵ˣԽߵΪԻԿ϶һǿڽߵıΪԽ߷ԽǼ֡ȥɣҵΪҲǺܵͣΨһˣΣյȻӦԣ
̾ȥɣʦּȻǣһǿ϶ϵֻûмʶ󣬼ʶһӦþͻӦ֮ߣ㲻ȥðգȥ
ƲƲʵǿģȥ
˶ʱһ㶣Դ򼫾֮ԼʵҴûгϹԼʵߣ˴ΪȥվȻԼʵȡȻʵȷʵһ
ǽӣӵԪ񽣣ΪҲѾﵽ߾磬һΪӦѡһȥ̽ΪС˾ȻΪȥղ˲Ц
̤֮һҪˣȥ̽
ַһ㶣Ϊʲô
ЦΪǽ㣬ѵŽ𣿡ƿԣòɷǳ˧
ѡ£̽
һ̤ɫ⻪㾰ɫ䣬˲仯ΪһƬѩ
ңһУǷһ޷ܵģ˲⣬ʲôΣգô޷ܣ
ͻȻ֮Ϸ߾ԽսƲȫһ𣺡ܵܣ
ַһ֪һֱһʹǸΪһɽ뿪ɺڷĵܵܣȻܵܵӰųĪǡ
ǰѩΧһߣΪԶѩߣַûܿƵܵܵòƲ屻ַ㷢ַͻȻʶʲôĿɿڴ
һҽдƵĵܱܵɽ̴ŷɽܼ徹Ȼһ鿳ʱǳѪȣԵŮæס۾ҲۿѪȵĳ档
ַʼעƵıӰڿСȭͷ߬ţĳ״ʹˣ
ɶȥ
Ƽһλߣַвÿץǿнصԡʧ棬ǻصַߺһ£һѪַ㻳
ַΪƼƣƬ̺һû£ӦŭġƺԳȡÿصܣֻЩףʲô𣿡
ңȻ壬ĿΪֹǽ㣬ֻҪ޷սʤеη壬Ǿ޷ͨ󡣶ֻǵһ֮һҪһֻһһݣҪ޾ſԵʵ̫ˣ
ַʵǿзйȥֻΣ
ңŪɳ׾ʩһγɻþǶ޷԰Σַ㲻üͷƺ̫ˣ󰡣
ǽӶͿ𣿡˻һַĿɿڴңҲĿɿڴôʵõķôû뵽
Цҵģ˵ų̤˽ɫ⻪龰ٴλûûΪһƬڵҹһǰȥ
ûͻȻһ㶣ſʼСУֻԶһַڵϳտ
ǸտҵģѸٳ˹ȥץסַһٱᣬַҲȫ֣˾˴
ѩŮȵַ㣬ַԼЩͿˣԼʲôʱͳΪտˣ
龰ͻȻٴλûΪһƬտ޳ַ㡢ѩʱһ㶣ַʱĳأ
еĳַǰʼһˮַƾȻ㲻ܣѩŮɴ۾ڿַ֪Ϊʲôˣ
ַԼȴһ⾿ô£ֻǻ
䣡
һ죬һѪɶأַüͷһ̽뻳СѾȫԣûһ˺ۣͬһֻ˹ȥ
ѩһô͵쿴ĲһַȴԽԽң󾿾ʲôƺǻô򵥡
Ѿʧٴλָԭȸ֣ſյ뻳лԵĶŮַ㲻ͷԷʹһоô£



330 Ӧ֮
ޣħеһĽƣӵþתΪ޽ƣңΪʷϵ۷֮ʱ˿ַ̣˾ͱ֮ǰƷ׷ױȻԡ
ַܲ⣬ӦþǻӵйǱеַΧǹûһ˿˺ۣĪҲŭģ
þֱһĪչ⾿һʲôĽƣԸƣʹŭģԸȴַӰ񣬶ҾȻþյԽԽˡ
Ƚַ㷢ֶŮƺӵйͬ㣬ǵĵһ
һǻþγɣƻǳûʲôΣգ֮Ƕ˵Ĳͬ
վԼĵܵܲһĻŭıַȳٴǰַ̤Ļ˶˱ʱһĻ
ԭǽӶǵڶʼƺʧڻþ֮УַĻþէһ޼Ѱַȴһ󵨵뷨ǶŮķ
ɵһʼþչŮƺӰ죬ʵѾʧڻþС˵ǱƭѾԼǻþ֮Уɴ˿Եó뿪㶵ԭΪ뿪þָֻ˼䡣
ͬʧڻþУԸںö֣ʶŮҪ߳١ڵҹӦǳйĻ棬ʱĳ¾ںҹд󣬹ʶ
ȫþеĳ߳ģϾ֮Уٴþַ͵տԼ˱ʱĻþɴ˿ɼķͬһ㣬ֻҪþк߶ͻν޾ͨþ
뿴ƵʱҲѾþַֻּʱþδʶûпĻڶŮѪͺˣΪǵĲȣߡ
ңͣĿֻΪ赲˽㣬Ϊ˺ȡ˭ʶŻὫþıġ
ʹ˻ΣգܵĻַûнƼʹϳƾͻ᳹ʧڻþ֮У߻ħԲж
ʯϲѪ֮ǰ߻ħûⱾ޷ͨþġ
ңͨʧֻ֣Ҫ־ᶨͿԵþֻ֮ЭӰ졣һһĸ߼ʹ־ټᶨҲ޷ǧֻЭˣ
ȷЭȷʵпͨ󣬵Ǻѡ
ַʹצԸȡȻҲԽ͵𴦣ǾޡʮѾ÷ǳңԶַ㲻ͽһ͵ʮ⣬ַ㻳ԽԽóȻЭǰʵ̫Σˡ
ϸŮľַ²ⲻƳȡ˽ߵļ䣬ɽߵļѡ龰ʹСԽصļԽǴĻľͼܷң߳ܶλ֮¾Ѿħˣ
ɴ㣬ʧ˻ͨþʧǵ־֮£ʹõ־¶֪ʹá
ַҵֻмʮ׵ľ룬԰һٲҲһٸ֮ĻֻԼȻ޾˭ֿܵ治֪ʹʦǿһˣֻþͲǿԵֿģ
ѩ§סַ첲Ǹȷܴѽ綼벻⣬Ҳ϶벻
ַɻɨˣЦĬĬͷƲʲôҴûнӴҪΪһжԸİ취
ַ㰵̾ϢƺǷ߳ıߣԼȷĵġ
˼ãַƺ˺ܴľģѩһ֮ȥ̽һ顣ѩͷһЦֻҪַͬһЦַԸ˽⣬ֻҪ飬ӦԵĲԣƾȷǿġ
ַҪǽһᷢʲôܺ棬ǻһһôֻͣѩ̤ɫ⻪ַĵģԼĸ硣
þʼ䶯ѩѾþ֮Уַȷ˵һ㣬̤ȻһЩ䣬ѩԻȷһ㡣
þֹͣ仯ǰһƽɽȣѩվɽһСվַӰǶʱ龰
þ֮⣬ַ㰵̾˿ôԼӰֳڻþˣþеַ˵ʲôƺֻѩ
һƬҶƮ䣬ѩһҪȥҶַʩչצѩ߬סѩһ㶲ѩΪҪַ㣬ȻһЩ˫Ȼͣԭأַ㰵пЦҺԼΪѩͲ˶٣ȻľͿƲˡ
þеַƺҶأѩҲίɻĵͷַӦںѩûпҶһҲû߶ѩûнͣȻͷַĽ
Ӧѩַ̫ǿƾַνʼյͷҲǳƽַʱЦãȻǻþʵпѩҲˣԼĺҪ
Ҷٴ£ѩ̧ͷҪǰȻצ޷ƶֺҶٴ˵ϡ
ַðɣֱӸѩһƣ⼸˶ʱһȻ֪ǻþǻǺܹŹֵַ㣬ƺǻַĴѩơ
ַԼҲһܸоѩģʼڲʹԼԱ޷ƶԼǰﲻæġ
ѩȻģȴûᣬƾǰַ⺰ԼҲֻίظӡ
ͻȻʧþָƽʲôҲûзѩȻվΧڣƺѾָƽҼҲָˡ
ѩһתͷַ㣬ƺȷʲô֮ѩĵЦˣ磡ַ΢ЦŵͷԼ²ⲻһһߣֻһ֣һҲָ
ĿɿڴѩȻ˻Ľ֮УҴʱһҲûС
ַȷʵǷֱֻֿҪʧǾͻٴλָ
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ѩίҡҡͷڻȷʵۣһҲûУûдƵģ
ַЦӦþˣֻҪòƶ˫žͲµĻǿ˰һһǰѩЦͷԼĸĺַܰĳ
Щ⣬˵ʲôҿʲôҲûпף
ַЦǵĽŲģֻҪһһУֻһֻңǳ˻ͻѩƽ£ǾͿԺǰˣ
ַ˵һļƻ˽󣬾ͣѩߣԼѩЭǲ߶ʧŮͻٴλָֻҪǵ˻ַͿŮæѹԼ˾ͿһһǰУȻ˵㣬ȴܰȫ
ȷʵһ⣬Լַ飬ַЦЦվѩԡ룬þոս֮ʱļ䡣ʼ߶ַѩ˰ǳɹ˻
ɹҲ飬Ŀַͨơ
ң־ȣַ㾹Ȼ˷ԿȻЧܺãʼջ޷ͨҲֻܰ̾Ϣ
骣ԸĻ˺ЦģȻһãַѩЦΪˣ骿ΪӻŻģ
ĻͬΪ߶׵Իüߣַ˹ͬѹƣͨ˻ʧ骲ܺ£ƺ׶˵Ҫġ
̤ʱеŮǶ˶һʵ޷ǾȻ󣬶һӰҲûС
ַͶŮȻ򣬲佱ַַȷʵЧַ㾪ȵǳҲצȻ֪Ϊʲôھ͸Эˣַ㻹ڵԼʱ޷ЧѹԼ
˵ĹͬѹƣҲͨһĿ飬ʱ⣬ΪþȻûг֣



331 ֮
Чһ˾̾ķ֡Ϊλþûѣûжʧκμ䡣
ңҲǷ˼ĻǱѰʹԻˣΪûܵκӰ죿
Լɻ󲻽⣬˵ĿʱۼַϣϣַܸһĴ𰸡
ַȣѵļֿܹһ˵ͳҲ޷ŷַԼ˵Լ
ҲΪضʲôȻǲܲԸġ֪Ϣ̫٣ַҲ޷һĴ𰸣ֻ֪ȷʵûܵ
һѾ߳ʧٴλָ˼䣬ھǵڶΪӦö߼ַԻøϢ
ڶþٴγ֣ŮٴþʧһЩ䣬ַͬѹƣٴͨڶ
ȻʲôҲûз߳һȻûܵκӰ졣¿˲ˣΪʲôܵĪΪԵֿ
Ҷ۾绹ΪǿģΨ˲ͬĿǰҲһ˵ңΪͿԵֿ
ʵһ벻ģľԼΪ˵У֮еһʹλʹҲҪʰ·硣
Կ־ξΪĲ
ĲǼһ֮ǰѾﵽ磬ΪĶ㾳磬ַ㼸˿ɱȵģʱдͨԪ뾭ϵԪڣʵѾȰ˷ˣ
ڶԼ˽⣬֪Լжôǿ󣬶ǰľΪ˼ʶ͹Բʲôɼʹ˽⼫ΪʼշϣĻЧġ
ΪĲ࣬ľͬԶַˣΪ󣬲ηõʧȥʻˡҪΪСľȣĲʵľƽȣ
ޣݽߵľ¶ӦƼˡܵܵʼһĲϿʲôʵھεܵܵץסһ㡣
ͬˣСӱŻ⣬׶ĵˣľܹƽ
Ȼûĵʹʵǿȷ󡱡
ѩ͸˵ˣַһУľַ״̬ģȻͳ㡣
ͬˣη壬ʵ¼į߳һʱĺҹֻԸˣۺʱܰǿʹԴԽҹҲҪڳһΨҶı顣
ĲҲеģַˮʤΪ˻ϳϯһְʵÿַ㣬ʱһ˿ھΣԾַ㣬һỹ飬ΪʲôԺӰˮΪ뷨
ƾ棬ԴͬĽ߻вͬĻԿʹַҲСʵ⣬ʹûмΪ̬ҲԵκλ
ַҲ󣬶˶⵽ϮȻ޾ĺҹַԵѩӰ
ȻΪʲôܵӰ죬ɺܶ࣬ǲᱻħ֮С
ȷ󹥻ǽζҲ޷Χ޽ƿɲݽߵΪЧЧֻҪͷһͻ⵽޹
̤һԵĽ޽Ƶһ޽ǿĹֻ˰߱󵯳Ų޽ơ
Ȼ󹥻Ȼᱻ󵯳ƷΧַֻͳơ
ȻӰ죬ַͽѹƵ񽻸ۺ˱ԻֻҪһͻ޷ͿԲơЦϾΨһһӰˣᱻҲӦõġ
ŲߣʩչÿϣȻþȴȻӰ졣
˴˼ʮַˣЩܲˣΪʵ̫ˣַ˵ʹĿܲˡ
ͻȻһַþ
˴Ϣͷȷĥľ÷ΪٴһЩʶĻǾͿԱסǵѣǵľõ
һ˵ע⣬ַЦû뵽Ѿˣǽ߳˼ʮţյûһҲиʮ꣡ŮЦȷʵ
ң̾Ȼ˺ܲĲԣʱǲ˵ġھͿԿǵѾﵽ˼ޣȥǶˡ
ַ㳤̾һ⣬Ķܲˣһֱȥ¼ʹ˻þҲһ𣡡
ŶӵǶѾˣҲֲסˣô죿
ַЦȥ潫־ѧᣬȻ뿪ȥһСҵԵĻǾšסǧҪߣȻᱻ޽ƹġͷԶȥ˶֪жĽԼֻһһߣһѾ
ܿ͵õ뿪ħ־ֻǺ⣬Ӱһʧˣ
ʣʲô֪ܵȥˣָô죿ܲһֱȥɣ
˳Ĭˣ˼ޣҲˣûʳҲͨ޷뿪ģô죿
ѾûˣԷУʱӦÿԴȥ
ַҡͷĻֻӣþΣգҺпܻὫǵ֮ǰŬȫ׷ˣҧʵΣȴ޷ʹá
ٴĬַ֮ʵһֱһ⣬Ϊʲô˰æ¾ͿԵԼȴ޷շȴߵˣþеҲǹģԼԵˡ
Ůüͷ˵
ַͷƿǶԵʩչ˱ԻʣµӦþͲٱ
뷨ܴ󵨣ǲ²ⲻԣҲᱻӰ졣ǲ¶ˣ˾ͿԳûͨ
ѾûʱˣַƣѸ뿪ʱƱ÷ǳҪַʵƵ˿¾ҪԶڹ
°ɣʵǺǿģ
ַЦԸʵľҵľǿģ˵ַһ̤ǰ˲䣬Ѿ
Ůһַ㾹ȻգԶڹΣհҧǿߣ
Ǹѩ棬ɲʧȥַ㡣
ųסŮһȥַ㱻Ϯһ߶ǻӾͻᱻȥᷢΣաʱ˿Ҫõ־ֻҪõ־гȥϣҵʱҲԽַһ
ֻЩ⣬ȥѾûʱ俼ˣֻһһ
ַĲ²ȻûֻӦһˣŮвûơŮͷԶַѾʧ֮Уºܿͻᱻ󡣳ȫתŮ̾һҲֻȫԸӰһ
ܿѾӽԵһã˲佫Ů֣һ㶷ֱͣӣʧһС
֮ǰĻͬڴ˻ȻǣÿǰľѾ䣬ȷʵ˻
Ů׻һͿ̤ΧʶǰǻûʧŮʱһɻ󣬾ʲôˣ
ŮþַܵĻȡˡַѺأͻȻͿԶľ㶵ŮַΪעתƵŮϣʶԼŻѹ
ãһַȫתŮΪŮѾܽӽԵַΪǿнŮƳȥԼҲԳû뿪
ǷеĻʮͲʲôַӽŮ֮ѸٴŮͻȻסˣǰĲŮһԺ
ַЦԼþˣͻȻסˣԼΪʲô֪ԼڻУѵԼûбϮ
֮⣬ң̾˿֪󲻿ô򵥣ȻַһþֻԶԵַ˴վΪһš
һþҲһþܷͨͿǵľˣһþԼ
þУַ˴ǵǰԼΪĵһĻ
ַ㿴ѩ˱Ƴɻ飬ַ˱Źѩַ㱻ɱ骿Լǿбƻ飬ƿԼĵܱܵɱ꿴һȺ
˶ˣԼΪģΪʹһĻԼþһжǼٵģʼղϡ
þƻã·һжģİĽǱƳɻ飬İĵܵñŹ򣬿İĸ类ɱ
˶ˣʹǻþΣһǻþǻһӵġԼ޷޷ѣ˼ˣ֣ʵеȻﺰС
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˵ˣǵʶʧڻþУ㽫ǵӰƳǵʶ޷عڣͻ᳹ȥ

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332 ʧܵЦ
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ˣַĵȷǻ񣬻þеŮƳɻ飬ַģǳƳɻǴΡ
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سǣĳУ˿ڶ࣬Ϣӡ
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Ұǡǲȫ壬ҿԿ϶ߣˡͻȻҰסˣеڲʱǸϿ뿪ǳΣգ
ַŹֵѵͲΣ𣿡
ҰǰǴǧַôܶԸǧ֣һΣգǺã
ѩɻĺΣ𣿿ΪʲôʲôҲо
Ұ㶵ǷѨڣѵ֪Ѩ𣿡
Ѩ磿ַʵʲôΣյģǷ𣿡
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ַָԼ𣿰УֲģұǴˣ˭˭ѽ
Ұעεˣˮӣ
ε߲ŭַ㣬ҲԸ˵ɴֱӹַ㣬ַЦüܣԼĲǶ֡
εҲʼַ㣬ַһ߶һߵлԺú˵ڴͬӦŽǣ
˭Ҫȥһɫӡַ㣬ַ㱾ܹȥ˭֪εͻȻץסټԭеƣַۿӡȴ޷ܡ
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ѩַİԣѵõûйַץ𽫶ŮҰι̶ڴľϡ
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ַ㰵ȣΪʲôѨࣿԸоûЧѨķ˽ȥҲ˵Ѩ
εɫ԰ףɷѨĴ˵˵û˿ԶԿǹұѨеһܹ߳¶˷Ѩ֮Сǲ֪ģһεǳţԼһΣ
ȷʵ޷ֿԽתܵԽǿ󣬿˵ѨҪĿľκľһֻҰ޵ľ޿ڰ㣬һһֻҰޣ
ϵѾıֱѩץһ˵ǵŶˣ¶ĻᱻѨ֮С
ҵķصɽַΪʲôɽڲֲҹͺһƬȫΪĦ
̼þ޴ַƺһεǵεᱻȥѨͬϣָо񱻾Ϸˣ㡭



338 ݷѨ
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ѩʼַ߬ϵַ㲻ΪǴʧ
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ҰѨãַѾǳأҲҧġ
Ұ󺰵Ҳ»ʱɣ
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ѩҡͷҲüͷַںεĴضӵģֻ˴Ҳ޿κΡ
ҰҪΪܺ棬ȥԶҲˣ
һҰĻѩ߬˫ҷнš
ѨѾǿ޿ɱĵزַѾ죬¾㲻ѨҲᱻ˺顣
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ְַŭţѩʼղϷ֣ʹҰҲݺҧסĲϣַκβ
Щԥǰæȶַˣ˺ܻܿȫѨ֮СǲæַεһΪΪֹûһ˿Ի߳Ѩ
εʼûһ޷ڣԼַУ뱻ַӡ
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εȥĿ죬Ҳ죬ŭУ滹ǿѹƣͳȥ
ַʱסˣȥѵҪԶǺã



339 ˷
ɷѨʮڣַεĬĬӡ
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ŶַӦһ̧žߡͻȻַʯˣԼ뵽ĻΪʲôԻشԼ⣿ѵԼǺηʥ



340 
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ʺܲϿԸܵһ޵ϢֻǺˡ
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һã˲佫ãԪ񽣲ͣŮǰԪãʢãϲڰвϽ档
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ֹһε棬˳ƹˡ˵˿壬һȻ鴫
ַٴĿɿڴԪǵһε彣ΪʲôԼڣѵԼǸʲô棿
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341 
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ߵдܴһϧߵԼȻǹ¶һˣǸ̾ĴԼڷܵ档
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342 񽣽Գ
سǣַĽͺ󳹵ɵסˣôû˵ֻû뵽ѰҶ궼ûҵ񣬾Ȼַ˾ײˣ
ĽӴ֪ʥ壬в˼ԭȲûнϣ˭֪ײˡ
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˴λɾȹַ㡢ѩԭеĴָأַǰӵеһ˿ӡַԱʱ֮衣
Ϊõ˴ַָǳģڻĽ̵ѧʹãִָлвٶֻý˵һ͵ġ
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ѽӵѵõʥ壬лʲô׳ƣл֮ʥɣ
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ٴŮӶ˱ŶֿˣǺЦһĻˡ
ҪѽŮŽһֳַԭεĻȫŮƺûá



345 巼
һ飿Ƿ˼ʵŮܶԷĻ
ãһųۺɫĴϣַϡͿվһԹۿѾ޷ĥˡ
ʲôһ飿ַѩ֪𣿡
§Լ첲ѩʱͨ죬ҡͷ֪ˣȴǸ˵㡣
νһ飬Ů˫ĵһΪԷӡ˫ɴߵһ𣬹ʳһ顣ˣӦһʣô˰ɣ
𣿡ַ㻳ɣ骶ǳɻ󣬿Ӳô˴·ϲ˶Է
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Ůͷȷʵǻһֵĸоͻоǳ
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ԣô֪ģ
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пԣڱˣֻ˵һ˵Ϣ
ڱһƬϵɭһλǰλǰӵ߱񽣣ѩ񽣣ϧ񽣣񽣣ԭλǰӵеġ
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һĬĬͷٴǰѾԽԽˡ



347 ʵĿ
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ѩ΢΢üͷ˵ʲôôЩ㲻˼ˣ



348 
ַ˵ⷽѩһʱ֪ν𣬻ʱĴôף
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356 һֻ
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ַ㰵̾Ӱſڣֻ𣿡



357 ɷ
գͺʱ䵽ˣַϣȻǸ鷳飡
Ҫ׼ǱΪ״̬׼һϺõΪͨô׾ܽȥġ
ͺͣķͨλڶͿϣҲɵػŷͨ
ͿʿΪģΪɵ
һԽΪɣΪҪͨͱһЩô
ö֮˳Ƿɽ˱ϴһƷʲ齣ȿ̤ңңڡ
˴ͺ׼һϺ齣صһɽͺЦ˵ɽͿɽ齣Ҫǿܶ౶ֵø
ͺѴոܹ¼֮£Ҫ취ֺý̤ɽҪң·кܶ࿲
ڶɵΪַǳɻ󣬷ͨӦǴȻΪ׼ģǾȻ˻ܺôѵû˷
ͺַ뷨С·ߵĶˣȻͳ˴β·ڶ¹Ҳһˣ˳ǱȽϺãϾҪġ
Ҳǣ뽣ڳ鷳˷ƻпܷΪ˵ķҲ㣬ȷòʧֻʵ޷ͬΪ˶ͺһҴҵЩҰָηѵϺôĲ÷
¼ҵٻ󣬶̤Ϸ֮·ȥԽһѡ֮·ǹ¶ģҲֻ߲ŻǷݹ¶ͺˡ
ַ㱾ͺһͬǰ͵ʶһ·ͨͺܾˣǵַ뽣ڷͻ
ͺıӰǳ¶ַӡ󣬻Լ˵ģΪܻ֪顣
ϵʲôգŻ§סַ첲ַ㲻üͷʲôıȻ
ٺٺ٣ԷرȤȥʶʶ
ҺԱûˣΪͺΪİ͵͵뿪Ȼ֪˿ɾͲˣȥȥ˭ֹ𣿡
Сģ㲻ҪƭŶ
ַϵǵ治һȥһȥɣ
ߣ˦ֱַתȥַһЦѸٸȥ
磬Ҫȥѽѩǳַ㷢Ƣֻÿ۹עַ㡣
ַЦǵģׯѾǰˣҪȥðһЩƷԱׯƽþͲҪˣǶּң۸ġ
Ҳѩίرסַ첲ҶҪ͸һѾ˼Һܾأ
ۡһ˲ˮɫ΢ĺСԶȥַεⲻ̫æҴ˴οǴ£ѩ֣
ѩţϴַҲ˵Ҫ£ͳҹȥˡйطѩַ᲻ԼзȥˡַκƭЧַѩһȥʶһ¡
ѩûӦöһȥһǸڴô죬˶
ڳ˿ŵַʾҲ뵽⣬гڣܾǱȻ飡
Ҳжʱ䲻ˣɴǽһȥˣȻпܴļһĻַҲĺܶࡣ
ϲȥһˣֻǰַָһ²Ƿǡ˴ξͲͬˣһĹͷˡ
֪ǵĴ㣬ַҲǵ֪£Ͼ̫Ǿûʲô桱ˡ
ַ̰뿪ˣؼǰиոսּҵҶɾΪͺð֮£ش˵Ҳǳ档
Ҷеֵڴ뿪ƵطˣǼ̾ߣ
ַ㻵ЦסҶ˼֣°ô֮£Ͳȥˡ
ѽҶˣǴһȥɣԴӽּҺҶͳ˽ˣҪΪżùһ¼£Ը궯˵ȷ
ַȴôΪѵôʵ油ôͷְ͵ֵܵæɣ㿴⼸Ҷ۳ʲôˣҪԶΪׯðּû˹ôУ
Ϳˣ
ַƲһۣȻַ˼ȻܲԸֲòڣҶ°ɣ˭ַǺܿͻģ̼ɡ
ּҿɲרģҵɣҶҪˣǲַ˼骿һøҲûУǰּңҲίذɣ
ַɲ뿪ʲô£ʲô鷳ģͲˡҶεؽˣֻͬΪַ˵䡭
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ͬˣȻᷴԣǣа˼ַˡǵһվѩ
һѩʱ˲ɥڴˣصĺɫʵǲ֪ˮôǹʵġٴ˴ŵķָнƮһ˿ڵĺѩȻǸΣյȥ
ַɲѰ䣬Ծڷָϣ
һַֻĺȻ֪䣬Ǳѩеˣң˸ͽ㣬˲֪ڴ˴
ãһ˲ѩԵȥַˣ磡㣡ѩã
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طַ꣬ȴûжôļȲסߣˡƵǣ֮Ϊ˷ܶҵİ֣
ڶվһЦסȻ򣬸ɴݷһһЦ˽һЩ֮¡˳㿴һ°溣Ҳ֪Сôˡ
׿쿴Ǵǣ
⣬ַһЦ溵ӹĲһЦӦúչǡ
ַ㻶ЦŽС׺뻳УСɱȴǰɰԵŮҲЦ
溽ԭǹλʲôʱ򵽵ģ
յ׹ôڳ⣿һЦǰʲôط
ǰȻס¥ǰΪµıԺϾбסڳﻹǻЩ鷳
ԭ׹е㼱ҪһЦǰһͬȥɣ
ˣǲǵˡǿȥɡ
ַ㽫׺к뿪ˣŮ溶һЦҲ뿪ˡ
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ȻˡǰǽռͨΪ˷

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ŶûУֻǴ½Ϊӡǽ֮ƿطͨΪɽ֧֡ӦֻɽһŰɣ˵Ͳͬˡɵ֮ϾסˣΪɵҷɽ粻ΪС¶󶯸ɸ꣬ɵΪ˷֮ء
飡˷ǳԾɵ֮ϾȻסˣֲñΪɵڿڿЩ˲ŻΪЩòңңڵˡ
߷ɽǿɽʵɽͲ¸𣿡
¹ԲӣһЦź̾˿ɽһ磬Ƶ磬ͬŷˣı䶯ɽ粻ɶӰ졣
һЦĽͳϣʵ߷ɽ绹ʲô壿ɽԭеķָɣ
һЦ˵ǣȻش塣ɽ磬˲֮жɽٴﵽޣմﵽ߲㾳硣ͬǵķɷбͨȴﵽ߲㾳ˣЩɷˡ
ƺûʲôرģﲻͬ
˵ﲻͬɽ籾߹ʹɶ˵Ӵ崢ߵıתȫ෴
ַ˼ǰ˵ɽ籾߾׷ʵʵɡ߾̽ļ֮º߸ӽӽ塣
һЦַ⡣
ַпЦɽ籾ʵɣǹӵԪԼʲô



358 ټ
һЦõϢɵȷʵͣڴˡҺ࣬һЦҲһ;ˣΪ֮ϵ߲ĵ
һЦĲ²ȷģ֮ϾסӦΪߣҲͼˡǣܱΪ˵ܹԸģԽڲŸ˺Ϊ
߲ɽȴܵҲ̫ܣַƺﱻˡַĽһЦʾͣȷʵԭġ
ͨɽ磬ʶͨҲЩʹҲֻܹǽɽ˵ЩѵõɣԲŻפ˴
Ȼǵ㾳磬ȴűʵĲһµ޵еĴڣٵжࡣ
ոҲ˵ˣ˵ַǿɲߣǹӵ˷ķߣַΪӦܹԿˡ
һЦֻһλϵߣַܽһô򵥣ȻҲô𾴡ҲˣһЦһӹţһλĴַǵ˼ȻӲķۡ
ڵ˵ƤµңͺܺЦǳ˶̻ЦַˣʹַӵԪҲֳм̬ȣһЦôΪ
һЦǳַһһַʲôֻ⣬뿴λĺ󱲻ֲͬڳ˵¡Բ²⵽ַ˼һЦûȰַ㳢һ£ΪһЩӦעĵط
һЦľٶ˳ŮĻɣһЦҲһ֮ԵΪʲô˰ǣԤıʲô뷨ַĲǳڳˣӦҲ뵽⣬᲻ҲڻһЦľٶ
ʵַ֤ûлɣȫһЦˡԼˣ̸ҽڵļƻһЦҲַԼ뷨ַһЦĽ飺Ҫ֣Ҫݺݵشһ
ȻȺ󣬿϶Ҫȵͺ֮ܿʼΪͺ˳ҲΪ˾˽⽣ַȲصݳ˴ǳʡ
ʱһЦַһƣ֪£޷βʱʹã֤»СС»ˣôһƣַ͸ӷˣŮֱӸ
ͺ뿪ҪԷ⣬Ȼἱڸ·ַΪ˼ӽ·ĻӦͺ쵽ﶫ׼ʱӦ㹻ˡ
ǰض;Ȼİشַȴû˽Ȥ˴һЩҪϢ󲿷ʱ仹Ը·Ϊ
һ·ַΪŮ˼빤رǳַ㶣ǧͣͺ֮ͨǰǳǷǡΪ˵͵£˻ûһͨ·Ͼ̫עĿˡ
ʱ䣬򶫷ĺϡ
㣬ɵǵĿĵˣֻһ㰵ڣݴϢǱǰռŷͨĽڵء
ѾͨӵķΣ֮УŮǾòˡҪĽȥ㻹Ǿ͵͵ȽϺá
ٺ٣ֱӽȥˡҪǿˣһ֪ǰٿĪ磿
ôһЦ
šΣٺٺ١
̾һȻ˵ˣֻܰһЦļƻˡǳɻǽַͳˣΪʲôҪڽڵңһԼڻشֺЦΪ棡
ѩҲͦεģֻʹַҲַ֧ľһĵĸоʱԼΪʲôַ㡣
ĸĵļһˣĿĵأɵ
ԶԶȥɵģǷǳ󣬲ҲСˣҲΪΪϵĽΪ׼˸ִ
Ϊ˵̤ıؾ֮أиǰ׼ڸɴྭӪ⣬ȫǿƵ⣬Ҽ۸Ҫ
Ͻнһɣ춼ǵĿƷΧϵķҲȦģַƽڵӿ»в١
ɵ߽̾ӦˣðѷԵɽɵߴõһƣ˵ǽɵƾݡ
ɵΣַðѷ˵ߵΪǲҪͨϵҪפɵգɵϵĿġ
ɵͨƻߣͬͨϵѴƱֻǲסڵϣⲿֿʡȥˡ
ͺ˵ķߣһ¶ͨϵ󼴿̲ɵõĺôٵġ
ξͿԿڴ˵صĵλȫһλߣԼǾܳԿġ
ַ׼ȻͳԲˣ̵ĵǸ㶨ĸƾͻĲеķ䣬ר˷ӣϧ̷㡣
ȻΪͨϵٻǮǱˣַּ˲ƱһƱžԵðȥТģׯ֮Ȼ֪ͨǵģ
ǮǴүǸɣȴɣʱַ㶼Լǲطˣǽɵʵ޷ܡ
סºλѾ߷ӣѩַסһΪѾ߱Ҳһ䡣ַۼ⣬ʾν˻صһЩǮƺܴ󷽵͸˵ǰλߣ̵õԷʮֵ𾴣ԩͷǿϲˣǮɲܰ׻
ֵܣ˵ɵɵģҲûʲôѽ
ϣλʦ֣ܵһɵǻʵɵ˾λأⲻǰ죬ɽλˣҲסˣ
ô˵λˣ
ЩַֻǾϲûмˣһݣҲĶˡڳпɾͲôˣַĸ̾ǾǾϲ¿еˣ
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˽˽⣬İɣǾ洦鷳ģλֵߡ
ߺַ㻵Ц§סѩҲȥתתϤһ»ҲһɣλѾ߰һͬ˶ȥ
֮ԴѾҲԭģӦжʱˣȻǷˣڻȴȽϤߣѾڿ֤Ǹߵߣʡȥܶ鷳ԹĲ鿴Ρ
һʱ䣬λѾ鼰˵ַܿ˽˽ڷֲɵΡԭͨڵɵһؿֻҪѣһ˿Ծôĵط
λѾַʶѾת˺ܳʱ䣬óһЩƱλҲ˰ɣЩǮԵģͲ÷ˣһõԵ͵Ƿ䡣ȥɣλѾˣõǮ׷ɢȥһЦԶһɽ㣬żһɲͬƮǾ
㣬¿ô죿λѽʧ߰
ǵһܵε˵ʧأȷʵЩˡϵʲô㣿
㲻ûУֻǵʱô䣿˭һԿλˣ
ĿⲻԾϣʱЦãһֿ϶أǿ϶أǿ϶أ
ҲôΪģ⼸ʵ鷳ǶҪãȵׯ֮ٱʱݺݵرһ£
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硭Ǻ㡭
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ַ㰵ЦЧԤ⼸ͻð鷳ܴ򼸼ܣǣסһҪס



359 
ϵܰһҪѽͲסඣ
ɥԹϣַָ¶޳ȣҪìܡìȷʵһЩȴҪԼǿȥַ㣬Щɫϡﻩˣ
ַ㻵Цһѳϰ۵Ƥʲô㿴ô⣬üඣ
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ַȻǣȻҲὫĹѽ
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ѩ̻¶˫ͱŲˣƾַκ˵ǲУֻܵݲؽڳѾͷвסҲ˲æ
ַļƻͨŮġᡱճǿԣͻõġֻ̫ˣһֱûлЩڵ̫ܣȻûһǰȥŵģǲŽᣡ
һγͻǶԷַʵǿˡ뼸ٲŪͻͺ֮ٶֿɾڹԿˡ
ַ㳤̾һϣʱׯ¿쵽ˣҪЩͻ
ίȣʲô취ɴֱӶֵˣΪǰռͨҵģʿ֪ǹΣһƫǡ
Ҳô˵ôҲǳɵӣ»侮ʯô죿Ǵӳɡ
תһȦ۾ϵܣׯ˵׼һ齣ֺǲǿԽһ£
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ٺٺ١ַѵһյЦһ
׻˵֮԰ռͨǵõ˵֧֣Ǵˡ
üͷһ̣òƺڴӣ˼ǣֱЩȥ
Ȼ³ç»üƻһ¡㣬Ϧ񽣽¡
裡
ףҪ˱ضǣɸոַõʾǴճˡǲ
ַ֪뵽Լ̾ðɣһġ
齣ַ㲻ûУðΣΪƵǱɫɽ齣ȻԽϵͣƷ齣Ҳ齣
ɽƽ͸ҵģе᲻أ
Ҳ齣ַ壬˴Ϊ¡οֻʱȥ֮һģ
ַս齣̾һ߰ɣȥݼһ½ͷַһͬ˷䡣
ҲжʱˣӶ֪λŮȱǵַ㶼ʶûǡһЩԶֹʱЦζ㵽ַ㱳ַ򿪻һЦǰǸߴĵá
˽صڣƽղͣλذɣ
ǰλӦǽھӢˣԳȻԱԼ̬ȣЩͨǿˣ
ַЦͷλͨһ£һλѼԸһ齣֪ɷ񣿡
һ齣ǾͰѳֲסˣҲ¶ЦգԭԵƬ̣ȥ
һλӽãƬ̹ٴ߳صѣѾͬشͨƣ齣ҾͿˡ
ַ΢΢һüͷںϸ΢һѲԭ齣ڴˣ룡
˫ַ齣ȴЩͲסˣһ齣ȻһҲ
ַٵ˳һۣ³ҲֻǿͣںλڵֻΪ᲻齣ûгƥ¶
õƺ˻طߺ޵ʲôƨͦӣҪǲӰׯҷǵòĵã
ַЦҲ֮Ϊһ齣ô˼Ҳһ֮
齣Ҳûˣ˵ôɣ
ȣǵȳģׯҲõ˰ɣѩ׼ӭӰɡ
ѵʹˣ̲
ģ㱬ʱֻڻǵͣҪׯ¡
ģƭң
ǣɲҪϾ˼ҽڿɡ
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ַ˵ͺȻڽҹɵַ˵ĽӴͺʮԾ
ԾַǰԼҪ˵Ŀģͺôܲǵ⣿
ַ㷿䣬ͺסһ£ռݷͨĽǧ˸ǣڣλ֮㾹Ҫô¿˵׻ΪԼַע⡣
Ǹͺɬ˵ľŵòᡣ
ַЦǰΪϵ㿪ڣΪС㡣
ҲáС㣬Ҫ˼⽣ڿɲô򵥵ġȻǿռݷ֮ͨãͶй֮ҿ˰ɡ
ǰصǣǰȿɷһѾð׵֮飬ǰ޹أּ޹أǳ뽣ڵĹᡣ
СԺ⣿
ǰǲҪЩˣ׼յķͺá
ͺ̾һַĺףʡʱ䣬Ϊһ齣ɽɽǿЦĻѣɽͿƵģ齣ж߿ӵУ
ַվǰЩϢȥ׼ˡѩң˴˭Ҳȱϯ
ͺŮװһȱϯֲףԭַҽڵ׼Լ֮ʱҲǱ֮ա
ˣѾһܾͿ˽ģѩһˣҲͲˣˡ
ڵǰַѾɵվͽ̤֪ǷҪ׼
һλ߳ãѵõͨƣսػӼȿɡ
ǰǷΪ
ȻϷԪϡ֮Ѿ㣬Ի˽ǣذɣ
ַ齣ǷڽУһ齣Ǳ֪ԪϿɷи㣿ȶԷַͽԪȡ˳Ԫ϶ʱĿɿڴ
Ԫ񽣣ȻַָʾȥһЩãĽ壬ϸĹٶɽ𡣻һַԵģǴָ˲ӵеĶ
Ԫһ¶棬Ԫ뵽⣬һַʵݣܹӵ˼ķɽָݲַ͡ͼɱӦģǶӵдָĸ˾ϲ˽
ѣ⽣Ԫ̽һ£Ͼǰɽ̫ջˡ
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ڼһλһӣֻǴź壬ݡ
˵ǰˬĴӦ˽ȴ齣Ѿý档ǴŷɽĲֿ⣬һ˵ɶн档ȴ˵Ѿرգϼղſɴ򿪣ʶַڴ˶һЩʱ䡣
ַЦԵĽôף˳;˴ЯѵһĴָڸ齣ôȥ
ˣЩʱǲˡȺ濪վѷˡ齣úˡ
Ԫ񽣽Уַȴ޲ɨֻȫۼ֮ϣѾǳˡ
ַȥϸĹۿ˳Ů̱Ůòòֵ𣿡յЦݺѱ˲
ڶգڽڵӵĴַѩͺ̤ͨͨ·һ·ϹҲϾܹ˳̤Ϸ˲Ǻܶࡣ
ܿ˾Ѿ뿪ɵźתĺɫĻͺ̾һһҲ֪ʱȴֲ֪˵Щʲô
ǰһ·ߺãַ΢Цŵһͷ˵ͺûкĽ飬ɱϾǡһҡػһҲӦõġ
ͺϵͨС㣬ǡ
ַ΢Цͺסˣ֮һַֻ̾ɳڣСĵ㡭
ַ΢Цѩѩһ캦ߵرסĸ첲һжͺЦټˣ
أ
ӿ֮ʱܻ뵽֮ǰƽƽֻ֮ᱻƶ´Ρ
ͺˣ˳̤Ϸ֮·ڣѾǣңԷˡ
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ѩίС죬ȴǾǿҡҡͷַʱЦһȦɫⲨ˲˷



360 
綫һɵ˳ƺͿΪɵ
ʱ˿̣ɵţڵܳ˽飬ȴ˲õ¡
֮Ͻãӿʮʮ㣬ַ㡢ѩվϸɵ
ãһλŵӵڵϣĬĬ߳ãһ֮Ѿվ֮ϡ
ʿ̷ɵ޹ԱѸԶ룬򡭡
һ˻춯أڵȻǲǰЩ챻˲Ǯɵ𣿾Ȼǿʿ
һʱ侪Ǳ˸ЩûмķŻˣҲ˲ɵϵ׷ӴܣһЩͼӶû뿪ɵ
񽣼齣һַ㣬齣ûн뽣棬ǼһҲǸɫǰˣΪƽƽйϵɡ
ôõģ
侲һ°ɣ
ַЦһԵͨ죬ȴǿЦá
һãϲ죬λԪϷ𾪣ʵѣ֪ŭ㣿Ϊɵ徲
徲ַЩмһˣ˲֮ؾ˵徲
Ҳǳ徲ֻǰɣ
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ԪϴһǸȻ£ҼȻˣΪʲôûгɹŮġ
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λҽȣ񵹴һ徲ǾкĿģ
㣿ЦַɵǵӴģƵǮѾԤˣɵҲ˴Ǯó齣ͨϵһɵȣˣ
Ԫƿԣַ˵Ķʵʹ˵ȥʿҲǣô᲻
ǾȻ˴˴Ѿ޷Խˣɴֱ˵̸ɡ
ַЦʲô˼ƲǣôΪǮƣ
ҲЦˣǣɽɽǿɿϣԪϿҪעѽ
Ԫɫ䣬̸ܹѾļˣĸҪĺ󱲾ɵҰǱ˳Ҳ£
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еӷýѵ˲ƾⷢ
һЦصɵ֮ϣһλӻգλǿԴ󣬽ڴѾǧ࣬Ϳɲģ
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ߣһˣЦһͬһƣ޴ʱɢ֮ϡ
Сãɲһѽɲһݻ֮ˡ
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ãһ˴һæתǵԵԪ˵˲һ˺ǱرԶ
ôܣ㾪ȣַ᲻ĴڣӦֻͨߣΪʲôǵʵǿ
ٿַµȻΪֻһߵȵֻߡ
ߵӾȻԴҵ֪ܵܿɣ
ɫò˵·ǳŹ֣ԼڿȻ࣬ǶԿ˵ѾǿˣΪʲôǻһҲûУ
ַͬףͼˣڳ⻹һ˵Ƕ֡ãַ˿ӵԪĴڣ飬ԪɣλΪɵôǵĶ֣
ҲЩΣԼһַ˶Կǲܵģ˵ǰλŮ˵Լɵһеˡ
ãҫ˴һõϢλѸٷգλȫ
ʲôˣΪʲôѴҶۼˣ
ղλһı˪鷳ˣ㿴ǡ
ȥһɻַµȻ䣬ӦֻһߵȵŮҲƽƽ棬᲻ĴڣӦҲߣΪʲô鷳
޳Ȼ¶⣬עʱʼΪڿСȣһɷߺ޶ʱͷ֪ǿЦҲǵƤ
ãһסϧһȥַε̾˿ĵ㣬㣬ûó԰ʲôԼͻһԷΪ񽣶ȫԸʹԪҲǶְ
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λ˴һַȴһҺλǸȻ񽣵ܿɾй¶ˡ
̫ˣûкʵɽɽҾˣ
ҪɽҲҪˣ
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Ȼַסˣλ˸ղŵĻҪ˵ĲǱ߲𣿡
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һַ㾹ȻҲɽ̾Χ˿ʼѩЦоγְɣȥԸһ˵һˡ
ɨѩһۣɽûҾͲˣ
ѩֻó񽣣˶˵̳֣ѩЦһҲʼ˶Կ
εվԶôֻסˣӦԸλ˵ģƺһЩı䡣
ַΪŭź˽ֵģѩΪ˼ѹŰԸһλˣԼٰԸһòˡ
ˣַֺγˣرǿѩԼҪĲ֪ôˡ
ͻȻһ£ҰæҾͲܰæҪæ͵ð˶ˣţһȫǣ
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컨׹Ҳ̫ƽ˲ֻķˣһЩԭƻ˳û㣬ڵȻҲ
ͨԿַ㷢ЩνʵһģͬľĴڣûʲô⡣
ʵϸҲǱȻģλʹǽ˵ˣ߷ɽΪ뷲Ԫ޳⣬˵ͷۣǾͲˣˣ
ҲͨԿַʶԪǿͨԿǵɾܻģʹԪͿɶԿЧԷ
ַ㲻ɵð̾һԪΪӦеԼҲʵˣȻȻɶԿλˡ
ѩ
һȣදˣ˶ʱֹͣ˶ɵ˲仯Ϊ硣
ôģö𣿡εűеַˣ˼ͷǳ
ã˲˸磬Ŀʱۼϡ
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ϲ̫ˣӦԺĴ˭ңٺ١
ѩίС죺ʲôô˼Ҳˣ˼ˣ
λͬ
ڵǣˣķñ
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ãҫɫַ־»ɢǷ׷ҫˡλ˶ʱˣͲһô򵥣ǲ֪ʲôɵġ



361 һЦ
ɵ֮ϣΪļˣֹͣˡ
ۼƺ̥оЩˣί磬ʲô𣿡
ַĬĬһĴָѾˣˣ
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λ˵ǰ˵ʵѾСӣǾǺˣΪʲôʲôĿģ
ַ̾Ѿ˵ĺˣҪף
ΪΣˣ
⻹˵ڴ˸ʲôܻߣȻ߷ӹأͨǼҿİ
ʲôϵ
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ŮҲصߣһһٸǶϣҲʡ÷ˣ
λɫ࣬ڴΪ˰Ȼַʹ˽ڲǵ֮ûˣͱصǸǿʳҲɽˡ
λѣ»᲻Щ᣿çײǲЩʣ
ַֽеʣҪҪʿǰƾһ£Ҳǵ˼
ʵȷʵˣرλҲܻ̤֮Ǹоǿңַ˵Ϊһᱻʿ佱κη顣

ȫһֻίĨűӣЩˣǼɣ
λ˿Цã⻹ʲô˵𣿼ʹһԲַҲԷӡˣ̸벻̸һġֻ˾õ֮ضʵڿϧǿˣôܱ߱ȵ˾أ
ǲЭִڵĻ罫һɱ˰ɣҲһεı֣ɽҲַǿģɽزȥ޷治ˡ
˾ǿַ̬ע⣬ƽĶַ㲻ɱǣϾѾﵽǶģȥʵڿϧ
Ҳ֪ΪʲôǿӲǽڵĴѾвƽ⣬Ϊһӣڣһλᣬû

ַһ㶣ûмִֵˣô죿ȻַһЦƣ˵޷˽֮ʱóƾ壬ó԰ɣ
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λ˵ı֤ʿͨΪʿ׼Ϣ֮أڽ棬˵Լİ취
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Цãίַ㣬ַҲͦʣ°ɣһҲͦįǰɣ漴ͷĬ££ǡ¾ͲˣûܴǺĵģ
˰ųȥȴûע⵽λһЦһȫסֱȥҲҶһ£һЦ
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СֵΪֹһϷˣж͸㣬Ҳʳԣúý̵һģ
ַͬһЦ뿪ˣ뿪֮ʱһ䣺ͲȲιһ°׹𣿡һĲַ죬溡ѩˡһЦǴЦַͻȻʺ֣һЦֹ
˵ϣһʱ˱ѷأַһ˼ƺء
֪һЦַ˵ʲôͷҵܵ˵ʲôˣΪʲôô飿
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ϵܣͷǲǻ˵ʲô
šȷʵ˵һЩֵ⡣
ֵ⣿ʲô˼
̸ֹһЦ䣡




362 ٴαչ
뿪һЦסַ˼̷ּңȴûϢּң֮˶롱ּҡ
ڻع·ϣǵϵܣĺׯոշǾͲǶ𣿡
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˵ַֹһ⣬¹ǲжϰɣ
ˣַһ̾Ϣȴô⣬ּҵĽҲ׼ȻַѾ˾Ѿ뿪ּңٻȥǲˡ
ѩ磬ȥ
ãһַѾϰɫ£ֻ֪̾Ҹطúþ졣ףһЦַ㴫ڵĵȻֻм䣬ȴޱ£ϾǴɵĵãȷӦñչˡ
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𣿡ַûչأΪһЦµĵͨԼȥ򣺡ȥɣһسʦЩʱ
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ѩչأô죿Ҳ͸ֿ
ҪˣǺǡðɣѩͺһͬسɣǾȥɡ
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ԷԸΪŹ֣쳣ִţȻ㣬һΪһ顣
ǿ飿ַ㲻ΣҲɻԼѾܾԷΪʲôҪԼ
ЦǶԷ֪˲ԸŹ֣ҲΪϣСȻܾҲһ˿ߺޡˮԿǧ꣬ǿɵϣһԷ֪Ԥƽˮֻˣ
ַ֪ˮĴѾչأԷﲻԲ֮°ɣ
ɲһ̾ʦ㲻ӴԷһ򵨴ΪͬӵλӣʹԳ֣ҲΪλıߡ
Ŀң
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˴αչַ㲻ΪֻΪ徲죬úһһЦڵĵã˳ٿһ½Ĵ㣬ַѰ˼ҪҪȥɽתת
ѩַչصĿģȻЩɬǶ˶ַ㻳СֻЩ⣬Ϊʲôʱ᲻ַɢǹϢˣ
ѩľٶַ㣬ַû̾һ˼һЦΪڵǾ仰ʤֻһ˲䣡
̸ֹһЦ
ַ̾һ仰ĺΪɱԢʵ༫ԲſһԲϣһЦ֮Էִֽһìܣʤֻһ˲䡱˵֮һϵʲôϵأ
ַʽǣһЦ仰к壬ϵǡʤֻһ˲䡱ͱȽˡ
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˼ܼ򵥣Ҫһĵط˵£СһΪһƬѩȻѩȴҲʺ㲻Ҫˡ
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Ҫ˵ίĻѩڻ˵ֻܸɱһһĹ˼ɣϾԼݹ⣬ѩҲһģһַⲻһ͡
òƶܸȤҲѹ֣Է޸ϡ٣ҰѾûж֪ˡ
֪޵һݣǲصһһпԼ



363 Ǭ֮
ɷѩֺɽַαչѰ࣬˰ѵõһУ飬ҲȤ
ѩһַַֻٰ岻ɢǹ޷԰εϢѩַⲢΪǹϢŷչģԶ˵ĹϵȻС
ĳʳɷѩֵ͹ģַ㲻һαչص龰ʱĿ찡
ɵַ㡢ѩ˸̾СеĳŮȴˡڳġżʾǳΣһ䡰š£״ᵽʱĻƺǧĹҪ
ƢͣοһʣʶԳġšһɻؾձΪĬ𾢣н񵱳ɡš˼
ѱչȥˣǻٻؾġšƺʱ˵ٸнСŮ
Ĭӵôߣĳƺ䣬ƺаٺͼԴ˻ʾʲôҲ֪
ʱ˿̣֮һǬǰæµš
Ǭֻһ壬ȴǸߴޱȣϸõƼɾ֮⣬żã䣬Ǹĵط
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ã˸ַָ㲱ϣȴûд̹ȥַıȻƽεߺһջ񽣣ȻԸһˣˮ㲻پвͷһ·Ϊ֮ɣãһεѾ֪ȥ
ַĬĬε뿪ĵط֮תȴֳͻѾԡ
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㲻㣬һεʲô
ûУֻһˣвʹɱҶҲûʲôô
ɲôΪܿεʵΪ˾ȫѾϲˡ
ͲҪЦˣôܵ顣
ŮĲô򵥵ģϾͬΪŮˣٿ˽һЩ
磡û
㡭Сӡ
ַЦεҡҡͷҲЦ
ϵĻһδȴһ㣺ε˵ԭ˼ƣ֮нΪḻ˾ٶҲ



369 
ȰʿɡˮλһͬĻ߽
УַΪ߽֮֮⡣ѩΪ֮ߵ֮ͬ⣬΢һЩҲνġ
ȶԣΪ֮ڵŮҪĥΪǵ֮£˾顣
޵ԭеȻѾﵽ磬ȴûЧԭΪλк
ɵԭе޵ͬûܽԭͬģû񽣡
ˮŮȻͬ磬飬ʱ񽣣Ѵﵽ⵽ĵزĽ֮Ч
Ĺԭε޵˼µħ޵Զ
ɳɣȷʵѾ䣬ɳ֮ǰ봴ŮѾƻҪľǳ
񽣾ŮѪǣֻҪڱɲŮͬδɳ֮󣬿¾Ѿ޷ں֮ǷӰξͲǻԲ²ˡ
ϸҪ񽣣ԭȻУֻҪﵽ⵽ǵʵЧ
ͲʵΪַᳫ޽֮·Դ˻û˺һ
ַѾзϣûŮһͬʻȻɾ鷳ˡǣԪַѾﵽ⵽ַ֮ᳫΪˡַľ֮ǰҪﵽ⵽Ȼʹɹûܴﵽ⵽ͬ޷񽣵ȫ
Ȼν⵽ҪŮҲ޷ٷͬʹѩҲʼ񽣡¹شѩҲ׷ַҲȰ˵Ůſʼչ񽣡
ν⵽ͨδָʾ֮ǰ񽣱˵Եж
ҲŮָʾһͬһʱ񽣹ֻͨҪܹ񽣲Աɹˡ
ǲģչڼַİȫҲҪǣʶַߡڻ񽣶ַкøУܷıչء
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ͬΪַ㲼֮Ŀ꣬һ˷ǳ𾪵Ŀ꣬һɽҪַٿػݻһɽֱַţԪԴݻһɽȴҪַݻ٣˵췽ҹ̷
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ַǿЦãзϲ˵ӵһɽУһô죿
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һºѩȳأﵽ⵽ѩѾΪ֮Դ˻ǳ⡣
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һΣŮһΥ˼֣ǿнɽַ˳
ܲ⣬Ůߵɫ޿κΣܲܽŮǿбַɣַµʹ˶ֹٴλص˳ɡ
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ǵ۲䴫ʹУ㱬ַ㱻ϣΪͬŵĵӲοҲˣһ٣ٶİз̣ʹЩ಻סˡ
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ʹΪ֮ΪһľʣһͬǿַһΪ֪ǱŻΪַ趨飬ŮǿֹȷʵЩԡ
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Ůߺٴַ̽㣬Ȼˮпַܹ㣬ɾͱסַ㡣һλӣǻָˮڳ˵һ֡
ʹ˼ַûƲ⣬ֻʹΪοԼҲû˵ʲôٻǲ²һ㣺ʹѾԼȴûзŮǲŮִ񲻹ԶԼϾΪһзϵĵҲλЦ
ϲַλʦܣʾһ취ַ㣬ַ֤㲻׹ˮҲһꡣյĻԻѾȥλӵоʵĽ˵ƺһЩ
ʹĺַһЦҲ˵Լ϶εˮַûͬ⣬˵ַȻ϶ɣ롣
εһЩȣˮȻͼַҲԷƻеһ֡ͬʱַзȴȻɣʹж֮Щģһλʦѽ
Ҳ̸Ƭ̣ʹʵҲҡˣŮ뿪ΪԼַܹ㣬ҲΪ˷ֹŮΪַֹͣ
ַҲֹͣ˵һͽ˳ȥʹĶҡǳߣҲ˽ǵ飬ҲͲ˵ʲôˡ
ԺУַƮգڼַȴΪȻףַ㲻ǲܵģЩʧҲ֮飬Ͼǰ֮
ٴΪַ˿飬ַûзԣǼջָʾз֮ȻûзԼΪԼ¿ҲǺɸ֣Լġ
ʵĿǳãɽϵЩ죬ַ㲻ϤٿأǳɹٿʳһҲԳԵˡַ֪ãѭ򽥽
Ȼȴûнַɣǿǵַɣٻλʦֹġ
ַ㣬ﵽϾ磬ʹзҲܹ޵Уʲôַ֪ʲô뷨᲻һЩСǰú÷йһ
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ΪʲôҪҵĿ飿
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ΪǵĹҲֻôˡ
ַȴʮֵĮˣǺǡȷʵǸˡ



370 ձ
ַ㱻ϰ֮
Ҧ裺ƣСзѳɶ֣ȻҲģǻдǰ̡صҪĵӣ
Ҧ𣺡ǶСΪʦСѾģΪʦʵڲʧȥ̫ʱ䣬Ҳǽӣǰ̲ɹҲΪСãǵĹذпܻˮٴɱԭǻǲҪٻصСˡ
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죺ѩʦãСʦҲʹģˮȻǿƣСѾϣʦֵǵİΣ㵣ĸǺãͬΪӣˮע⣬С
ЦǵĺǶСٻָˡˮ¸ĿһǳʦãǺúñʦáС㣬Ȼ¶Ȼˮע⣬ҲǱһַʽ
㣬޷ָ𣿽ô죿
ַƲͿҽεģǵ뿪Ǽ¡ŭԼǱַǱкܶ࣬ĿԴɣ
ˣˣҫ徲ˣַܹԸˣϲ徲ĵĸо
ѩֺɽַһƮڰɽϣƮżСʯͷµַѾСгɾͣʯ˵Сһ׮
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òַܹڵ飬ʦֻһˣûʲôùġѵŲ𣿡
ЦֻýץУСҲ˰ɣһҾóԵǽ
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εЦһΪʲôӦѾʼˣĴڶڳ˵塣ˮ㽫ɽԶҫٴλع飬Ϊʹɾ´ҵҲ޲ɡ
ǰַ쳤̾ɲʣˮ壬нձˮ𣬿ҡ
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εҧ֮Цһ˿ˮҲۿһʱչͽȻһѰҳȫ㣡

񽣱ҪȡַȴԪ赲ַͷҲأˣҶǺвԷȡҵ㲻̽ҡ
εĬĬͷ񽣺ХһعڣԪ񽣺Хһͬصַڡ
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˿εĳһĿģַڴˣȴû˺ַ㣬ⲻò˻ˣεΪʲôû˺ַ㣿
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Ϊҵĵӣʦַסˣֻһ䣬ȴ˶ٺ塣
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ӱ֮ɣˮķɢ˲ڳ֮Ȼ󲨡
ʲôʦܾȻҪջؽ񣿡ЦŽпǧַ˼ȻܹᣬǷǰϦı֣׿
СԽҵģʦô
Ц̾ʦΪܾ̫ίѾָϣˡ̾
һѩĽһҲûֹͣܣ粻ᱳѳɣܹˮǵĲ¼ɣԸ粻ƽҲܣҪصߣ
켸˺ȰҲȰס̾εϵԣ˵ˮɿ˵ȫǸ壬һ⵽ˮȫòʧѽѩýȥá
һһ᲻Աˣȥ
ҲЩ׼ҲãþͻȥҪ̫ãҵַҲﵽˡ
ͷȥ쳤̾ѩ۽㣬㾿ʲôȥַıˣ



371 Ҷ
ַ㱳ѳһ¾ɣˮˣΪԷﻹټεֻεԵַ֪ȷʵܾˮ룬ΪΡ
ѩַ֣ȻһƮڰɽϣ˾ȵǣַľƽȣжǿ
ܿɾøϻ˷ѩ֣˵ַʲôǶַֻǷ񻹿ü
ַַЦˣǻİɣ
ҡҡͷһַǻãݲͣǾȥɣһ˾һ
ɰСԴƯС۾Բʵϲַ㶼ЩĶƽһľַǵסİɣǲôġ
ίؽ˼ҧסַ޷קģַֻɢǰһ㣬֮ŪЩųΪ˰ѵ㻹ٴοҵĴѽΣίصͷַһ뿪ˡ
ߺַʣѾܳʱˣûΪʲôˣҲûܹ뷨
˹˼գַǵλȫﵽ˳ͼѾûԸչλǷ֮ԱĽӣһǡȻַ㣬¾ʳﶼûַķˡ
Ȼзϣ羳ȴڣַȻܹ첻ʳȻ첻ϢҲûд󰭵ġ
ҹزϢַ㣬ַ㲻סˣûϢʲôٻ˼ַƮѩ֣ûע⵽Ӱ
ҹķѩַǳڰһ˿¹ҫһ˿ԣַƾ˿Խ˷ѩ
һ˿ɫ⻪Ʈڷѩַָ㼸Ʈǰȥַüͷһٻһλˡ⻪а̣ͻȻǿҶ裬صڱ¹⣬ѩȫĺڰ֮С
ڰв޷ԵľַɢһȻ׺壬ƽࡣ
һã˲们ַ㲻һֻһƬҶԶƮҡŻ޾ɣҶ
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Ҷĳ֣һ͵ϢɢڷѩСҶԷַԣԶҶʼƬƬ˸˲мƬҶٴλΪɫɫ˸һС
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΢縡ƬɫҶ̽ԶҶȻãƬƬҶǻܿͻΪƬƬҶַת
͵Ϣ쳣ŨңԸܵΪϢŨңһڷѩС
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һɫҶķ籩ѩֿʼҡҡλΣַѾ޾Ҷװڡ
ҶԽԽַ࣬ڵҲԽԽ࣬ʵͬʱַҲоһ˿һ˿ɬ
ԭַ̾˿ˬǱ棬ֲġ
ҶַڻΪһ˿ߣ뵽ַ㱾Ѷѵľ֮УһЩֱ뵽ַڡ
ΪΪ˰ַָʹشˣʱַ³˵ַҲСַԸоڵǱǰͣһɷǳԵ
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ûɣûзأɫҶɲַڴʹԽԽǿҡ
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ַͲסһѪ¶һֿɬЦݡӱϣ֮Ǳ˳Цַ㽻ؽλһǧɣνܵĵӡ벻ܵĵӾȻע⣬λΪǿǰԶ֡
ַףΪȡԼΪԼƣΪڵԽԽԵľʼڲַ㡣
ۡ
һѪַؿڣַҧûнг
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ʹܵʹ񸴻ַĴߡǺƷɽ̴ַѪ⣬̴ַ壬ôѪʧַʶԽԽģ

ҪĿ¾ַ˺ѷεغַܲڵʹУһ֪˶˵ע⡣
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һΣַ¹ͬѪѪǻ弸֮ȻٴλصڡЩַѾ޷ˡ
ַĺ˷ѩҹӣ̾˽ѩ̽ѰѩѾָյƽʲôҲûзշַ㣬ַѾԣ˺ۣϢ΢»ˡ
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ϵѩʱдػַԣ˺ڰַͬѪ¡ѸΪַ飬𾪵ķַѾΣڵϦʱпֹͣʲôٴ˺
Ǳߣ䷲㣬ȻҪȡַʵ̫ɣ̫˵ˣ
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Ҳ𾪣ַ㾹Ȼ˰㣿ΣڵϦʲôЦأ˶ĵɻˮӦò˺ַģʲô˰ַ֮ȷǱˣʹ¼ҲǺôˡ
ѩãһϢַ㣬ѩоԼĶˣֺγˣ
飬ַھλѪʧڵĴҲǼΪأνһˣ
磬ѩѽ۾ңûˣѩѾ棬ַǷˣ
ҧ֪ʲôַ㣬Ҳַ֪Ϊʲôڷѩ֣Ҳûһ˷ַ֡Ѿϣȫûսκ˶ȡҪҵּˡ
ЩɻַȻϣȴػ񽣵һ˿Եֵġ˵»ˮ֣ԷȻǿַģ
䵽ַϼ飬ַ˵ַûһ˿Ԫƽûгĺۼʵ˷ѽ⡣һǱϵģַȷʵǱ˴ˣҶԷʵѰ
ѩַ㲻ʹޣҲַԿȻϣȻãַ˵ȻҪˡ
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ַϢ΢ܸ취ȱסʲôܹأ룬ͬˣ
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ַǼģȴûȤйĶЩˣǸֶԿپǸļƣ˸ɴࡣ

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ֻǣǽãҲͳսѣٻЩӦԷˣΪΪַֹǵһͨĿˣԷ϶ˣ



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ַ㡢ѩε顢ͬʱһ𣬳ȻŶԷ˲һ亹



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375 Ƴ
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ַλʹµģʹҲԹԡֻк壬ΪŽ˵Ĵ
Էʾɽžʵɣַ˼ΪžӢӵλǷΪ˱֤˰ȫԼ㴦ɼڵĸңŻʹַ֧죬˭Ҳʹ˼Ϊַӣǰ;
С˵ʹ֧ΪƣȨʱϸ⡣
ַüƣ
ЦЦЦΪСɣΪɣˮΪˮʶǰ˵ϾͳΪơ
ס˲˵һλʹʱһ㶣Ȼȷʵеˡ
ַЦɳΪ񳤴֮Ϊ񣬶ˮˮΪ⣬ˮΪƶ䡣Ұ˵ΪƷ֧
λʹɨ˻һۣȻ뵽Ůַ˼ãʦ֮⣬ԽϷƷַ֧һ񣬷ƾʹ˳
ˮ󷽣ַ˾һ߶λʹ˼Ҫһ¸顣ֶһһϦͿģ
ַվȱԵ̽УţʵһҺˣΪʲôˮĻȻ˶ӣòĺܶӣΪƸ߰ܳ˻ʯǹȣ⡣
ȻֻӵĻĥǿߣǿģ
ַ΢΢һüͷҹȻǴڵġ⣬Ͼ֮ǰǵľУֻһ䡰ͺáҪǰӣҪΪսͬʹ࣬˭¶Ӧˡ
Ʋһۣⲻˣ㱻ҵܵܳ״˰
һ˱𴦣εЦ貢޴⣬ϣ¹ﲻҪᡣ
εǺܾηģԼͷ­ĿµˣЦһַ㡣ַ΢΢һЦŮ޼й䡣
εƬַ̣㣬һ仰֪òʡ
ˣѾΪһңԼˡ
ðɡﵽʲô磿
²ε棬Ҳǳ棬ַʹ룬ǿôģ
ַЦ֮ʦ̸ҵģΪָֻһɷǳǡ֮ûһλˡΪ֮׳ֱģ
εܾȣַ㾹ȻһΣô£
ַ㷺һ˿ɬܾȰɣʵҶģҵȷһΡ
ȵĲƵľ
˼ܣַ㶼ûԼ£ҲʲôҲһλˣ֮󲻽ΪҲǿ١
ŮӦ˽⣬ȣǳŮЩɻѵܹǿʵԼǲҲԣӦôأ
ַԭҲ˿ľַ
ЦûʲôģοҲʲô¡ΪԼӦûΰ˷ģ첻ңֻˡ
Ц̬˵˻ַ㲻ľ壬ľǳȶʵһѵõĸ֡
µ˴ԺͣʹʦȴǽΪʹֵô
ַЦȻұǰӣΪһкβɣʹģǲúҲ²⡣
½ӵ˫Ͼƴ𣿡
ַ㣬гǣεڽǣһŶڲΣַָδ죿
ַֻܾЦһѩ߿ˡ°̾˿빮һһͬȥĬĬҲȥһҵӣεֻҡͷЦ׷ַ㣬Ҳ׷˹ȥ
硭ѩסַ첲Ȼû˵ʲôѩҲַ˼ϾƷ֧Ҫ졣
ַЦ裬ģͲҪˡ
ͻȻ䵽ַϣһ⣬ǽΪõˣ
⣡ַ㻵ЦΪãϵӦþͻỺͺܶɣ
˿ɲΪǸ⣬ĴиңʹΪкãοһøҲûС
ַ쵼ˣһʸҲһ壬϶ŮҲ޷ܾȻˣֻҪСҲνҪǿģֻ㣬Ϊ˻˻㶯֡
ַЦãȻǻ⣬ɻˡ
ԭȾŮλŮٴںһǳε顢¡ѩŮʱ졣
϶㣬ĵɣǱһ
ĵʲôʲôô̻ˣ
εĵòĩƾʲô˭˭Сģ
ĵѵҵʵֻŵλ𣿡
ĵãλ㣬һãòʼմеȵλ
ĵΪʲôĵ֮Сѵҵʵ͵ģ
ѩĵΪʲôһСģ˼Ҿ粻ߵ𣿡
Цλʲô𣿡
ԣһָָ裺ΪʲôұСҪ㣡
˳һۣߵˣǿðɣ鷳
˵ʲôǿ£ޣ
ô𣿡
ʹֲû
ַ㰵̾һɢ˶ŮŮʱãҪˣ˶λ϶⡣Ҳӽȥɣз硣
ͷŵ֮ɡ
ַ΢ЦҲãȻѾ£û˰ɣ
ַǷƷ֧쵼ˣȴڵλûεǸ˵ʲôֻǳȻԼΪϯַΪ֧쵼ˣΪʲôλˮ֮
ֻһ˷ǲõģַɴཫع
𣬳ãոսݣ̲סˣһ³пԣǱַȣ¸ղһ
ڣݹˣȻ󣬶Ƹַֻ͡ڴˣûа취ַֻ۰Ͱ͵ؿҫ
һץסַǳᣬַЦֻȥЦŭˮ
ˮʹǰɲΣҲҺַ˿ʦ֣ʦһ˼Ʒ֧
ʲôˣ
Ǭϯ£
СΪ
û˼Ǭ½֧¹ΪǬϯԴǬ壬ȻƷ֧Ϊˣ¼Ƶ֮
Ц˼СԲɶµԡ
ַʦַģڶʦܻаաοƷ֧Ů̫࣬˿Цʦ⽫ƣҵȹˡ
Ц̾һȻʦִˡðɣͽҲƷ֧ǬǱ߾ʦŰɡ
лʦ֣
½ݵĽãֻޣ˸ϸǬ塣
ǬѾ޸µõͨӭӣַֻϢʵھˡ
һƫƧֵַܾ֮ͲҪܾˣǬһ֧Ȼ齨Ʒ֧ΪǬϯԵ롣
ֺ̾ʦˣʦӣԶοˮλСʦܲţлֺ⣬ڴҲףʦȬƷ֧ԽԽǿ󣡡
ַЦʦܻ᲻ˣƷ֧ˣ˵λ޹أοʦ㣬ʹɹڽ֮С˴ҵǷʹ֮ǰͨ棬ʦԹԿʹˣʦֲһģٺٺ٣
εƲַһַۣĺ޳һ֪Ǽٵġ
Ҳգɸλ£粻ԣԸơ
ŮͲ˵ˣֻҪַľǾͲᷴԣˡ
δ֮·ϣַ㰮ô޹ءεҲνԭͶˣֻҪӰͺáѡ˳Ĭ
¾ôˣ¼Ʒ֧Ϊ˵Ĵ֮һ



376 ħ
Ʒ֧ˣҲڷ֮󣬾ĿǰԷƷ֧塣
ȻǬ壬ַ˷ˮͨ¡ȻĿǰ֧֮£ַҲӼֻ꣬Ǹȥأ
ˮո¼һ£λʹҲ֮ʹַ֪˼ǿƸոճַ㼸輸˵ദȻڸҡΪ˼ǿҲΪ˽ܹȫȫศɣʹɷִС
ڶ࣬ȴ֮Ȼдɣ֮ɣҲɡ˿ˮɣ˽˳޹ء
ڶ֮ȻħɣɰڴЩνɻڷƳʶַԵͨħɡ
ͬħ塢аȺɶгͻܿܿħҲ֮£˴ʹµħ壬ٿ
ٿħɣǳСɶԸˮԣ֮Ҳ͹˲ˡ˴ٿħ嵱Ʒ֧ĥʯҲΪİһ
ַ㲻ò̾ϢӶôѣҶԸħΪʲô÷Ʒ֧̫ƻǱ⣿
ٿҲüͷȻҲħĴʵ´˴񲻴ɡ
ַʦ֣ǵʲôħ𣿡
ԷǣЩѡٿħΪȺɲǷ֧ǴħڲħҪԱעʱˮӽһٵƽٿħ壡
ħڲħҪԱע⣬Ҫֵˮ֧ԮĵҰ˿ºѡ
йҲӦõģȻưʵǿԿѲڣħָԱ
˴ǳΣգǲҪ֮Կħ壬ҪСıħԮӦԵĲһħ塣
˴һҲܾȣȻôΣգΪʲôҪַգ
ʹɺΣΪַǻۡ޷ɴ˴񣬽ɽ֮ҲԼ縺Ŵ£ҲǷƵĿ飬벻ɾͿַôָˡ
ַԸܵϵص˵Ůռ֣治֪ʹΪʲôҪ´˵Σ񡣲Ƕ㲻˵ģ䵣ǣ緭һйٿħϡ
ٿħ彨ǧǰΧ䲻ɣʵ֮ϣʹĴڣҲħɧš
ַ㰵ҧħעҲ˵ǱǲܵġҪֿйҪֵԮô
ԷʾΪ˼ٵƱȫħע⣬Ϊ˷ƶ֮ˮӲŻ˻ֱַԷĳ嶯죿ôܵ£
ͻȻַ뵽˴ǰħѩĥʱ龰Щ񡣴˴βλӣˮĴ˵ǿԼ죬ʹĿ鲢С
ãѾǵʹʦհŰɣǺʱ
ԷЩȣַ㾹Ȼô뵽ƻˣʵַ޼ƻҲǱһһ̬Ļǰ˵Ӧ䡣
Է²׳٣ʦ̶ܼɣȥٿ·̣εʦڣǿյɳû۲ħ״Աһǻǰŵܽħ򣬳ʱԷƶֺΪޣǵ׼ʱԼհɣ
Ҳ˵ַо׼ʱ䣬տҲ㲻ġַЦãһȭתȥŮ̾һѸ׷ȥʹĺˮ
ˮ⣬ַ̾ȥٿ׶༪٣ûлˡַѯһԷͼ֪ҲûãοҲڴ֮Уʹ˾޴ľġ
裬ٿ˽٣Ҫˣ翴ûʲô뷨
ٿΪλеһħ壬ʵȻ֮ϡͳƣٿڵħѲ½֮ڣ˵չ
ַܾȣһħ徹Ȼǿ󣺡ȻٿôΪʲôɣѵһʹͿħˣ
εʦ˵ʹ½ΪŷչΪŻ֮ءŵƹ磬·òֱ֮֮£Ա֮ȴ֡ٿ󣬵ʹʹţȻͬŶԿ
ַŶһȻˣǻӲɡȥٿǧͿЯˡ
εЦܵܿˣӦġ
ַһ£Ҳˡ˵ѾݣΪĸʼֱƺεǵһԽݳƺˡַЦԭεʶ壬ͽˡ
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ʱ󣬰һͺɽ֮ϣεǰħڵأΪһǰϺá˵ͷ˵ãѸٳǰɽ
ԽɽεĴ¶һʯ£¶Դַ˶ʱסˡ
ָǰЩʲô
εħ岼µħ֮Сôȥмƻ𣿡˲ַ㣬Ȼƣַ㶨й֮
ַƻʱûУмһ¡˵ΪʲôҪɳħעأ
סһΪĥΪٵǰ˵лкλǲ֪óȻʵ̫Σˡʹʦֵ˼Ǿħ壬֤ڲΣհɡ
ַͷ˵Ҳеڶ⣬ȻҰ˽ħ壬жһҪ֤Σһ߻Ҫ֤Ӳ⵽ħ幥ʹ˶һƾָô
ЦһԡħڶˮӦעһ⣬ҪĿ»ǵ⡣˵ħϤħͨʵ⽫ΪˮҪԵ⡣֪ħħ߲ͨͬߣڵħͨҲΪǵٵħǲˣӦĿǰǲֻҪħУڵӾͻİ
ַħ˽𣿡
µδʶ˵ҲЩưɣЩʲô
ַɨЩħرƵһܲİ˵ǶֲʧҪڲ̽飬ʲôҲ϶ʲôƻʺϡ裬εǱ룬ڴ˴
εüˣ˰ſ²ʰɣ˭֪ԸǳƧʹƷ֧Ҳ޷ںϵһ飬ܳ
Ȼǲ˵ģַȻε˼İɣʵϡߣ
ַȥҲ˲ˣ׷ַȥεεҡҡͷ׷ȥ
Եַͣ˽Ųɡ룬ǻᾪħڵħߣҪĺˣ
һ㶣εסˣ֪κ˶ϲȻҪ
ַ㻵ЦûȪǰٽȪΪҴˡ
Ů⣬ˣɫĻȪһƤ˹ڡַһЦɢɫȪʱƮڵˡ
üôʲô𣿡
ַЦȻ塣ĻȪƽ֮ֻҪлȪڻǣЩȻΪǵĽ춯ǲǱѽѵھҪȥһ𣿡費ȪַĿ»Ʈ֮С
ַϣЩħΪĳħ˴и֪Ļħע⡣
ʱͬȪħԴΪȪĽʡ
εһҪô˵һǵĿ𣿡
ַĿֻһҵħҪԱڵءȻʹʦֶἰħҪԱȻӦ֡̽̽ɣеʱ䡣ŮĬĬͷȪַĿǰǰ
֮⣬£ɴʯ֮Լļƻ빮ַ㶼ΪصŮӣΪǱйַ֮֮Ƕ⣬ϣŮЩʲô
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ЦַΪ̽ħڲ飬ǿʵݰһѡ
ѩɳһ粻˵Ҫڴ˴һ飬˸ļƻɾͲˡ
빮һͬʱ˳òѣѽϵҲ֪ʲôʱܳŶİİɣΪļƻģ
ѩЩԥҲȰ˵ѩһȥ¶΢΢һЦ̸ȥ
ƶϣ޴ħ򣬵ħڲħʼҪģֻҪҪͻͨ԰ȫͨ
Ůʱ̽ħ˿صͨλ鲼ħķЦͨѾȷˣô죿
ǳϯҲǽݵĽ㣬Ȼĳ簴ķ
ѵһκˣλãȻϯ壬ȴµµΪϵֹܲһο佱ǶˣĲǳأͲˡ
ŮЦˣµȻ½ǫ飬þ˵һԼĿַ˵κԺǴҶ֪ģַħһΪնһǷǵж費ڣﻹһλǳĽ㣬ֻΪʲô˵ǳأ
»ǹһЦǲ⣬ò˶Ů˼ץĸоѩľ㶵Ůʵڲʲô˼
ҾˣΪ˲õܵСҲ̤ħ벽
¶ĬĬһ亹ҲãһŮҲ˷ǳǡãѩã˽ȥɣ
ĿɿڴҪһˣ˭ǽأһȥŮʱЦֻѩ˿ίҡͷ



377 ȫû
ٿħ壬˵λһλħħ˱н֪
ʱ˿ַ̣㡢衢εһ鰼͵ħ
ַϣħ򲢲ֲһǳǳ׵ɼҪ˵ﲻһǻݴżðħԭĻ÷⺮䡣
ȥħƼΪƽ̹Уദɽ֮ϲħߣɫħ˱ħ
ħ̫ˣ޷ô죿
ַҪħעͱҵħҪԱŰɣеġ
üҪȵʱɴץһħѯʵˣ
ɣַڲǳܵʱǧ򲻿ɶжİɣһħأ㱬ʱ򡣡
ǵȵʲôʱ򣿶ʲôƻڿǰɣ
ַ˵ڵȻᣬҲʱĥҲˡãһ۾رעЩħ˿䡣Ůɻ󲻽⣬ûжأѾ̽Ѱħˣ
߾ʲôħ徹ȻţȥĵطûȥɵģУ
ԶһƬӣħʱŮľǡ
ַ˿֪ʵȴ¿кϷˣ
ɶ񣡾Ȼһǵĺ£˵žҪɳȥַֹ裬Ůײ밼Ϣ
費⣬εЩַͼҲַ֮УħǱض£
ԶӱΪسѾˡַĬʱ䣬Ů͵͵¶Դ۾ž㣬ⲻҪ¶Լ
ĸԴҡһΣֻɰǧħ˸·شħħڡ
εôħˣĸħҪԱ
ַҪħڵ۾ҪԱǲ¶ģЩСħ
˵ԣָѰǣ
ַһָָԶɽ壬ЩħǸոճģû̸ħ徫ӢǵӦþڸ
ֻħ֮飬ɨһ۱ɹƲ٣εü˵ļƻɣ
εٶȣ͵ЩӢ֮ǰҪħڴ˹۲ħħһңҪԱƱǵļƻҲһˡڴҪһ㣬ܵв˭ҲԪʹ񽣣ƴɱС
Ů⣬˻ôħ򣿼ȻΪҪԱȻǴˣ
ַ̾Ҫ֪˵ħ˲ֹǧдӢħǲ˽ģʹǿҲܶԿһħˡ֮ǲҪħ򣬻ҪʵҲǼƻһ֡
ΣַΪ쵼˱ȫ㣬ϸƻû֪Ҳ֪ôεƺַ㣬֮ô죿
ӣַһħ˲ǿԵֵģһ¡֮ǰħҪԱԾ;𼸸
Ȼٵж࣬һȻַ֪˼ˣģһὫħ򷭸׳ģ
ַЦˣؼʱܹҪԣʹַӷˣȥɣעȫεǵˣ
ģεЦЦʼã˸ŮѾԶɽ塣
ַһһעӼȽͻĵáҪԱȻûֻܽôˣϣܹǡ
һɺɢԶһƬã˸ϷħǰһŮҲʼ˽ħĿǰѾͬħ˽ˡ
ַ㶨ɨħ򣬳ŮŮλǡôħ࣬ħνܵУһʱ֮С
ܵУħǰѹ֮ʱ󷽾Ӣħ⵽֪ӺζŮɵѹǣͻȻϮٿħ壡
Ϊ˼ħһʱУַΪħҪԱȶģĿȻҲʹﵽˡǿ⣬ħҶʱҲʲô֣ʱδµĹ֣ħ򽥽ָʱѹ˫Ů
ߣַ߬ȭͷԼСħǻۣҲŮһˣʶԼ
Ůħ徫Ӣħ˶ԿֱַԪļ֣ѾΣ֮СˣٵҲԽԽأϾԷʵ̫ˡ

֮ϴһЦַ㲻һ£ӦµЦĪҲʲô𣿷ȥվ߿ӣǳߡ
ַȻµԪǹ󡱣ģһָߵȷֻΪʲôôҪ¶ʵ
ͻȻַЩ¼ǳµλ˼Ҳ̹ģһǷַͼŻᱬʵʵԻħ塣
Ŀǰħڴ֣ŮάŮ·ȳɧţŮΪΪħ岿Σ˽ħ¡Ҳ˵ΪħŮеָʹߣħĵҲŮ
˼󣬿ƭħˡַ㰵̾ΪˮĴ֮һʵļƶǱĲãһͬʲôɵģ
һħãħҪԱ಻סˣϾŮͻħ岻Сֹħ򣬶ħ˵ơ
һӰ£˲ǹʼһתԪޱʱɨħ򡣺ӰֵסԪԶ룬һλŮ˲վ֮С
ַٴȻŮħˣǽ´ɣħ岻ֻһҪԱ
ַ²⣬ΪǹİԵ˲Ӱ߿գַΪЩ˽ҪԱȻû
ǹȫת֮Ϻһ֮Կλħ˹ɨգΪϵ͵ħ˽Բҽ
òʵҲͻͽǹѾƴǰ޷ʱά֣ʹҲļ󣬿Ҳֲ˶ʱ䡣Ȼûܼʶħ䣬ƻѾɣַΪˣ
ãһַһã˼λħ˺ÿʼ⹥֮ħأûдʲôͲ֪ˡ
ַѸٳ룬мˣ˵սãһڵأ±ǿһǰħҲεŮҲʼˡ
ߣһ߲֪ɺδɢħڻصַ㲻һ𣬴ʵƽ
ˮڻþֱ仯һǿҪߵˡεüͷ΢壬˲ٻ񽣴һȱڣŮ˲ƶ
֮ʵʵڿ£ٴνŮ֣ޱѹŮһá
Զַüͷһչ
ʲô˴һѾַ㲻ͼˣˣѵǵˣ
ַĿȻˣԭҲǼƻһ֣֮Ȱַ˼ɣ
Ҳʲô漴ħڣ̾һסѩٳ룬ַ¶Ϻ
λӰƮһգһۺͬʱ׷
ͬʱǧλħ׷ַȥħ֮ѲħҲʼΧ׷½ءַŮͻӣǧħ˾ձذΧ
˱һ𣬳ϵܣô죿
ַעԶλӰСעȫвֹʹԪʹ񽣣Ҫ¶񽣵£ǶȥԿǼλҪԱҶ˶Կܵħ˵ӡסܵвǧ򲻿ʹԪ
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¿ЦʵίļƻãԣħԱϼغϣûʸǣ
˵һȥַ㰵̾Ϣ֪ǲˣôżʲôһҲͲٵˣ̷ɢֱ
λӰĬĬֱ˺γɰΧ֮ƣͬʱַ㡢¿ʼ֡ͬʱҲֱħ˽֣һҵضԿɿˡ
ַ֣ʶЩνħ˵ʵʵħߣͬģ֮ͬħħ֮
ħǿܹħܹһڣڲ˺з壬ô׵ġ
ħħ߲߲ٿħͨħԼһָٶȽҪַۿһλħĴ˻ϣֱûַ֮ܵ̾ЩΣ鷳ˣ
ãӦַ˵ǿʵħˣħ˵ӿʼǼλҪԱҲɽ˴ʱ䡣
ˣֱ۱ɽֱ֮һ̴壬û˵Ҫؼʱ̳סŮܼķɽĴܡ
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ΪɽЧħԱħΪףħѹѩѩħˣ׹֮ʱħԱ׽
ܿҲɽƵ·ˣħ˵Ĺ˱
ַҲòٴתǹ󣬵㣬ǹתֶ֧±λħԱѹƺͬ
ֻʣַһȻħŮַֹͣ˷̱ɽ̴塣ԷܿҪûо͵ȡַַͬ
ħŮ֪֮ʱȷʵַҲǱ³
ˣưȫַĵĻЦȴûֹͣǱƻɹ



378 ̱ƹ
ħ֮⣬ַ˱ԷַǵĶʶ˵ˣܵĴȴǲô
һħ͸壬ֻо屻ǿ޷ѡַ˼ܲܶҵĽǺһ㣿ѾǴˣûзˡ
죡һλַһȭַֽһ˱ڶħѺħ
ǵͼıҺҲַͻȻɢͻΧʶ˱ħΧһûзɢ⵹˵ˡ
Сô죿㻹𣿡
ַһŮһһߵʱûУǾʹ˽ȥϸơ
ô׵İɣǿߣһᱻɱģ
ַ㻵ЦģǲǶ֣Ȼûˡ飬ˣ
һ·һߵûʲôֻСˡһס˵ģֻأҾʹֻشۣ
ַЦãҲԸҰֲҽ˵ġ
ߣĿǰħ򣬵ŻᱻļƻʧܣҵĽ»ɣ
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߲ã˱һǰ˵֮ǰɢεŮĵãڱи򣬾Ͳ֪Ůôˡ
һεɳˤ˵ϣ̾ħ˽ǰΧӶŮһЩˣǸ˽ˡ
һλ˵ǴȥεҲ廨ȱá
ոսãͿһ˺վڵϣԶ֮һλ˸ַ㰵̾ϢҲ˲ˣΪʲôҪֵڣĪǲ
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˲˵ϣħʧ˳ĬˣħҲĬˡ
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ַûˣǲǴ򱨲ƽٿħˣּ˲Ǻ𣿡
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ַЦǸʧˣǰԸߵһ𹥻ħģû֧ߡ
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˵ֶβҪҪֻĿģ˿ѾմȾ綾ܿͻ˺ѷεʹȰ㲻Ҫǿĺã
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ŮЦһſƣϨַ㴭Ϣ뿪ֻһˡ
λӰüͷŮȴһЦԸ뿪ɣһѶǣ
թ
ģǲǼӲĳˡӲҪأ
濴ȷʵˣַƺͲŮӵĻ棬Ҳ˵סַ㣬ַŻҪ֪ģλӶ֪
λû뿪ˣŮӽЦַ㣬ַؿڵƵ˵ɣֻҪ㶼˵ʹ࣬һһء
ַǹһ˿΢ЦȻҲȲҪ֪ԭ˰ɣʵܼ򵥣Ҫˣ
ŮӶʱһ𣬽űվַĿ˸ŮӶţʶѾŮڣڶȡŮӵ
Ůһһַͬ㣬ɵŮǾѾַҪˣֻһǶûмЩ档
ַ֮ŮӵҲǴ۸ӣʹֺ
һߣŮȫһվﲻˡŮһַ㾹Ȼͨ
ַһŮŮʱ죬ƺǵַҲǶַ֡ǲǶֵģһǱ룬ƻɹڶҪ߳ˣһ̽ʵ



379 ü
Ʒ֧оɣڣÿ˶ԼΪ֪СܡΪ䣬ַȻģԼܾԼڵܡ
ԪŮҲӵУʶʲôܡַܱصԼɫ˿ߡ
ɫ˿߾ַԼɫ˿ַֺ߳ԸоԼʵرķֱ޿ɱַ㾪ȵǽɫ˿ߴ롰ֳԣʱɫ˿ߵҲַ࣬㱳˿Ѿﵽʮ
ַԸоǽɫ˿֮аޱǿǹԼڣ˿߱;еȻ޷ʹǹɫ˿ȴַչˣַٿЩɫ˿ߡ
׹ѨַǱƻǵڶƻչַ֮һ˵עһ߿ƽɫ˿ʯ֮ڣͨɫ˿۲ħ⣬νַʮֻ۾
ַ㷢ְ˽ڵ¼ʮֻǳĻûҵַͨȻŮǰ¶
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Ѻη༸ǲȥǾͿԳûˡ
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εüòǻҪֿħ칥ɣȻӵòźţôħ򣿡
ַƲ⻹ףǵħҪԱע⣬ЭӰȫħ˭ɵħսҹοǱǴҹ
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ַͻȻüͷסʹ⣬岻һ˺Ҳûеġַ˺ģջأƤ޴Ů϶ʱѪ
Ůһһҧʹһַ߲㡣ַεĿŮˣЦһͣÿ˵嶼Ѫۡ
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Ǽ̶ֳȵĺ䲻ʲôĹذǷǳϲģϵַ㻳ŮɲôΪž͵ûˣַ㰵̾Ůģѽ
ϵܣô죿㻹ǽĴһȫ˵ɣ
ַЦġɯ彫Ǵη˴һڣηƷõǻѣʶ˿ܣҵ¡Ȼ޷ȴԶ̸ɯ״˵ҵ۾ͨ˽ħ
㲻ǿԵȡļ𣿡
ǣħҲһϾȫ˽ġ
򵥣ҼλϹٳû㶨ǲ͵ˣ
Ӵ˵ףҿһѾǼ˺òһͬƺü
һ𷽣Ůһ໥ȡů֡Ҽĸо
ҲܲˣλðȡůѩһЦȲѽסֱʼϢ
ϣַǲٿɯԼ䣬ӡ˵˾ַ㽫һλɯвٿأַջʱɵõڼõϢ
׾˵ʵЩңԶַҲֻǿӽȥɣϢˡ



380 һ̽ʵ
ͨɯţַʱһΪصĲַ֮㱾ΪŮˣɯʹεħ
˽⣬Էħ󣬶ҵħ߲٣ִħѾ٣پһֲ˺ܶࡣ
ɯѯһЩħˣħ˻شħԸַ˵ĵһиָʹħ򶨻ɹħɳɢħ˷̽
ɯЦҺʹ÷ǰжȻҪˡһ㣬ˮ֮ŻᵽħħֲѰգٵܹȻǱˡ
εĲˣɯħַǵȻͻᱻɵġɯеļ䣬ɯħĹȥ˳빬ħ
ħȻһ¹ӣڽ֮ɯЦѾ˵ǵʣĲħĵϡ
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ʲôϢˣ˵
ش޷ҰޣҲС˴ǾɹӶ̽ħʵٿħ塣
ŶǴ̽ΪĿŵħ򣿡
˰˸ͨѼƻ·֮ʱˡλŮһٶȼӱħ׷ͨŮ޷Ѵģձ
Ǻɴ̽ħϢϿʳ
δʳؼʱ̱һŮӴ˹ʳϢ
һϢͨңȥɣ

֮⣬ɯ¶һ˿ԲĻЦӰһħ߶ȥ
ú󷽣ڶħͱڣȷħ徫Ӣڵء㣬ħʮħΪħһ֧˹з֧ʮ֧
֧Ϊ׳ħչħ򽮽磬ĿǰΪֹѷչʮһ֧ãѾһƬЩǷ֧ƻħ齨ɣҳϲ㲻ħ
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ħ˴Ϊģ巽ΰħ򡣴ת֮ʱÿֻʮλħ˱תҵֻҪһܹתɶӿħĵ˲ɾ޴
Ҫħ壬гԻħֻǽⷨΪɯԼҲ
ȴ󣬸ҲиԵĻ󷨣ͬһħ˷ת˵󷨸ͻơ
󣬵˽ħԵĲǵ潣Ѫ֮׵Ļ󷨣ħİħʹٶҲ޷ʱͻ󷨰Χκ˶ᱻɱڴˡ
ɴ˿ɼ󷨶ٿħжôҪ壬ħ򲻿ɹƵԭڴˡɯ֪룬ֻлصַͨõϢַҲһѡ
ַһϲͨŮҲһë֪󷨶һȱ㣬޷תֻҪֹУ󷨲ơ
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֮УıļĻȪֻҪŮּʱȥӦòѡ
ַͻȻһܻܻ⣬ĻȪˮԣν޿ײ룬ļȺʹãһԴħ𣬴Ͳתˣ
ŮЦˣȥòģֻԻָȥħµ󷨣Ʋ󷨵ģ˲ȥ˼ֵԻ
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»һΪħ֮أͬ󷨱ħ֮ڻħΪޣȻܲҲǳ֡
һҪעģٿħ֮ʮһ֧ӵдӢħˣֻӱԮħħ򾯽Ѿ۸ӣˮӻѿħ˶԰ɵӰǼġ
ַʯϳ˼ŮҲֱһ˼ȳ֣ûԻ⣬ǿֶ֧ã
ַǰ˵ʵʱİգԤҲֻܳܰĹϾǵĵ̡
µʱ䣬ӵʱ䡣
ɡַҡҡͷħɵӣգֻħľֻòʧ
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µֻεٶˣҲֻǻ֮ơ
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Ŀٴ䵽ϣѾȫƻ½ǳĬƬ̣ɡ
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ͻȻַף̾һãһԪ񽣺ХҽлصڰѨ֮СַЦħ뵽ġ
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ãһأַջ񽣵ħɯ쳣ɳӸѾǵ
ŮһǰħɣͻˡַҪǰˣȻվͻ뱻
ȻħѾɣǴʱֻ᲻Щˣ
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ѩΪʲô̶֣ŮҲ޳̶֡
ַЦħΣղЩħˣһɽħ˵ħҲһвʱ˿ħڵȴϢҲһ˿裬ٶ֡
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ƽˣɿɲ㱻ַ졣Ȼɳ˴Ѱַ䣬ʵ̫󣬵ǵѰɺ룬СºȻûκϢ
ΪܹøѰַ㣬͹ĶʹһֲҪֺֿĴŻö㱻ΪҽЦʹȻʧܣ׷ĴҴڣʹȻ޴档
ǷޣǼ𣬻ŮӰؿ鳳֣λʹһ󳹵ױߺȫɲϧһдѰַ䣡
ʹΪʵʵڳϡʹʥɽϷһѴ𣬽ŵùǺֵƺҲ̫˰ɣ
ɾʹҲҽôţοҲûǸʵֻ÷顣
ʹɲϧһдѰַ䣬ǬͬˣˮһͬѰַ䡣
ɾʹ֣öٿħ嶼󣬽ʼ˵̺ʽѰ
˻ַ˻뿪򣬾ǰɽׯѰֻۺۣ붯ɽׯ˱ּұԱ
õϢҶǳȣַ㱻һţû뵽Ȼ˾һΪҲ٣ֻСӸʲôúõĹһҪֵǷּ꣬Ҷŷˣ
ַǵĹϵû˵ַ֪ûʲôüģҲѩӡǻŹΪּޣĵλǷͬһ㣬ֻɳǰһͬѰңϵּҽõļæڱѰַټ
ȥԼּܹõ壬ʥɵݡԭٴαʩչѰַ䣬ȴԭȱȹλѾ뿪塣
˵ʩչ˵ܺΪҴںܴΣԣһκĻеڶζ뿪壬ʵҲ֤ľȷġ
ΣĿǰʵûܹʩչѰˣֻñ嶯˵ɽ޶ʥɣǲΥֻð巽ʽڻҰȵѰҡ
ԱѰһȻûҵַ䣬ȴѹŮҳˡ֪Ѱַ㣬ŮҲΣҲַڵء
ɽȣѩڸ죬鳤ľҩı鲼ҩĴɽȶǡַȻϱУũֲ߲ˣγҲʵ
ѩͶǳУıҲʹַ硣ЩҩѩԼ˵֣ȴʮ˽ʹ÷ҩַ㵱ã׳ַΪ
Թַ֮ͷǱһЩϺãϾѾǱѰˡȣַ㻹һܣǱĽɫ˿ߡ
ɫ˿߾ﲻ˵ȴǳȶİһֳַ㱳ϡϡʮ˿ߡڽɫ˿߷ǳϸʮһҲûж٣Ǻܻأᱻ˷ַ㱳ܡ
ջҵַڣϢһʱ䴫Сһˣħ֧𣬳һ׷˼ƻڵִУԼȴͬǰַ֮ء
ɽȷˣͻַ˵һٳᣬַǳѽ⣬ԼôˣɺΣȻǣƲ𣿡
ˣȷַ֮غ뿪ˣĿľҵַ֮أϵ
򽥽ָƽַɽȴԽԽˣǻŮĴ֣ҶȻ֪ɺδõϢҲ˴˴û
пַ㳹׻ָҶΪַˣҵֵܣѲк󸣰
ºҶԣȴԲҰܸգڵѾַˡ
ԭҶĵַǳ⣬ȴϲô档ҶѾӵдʵȻڻָ֮Уԭȵȷʵʵַ⽫Ҷ֮С
ַҶܾˣһȰɣֲϲˣںɫıԡȻûмƣҶȴʾԼֵַܣʹƣֻҪַҪȻȫԸ
ҶַҼ£ҶСӼպ뿪ˣЩȥҺڻǰĸоĺܾηλɡ
ҶȥıӰַ̾һҲ֪ദˣȻԸܺʣҶԭȵΪʵڱ骸̫߳࣬Ϊ˶߲һˡ



384 Ѫ
ַһͬΪַ㳣ڹУΨѩѰҩȣʶַλѩߡ
ʵʣʱҲڲĻһգѾȥꡣ
䣬ΣҪַͬһͬģγϯݣЩҪȥִУ˶ŮĵҲֻ̽
ַģʹҩȣΪҲûо٣汾ͲɼꡣʹַԸȶ֮ľҲ˷
ѩȻǷΪ䲢ûʲôı䣬Ǻͻ˵ĹϵԽԽˣӰ롣
֮ȻհƽѩڻٴγѰҩҲɢģַڹǡҡ
޷ѩǳϲΪҩϢǳУΪѩѰҹṩ˱
ÿ쳳ַ㷳ʤ˵ѩȶַҪģֻö徲һ¡
ϲشλŻĸĴ裬ѩڶ׷棬ʱʱͬλһ֣Цǲϡ
ڣŮѰҹǳɣܿѾҵҩܾȥѩҲַú徲徲ʹλ޼ε
ҹ˶˹⣬㻺ɻɽȡ;һƬˮݵʱоʲôûʲô
ѩҡҡͷɻһƺˡѩһָķС
ܿһˮݵԷһλѾԵߣҲ˺ۡѩ¼һ¶ԷƣֻоȣʹϻԵ߼ٷɽȡ
ɽȣַһéϢƬ̺оǿҵȥһãѸٳУѩŮé֮¡
ַʵʲôˣΪʲôôż
һ£ǼһλԵߣ
ַһ¼æéݣһλͨεѩ£վšַߵ壬˺أٲξΣաѩһЩҩһơҽһľ
Уַ㽫߷ڴһԣͰ龭˵һ¡صϲı߽磬һ㲻ַ²Ӧòʿ»ߡ
ȵþˣַΪˣƹأõķǳʱַֻȼ򵥰һƣ֤Σպַŷ֡
һֵϢӦʲôϡ
ַüͷ΢彫ؿڣܿһĴָСĺɫӣޣڻм˿Ѫģİߵ㡣
ַӵʲô𣿡
Ӹһ£ӦѪ飬ѪҺ̶ɣӦǽڲ̵ġ
ַЩ죬޵ѪҺ֮ʲôô𣿡ҡͷĲ֪
ַ㰵̾һѪָڣ֮ٻɡոҸܵľ磬½ǽ磬һλ߾ȻӦʲôĿİɣ
Ҳп̽ף㶼˵˵Ҳ²ʲôַЦ˵ͷ
ʱѺɻɨһéݣŽĿַϡַ΢Цˣоˣ
΢һֵ̫ܿ˴ϣϢʲôطʲôˣ
ַЦ˵߽磬Ҳһλߣӵĵط
ߴ󾪣ӵʿǸˣǰᣬȴһλǰ˼лǰ֮ߣ͡
ֵͣͦԵַЦЦϵĻȥҩû
ͷȥŷַϻһλЩɻǰλǰϲ񣿺Ȼ͸оʲôؿڣԽԽ𾪡
ַ㽫Ѫȡӵϣɣ˼ûоͬĶĬĬ߬סѪ飬ͷƺڳ˼ַҲԸһԼġ
ܿѩͶһҩ˽䵽ַϡѩЦˣƺЩ𣿡
ȥһʧַǸоʲôǶΪµ˵ѩʵ̫ˡûлѩһüͷַЦͣȰҩٿɣѩֲ뿪Ͷʱͨ죬ӹҩȥ
ѩɫ΢ַԣַͣ˵ߣΪʲô򣿡
һûлشַ㣬ǼҩƺڣƺǸ߰شַ⣬ַֻüġ
ɲͷˣǺôҲһѵ̬ȣ
ʹһȻ˵ˣͨСַסÿ˶ԼܣȻ˵ҲҪ̫ǿˡ͵ѣǳȫԷȬ֮뿪ɣ˵ַѩŮ뿪˷䣬ʣһڴϷ
ַһЩʳǰǽ޷裬οɣҪʳ塣
ѩҩȴԸٳǰǽַȥַѩ뷨ʵЩ̫̿ƯҲʲô¡
Ȼ¶һԣַҲ⣬ֻǾֲ֮ͣΪеõʲôϢžġѩҲ˼ʵڲ¶棬˵˻ַʲô뷨Ȼַ֪㲻ʲô뷨
ҹѩίַ㻳УַЦҪٷˣֲʲô²𣿡ѩ˼ַ㣬ַʱЦá
˹˼գƺ˴룬Ѿ´·ˡ뿪éɨɽȣɽȲ󣬵ģ˵һҩ⡣
ѩԶժҩҩַһũƯĻСߴߴ
ѩʱѾ߳éݣ̺Զַ㣬֪ԼĹֻĬĬַ㡣
ַעƬ̣ѩҩǳãƺõĺܿ졣
Ͱһ񣬵лǰ֮ձػᱨ𣡡
ַЦѿˣӦġϢϢѩԵȥ
鷳ˣͼæҡͷѾǰʱʵڲͷǰվͻ뿪
ַһµҲáѩ׼һЩʳҩ·ʹãѩͷ߽˳ܾˣֻٴַһ
ӣַΪ˵õʲôϢҼȻ뿪ַҲͲ˵ʲôԹԼ
ʵǰΪʲôҪίԼЩµ
ַɻµ𣿲ðǺǣʳסлҪģҲ˭ѵѩҿ᲻á
ƿԣò˵ǰڳѪǰȤṩϢ
Ѫ飿ʲô
ǰȻ֪Ѫ飿
û˵
ǺǡֲáһޣѪҺ߸ʾĪôرǳ֮ʱѪ˵챦
Ŷһ޵ѪҺ棿
ǰΪԲſϳѪ飬˵شѪ鱾͸ʦΪģ˵֪ϢᣬҲŻᱻӵ򡣡
ַһ˿ȤѪʲô𣿡
͵һ˵ԸʣΪųӶѪΪɹ󣬿ͻо磡
ŶַȤûˣ½ǿͻƾģͻӰ쵽档οַΪ˵Ǿ֣Ѫ顣
Ҳǿ㣬ַᣬչ۲첢ˣַҪˣԲ˵Щ
ַͲ֪ܹ˵ĻʵעĿΪ޿Կ˵ɴ˿֪ʵ֮ϣ߾һַǳϡٵޣΪġˡַʵȻɲ⡣
Сϲ࣬Ұһɽ
ַ͵˼ϢӦñܲǡѪûȤҲлΣԤףշҲףԸʦͽһ˳
͵ͷһЦַЦЦʵը˹һֻ޵ѪҺѾ棬Ϊ޵Ļ˵ʲôʱŻֻС˳Һûַ֪Ȼַ³޷Ԥˡ
ѩܿ׼ʳһЩҩַĸ첲ͳȡЦǰеλǰ£ףλǰǣһúϣ
ѩʱ糺죬ַЦɵѼԣһ·Сģ
ٴΰ񣬶󻺻ȥַ㻵Цѩúϰѩѵֲ֪˵Щʲôֻίصͷ
ٴλصɽȣٴλصյƽƽ˰ʱ
䵽ַϣҸоһɲ²ⲻ͵ƺֱϮˣַ󾪣ѩæָĵص㣬һӺȻֿصڵϣֻ˹ȥ
ַ̾ãŬ׷ˣѩҲǿЦáַɢһȥѩί׷ַȥ



385 ҹҹϦ
ɽȣַεؼæҲȾ͡
ͱϮѪҲʧȥ䣬ѱȥַѰ˼ҪҪࣿȥˣһλǽǧõѪΪТʦʧܲסݴ
һպٴۺһ֪̾ԼֱϮˣǰˡ
ַڴ߿һ죬ЦѿˣֻǶԷһٳƣҷȰѻȲҪ뿪ˡ
Ѫأȥˣ
ַûУһͱǶȥ
ллǰѪ顭
ַҡҡͷ㱣ܰɣȵ뿪֮ʱٻ㣬Ȼֻἱ뿪ġ
ȻЦʦ˼һڵңѾûʱڴˡǰԻرҲлǰ⣬ֻǡ
ðɡ˴ַҲ޷ٱ״ȣٴ⵽ϮضѣѪͬ޷͵ʦСɣǱչʱҲˣǡȥߣǰȥɡ
ʹ󾪣ǰĪǿЦɣѪ飿⡭ţַ㲢ͼռѪ飬ȻԼûˣַһĴһѡ
ַЦ֮ͣ͵ķˡѸҵصɣһὫѪ͵ʦС
еܳûֻ˳ַ˵˵ص㣺ɽ£ʦΪʡ
ʣõģҼˡַվ²˳٣ҲϣʦܹյõѪ飬ǽͳɽддҩһѩҪҩ⼸չ˺Լɡ
ĬĬ˵ͷףַѩȻ棬ΨԼԸ㡣
ַҲũ߲ˣû¾Ͱտһ¡Щ˲ҹзѴɷġˣһºٻ֪˵ַ뿪ˣͰ̾һ˴ϡ
⣬ѩ磬Ҫȥ𣿶ѪѾˣʲôʦ
ַεԼԼ˰ɣȥһ˳õѪǰ򡣡
÷ЦֻҪѪ飬ĶʦȻ֪ǲҵǿšţޣҪѰףǴ·ɣַ㿪һЦæģ˭֪æҲܹ
߽磬Ϸһ·ֱȥ֪ϢԽĮͻῴһƬɽѾĮԶԶԿߵһӰӦþ
ãһַһȥܿѾӽɽһһƬǳɽ
ѩ㣬ǿԸܵϢ𣿡
úҡҡͷϢЩӣвҲ֪Ϣʲôӵġ
ַ㰵̾Ϣ볤ʲôǶ֪ôңҲЩͷۣ㲻Ϊʲô˵ػôͣ
Ѿɽɽڿٴַ㡢ѩһ߸Ϣһ취Ѱҳ롣
ߵشСԴ˼ӴϢʵ̫٣Ҳûа취
ַǵĸӦһһѰҰɡ
ɻ룿֪ʲôģ
ǡַǿѪǳӶģӦһѳ롣ˡȣϸСַ㾹Ȼܹ˼жôϸ£
ݡӡһ˿ʼɽĴ󣬻ҪӦۼϢϣܹҵ
ѰһգѾѰطûҵʵϢͻȻ䵽ַϣһߴߴƬ̺ܵһƬ
ַһϲ壡̫ˡ·ȥѯһϢɢһɫĻַ˺һȥ
ܿ˾һȵأ嶼ϲסɽСãֱӽɽȣͬһʱɢϢɽȶʱ䶯ˡ
һ˻߾͸ܵϢʱڵصսľμʥɣ
Ǹʱ䣬峤Ѹң
ܿһλӸ˹ʩСμʥɣ֪ʥɼкηԸ
峤ܺã̽Ϣ峤
룿𣿡
ţһ㶣ַѩҲһ㶣ޣ
峤͵˵Ķ࣬Ҳ˴׽ޣ߶޵ĳƺͬǰЩ˴Ѱҳ룬ǡñԱʥҪҵĿ¾ɣ
ͷԣҳӦǸողӡ
Ͷˣ峤˿ڻɽ˵ػɽۼڶһ࣬ʥɲȥ̽һ¡
õģл峤һȥ峤ʱһ㶣˵˵߾ߣʥô
ʮ⣬ɽðẓֲ́ܺǳܵˣҸ
ڻĴ£˳ɽɽڣڲַһɽһ롣
ע⣬ֻСɿɰ·ŵĳ뼷һСթһͳûʲôɸͷһЩһ֫
ַɨܣֳĳ벢ڴ˴С볲ɢһЩɫʯ飬ǰѪʮơַ̾úͳԣ˳õѪ飬Լǲġ
ַץһѪ飬ͻȻһֻСҧסַ·˲ͽַ볲֮УֻСܿΧ˹
磡ѩһĸιʳģһǽַ㵱ʳˣ
дַûû£Ǻϲң׽أַԴַɵЦҲͦɰģϵǳˬ
ЦСԼɣһǶ˾ͰԵˣ
ַ㻵ЦϣòСַȥһȺС벻ţǻ̫С޷ߣȻһ׷ġַǿ߰ɣҿɲܡѸ뿪ɽ
ѪѾҵַ㲻ɽҹ䣬Ҿ뿪Ӱڸ߿һ
һ£
ͻȻֹˣַ㲻ôˣʲôˣ
£һϢҷǳӦʲô˰ɣ
ַüͷôһ첻еˣǲòѯʵص㣬̴档
֮һϢɢģǹϢǳеŹأַ㲻ѩǰȥ˾ܸŶˡ
ֽܿде֣ϢһΣ֮ȷλãַ֮ѩĿɿڴ
ضޣСС飬෱࣬ĿͳһһӺϡ
̸ܵϢʱÿһǳĵ·ַüͷ壬̾һϡ
ĿⶼۼַϣȻǲˣֵĿ⻹ַǳܣӿŲӽϣ۾۲к⡣
Ϣɱɢġ
ַϵײΪϽûܷʲô쳣ȷ
ȷȷɱɢģǿҪ¡
ַǻɡ㲻ǻ֮𣿲ͷڻҲǽ벻ǣͷɢ棬ѸڻˮֻΪʧ
ַһ۲죬ԷһˮߣֻǺˮΪʲôأֲǶ졣
ԭ˭ףֻĿתź档
ַҲڴģ᲻һλǰڴ˯أ˾óȻŻʡ˵ԷϢǳʵڸ㲻ô¡
һɫӰɱ¶ջ𣬺Ѿ½˺ܶ࣬վںϸ·
ѾˣһλŮӣ˯˯ģǳˡˡڿظܵϢǳ
ַ㰵̾һºϣʩչƿ㣬ܿͽһϵ棬ŮӾڱг˯Ϊ֪ŮΣ˲Ʊַֻгϸƿ㣬񽣷ޱȣ񶹸䡣
һӺ󣬰ŮѾȳ㣬ͨ鷢ûˣֻǳڽԲͨŮӡѩ˶ܷѽΪʲôᱻַǾȣܹŮԭȵʵͬһ㣬ʹڷǳ
ܿŮӾ˹Ѻɻɨһܣַѩʲôطʲôˣ
ַߣ֮⡣ʲôˣΪʲô
Ůӻ۾֮ԵһǧȣҹҹϦΪϦ벻ˣʲôط
ַȻǳԴƺʧˣǾһλǳ鷳Ůѽַ߶µԷλﲻǵԼˣһӡҲû𣿡
Ϧͷ˼һͷɢʱƮǰַ㲻һϦһ˿ħǳֻһǳ򵥵صͷƣַȴоһصǰǻ
ַ㰵̾ϦǺ˲˵ݲֳʾ;ԲͨŮӣһλǰֻǲ֪Ϊʧȥ˼䣬ϡͿı
ϦҡҡͷûӡһҲ벻ˡ
ַѩѩʵ磬ôˣ
ַãҪһˣõ
ѩľҶַֻͬĽ飬λҲַͬľַֻһס
ϦǳˣַԿ϶ԭȵΪǳͻΪѣָ˼䣬ַ˵Ǻһ
һ棬ԭȵϦôǿȴʧ䣬ұǱĳ˴ˣַܻ֮ܿòʧ
Ȼַ㵭޹ʽ³ޣ˵ķУοǹǰϦѾʧ䣬ڷǳΣգַɲּȵˡ
һϲǷǵˣһԼϣַ㰵пЦһߣ



386 
ɽһУȷʵ˳õ˳Ѫ飬ֻǺ󱻾ȳϦʵɻһʲôŮӣڿУԿϦշǳʹԷҲǺӰ졣
òϣϦһǳŮӣȻѩҲַٲзβþ£ҲΪദľˡϦͬòѩҪľ²ֹˮʣԶѩַܹȵġ
Ȼ֪ϦѾʧȥ䣬ַ㻹Ǻһ£ļʲôط
Ϧޱɨַһۣҡͷǵˣƺһǧйء
ַһ£Ϧ֮ʱ˵һ䡰һǧȣҹҹϦȻϦ˳ƣǧȡǵҲûпܣֻǡǧȡǵأ֪ǧʲôط𣿡ޣʱԶԶַˣȻҲӦøӹ㷺ֻǻġ㷺ֻͽ
ַ㰵̾ϢϦ֪ȥδӣ
Ϧ֪ʲôҲǲˣûеطȥ
ַεǲסһɣָ֮ٶȥ
ϦһҲãǡҲˣҪúϢַ㲻һ亹ڱ˯ôãȻۣɲ˵˵һݵġ
Ϧ󣬱Ȼ飬Ϧ뿪֮ʱҲˣȻЩԥɴַ㶨һжϣ֮ΧںϣǱеϦǣ˵ڶͣɽΪϦ
һƲ⣬Ϧ֮ǰʶʱԲ̣ҲΪʲôڵǳԭ֮һ
ַţϦʱѾˣΪһܵشŻʧʲô˽ģԭǲ̽ˣĿǰԣϦַҲϦΪˣԵǰ֮Ҫָļ䡣
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ǰɣʶһЦһ㶡



387 Ƿ
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ǳַġ㡱һƿѩרôԱϦʹãϦǳƺһ㡱ϲַ֣Ȼǡĳƺֱ
ַвϴģϦǺηʥȻʹһЦԳΪСɡйĴŽɽһҪúоо
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389 ָ
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ַεڵأĵ¼ֻǻ֮ƣȴȴҪַ˵ʼָݡַƤЦⲻЦҺãǳλվҶΪָţˡ
ãú۵صţַȴһҲо磬ԼͦЦģںǰˣᣬⲻвڻһЩάĳڣȻַĸԼһơ
ַ֮ǰʴһ⣬ΪʲôߣΪζ棿
һӾֵ߾ˣȥͨΪ˳Ϊˡ
ַЦԣҲԡ˽ֻߵı棬ҲˡĿΪ˼弫ĥԼﵽ߾硣Ϊ²ΪΣά簲˼壬һμС
ǣ˵ӻظһЩҲһͬظˣǿַ㲻ǽ̵ˣǽڳ˶̵ˡ
ַճǰ涨ŵӶҪУΪ˹涨ӦȥԽɲ趨һ˵еӽһͬʣ
üͷַ㱾Ͳ̽ʣԹ̽һ飬û뵽ַô󣬾ȻֱӸϳˣ
ַʹȻҪͬҪҪȴ־ûоʣûоʣŬֲиȻܹ۷壬죡
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ȺȻЩӲַ˼ȴַڹǣҪΪʲöҪʲöԱҪľǼ֣
Ŀɿڴַǲйָľ飿ͻȻ뵽ַľȷйָľ飬ָλӣ
ַ̾벻ԼұĻȻն߳ˣö˼룬ڵ״
źߣַһֻԣѾߵ塣⣬潲⡣ֻ½˵һ°ɣַĿɿڴʲôؼʱ̴Լ˼·鷳¾ӸԼǲڹˣң
ȣ뾭֮УӶʹá鲼ʩٿطɽı֮ʶҪͨӶ档
źߣַһ㶣ųϵˣŽʦָΪҽ澳磬ֻ
ȵĿַһ亹¾繲ʮ㣬ʹɽиķʮ㾳Ȼ䡣Ϊ磬Ϊǰ磬Ϊ硢ǽ硢硢Լ硣ΪΪʥ澳徳޾磬ڴ˾Ͳˡޣǳ֮Ȼͻᵽ
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ַ㡰ᡱһСЬеӶʱĿɿڴʹҲ⡣ַ»ָԼֺǳѾȥı֡˵ŻڳСѡ
ꡭһЩӵЦ磬ָֻܿ˳̬ѵЩԹ޵ַ㣬ϧھĻҲš
ڶ㾳ǽΪ㣬ĿΪȥΪ۶ڱǣԼʹ˶Ŀ˵ڳһͨеӶʱЦ硣ĿɿڴѾַڹˣأ
Ϊ֣Ϊ塭˵Ŀ⣬ַͣסز֣תָԴ͵塣ɸ֪Ϣֳ徳磬һǳصľ硣
зŭ̧ŵССַ֣סЦ磬ԢɣһҪɫ̰ܶ˶ͣڴ˾磬ֻҪǱǺ׾ͨġ
߾磬ҪΪǿΪǿ׳ԣΪ׼
ַ΢Цˣս⵽˽ʲôڿˣڳĳӲЦɫĽǳʣĻвĵط
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390 ɽ
Դַͳְ֮󣬴УҪ֪ɲô׵ģĵӶѰǵİ
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еӹһ񣬺ܿ㳡ͿյһƬˡַǲ֪ʹƷΣնҪϸ۲죬õǵǰ̿Ц



391 ѡŷ粨
գѡ׼ڹ㳡֮ϣĴַ㡢վһȴʹߵĵ
Сϵܣôѩúã
ַλùΪӣʹ߿ģΪһǻǲҪĺáַתʦʹǷ׼ʱ
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392 ħ
ѡ˽֮졢ЦλʹΪʹ֮¶ʱɽ磬֮ʱػɵνַ㡢λλʹԤһ±ɷأڳ˵Ӧò̫Ӱ죬ʶַҲû·ϣοֲ뿪ɡ
ʹߺ󣬳ٶȻصɣǰطչ粨Լ֮ٶˣ
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⡭ַ߬ȭͷ֪ͨħع飬һħټ֪ͨɡ
Ѱʹ˽ַĹûнħһң⣬ľһղð
ѩȥѰңּѰħ򡣽㣬ȥ򿴿ַԵĻ·֣ȻҲˣǻǲҪ뿪ˣϦػ֤ɰΣ
λ޴飬ѩŮҲǳħȥ򣬱óȫַȴҪŮǰֻǰ
ַħѣҶ˳еĿǰҪǱ֤粻ᱻħϮѾҾ磬Ҿ޿ɱ⣬Ҫ֤򼰶򲻻⵽Ϯ
Ҳֻǰȥհɣȥ˵԰ϴæģ
ַǵΣǵְάȶħʣһλħѾߣ˵ħûѣڳɣɿ˺
пѿַԸֻҪ֮£ǵɽҲȥԣľǲıġ
ѩίأɼ֪ͨǲͿ𣿶ҸҲ˵ˣ׽֮ɽӸΪʲôɢǣ
ԭҲٽַ͡㱳ӣ㣬߰ɣ
ϵܡ˵ʲôַ㲻ˣãѾ뿪˳ɡѩŮӿЦֻðַķԸǰ򣬻ڳɡ
ã֮УҲίС죬ϵܣǺοࣿħҲǾͿԶԸģΪʲô֣
ַҲ˵ˣħʵۺ񣬲˶ԶԸģҲŻҶǰѩùҾ磬Ҳˡ
ҲܾǶ˰ɣȻлҲóȻɣ˼Ƭ̵ǿؾ۷ƣǰæĻʤҲͶˡϵܿһ½ĸܣ㻹ôġ
ַ̾Ѿ˵ɽؾۣʱܴǡοʱҲˣʹ֮ǰи˶ϡģϵҲǰġ
ƿԣⶼûмħַѾ뵽֮£治֪ôġҲǲϵ࣬ΪʲôƫƫַһͬΪΪͲַͬһðˡ
𣿡
һ£ַֻ㵭Ŀϡɫ΢죬ʲôڵģҲܵܣһñ㺦
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һ԰ϵܰ⻹ûз鲻Ҫôͷۺ𣿽ŵܵܵʵҲǴбضɹһħôҲǳɻӵзԪһСħڷеģ
ַ΢ɨ˳һֳۣı鲻ЩЦⷬҲǺõģٵʱᵨҲַ͵ģСŮԸ
ϵܣбȽϱյļƻ𣿽㻹Щġַ㲻һ亹ĿСŮʱ



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ħʮ˲ӡħѣвǷܹħϮδ֪Ŀǰ۲쵽Ϯֻʱ⣬ħΪ˻ָһ֡
׷ħټַս򣬵˵İ֮أ˵Ĺϵλ˼Ҳ˿֪Ѱħټ
ַΪһڱ⵽ϮزĶ˵ħ֮лѰħټ
˱ȽϿЦǣΪֹħòŮ׽ħһƺֻǿ̸򣬶ָǺã
Ʋ۵ַ㣬Ȼжգһַ⣬ȻӦһƻ˼ʲôƻ
ַ㰵пЦ˼ܲףֻôнһȽϿ߽Ĵ䡣
Ĵ򣬷綼һӣɵӻܹ֪ϡ٣󲿷ɵĲ䡣ַ㻹İоħƺ˽磬ǿ塣
ȻӣʹҲˡֻɽĶ࣬ɽ򣬴ͳûж٣ǰĴ䡣
߽䷲ϡ٣˴еĴ񲻹ٻҼҾû䣬ӦȽƶһ䡣
ڴ֮Уַдע⣬һΪߣ֮ˣǶ˽ྻ£ЩȻûмˣȴǰ˲ͨˡ
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̽޹ַֻ뿪ڲַڹ۲壬ҪߵαǾѰϢ彨һϵ˻ȡϢ
ڲӾǿһ㣬ӵдȺĴܹģ˽ϢȻҲͷ˺ܶࡣ
һ̷֮ڣڴһأڸһɽС
ѰңɽзһСʹ岿䡣էһƺͨһ˸⣬͵ͨԹˡ
岿ɽ֮ԸߣҵҪɵĽǶ˵ǱȽ˵ġжػ˱ͽȥ
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ɫȷʵЩ谵ˣƺˣڶ˵ĻشҲͼֲˡһӵǺηʿ
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ܿһ˫ľ¥ǰӹһ˳ϣһλǳϵߡ˵˱㱻¥Уƽƽشڡ
ַ㰵棬徿Ǻÿͻˣ߾Ȼ޷֮ѵħҲ˾Ϳɽ壬
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׻Ķһģ峤Ҳ⡣ַ΢ЦϿˣԭҶ˴徲м֮޷ԱСС⻹¡
ַɻȡһЩǮƣɲı忴ɡᡱˣҲ֪ǿϻǮΣǳȴһЦǿͣȡǮƣѻջȥɡ
⡭ַе㲻ˣҪǮƵģȻԼóǮƶ˵ʲôҲĽԼᡱ˰ɣǵòʧ
ЦԶ;ҴһסңǮղáַЩԥִⲻգַҲֻýǮƷŻػС
΢ЦλҲˣܿͻʢ;ϣλԵƬ̡
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ӦǶ˵ı˳ע⣬Ҳ⣬λ״νӴ壬Ȼ࣬ʵʲࡣԺÿ߽ͣѣǲػʲô
ȻַҲ˿ô˵ҲǴ塣ַ㣬λҵĽϳƺСѼȿɣҲֱ
ЦҲãλҲǺˬ֮ţСѴȥδܹλʲô
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ϵǻᱣ֤尲׽ùħ֡
ַӷȻ飿
Цƶ˵ʲôȻһЩƾܹȶֶΪ
ʲôħǶܶԸ𣿡
ϵ˵ͷʵǿΪֹûǶԸ˵ħλС壬һҪƷһƵѽ
һһЦͷȴǷǳɻʲôħܶԸ˵ɣ
ƵƼȣȫȻǰƶ࣬һӵζŶ˵θڡջĻƣʢľиǲܣ硣
Ʒһڣ̾Ũңɿڣڻɬѽ
ϴЦһѺ룬˳ޣλ⣡
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ҲһĪչǻϼɣһħϢǾ̶
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εЦһҡҡͷϣܹõħϢʣµʱɲˣ
ˣҹƽħͻᶯֵġַ㻵Цһ§ס˳˻Ĵڣֱһã
صַһۣǵעַ㳳ֻ֣һŽַ߿˯˹ȥַЦã̾һҲ˯˹ȥ



394 ħټ
壬峿ˬͷ绽ˣ峤ַפʱо˻δѺ뿪ס
ߺַ۾Եĳſһ۷죬ߺ˯ַҲǼƷϽٴƷһΣûˣ
ᣡ
ֱֱڿֱǾַĬ̾һ뿪䣬ί۾˳ȥ
⣬ַԶ羰ȴһ̽Ϣַ㷢ԱǲٵģֻǷǳ⣬ƺֻͨԱҲûһ˿صͨˣʵڷѽΪʲôᱻ塣
ˡˡݣ͸ҹ̽塣ĺͨûȺдĵطȺԵشֲũǾǿʲôģ
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ַȻЩϰߵϯ˯ĺϴˣѾһˣʵڲٴŹ󷽣Ǿͻ뿪ġ
ЦЦҲáΪλ׼һЩλ·ʹá
ַѾĺÿͣҲͲٻؾˣʳϣ徿ǿַʽģǹ۲ƺũҴͬС죬ʵ˷ѽ⡣
ЦСǵһνӴ壬˽ҲӦõġȷʵͨ𣬵бŻ᲻ͬͨ䡣ֻЩʥУǺͨһġ
ַɻˣӦһȺչΪصĲ䣬ȻǷչΪʲôǲأҲûʲôѽ
΢Ц֮̾һСѿ²塣һȰƽȺֻҪȺ岻κ˷ͻһͿЩȺԱͨͨʿΪȺһ΢֮
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ϵַ˽ˣħ壬ôħ˵дáرһλָ缢ƿʵľħһŹôõĻᡣ
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ҡҡͷС޹أСѻǾȥɡ
ַʵĪЩҪϷƷòҪ壿
ϿɬЦˡеʮһ岻֪ħϮһҹ֮ʬҰ峤ҪԱȫʳʹ
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˵ԼƺҲҪЩʲô̴켸λ뿪ˡ
ܿ죬ϴһЩʳ͵Сַ㻹ǳܲ죬ϸԻ󣬵Сѣǡ
ַЦϲػɣֻҰ޵ӡʦ̵ǣ֮صرȻ֪һλħк壬ҶԵԸħ
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㣡ַһĬĬͷַһһȥַ΢΢һЦͬȥ
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Ȼַеƺħ̴ϳ壬һжѾˡӵʱ䣬ԭⰻȻѾΪһƬ棬ƬʬСϵʬҲС
ϵܣ⾿ô£ǳ⣬׷ٹϢȥһ壬ԭڵȴ⵽ϮħΪ
ַˣСħʵϢǣ뿪֮㹥壬ʵǳǿܹѹܹӦĵز塣ֻһѵһ棬ٸһʬǣ
ĬĬҲ֮ʱħѾס˶ˣ֮һвǾˣҲΪ˴µĻܹȻͣ
ϵܣô죿ڰħֲ̣ʵҲȫڶ֮ϣ֮еȷðա
ַӽһʬһ𣬳Ҳæһ㼯ѾΪһСɽãһһʬɽ
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ҲǵĳּˣӦúúüƻԸħˡ
ǵĵȷʵΪ˲Ҿ磬ǾʹȥħҲ֣ͣĲҾȻ߰ɣȥ𷽿
𣿻ʱħע֮УֻʹҾǰ
һһɣ֮ҲŹħƴҲŹ
ǺǣãתһתŹأߣ
ãٴλָƽֻķһ߻ص⡣



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뿪ַٴεؼǶ˽⣬ַΪħĿϾ塣
ݳַۣҲΪħѾע⵽˶˵ĵʱѾħļ֮С۶θ֪ϢҲ޷ܵͬڳ˵ϢҲ֪Ƿħˡ
ַļԭֻΪѺöӴ˵ȴΪħĿ꣬ҲûжĲҾ硣ڿ֪ķá
ַͣ˽Ų˹洦ħ֮УΪʲôħ϶Զ˳֣ǹ˽Ӵ˵壿ѵĿĲ壬Ϊ˱ȶ뿪
ûǰ壬ڸҰ֮ǻֻʱдϢɻȻˣûж˵ĽӴҲûٳħϮ¼
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Ҳ˵ħѹԣվ޷壬ٴξ𣿡ƺ̫©ʲôط˺ˡϸȴ޷ħͼʲô
ַ˫һҲоʲôֻ߷ҿʵҲǺǿַеԽԽ˸ҲԽԽ졣
ߺܿ壬˵ȴַˡһλҲòǰе䣬ʲôˣΪʲôϮ壿
ʲôһ£Ȼ˵ǶϮ壬ǲǵõʲôϢ
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߳һָֻܿ˳ֲ̬Ǳ֮ˣΪʲôϮ壿ǣ
ߵ̷۲ǣʲô͸©Ϣںδ
һɽӭַһЯһȥɽ޴߷ߺһ׷ãʱϿա
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˵ĵûħ𾪣ɵĿֻţ˭Īħͬ飿
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ħ˸Ѫãٴ߸λߵΪ׹ǡַսȭͷ赲ħǰɢһԪħħԪвϳ
λ߿˺󣬵ǾʲôˣǺħһ𣿡
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ѪãɫʢַһƺԪͱˡħѪãһַ㣬ַһɢԪٴνħûõģıڴˣǻЩ˼ɣһħȰ㻹ǳûҵı御ȥɣ
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Ҳסˣϵ㷢ʲô
ַħħһ壬ӵŹˣ
ħĽϣ𣿡Ҳһ꣬ħôöԸġ
ַɲӣʲôطң
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ŻЩ޷ַͬƾһԣȻǷħˣΪΣӵЩҿǵͬɻ󡣶Բ֮ǻΪǾ뿪򣡡
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𾪣ʹַ˼ַħ˵ѪҲǵָǳɾħһ˳׻ٵʳͬԱƳħ
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ܼ򵥣ʱ״ҪһʱõħϢΪҲΪ磡
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396 ٴм
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֮ϣɽʵ̫࣬ϢҪҵһħϼѡΪˣ׷ħΪɽˣڶҲСȻܹ˼ص쳣Ҳַ˽⵽Ķܶࡣ
ԴħһûϢȻעĳ壬ҲѾ֣ϢûַС
״νӴַħ˽㣬һħ˫ޣΪƲ⡣ַħΪΪǵʱħַΪħԭʵѾﵽѾһֲܿľˣʹַԪʹͬħҲܹ׶ԸģοԷ˫ħ
ħѾӴħǿħǿһЩֻħ壬ַɽħֹʵ֮ǰֵħͿɶԸģ
ͬզ࣬ħַ֮ԸֻС˲ֻħǵʮ˲ӡħһҲЩСɱȵġϣħΪ֮ҲΪʲôҪӡԭ򣬿µʦҲ޷
µħѾӳң⣬ɳȴĴ֮һս˲Ķ֡ħ꼫ַ˵׷Ҳ޿κΣΪַԪĴڣԷŻâֶˡ
ΪħŻַЩµָƱزʱΪҪܷץħͿ⼸ˡ
ַѾȷħʱǳĴֻһʱѣһٴζ֮ʱΨһĵľħΪȫƫԶش֣ǰ䵥ʿ֡䲻ָܾȴܹЧܶ˶Ŀջǻ᳹׻ָʱĳΪˡ
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־ѾħĴڣַ˼ɳӴ̽ϢϢһһأַȴħƵôԽԽˣλԽԽӽ˵ڡ
ַɻɽʵ飬ԭ֮ڸȥĵѾˣҲ˵ħʵָܶˣֲԽԽ
ЩɵĲַ޻˵ֻٴԼҪҪֻǷ쳣ϢѾʧӣЩҲʵһЩԹԵذַ˵ŵӡ
պһϢһȻִʬҹֻ̬ͨħڱ¶Թ˷ˣ
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ħѾ壬̰æӪҴߣ߶ԸʬšЩʬֻͨȻٳּʬ˾Ͳˡ
ΪʵǿԸʬӪҴ߾ͳǵҪΪ˶˾һ߾߲ʬ塣
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뿪˱һͬȥȻһŮӵһƬ֮УʬǻܡŮӺѾԣһѾסȻЩʬпɳ֮ˡ
ַӦһۻ˵ߣЩǴ⣬ôͬ鶪˶ûз֣΢ЦŮӣܿʹϽŮӴУַһЦͬȥ
ɫѾЩ谵˷ɳʮһѾӹĴţЩոϻɽŶȥԴַʾΣЩʬж߳Զ룬ʮ·̹һˣαôżأ
ַͬĹ۵㣬οһλŮӣʱһŮ״ˡ
ļ飬ִŮȷʵһλʿΪѾ᧿Σˣûܵκ˺ֻϢһձɡ
ҵһȽϿסŮӷŵϺ󣬳ϵܣħ״Ҳ˽⵽һЩˣʲô㣿
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һԪڳ֮ϣЦǰǱεһͷֱħҧһΣԼƵġַ˵ıԼǳʱԼ˳ȥȻַ³ȳӱҡ
ַҧгݣû뵽ħ˾ȻһҲûз֣Ūڹ֮䡣رǳˣû»ãɲصĺַ治֪Ӧˡ
ͷ¸ղžĶǵһĻ̫Ӱ졣ַ㰲ο㣬İɣ㲻µġܱ֤ܵһħץʱ⴦ã
ЦܵĪҪѾûдˡֻħʵ˷˼ԼصģΪʲôͻȻأ
ӦܲɣϾһλ˼ħƵö磬˭ⷬ裿ַ̾Ҳָ˺ܶΪΪܹԸˡ˴ֻǻ֮ƣһٳֵģ
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ַЦãǽϢһ°ɣϵһػ㡣˵žͽɫ΢ȴûз
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397 ƶ
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ڶգ۾һȥַȻһעʲôһ޻û𣿡
ַ㻺һЩƤûʲôԷɡоΪַḽſЦģ˭֪һ㷴ӦҲûУұƺеֵֹġ
ַ뿪ŷԶӵķˣӦַҹġ˵һЦַ㾹ȻΪһʳܵҲɰġֻǲ֪ΪʲôܸоЩԾַ쳣ﲻˣ
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ַѾԣͷ˹ȥɽ亣ζǳǳϲĲȣӦַ˼ҵĶ
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ǣ֪ΪʲôûθڡܶѽΪʲôЩԵûθڣ
ǽԵʲô糢һԣΪӦûϲġ
üһַ㣬ַƽĿֻóԳһڡȻζʮ㣬θڴ󿪣Ҳ˲ŮسԣԸо񫡣
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ϵܣǲǽ˯֮ħֳˣİɣʵǿһᱣģ˵صͷȥַʵǱҪߵġ
ַͻȻЦ磬ˣϵܲµĵ¡߷Ϊûħ֮ȻҲΪûҿħԲǾͲҪٱˡ
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һ棬ַ㽻ħ֮ɾɳѰҵħͻʵڳǵϡĸɣҵιû޷˵ħһһħŴε֣ʧأ˶ڻַ֪ϢħǾܹԸģ
Ѿ¶˱ԣòߵ֪ħҲշſֽŴ塢ɡֻҪˡѪĵطգħдʬţʬȪӿɣһ֮жɱɨƽʬɽѪӣħһƬԼĽʬ
纣ʬṥ򣬺ǲ̰ɱһ˺뿪ֽħ򸽽ǻػħһеش
ħַ֮жţ˵ֿħΪϢó֪Ҳ֪ʲô㡣
һʱѾٽʹڿҪħѾΪ˼ǰ˺ַسɣɲ뿪Ҳյ֪ħΪַϢǳ
ڳڵַܣȫȻǰǰʥΪ˻ַһܡڳáַʼԳĬԣ˽ȻΪ׼ϲʳǳܾˣٷѾĵܵܣʳҲˡ
ҹƽسѾڰ꣬һӰѸٻգһӰҲ֮ȥ
һ첻ʳԽоֻͽ磬ַȻػ
ҹ˾嶯ˣַܹоʶȻģ˵ֻ塣
һ˫Ѫۣżûַ㣬ռ򵥽֮֡뿪˾Ƶַ꣬һͬ
ʲôط٣ʲôطʿЩ䲻֪ڳԺУЩϢ׼ȷֻ˵ĳԵ
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ճԺһµ档ãһַ㽫뻳У˯ĳַ̾һ޵ѪӰ˲ȥ
֮󣬴ʿ˴ȻҾѾ龰ʵڲĿ
Щ˿ڡѵħ𣿡
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398 аѡ
Ϊɱֻţڳ˵һξεԼǼʣʳζĴѰңʳȴЩʳǻƶģջ˵ʳϾ˻ҧ
ַĿһУûֹΪûǸʸΪʲôûʸַ
ħĿ걾ַ㣬ǳʱƿҲΪģʱǳɥĲ˻ҧ˵ľͻַ㱾ˣп˻ҧĻᶼûС
ַ㿴ǳԼѾһλˣΪˡʲôʸֹа۵ʸûСľǾʹһ㣬аҲν
գȻҹ֮¶˵ֻһξ˻ЩӡģΡַ㡣
㷹ԼǱַؾƵģȻֻһΣַ̬Ժ˺ܶࡣΪףۺʱַ㶼Ϊãһӹɵģܾܵ
ϵܣǲǳ˯ŸҹʲôˣʼΪǳΣѺԼĲˣԲŻΪַ˯֮ιʲô
ַЦҲʲôöǽԼԵġ
ĿɿڴԼ˯֮ԶһǹŹֵģֲַ˵ѣĪԼԵģ
ͻȻ۾ǲˣˣȻΪʲôʳﶼƶģ
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ַһ䣬㻹ǲҪȥˣʬػʹǶ˿Ҳ޷ԸôĽʬҾǰȫħأָѰħڣ
ַһۣȻ֪˼֣֮ǰΪʲôֹħһҪϢ
ַ֪ȻڻѾΪħĿܣħֹᱻħδãҲǰȥѰħַЦϵֻǵġħʵѾҶܹԸġ
Ҳܷβܰɣߣֻмʱôˣ治֪򾿾Ϊʲô
ȻΪħҲҪ÷뿪ٽƾҶ޷Ըħģڴ˴ǰװ
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ַһۣαȻΪʲô¶ҿǹŪ飡
ַЦһͷҲɻܷ񽫳ָԭַ㻹ǷˣΣʵ̫󣬻ɡ
ַƳǱħʬûΪʬȴΪΪӻ˱仯ٶȣ̬䣬ȴͬǰˡַףܲʬϮһΪ׵׵Ľʬ뾡ӦԵİ취
ʬѾڣⷨħ²ַ֪Ҳħǲַܸⷨģħʵַ֮ϣַҲܽץʡֻܿˡ
֮ǰĳȶֱûгԵַʳŻᱩߣַΪֻҪʱͲӦÿԱѡ
ͬ·ҲԽԽԶÿһΡʳ߱һΣ뽩ʬĵ·ҲԽһַ㲻ɽʬҲ뿴ܼ尾ַضȹʬϮʱ䣬뷽跨ʬķ
ڳ˵Ȼַˡ¡ȻصĵܵܡȻַΪħѾܶԿģȷʵѾΪˡֻǾʹ뿪ʵвʣħһ
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ߣ޷ʹȥַҲ֪Ȱ⡣뵽ڵĴҲõģϾ򣬲ǳڵ
ն˻ˣַȻܾȥѰħҲ׼뿪һΪַ㻹ʱߡ
ʿ˳ǣΪҳλк޹һλħַ֪ڣܲᱻκ˷֡
֪˳ǻħڳǳȣΪַ㲻׼뿪˳ǾΪҳһֻصħֶַ֪һ˿øУܻܵûܵı֡
ڳַûзϣӦ֮ѰҴ˳еħ濴ַ᲻٣ַʹ˭˽⣿ôַΪһУ
һճʼûнʳΪַûʱΪ׼ʳӣʳʳַȻ˳ķΪ˱ձڳѰ򾡿Ϊ׼ʳ
ϲʳǳ㣬Ѫȡȵе֭仰˵ǽʳѪСճĿǰ״˵ȻǰٰϲرַѪҺġӣַѾ֪Լ˶ѪˣҲΪʲôǰʱ״ǲѡ
ι֮ʱҲһ˿쳣ǱˣԼԼȻѪһֳ嶯
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ص󣬳ȻЩܸоЩԾϸϸȴʲôҲûз֡ȻַΪ׼ʳʢɫҲǷǳޣոռЩѪ졣
ζҲѳֲסˣ˵ϱǷơеɻԽԽŨңΪоԼѾʹˣڲܿƵ³Щʳ
ܿʳͱʳɾַЦôϵܵķĻɣ
һǲһѪ죬ϸϸƷζڸоһ˿ѪȣһĶʱȵء
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һѽַǰңһҹʲôǲǿʲô
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ַǺһЦϵܲÿΪǶԵġ
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֪Լħ󣬳侲Ҷַκν鶼ٷԣҲַͬ˼سɡ
·Գ˵ЩΪѣΪҪѪάѣ岻ʹʹַԣԸ˺ַ㣬Ȼַ˵ʲô
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ѩͷʦѾˣڴ˵Ⱥ磬Ҫȥǡ
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ַЦȻǲǰӣҽĶ
ħЦĶȷʵн⣬ûнҩ
ţ㲻˵һŵ𣿡
ǲƭġôˣںڻü
ַȷץس嶯Ѿ˵˽λѣַһᷴڣˣˣˡþĺѪ⣬ҵѪɡ
ħЦˣַ֪ˣȴȻûжϵѡ֮Լɴ˿ɼȷ壬ֵһţҩȻûУȴһܹͬʬͿܷҵõˡ
ַϲüңʲô
ɫݣһҩɽо綾
ɫݣɫʺ磿ʺݣ
˵һӦͬһֲݡλʥӦ֪ɫݣ㲻Ǵ̽һ¡
ðɡ֪ʲôأ
ˣɴСװɡ
Сף׹òãȻϲɫҲϲ̸ͽк˪ɣ
ôУҡ⣬ɽɳʹңʱһҪæ

ôˣ߰ɣ
ŶǸϣԲҪ˺ߺ壬㿴
ģȻλѣҲʹѿġ
˵պ˪һȥַЦƮԸоЩԾҵ˽ⶾЧֹ˺˪ٴβк޹ܹǺõġ



402 ҩ߻
ʲôħΪ˺ѣǲǳˣҼ϶ַקƽʼûֹͣ
ַǾֽѱǻ£˴ξ˽粻ΪѵģΪ´¡ȻַԸûб䣬Ҳ˾ȵĴ£ύħȫǵòʧ
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ַҲֹλޣ˪ѾύˣͲҪˡⶾѾˣǷɫݣ
ַƤʲôɫݴûʲôã
˪һҩܽ¾綾ҪקƤҪû˻ô
ߣ˲źãʡȥմǲݣҿ㲻ͷŮ᲻öŮְˣһúúù̹ܽܽ㣡
ַЩΣȻ֪ɫݣָȥȡɫݵϢַ˼ͶҩʮϤȻ֪ɫݣֻɫܽʬ
ĥַƤֻòһžߴߴַ΢һ£ɴɣҾܺˣ
Ʋַһۣߵ㵱ѧѽã֪ҩ
ַüͷһչЦ̫ˣɫʲôط
ٴ̸ַԹԱ첻Ҵš֮̾һַ㼱æʵôϢ𣿡
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֪ѩ۵ӰַԺУɣѩ۹֮ؾ֮⣬һһλɣļӦòκ˲ɣ
Ŀ̸ַ򣬱뾡ҵɫݵ䡣˰ԻЦַϹˡ
ַ֪ĿĵغһѰ죬ջǴӦַЯַٸڡ
ȥǧȻǧ࣬Ҳ˼ʱ䣬ٱַˡ
ҫۣסȻôȻôһ㺮⣺ѩôòˣɻô˿Цá
˴ڹɣַ㲻áλ޵İƿѩᴩ
ѩȻһྻɫϥͻ˻һ˿ŭô㣿Ǹ˵˲𣿶һһ
Ц˽ѩۻûǰ˵һ飬Ȼǲַ㷢ֵ¡
ѩüͷ΢壬ԭˡ㱻¶˴Ϊ˴̽ɫݵϢ
ַǵģϣǰܹ͸¶һ
ɫΪΪ̶쳣ϡ٣ҶԭʼؽУѰѣҲǳΣգЩǻģ˼Ǵַһ·ѩ۵
ɫݵȷǳϡ٣ΣԭھС
ɫһҩͨͬ㼯һпܲ鳤ҩġ˵ɫݣʵǻģɫĲҶ͡
ƽ̨Ϊ߽ͬȣʶȼɫݵӰ֮Ҳж
⣬ɫʵǰ߽Եľֲ࣬Ҳ˵ɫеɫһԻ綾Ϊ񽣵ϢȻˣַ֪ʱܷعȣʶŻὫ˴ɷѩ۶ᡣ
ģȵɫ߽ģԭɫݶв𣬲֪ܷڵʬΨһֻԿˡ
ѩΪַʱȻܷؾȣԲ־ȵĴڡΪ⣬Ǿɻݺֽ֮ɫݽַ㡣
ݺ壬鳤ҩжؼ⣬ҾþӾУھȵɫӦñ˽⣬ٺòҲһ»ݺĿ˵а취ʬγֻɷѩ۶ˡ
ַǰɫݵ䣿
ţȷʵУôҵģȷҪѰɫ𣿡
Ȼǰ֪ɫ䣬˵ȴһǵã
ˣڻϸҲûйϵ˵Ա֮ԭʼɽ֣ܾǰεڼɫݡȰ㲻ҪҴͬиӡ
ַһĪЩǰ֮⣿ҲܣΪȻѡ˳ԭʼؽ硣ַһ񣬵лǰʹ˸ˣ
һ£ѩۿץַץԼǰޣ޹ʴȱŹ֮ˣֻһȥ½֮ٴ뿪ɣ
ͷַĬˣǹ֮ѩʹַЦãɻٵĺáתԪַһȥѩݺ֮£ܿ뿪ȶȥ
ȣҶȺ·ϣɫʥ˹ݺػѽʮأЩʼչһˣ˵ѾΪļͥϧͥԱδ
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ƿһ֮ݺǰƽã
ݺЦԭѩôˣ㹫𣿡
Ǹһ鷳ˣҪƽæ
Ŷѩﾡɿڣ

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ѾҵѹϾǳ֮ơƽ㣬ܹʬ𣿡
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ݺ̲ժɫݵɫҶ룬ɫҶԣʬֻиá
ݺҶΪԷʬĹؼڴ˴Ƴʬ֮ɫҶãȥڲƳڵڣʹʬ
˲ҶǽҩһͶҩݺԶķĥʬһҪǡôȻʬȥֻ֮ɫ֮Ȼ˶Ԫ⡣
Ϊ˱ջݺһƬҶΪɫ̺ǿôҶƶ֮ɫҶе͡θַ֪ǻݺˣҲ־ȣҲʲô쳣
ݺ㹫Ӻʱܷؾȣ
ս˵ǱӵнɾܷأôľʾǻδҲ֪ʱܴﵽ

ƽÿ쿴ǵܰɣҪģǻعóúչչ㣡
ݺ糺죬Цһٴƽ̨ϵİˣ֮˽磬ǵĿĿǷɽɣʱҪ׷һͬɽ𣿡
Ū˭֪أҪѩ۽ΰˡƽȻȥˣȻоҵϢˣǷһЩϢǳеģ
һЩϢǳУ
˵Ůඣټ
ãѾӰȫޡݺЦһףȷʵ
һַѾѩۿеԭʼɽ֣էһͨɽǵĴλˣַɢѰɫ䡣
˵زַ֪ģֻҲ̫˰ɣĶе㲻ַûй̽Ѱɴֱӳɽ󷽷ȥ
ոշɳûãַȻоһϢϸֻ֪ͨҰޣòЩ󡭡
ҵﰦôۣ
ǰ⣬һֻξ޴ȸַַ㻹ûôͱȸ˿Сַһ㶰꿪ȸ๣֮˵ϣȸַ㲻Ӱȥˡ
ǰҵʳˣΪʲôĸͷô󣿳һˬ
ûַˮ͸оһֻűʲôסˡͷȥַĿɿڴֻӴСϱضǣַ֮ǡþϳûжԶ
ҿÿֲ
۲ȷʵеֲʵǶġַֻ÷ɵУҲȸַٴַߺһ뽫ȸץųԣ˷ѩ۵ľ棬֪֮пܾŹ֮ˣͷһ亹ʱ
֣ܶҲԵԾֻܶˡȸòǶˣ׷ϵĴأַ治֪ӦȥѰɫݡ
ȸַ䵽һСɽϣûЪСɽͶˣͷȥַЦãСɽȻһֻϢܣ
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403 ݺ
ԭʼɽַ֣Цôɭɽɽ⣬Ϊ˵ԭʼʵ̫󣬺Щ棬ַСˡ
ȸʱû²ǱвȺ鲼䲻Σգǳֲأ
һʱַ㶼ĴӣǲϢѹϢ֮ضûС첻˵ϴɽϢһɣܿͻ潵٣ȻûַҲаСˡŴǰȥǱĹŹζʵŻַֻ뿪ɽ
뼸ַ㵱пԣЩԭʼ棬ЩΪ˵ӿֲΪǵʶֻϮ档ǿʳ֮أ벩֮ؾ͵
ַ㰵̾һڻߵҶУǶκܴ󣬵ľƽҲ֤˴˵ضʵʵڵͳ󣬲ַαСˡ
ΪľŴ˵λǰַʼղ淢ԿǱܶԶ֮߾룬ʱǲòԿģ˵ǰƬҶ֮ء
Ǳ£ɵκνΧ档ַҲΣڱԵ֮ǰͶܿˣΪַ㻹ߺһʱ䡣˵ΪѰɫݣʼձҰ׷ĴӣɫȻûκϢַܲ
ʬʴ壬Ȼİæѹƣʧأһ˾ָ֪ɣָ磿
ʱݲӣַʱҪԣ¿ɲǼܽģʹַҲЩ
ͻȻݣַֽһһ¿Ѩһֲֳֻſľ޿ַΣַҲѹֵޣʱٴΣַҲƲסˣ
쵰
һãɵ±ǿʹõըһ޴汻߿գڽã˸лΪѪꡣ
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˿̵ַֻйȻҲǰǰĿɫ䣬ҲԸЩҰཻˣ
ַй֮أִӳڵرƬʹԶ룬ҰҲܵŴӡûʲôǰַ֣ͬʱҲڻɷѩڹϷˣҲ˵ûʲôǰɲΪַ׽Ūһ¡
һ뵽˴ַͣʵغżֱ֮Ԫ棬ַŴڴϢ濪ʼϢ
йϣһЩַڵķǵıܣΪʳȡʹ֮ǰҲûǵıܡֵַܳЦãЩ湻ͷ۵ģȶΪɡ
֮ʱַоһɲǿֹϢ֤˵ȷʵ߹ַԼΪڻǾ˹ĸˣѩûƭ
ַ㰵̾ϢȻѩûƭвʱɢ٣ʣµֻǿߵˣʳɫݵ䣬ַһӦοڡ
ãһһλɫŮӳַǰַ㱾װģһŮòʱɵˡ
ݺ˫ޣʮ㣬ޱȽ޵òǡرһ޻ػ£Ǿʸеʥ˰㡣ַĿɿڴȻ֪˵عŸˣȴ֪һλŮӣһһλ쳣Ƿǵľˡ
ݺüһչɫ΢죬Ȼַ㣬ϤϢȻİַ֪ϣʶڵСŮΪݺ֪˿ַ㹫ӣ
ַסˣòŴҲôʶңǼ𣿡
Ǽݺ˦һַ𣬵֪ͨһһλ˵أΪַ㣬Ϊ֮㡣
ַ˫ĿԲɾȻΪ˵زҾĿǰƺѾݺɹʶɫݵҲɿˡ
ȻݺһҲˮ㹫˿Ϊɫݣ
ǣƹｫɫ֪£˵ȴձر
ݺ΢ЦͲ˵ˡãȻ㣬СŮȻҲȫæɫѾΪҵ㹫ӿɷ˵ɫΪѰҵģ
ַ㾪ϲ쳣벻϶Լмһˣȴʲô¶źˣַͻȻеϲˣѰɫΪⶾҽħϮʬϮѾΣڵϦˡ
ݺ˵ͷ˵תȥַüͷ΢ֻøȥ
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ãһݺַڵϣ㹫ڴԵƬ̣СŮȥȥַ㼱æͷȻӦܴһ񣬻ݺĻЩæȥ
ַǰԶǻݺ֮أͨ߹Ը˴ţʮַ̽ԼĹ֮ءַȻЩݺĳַɲ뱻Уѹĵĺ澲ȴݺ
ãһݺһЩɫҶַǰɫҶַ󣬻ݺóһɫҶ㹫ңзƬɫɫݡʬƳɫҶͣһҪעʶȣΪɫݱҲһֶҩ
ַӹɫҶлƹɫҶΣһָλ⣿
ɫȻжأԲǿʵӦܹæ⡣λͿˣܹҵ˼
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ݺЦӿˡСŮӻǺһ£ΪСŮΣ
ַ㶣Цף΢£ƹԸǴ
ݺЦϣлл㹫ӵĿ佱СŮҪıѾõˡذɣ˺ңֻҪСŮܹһȫԸ
ַüͷһ˽ǳμ棬ݺҲŵ˰ɣĪкͼַôҲ벻ݺкͼȻַȻˣǹɵ˼ɲȥԲŻлݺַ⡣
ַ㰵ЦԻݺǲֳܱģֻðӦ뿪ɽ֡ݺ΢Цŷ֮أѾԲɣһΪַʱṩѰ
ַдĶ࣬Ȼɲϲ˴ţַ㻹֣лҽߣ᲻ýλڹߡңѹͲλߣһϲ׵Ĺɡ
ǧࡱַٴλصɱչصĹȵأûͿλ޾ѩԿַɻ󲻽⣬λʶΪʲôǷͻڵַǳŹɲֽƽϵˡ
޾λ޻Ǳϳ˹ȵأش󺰴Ȼȥַ㼱æѯԭ
ߺ޵˵ɫ϶õ֣ǶȺ˵ϲǴţҪǵ͸㾡뿪ټˣ
ַĬĬ磬ȻɿˣַлǸм¹ȵһ񣬴ɣĴûڴ˶лɳˣϣǧŲƽ
һѩХַǰַ΢΢һЦٴΰ񣺡ʹȥɱأ˵մŻһȥ
ѩһԶȥĽã΢Ц硣ãӰʧȵغХٴαѩƣȻ



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ɫ֮ò˵ҲǿЦã֮ɫѾõҾɸַָĴֻҪسɡ
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磬ڻˣ
ѩַ㻳оʹޣַ㶵ʲôˣҲػչصôܳˣѩַѩУľһһʮ˵˳
ַߺ󣬳Աչصڷѩֺɽѩַָʾػֹͣ˱չأһΪвסԸһҲݡ
֮ϰ棬ʱŮʥɽĴι䡣ǺģΪɵӱˣŮȵӻع֮Щˡ
سһңԭǲֳ⵽ħϮΪɥгפǵڷʹ׽سǳħȴħߣԣǳ
ʬ֮ΪֹͣΪʬʬԿʳΪԽԽ͡ѹʬʴǺһûΪĹʬٴηԭеİ֮ҲΪһĶûܿסʬӡ
ٴγΪʬħܣҹڷ߷ɳɲкسǷˡؾʱʹʱʹѾо쳣ɲû˵ʲôʹسǱϮһ£Ϊɵ޹ɱ¡
ʹҵ˳ΪΪ˳Ϊ֮̽³֪һС֪ħںɶˣҪ󴦾ħرӵгλһλħԵǵĺʹƫ˽Уֻþħӡ߲ĵڶʮ㣡
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ѩУѩίĨˮһλ껺ǰ֮ǰѡʱλʹߣʲô뷨ǷԸһͬɽ磿
ѩίɽɵ𣿡
ʹЦȻУȻҲġһ°ɣسϵط㣡˵ʹһȥ
ѩĬĬ÷лصַŭȡһǶסպ¶˾ġãһѩ㣬һ¡ɰСԴ˵ͷ
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ַû˵ʦֵĲǡʹʦ°ʹϲʦҲ˽ʦܻʲô˵ģ
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ЦȻܵ࣬ʦȴԴȥзӡħǽʦ÷Ӧʵ㣬ħὫɱ˾ͳûϣˡ
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쳤̾һʦ÷ʮҲΪ˷ֹ˽ȳʦ֪ģʦʾ޽Уħħ󶨻һǿУʦǲðաǿʦܻɣ߻λ飬ƽǰ̡
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ȷʵеڶִ㣬ֻǡ
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淢£ǵҲܹħߣȻʹ˽ᡣʦܣȻСгɾͣħԲܹͨģʦܻǷɣ
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ܹ˽ַڵ飬磬һӪȽ㣡
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ȥǰηʤÿηжмܿݹǣɴ˿ɼжħħСַֻǳ棬ѵûһֻħ
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Ȼǹ֮ڣȴȻַѸٻָ迿Ԫ񽣲ЩԪȻȻеַΪͨӦ㹻ˡ
ħ㣬ȻǷӡħ㣬ͬǴ˵ħȫɣǱӡηСųɰǧħŭĿӣַеظܵһ˿ͷۣԽԽˣ
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Щħ֪Ѿ˶꣬ȻûɥʧԵʹȻʹǷǳ£رڶħ
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˭ģЩħѪԣ֪걻ڴˣ񿴵һǰ˭ҲϷŹôõĻᡣַףߵ˵о޴ջԼһὫԼڵȡ׳Լħ
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ʹַ㻹ǷǳģոͨŲ㣬ʮ߲ȥԡħһ֮ǰЩħ·ˣԼӦͨʣµķӡ



406 
ħʮ㣬ַѾȫͬǰŲ㡣ǹб䣬ħӡȫͬˡ
ʮӡнħַᵽЩħʵǿھŲħħɫϸһ޵·ԣҲ˵ֱַезӡȥʮһ㡣
̤ɫϣַʽʮ㣬¥ݵħվȻܹ˴ʵţ
ڽһλħߵΣĪ㻹ȥˣʹκҲͻƹķӡ˴ԽˡǷָЯλħ뿪ɣ޹أ
ַ΢ɨ㣬ִ˲ħյ̺ĸ÷ηֱӡʼԾλħһߣʮһλֱֻصλԲιΪʮһӡϡַ㳢ɫϣתԪͼӡȴϺ޲ȻʮӡѾʮְԵˣϾ˲ħʵǳ
һλħЦˣ߲ͨӣôƾʵʮ㣿ħҲЦȻ꣬ǵԸûжٸı䡣
ַ㿪ʼ˼ͻ·ߣħͻֱַֻǰͻʮһϷЩħ²׷ȥ
ַ࿿߽ħձ˵ħʵΪΪķӡձǿģ뾡ǿħԿĿԡб߽ػͨ棬ַҪߵ·̾ͻһҪƽķϾͲʮһôˡ
ͨʮ㣿ַǿħĽӴҲɱ߽翪ʼӡػǰ
߽ǰַٴγԪӡûд򿪣ַֻûӴԪʹáħЦСӣȻӵдԽΪβʹãѵΪͿԴ򿪷ӡ𣿲ҪЦˣǿкܶ࣬׾ܴ򿪷ӡͲôħ޷뿪ˣ
ַ΢Цŷ֣Բ𣬿λʧӵдԽʵһһʮġ˵ַȻתԪɢҫ۽ãϡˮҲַɹϽڲϲû𣬶ıַ㴩˹ȥ
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ַɹסħٴתԪǿͻǰһϣɹڶСΪַıħڵħַַ֣һֱӴ߽ӡ
ַѾЩʮӡʵ̫ǿˣòָͣĵΪԪħַڻָĶʱͷЦһһƻַ㡣
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ǽһýѽ˽֣ͻƹӡǻ룡
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ħǳ⣬Ȼȥ߲㣬ַΪʲôȡֱ߹ͻƷӡԶԸ߽ħȥˣѵĥԼ𣿴ħַвΪͣλ߲ʵǿ˼ܣʵһλ˲ĺ󱲣
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ַ㵽һԣжˣֻһʹҲ޷ҪС˾ϲ⣬ֵ𣿡
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ƲˣӦֻߣΪʲôôǿ󣿡
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ŭȣڱϡַҧɢԪֿǿɢʮĴ졣ַս˫ȭ˺λħʵǳǿӶʹõɾ
ԪԦ֮ϣܹͬһԪԪ޵еĴڡħҲһ㣬ȻȫԸַ㣬ַһߵһ˼ԲߣȥҲûʲôܹʹõģǡ
ַЦһԪţǿҳʱӰַ˫۽ãһڵ˲壬λħԻ֮ʱһ˲޷ħ󾪣Ѿûлᷴˣֻãλħ촦
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ǲǶ֣Ҫ񽣻һϰɣҸʱ䡣ַ˵󻰣û˵֪ڵܣ˴ַ¶ģʩչԼеһٻɱʣˡ
ʣЩԻ󣬵񽣵ջʵ̫ǿʹλߵһַ΢ЦŽϣţԭ̫ܣЩǲܱ˵֪ܣԡ˶
һŭȽãҫۣ޾ɫ˿ַ㱳һ˫ʱϸλĿɿڴ



407 
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ħʮ㣬ɲħʬַ̾һνɽˮˣʹõȫѾùˣȴͨʮ㡣ʹĻѵʮʲôͬĵطԷһַʮϢô˻һһ·ļ
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ʮӡλħҸ֮ǰ߹ԽħԽ٣ķӡҲ١
ԵģħʵǿӡҲɱ治֪ʦôɱġ
Ŀʮ¥ݣַ͸оһ˿ɬ쵽ˣ治֪ȥ᲻ĳӵԪħ
˴ַΪ˽󴳹ؾָΪ̤ͨʮ¥ݡȻʱ䣬ַȴΪֵãΪΪ˱֤ԼܹȥߣȻòƶ
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ʮ㣬ӡħһλӦǵһһλŮַЦã治ģΪʲôͷôƫƫʲô
Ӵ˵֮ǰô²һƬӣΪʲôӡأû뵽һëͷСħ֡ŮһλŮӣ̬ҲмɫؼеһʣݵĻǣɧ
ַһƿӡʮڲֻȥһ㣬ϣﲻҪ
Ůüͷһ壬һȻ׾ƿӡһ񽣰ɣǷǳټţ
ַ㰵̾ϢⱩ¶񽣣ӡѾǵԪܹƽģ˵Цˣֻһɽϣ·Ҹʱ䡣
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һַ˺ಽŮȴͣ˽Ųʹ˻Ůһô᣿߾ȻԵֵҵһ㾿Ǻˣ𣿡
ַ㰵ҧߣŮ̫ŹˡոһȻ˵ȷʵַַȴоһԼߣԼҲЩ΢Ļ㱡
֮ʱͷ˻𣿺һŮַݵ΢ʵûʵһսϣԷŹ
ŮһɲΪַԸоַʵǳƺԼ֮ϣȻкĿģѵ֪ħ𣿡
Ŀĺ޷ֱԣ֮ϣܹȥ
Ц￴еĶûӵõģԦ󷨣
һɷۺɫ̳ʱܣ΢΢һ˿ַֻԺһƬңŮַǻһࡣ
̳ԽԽŨأַֻԽԽ˫һ˵ϡŮЦŷ䵽ַǰЦëͷСΪǳܹͻо硣ģʹģһޱȷ
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Ů𾪣ŵַ˫ַۡӦڻеһ࣬ҪǿҪ̼ƽ⡣˵ûдɣ
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ֻһͨߣƽǰͶƽ֮ʵġڣԷҹȥ𣿡
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ַ״ηǰôĺڰʹзǶʱҲûй˼ġô죿
ԸոλŮַѾĴԪҲһ㣬Ҳˡ˿ɹʣȻ࣬½ܹͨʮ߲㣬ַ֮ͻΪ޳ױʮ߲ڡ
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ַڳȥԪڴ˼ãûˡַҲ㲻ĵʲôȻоĵǾûʲôˣַɲΪһֱʹԿԼһҲûС
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ܹʱкܶͻ˵ǷǳΣա
ַЦбϷʮ߲㣬ɵĵʱˡַ㻹ѡǰܽڶʮܿ࣬ƴȫȥߣʱͳûϣ



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ͨʮѾûַָȻЩħڴͬûΪҲˡ
ַֻǲͬҪͻʣµзӡȻȥʮ㣬ֻһƬͽ͡Ϊܹʮ㣬ַֻܾʹãҲ˵ֻĽɫ˿ߡ
ʮ߲㣬ֻͬһħǹһ壬ŨصصڸǰĽɫַЦã¶ֻ³ķӡҲô׾ƽġ
ַٳ񽣣ԽƿӡҲǲʹκΪֻƾƿӡ
һ죬ַһѪ˼Լɵӡǵ񽣾ƿģԼ̫ˡ
Ҳƿӡַ㲻˷ѷֺΪɴתЩԪֱƿӡʮ߲ڲ
ħעӵַе񽣣õ岻˭ףԱãһ˵Ǳ壬Ժǿ齣񽣲֪齣ǿ϶ٱȻҲˣʶҲ˺õ塣
Ʈħ̻ΣΪһλӣߺˣ
ɵӡַоǰЩ⣬ϾǵһοܹĹ壬Ҳ֪кͨ
ɻߣô˾أʵͨҲ㼫ޣַʮ߲㣬ôܽߣ
ַȻһƻЦӣ񽣽ⷢԽԽǿңһλͨߣʲôµģ
ӻ˺ʼַ㱣һ룬кͼ
ַ㻵ЦҪָΪϧ˴ܹգʶǰ΢æ˵ַӣý岽ӡ
üͷ΢Ѹ˺Զ룬Ȼַȷʵֻһλߣ񽣣ټһ·ʮ߲㣬ӻַǹΪҲȷʵ֣һλͨôӵ񽣣Ҿӵ񽣣ƾһôʮ߲㣿ӡɲǰ׾ƿģַ£
Щ뷨ӸȷַΪԼΪ˴ԼĹǣÿ׼ʱһַ֮ǰ˵ҪԼæӸΪַ㾳粻ǳΪɽ󲿷˶һЩ󷨣ܹͨձΪ
һ뷨ԽַԽǾˣʶʼնͼѰַĿġַ㽣ͨ߱ѧӻַǰйѧϰ͸˿־ˡΪһЩǰ֮Ͱͨǰ轣ʱ䣬ǵĽ侫
ٿַ㣬һ񽣡²˵ϾȻһöɫָӿԸоöָһöָƷʳƵϼƷɽζʲôַɽ綼ǲ
ԽԽģԼ²ȷַѰһɱԼ
һȣַȫã񽣸ޱȣҫãһնӡӴһַȻΪַʵ
ӰӼٶԶɲΪԼʵԿһ񽣡ǳϣַ㲢û׷ϣһȴնͨʮ˲ķӡѾͨʮ߲㡣
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һǵһǵĵַϷǳãʼӦԿκ⡣
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ַ֮Ů˱һ˿мΪַȻư磬Ϊȴֻ硣ͬ棬ַܹĵơ
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ҵʲô˼ٹأԭֻһλװģߡһλЦվԶַĵʹķ羰
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ãһ˳ַǰһƣַ㼱˺ɢ֮ǿ˲佫ֹ޷ЧԷʵֲͦġ˴Цַ㲻ʩԪֻüܣɧ˶
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ǡԪ𣿡ַ־ȣȻԪ뵽֮ڣ迿ִ͸ַ㡣һǳû뵽ģ໭Ҳַ㿴ˣҲ˵ǻ񽣹⽫Щ䴫ַ㿴ġ
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ַʮ˽̸ʱѾַĵǳܿ־ˣ˾Ȼַ㡣
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ȥԶȷʵһɫ񽣡ɳ䣬ַ㷢ֶʮδκηӡһųӦþǸˡгħЧǰٰ尾Ȼ᲻ļ尾ȴҲļ䷢ܿ־Ǹ
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ַٴһѪԻ󲻽⣬ûΪʲô޹ʳһãǵãޱȣԪڻסַ㾭Ҫλֻһشַ㡣
ɼʹȻֹۣԷһλԪˣΪ鶼ַ֮ϣʹַ㣬ַôĶ֣
ЦһٴδãֻãĴ嵴һֻǰĽɫãֻǷǳ죬ǽɫãӡߵȶͻııӦ˵ͻʲôطͻȻֹԼ
뿴¶֮УֲøղŶԿ˲ȴҲϾȫַ㣬Ϊַλǡã·ϡ
ãַ񽣳Եַٴ˺󼸲һ󷭹ɫãԪֲô
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410 ǣǰ
ħʮ㣬ǿⲨַ뱻ΪǿԿ
ãĴ䣬ַһ߶ãһ˽ַмΪɬȻӵԪĵˣҶԷԪǳǿ󣬳ȴԪܹԿַѾ޶Կ֮
һ죬Խƴһ׷׵ˡãȻ䣬ʱǡԶַٿرĽɫ˿ȫֵãơ
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һŭȣ屬ҫ۽ãɫã˷ЦʵҲһλΣյˣһн㣡ؾ
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ַסˣҲסˣȻ嵲ס˱óַɽɽѾ̴˳壬ֻСּսǰɽɽͣ¡
ۡ
һѪɽƫ׼Ŀڴ̴
㣡



411 ʹ
ħʮ㣬һɽʺѪҺŮӵӰַн¡ַЧɽڵĳ˵ȴġΪģΪַ㵲һȡɽԼȴΪ˸ȫ
㡭ٴַ㻳У˳ַĻڵϡƬѪȾ˶£ҲȾǰĶɽַ㲻ס˳ĿڴĽһжѾˡ
ǿһ˿΢ЦѾȫ˵κλֻһ˫˵˵һ仰Сġ
ôᡭַѾмзŭҲлںޡһˮڳϣ΢Ц仺̧һֻѪС֣Сַֻ۾ӽΪַˮ
ˡ
ĲҾ磬Сֻڵϣ˫Ҳ£ֻһ˿ǰ΢ЦȻַǰַսѾΪʲôԼûǱɽȻҲΪ˱Լͦ
䡭
ޱٴγַ֣ŭ𣬲ʵʹߺ޳ױ
ãһһ˫޴ַ㱳󣬽޾ɫ˿׷׺һַ屬ҫ۽ãޱ켫ʵѣ
ַץ˶ٸޱѹ˲仯ΪѪɢʵĲࡣ

ַŭޱȵʹʹ׷񡣵ȭ棬һŭãʮֱӴһСУС÷ˡ
ãһַųʬֱɶʮ⣬ŰϷļַӷߺޡʹħҲ³
һһ·ʮ㣬һмΪʲôЩɥվȳΪʲôѵֻΪ˻һ壿ֻΪһİ
ħַҧ֣߳ǽصˣ޽ħλʹʹԼܹʹػȥѵû˺
Ԫַ֣Įһ˿ܵˮٴλ䡣ָ죬Եɨ죬ħƺҲַˡ
ֻأֻ˺һȻ
߱޴Ӱʵ廯һϲ죬˳ַĽħһ죬ħ𶯣޴ӰڹԽǿơ
ƣַŭ˲ھ޽֮һƣס˾޽ɢ޾ơ
䣡
ħʮ˲ַŭһƶ޽һ·¡ʮǶʮĲ㣬ʮ㣬ʮ㡭
ϣ졢Цעħ𶯡Ѿڴ˵Ⱥգȴַɹʱ̣ǳ˵ϣǵȵȴһŭоɰ·ʮ˲㼫һ޴ɫӰӰ֮ϣһŽɫǳհҫķޱƾ䡣
ãԶ룡һѸԶȥЦҲǼԶ룬ΨлעŽӰϷĽɫǳΪʲô
޴Ӱأħʹ˱٣ԵɨܣַŭҲǧĬĬעŷϷŭַ㣬֪ˮҲ˳ʶ¡
ɫ£ޱҲʧ̳ɢȥַµӰվеĳȻһ΢Цӡ˹ǰ龰˲ʦľɱȻ˻ַС
ãַԣҪˣҲԸӡ
ַһ˸ģôأһὫȻģһ±óĬ
磡ĵ˹Ȼ٣ַľȳ˳Ȼǳˣֻ֪¡һͬĻѩֻѩıǳɬǳغһ硭硭
ѩͣû˵ַüͷ΢עѩȻоһ˿ַ㻹ջĿ⣬һԲֱʶȥһ㶼æ׷ȥλʹȻûдӾ߳ɶˡ
ɳһ·򱱣ַӰֱǰϦԭʼɽֶȥΪһλˣݺ
ַ㲢ȷݺܹȻֻǱԺ˼άЩңڻݺӡǳ̣֪һλǳǿľǰ
ԭʼɽַ֣ڻݺָĵصݺȻˡַ㻳еĳݺһ𣬵ʵ㹫ӿк£λɣַƹ⡣֪ƹĪ⣬ϣԳ־Ȼ㣬ʲôԸ⸶ݺЦ㹫ӿˣ֮Ͷѡ㽻ҰɣСŮӾΪӹݺȻˣԭڵĲʬӻֲóûбʵܼ򵥣ֻҪͿˣڻݺ˵ȷʵֻǾ֮͡
ãһݺųʬȥַ֪ݺʩһҪ׵ĻʶҸȥšͬʱַǳȣѾȥʱڻݺ˵ȻֻǾ֮ͣλʲôǰ
ã˴ַôˣΪʲôֵطȥˣ
ѾһλǰȥˡַٴѩΪʲôҸоѩ쳣ﲻԾɣѩһ㶣Цô᣿ѩѽ
㲻ѩ
ַĻŮεѩһۣ֪Ѿ¶ˡ
ʵôˣѩѽ
ַҡͷԣ㲻ѩϢ̫Ϥˣѩȥˣ
ѩһЦҾ֪һᱻ㷢Բѩôġ
ѩȥˣЩشң
¶һ˿Ǹַ㣬Ѿˣȥɽ硣
ʲôַ𾪣ѩˣΪʲôҪ
ѰɵΪ½ʬֻ㵣ģұΪߡ
ַɫЩãȻѩô֪ɵ֮£𣿡
ҡҡͷң˵һλ˸ģɽλʹߡ
ۡһʹַ˲ŭģһѪ˹ȥŮַ̽ΧòײŽַ㻽ѡ
ַ鼫Ϊɬ̫ˣȻҲɽѰɵǵģѩֻΪ³һ㣬ܵġ
ΪʲôΪʲô㲻ѩǿ£㲻֪ɫݵ𣿡
ҡпԣѩ˵ʲôǲַ֪ġȻѾ֪ˣʵѩѿݣѩݣԭַڵ顣
ѩǰַ峣ɢһ԰εϢԴֺǹϢʧˡټΪȴ޷˵ԭѩ²飬Դв˳İš
ѩͱѩֻһ㲻¶ĲǻǷǳģҴ˴һеģΪ˱֤ܲй¶ֻЭ
ȻҲԼ뷨ַѾܾˣӦȥǵҪĿĵɽ翴ˡ˴ǡͨѩɽĻΪַǲѩģ



412 ؾ
ԭʼɽ֣ݺʬܿͻָԭңٻϴ񣬳ʵԶ˼ת䡣
֮زھȣʶûй¶ȵܡۺ󿴵ݺĵһˣ侹Ůӣݺ˵ˣַ㾹ȻΪݺȣҲݺֳ˿ٵĻָ
Ϊ𣬳㽫Ǳɽ͸˻ݺݺЩЦãǵͷǱɽڻݺĴ£ٴλصַߡ
ַϲãϲñһ˿ˣѩ䡣
ѩΪѰɵŻɽ磬ַȴΪԼѩģȻѩ޹Էһˡ֪ѩѾǳ죬ѩһģһһҲףѩ޲˵ھȻ˵ˣǲ˵𣿡
æͣԭҵƾͿ츴ԭˣѩҰæʱֽһ˿Ԫңҽ˿Ԫ޳塣Ȼ壬Ȼܹ˵ˡȻͷ󺹣ҺڶòǺܶࡣҲ˿ҺӦ죬Ȼֺֻܶ鷳¡
ݺʾлݺ뿪ˣַ㼸ҲٴԶ롣뿪ݺ뷽ѩۼˣ֪ѩ֮£ѩΪַܿܽվͻȻɽΪĿĵأҲƺɲһϳֲ
·ַ̣ٴλعɣַĹ˾޴䶯ΪɵӵַΪ»ᱨɡַˣΪȻַҲûлɵ˼
عɺַټѰˣ뾡ؾ۷Ʒ֧һͬɽѰѩ䡣ȻʹҲҪ֪ͨģϾ齨ɡ
ַ֪շʹǳȣַ㲻¶ʵԭ򣬹˼ԺŪȥѩַߡ
٣ĺӰǳأΪħûַķУٺǸȥҲ֪粨ٺλŮųɰݷַ㣬ϧַѾȥֻ÷׷׷ɽ硣
ַ㲻ǣϦȻ֪ȥֻѩֵӱ˵ԼҪ뿪ģԭû֪ͬʱַҲ뵽ˣȻԼˣбҪ֪ͨһҲ֪ûл᷵ˡ
ַĽ£˿ʼŰݷļλҪѣת֮¡Ȼ᲻ãҲӰַǵ棻һЦʾ⣬ַǲûдﵽ磬ΪλҪż֮£ҶǷǳȣʮҪҴææɽ磬ʲôԭ򣿲ǻǷǳֵ֧ġ
һվַ㶨Ϊ˪ħ򣬱ϾַѾλѣɲ뽫˪ץѱ˵ġ˪ַ֪ҲǷǳ𾪣ΪַǾδԼ顣˪˵ɽɳʹ½ԸַҪæһԿַ㾹Ȼˣô죿
պ˪һҪַͬһɽ磡һȥɽȴַǵɲͷһܳΪʥߵѡ
ݷǾʹ˽ˣַ㻹ٴΰݷһ¹ɺͻݺɵƢԻݺĴţַ㻹Ƿˣһٴλصɡ
ɾã¡衢ε顢ѾȺʱһõ̸ַˡλɵ˱Ϊͬѣַĸܵһ˿㣬Ҫľ
ѩλãһֱַԣҲϰַѩĳƺΪޣҲַ֮УԴλʹû顣
λʹҲ֮ã½Ϊ˵õλǱĵӣʮ˾Ҫɽ磬ȻҲҪһͬɽ硣Ϊ˷˳ɽţλʹɹʶзأŷƷ֮¡
ѾΪ˷ƵסַĵλڳѾΪλַ֪֮ĴҶʦ𾴡
У˵ɣʲôˣΪμҴҵټгԱ
ַЦҲѾ֪Ҫȥɽ緢չˣһиӦ
ؼɻʲôҶƳԱûдﵽ磬˴æɽ粻ַԸ񡣡
鼸ͶʵĿ⣬ַ֪öֻ˵ʵ飺ǵãѩѾˣǷģһˡ
ʲô쳣ȣĿⲻۼϡ
ַ㰵̾һԣʵΪѩűȱΪģ
ôΪʲôҶԷ
ԭǺ˵ģ֮ѩѾ䲻ǵѩΣŻɽ硣Ҿԭɣλо׿Ծܾзմһǻġ
εЦܵﻰ⼸ҲΪԶңϧƵ顣Ȼѩ䲻Ϊݽ㣬ƳԱ֮һһؾǷڵ¡ͷûʲô˵ġ輸΢Цͷ˼Զ׼
ַЦȻû飬մһͬɽ磡ϣܹѩ֮£ڼѩλüʹʦҲܸǡ
ףİɣ
ѩַ֣ǣѩãȻǵһַǣ֣ǲɬĿַ̾һϾֻʹòͬҲһλŮӣѩȷʵйΪġַ㲢֪ѩıҲѩʹղЩɬǳʶ壬쳣ϻۡ
ѩã̱סַ첲ȻҴѩ㣬һᾡƾַ΢Цŵͷѩȥ
ѩַڵеȺ򣬺ܿʹųԵֵܽãЦݹ٣֪кָʾ
ַεЦЦʦܲܲҪȡЦλõĵˣ۵λٸߣʦʦʦͽǻǲܲģ˵ַһ
æ˷ЦҵСѩѳԽλӣڴ֮ʱǧҪǵʦʦϹͷɳܲѽ
ַЦҲЦλʦͦȤġַʦӽռʦǱҲʦλʦֶദա˵շӲ֪ܷл᷵سɡ
ԵЦСʦǰ;ȻᲢۡеģСʦҲҪ̫һǻɽؾۣ
ַˣЩ᲻ѽʦ˼ҿδؾͻģ
ЦǴȡЦ˼ѽǲТͳ⻰ΪʦҲò̬ˣǲٺ١˻öЦߺ·׷һ
ַʵʦȻ˼δɽ磬¹мѣʦɽĿ
Ϊһ͵ַСͿģȷʵʵϣַĵɽ֮£ַΪϲĵӣŪ̸
ַ˵δɽ磬ļֻˣνǬ綼޷ȶɽ練ӻңһʵ˵硣Ϊʦûж٣ΪʦһԸԸ㡣
ַɻʦ˵Ӿ̻壡
̸̻ϣֻһĳԡ̣̱޿̣ڴΪʦ벹һ㣬޷ܣͷſֽŴֵ֣Խ鷴Խ׽
ʦᳫƽľЩѽ
ǺǣСĲΪʦһֱΡţɽ֮ͻһУΪʦҲϣܹԼ
Ǻǣлʦָӽǣ
кЦĽƺΪַġַ㲻ܹ̱޿ֻ̡Ҫһ־;ԻǴ£ɼöˣΪûüλġ
ϼҦǱ𣬲ҳҲҦ˶ɽļ⡣ò˵Ҧһԣ˵ļ⼸ȫͬҳַԸֲ࣬鷳Ĵ󱿵



ھž ɽ


413 ɽ
Ʒ֧ؾգַĴ׼ɽ硣
֮⣬СפַҲǸдĶࡣȻҲЩᣬȻ޻صɣַ㻹Ƕ˾ģ̤
ѩ˵һַٶӦøߴ˰ɣΪ˲˻ɣַĿڳƺΪѩʹûҲĳƺҲΪԼµľӣƴҴҾۼɽ磬Ϊɽ粻֪ȥһѩ
ѩЦһֶʩ󷨣ΪʵҲܼ򵥣תȻˡ
ΪʾʹãѩԼΪв°ãˣ޴֮Ե󷨺塣ַЦΪѩôģ
ӦַһѩȻʱһѩδַѩȻЩɬֻЦŪȥˡ
ʮʩַ޴һƿնȥһɫβþδɢ
ʱʮ˱ѸϵɵٶȻҪϽһ˲̾󷨵棬ҲҪѧϰһˡ
ɵַһκѾȫŷͨ˴֤ʵַοû뵽ΪʿľٶͬԼ
ַ㲻ݷɵ˷ʱ䣬̷ֻһõ˵Ͽɣһʮֱͨȥ
ͨǰַѩǷ֮ˣҵһͬȥɽȺǡ
ˣȻһٴξһηΣַľ𣿴ҿɶûдﵽ磬˴æǷʧ׵
ûϵģʹʦ̹ˡΪןn壬ҵ˵ʲ¡ô
Ц־ܷģСѾﵽ磬û⡣
áҼס֮ͨڴףЩײӦܵģܱܿߴ飬ͷĵĻҪԵģߣ
ãһַѾ֮ͨУ˽׷׳ͨ
ͨһƬΨоͷһ˿ָ򣬶ڽɫ϶࣬Ӧò¡ãһ˸ַɽ磬׶Կһ£ֺԭײ˵ûԭԭһ磡
ܿͷɫĻ񺮱ˮǟn׵Ļַһָһ΢ʹȫԵĸо˵
ַЦЦĻӰڵĻнʧѾ뵽ɽ硣˷׷׽룬ܿһƬ㳡ϣɽˡ
ȻѾɽ磬֮²ûн˿˿ɫȻڸǻεһӺʧޱʵĸоʱɢÿУܿͲˡ
ôôȣַֽһ½ŮͷȻҲȣҲַܵ·ѽο㳡Զвפ㡣
ȡŵ㺮ַ뵽ЦһֻΪɢȡܿ˻ָ̬ʹ˽ַ˲
Ȼַһƣ˫һŮѯԭɣѩֹˡλַܹܵľȻڲƺҪֱԽ
ַ㱳нɫ˿ߣʵǹĴзϵȣַʹ࣬ʵת䡣
ɫ˿ֳʵҲַݵĳ죬ԽʵҲԽǿħַ㱬ǰĴڣ֮ǿַĹϢľ籾þʹ˵õͻƣ粢顣
˴ηɽ磬ַ㾳ͻͽ޾ѸַᣬԴ˿ʼữɵ羭ַΪ֮ǿ׳˴൱ڡɡ״̬ǿΪʵڲѹַ޷ܡ
ڻּʱɢԪסַҪλɹɹ˴ѹءͬʱַǳϲữζַ㽫Ჽ൱ɡɡĲ㾳ĺ徳硣ѩ˵ֻҪַܹɻָǰݣҲǽɾ磬ھ׼Ѿǳӽˡ
һŭַ屬ҫĻǿϢ²תѸ١һ죬羭صַ羭ɣֳɹ
ַʵӿֲԪӡΪַѾﵽɣ֪Ƿܹðգǿ¹ַķΪ˰ȫַָĥһʱ䣬ʮպָǰݡ
˻ַ֪㷢ʲô£ַֻ㱬ƷǳˣַʵͻͽˡȻˣʵǿǺ£Ҫĵַ㲻쳣
һнȥֻ졢ЦԷʮλ˻ЦЦǷ䣬ǻĴʱ䣬û뵽ôѸ١
ʲôŮһҲĿɿڴַǸոշôֱӲˣ
ַЦԭĸоʦôˣӭǵ𣿡
һЩӺǺǶµĽӣҪǰһ÷ɣⲻž͸ˡ
Է͵ʵʦ˵٣ȷʵӭǵģȻǻᱻߵġ˵űɨԶһۡ
ַ㲻ߣֹŹֵ𣿡
ǵȻܻԶɵĿ⣬ʿɽɣһЩű㿴Щˣÿ˷ɹǱӵ£Էǳ˵ģ
ȥɫȻַǼϲָǼʧ䣬֪λ˲ܽԼˡ
ַЦɽȷʵǸǷ֮ءʦ֣ǲҪűˣ
ЩǱǼΪشĽΣСѾΪһˣʱΪţ
รַ㻹û̾¾˵һֽС
ЦǵܵѽѾԽһأ͵óƺϵ˹
ΪֱӣλʹַʩСɼţ
ͷֱַ˦һָзǰ㿪ˣ˺ȻЦַεҡҡͷʦ֣ʦܲոշھһְʵΪףϣʦܹ¿ǣ˼ѽ
Էﲻʲôÿǵģˮ͸㶨һְˣİɣѾ֣ʦҲ뿪ɽ磬ǻḨģ
ң
㻹֪ɣЦǳʹŸǵŻһְӦõģ
ַŵŴͣԭλʦôקҵλˣҵĶǻ
ЦҪȡˣ¾ôˣعź֮£
Цʮλ˴ַǰЩǵκһ֧Ǿͻ߸ǵİȫ
μţ
ʮλ˹һַ㱾Լ䣬Ȼ鼤һһݣͦ°ͶλѵŲʩ𣿡

סˣЦĿɿڴ
ꡭ̿ƿڴЦԷҲЦ硣
Цһ㶣ֽеðСӣոž͸壡Ҫɽ磬ǿǲƵģѽѽѽ
ַֽһȥλͬ׷϶ȥʣ޷ƵػЦþòƽ



414 
ɽͨΪǰӭӣַûܿȺĺ˪ַ㱻˽ߺ˪ЩΣַܿڵһĻ̫ˣ֤е߹ûд
ĴַһȥţԷȻҲһȥˣϾƴţɸһ
ַŵ黹Ǳʹˣʹַ㲻ôһְžԼȨƣÿԽѰѩ䣬ְַλ
ǱϾֻʹһ֮ʣڷڣַ֪عź⵽һЩ̡һ·Ůʼڰοַ㣬ȻҲַ˼˷ǳ̹Ȼ˴һţЧҲֱӵİ취
ţʵһ壬۹ģǽ岢ݻͣɽŶˣ߸ǽڳУɡ
ˡַЦŴϷɡ֣˵ſ湻ġ
ַ˼ûʲôˣֺαעĻԻͣοһѾ˲ˣ
ˡַ亹עķǣòһɶûаɣ䷲˳򣬾ſڶûпŵĵӣһЩŵ룬һҲоŵʥ
˽ţԷЦʦǲɣˮסһʦʧģ
ַЦҲã˾ȥˮµŷʦˡ
ʦܿʦѾְ֮ݵλʦ֮ϣˮŽˮĸ
˵Ѿڲ˵Ҳܹ뵽ڲ滮岢ŷΪ֧ݶԺҲǸԶַɴ˿ɼڲì쳣ҡ
˶һ壬ǵжԷ֧ţлڲìܡַ㰵оһҪ뷽跨ͳһ֧ڲìܡ
סĿһźȥ˵ԭŵľסأţñ㱻رգΣ֮ʲŻ᳨ۼ֧˹ͬԿѡ
˴ηƵٴγַĬĬɨ󷽵ķƳԱ֮λضһͳһţƷ֧ĺܡ
֮ддūͣЭ࣬ȻδȻྻЩū͵Ƿǳҵġ콫ַ˴ϵãʮλ˵֪ͨǰμְ񣡡
ǣ
ʮλ뿪ַʵжˣ
ЦŷΪ֧Ǭ֧֧ˣλԪϴ졣ʦЩʲô
ûʲôֻʡַóڣε顢˰سڡ
ʦҪʲôŮ죬λʹͬ⡣
ַûʲôֻǸһϣʦֿ⣬ʦֻ뾡ƹˣúõһžȻģ
λʹסˣԷЦ˵ĺãʦǵһűŵˣ
ַ̾һʲôϣʦֲҪʦܡȻʦΪʦְܲһְҲԳʦܵݣʦܺŵġ
Цʦܷģ˼ʦˡӽҶٴְСʦܹ¡
ЦЦʦַģʦ֪ô
ַͷڵ֮λϣλ̻ңƵҲԾλƵȴ֧˵ĵ
ǳ֧λԪϣΪǳ֧½罨ģʶԪϷǳгεź󱲡λԪסˣƺǻټӣŴӶµ̳
Ϊ֧λԪϣųƺϱɡ
ַʵһƴλԪ𣿡
λԪϱͬʦֵܣϽŶµĳ֧Ԫݡ
ԭˡ
λԪһ㶣ôһ͸оԾѾΪλѾλңεѾѾʾ£Ȼ׷ʲôԪҲֻ
֧ܿ˷׷Ȼ٣㹻¡ڻڳ֧ԪУλεš
Ǭ֧˷׷ΪǬ֧Ԫδֻڳ֧Уٶ˵ȴλԪϵĵ
һλŮͷϲˮ˵ַǰַȴûн£ǾֱվǬ֧ˣԪںη
Сɲ֪
Ƕ֪𣿡
֪
˵ҡͷַЦˣǬ֧ԪϼӺܴˡԿʼ𣿡
ЦЦַλϣæټΪŴ¡λţ˶Ҫָʾŵǲ
ǻûʼôžѾˣλӳڵ֮⡣
顢¶ŮסλߣǺˣ
ߣСС˾ҲҶȥ·һλòЩӻ붯֡
λǬ֧λԪϣĪϼϡ
ַЦԭǬ֧λϡȻλԪ֮λΪ˻Ϊ˥޲Զ𣿡
ʲôλԪüͷһ塣
⻹˵𣿿Ǭ֧ˣٿԪϵʣľԪ𣿡
ôĪ㻹ҶԪְλ
Σ
㡭
˴󾪣λҲǼΪȣַոξȻǬ֧Ԫϵְ񣿻᲻Щˣ
µǷǳַ˼ˣѾԪϣܷŶÿ˼飡
ĪϴŭȵСС˾Ұ˵ţСƿصģҪΪлɺΪѵͷ⼸Сҷ𣿡
ַЦĿ˰ɣôǺܲ˵˵ԭɡ顢·ǽ
Ů·λԪϸӷŭ»ڵĻľҪˡǻڴˣǿɲڻǰԶֻвڡ
С㵹ҲǺΪܹҶԪ֮λһɣݹҶ˲ӣ
Ӳģ˵ҿɲաַ΢ЦվλԪȴб𣬱ųټˣȴٳٲϵ뱾ѿ𣿡
ĪЦδʼȻšΪԪϣΪҪһλϥλʱ˿̵ַ㾿Ԫ˵ָνͣ
ַЦֻһʽѵûеͲǲҲ⣬ǿеѡְһְ
λԪ࣬˸ĿɿڴַһѪǬ֧λԪϸͲųţûǽλԪϣʹҲô
λԪϼȻΪϼǬ֧жв֧ǵˡԪıҴǬ֧е˵֪е˵Ѿŭеֱ˵ַ㲻Ϊţ
ַ΢Цɨˣλ֪Ǻⲻҳ衣Ǭ֧ڳ֧˵ע£Ʒ֧ע£λע½Ϊƽ



415 ʾ
ɽţǬ֧ӹΪַ˵ĿȻûջأһ̡̱Ǭ֧λԪҲоһ˿ţڵƺڰĹãȻ
˵𣿡
̵ʱַ㿪ˣһʱûһ˷ƣѾЧƺַȵ
ڣ
ܼããʮλ˰һ񣺡Ӱݼţݼ
ȼΪŻֱӽָ

Ϊ֮һʮλžӢеľӢˣȻȫ֮£Īǻλ
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ţѸ֪ˣ
áַʮλԼĻ˴ǷǬ֧֮£Ȳò֣һԡ

ʮλЦĻΪһȣµĹҲΪ֮ȡõַ󣬾һ˲̷ɢڷƵ
Īϵ˵˷Ǭ֧֮£ѵң
ַЦԪ˵ˣңǲ켺Ǭ֧޵ţ˸ո֮λʹ˽ɢǬ֧
㾿⣿
֮ǰ˵˷Ǭ֧֮¡ַ㻺̨ףҷʮ֮ԿǬ֧ˣǬ֧£ɱŵκξ
ЦϼΪмȽʮֻ֮Ǹոշ޵СɣѵҪǬ֧ԴС
Ŷ֪Ͽкι˼ɣ˵˵
Ǭ֧˽ǾӢǬ֧ΪʮλС˴ţ
ǺǣáȻΪԷ֧ԿʧǬ֧ݣһ˶ԿǬ֧оӢٵжԪѡ񣡡
ɶǬ֧Ǿ㵥ˣԸλ֮£
һΪ
ַ΢Ц̨ףȻһַַСºų֣СŮһ˱ɣ
ַЦĪҪļҶԸɡ
ɱţ˵һ䣬ȴǬ֧˱е֧˵ˡ
Īͣȵ˭ֶһǬ֧Ӧս
һλɽ̤СԸƽһ
Īϵ˵ͷСǾ˳ҿһϵˣ
ЦСºСŮһ˱ɣֻǷЩССŮˣһλʵڲģǶϼλ˰ɣ
ʲô¿ļŭˣոշɽ˾ƴǧǬ֧
ַεҡҡͷðɣҽս
ϵô㣿
ȻǷ䡣ֻҪܹ裬˼λͣ
ãǰԡ
Цˣ˵ؼɡ
ЩͷˣλԪϱһÿһĵ·λҲ׷Զܿս
裡
ַ㣬ַ㵭Ҫ˵ַ㷵ص֮λϣū衣
ʧǬ֧ˣã䲻Ըְֳɣ
Ҳǰзߺޣɵ˵ֲ÷ٳϵɽ
ã˸һԪƯԣͲˣְɣҵԲǺܺá
һ㶣ûķɽӵбɽ˵쳣ġȻڳԣֲľɽȫԿ衣һȣ˵ɽ裬Ҳ̽һʵ
ãһԪԶɽһϢɽɶأԪɽơ˺öЦʵҲȷʵô
꣡
ɽӦΪΣ˶ʱʯˡӦս˸ʹģȻľʵͨȻӵǿơ
ʤѷ֣Ǭ֧˾ʹ°ɣ
ɽ˵ȺУǷ֧˸򣬻ԪֱӳɣûʲôԵġ
Ԫ϶ʱҧгݣĪЦԼݹϷ飡
ʵ˵СŮӶĿ࿴ˣ
ɶ񣡡
Īŭ죬ޱƶʱڵɢȻԪϳ֣ڲǷȥ԰ɣ
ãһĪѾɳ⣬ȵ֪С
費߳ãЦȫ֣ҿɲ˷ѹ򡣡˵ѾߵԪϽǰ
Ԫ߬˫ȭȻϷȫ㣡ã˸Ԫ屬ɫ棬һɹϢ嵴Ժ
ַ˲⣬ЦַϣַЦӦǹһ࣬ԪʵΪȷʵ͡ôкЦ֮ĴħԷԿѻʯ
һЦּ̣ɽӹͷЦ輸ĹɲȥˣԪϲĶַ֡㲻ĿԴ
һŭԪϵɫѸٱ裬ȴİ޹ʵֵٽһڲɢԪϴһĹʹˮҲܹȼգһ˵ֵܹ辿ôģ
Ц𣿿ϧˣЧģգ
һȰɢ˲㽫ԪϰڣǿҵϢʱŸλȫһ𲻽ڵϣȻ貢ûʲôȴоһɼֲϢƺѾţ
ĪûйǹİɫĹ𡣶Ҳʧȥ˿ƣļɢ𷨾ۿΪԽԽ١
ַֹ裬ˣҿɲǬ֧Ԫϱʹ˷ϵ裬ְɡĬĬͷһɫʱɢԪϴһ˵ϣĿȫǾ㵡
ַЦĪˣϣܹ֮ǰԼ
ȻȻϷ䣬ĪֻǷѣܹңǬ֧ŻŵĴڣ
ۣȤˡǬ֧һλԪ³ְɣ赱δ֮ģʹܹʹãȻͲöһЩּԡ
ЦһԺУǳȴͻȻԣøȤԪϽһԿɣ
أûԹۿɣ˵СòŷλԱ
ÿɲôΪһʽûгԷÿԪϳһ£
ꡱһЦ֮Ϊ֮¶ѣĻȫԵļ˷Ϊַƽ£ַ㵱òűˣ
ǱŭôһһѾСЩˣĪϵ³֪ˡ
Ц㣬ó½㳢һ°ɡ
ַҲЦϵҲȤʽ軹̰ɡ
ֻ˳תϣЦԪ϶ְɡȰԪһ䣬ܹһȻ㲻лˣ
סˣŭһ󷢽ãޱٴγŸûż֣ĬĬԪϵʽ
һŭ𣬺ָεǿķˣҪһʱ𷨾ɨ˳һۣԹԼεؿЦҡͷ
Ϊʲô·
֪֪𣿡
һЦλʹ𾪡벻ƼѾɳ˵زŽҪȫˣ
ϷڽĿŴͽɫͷûǧɱ
ã˸ĿгܼеɲͨˣСŮƢ¹ʲô
޾ڳը죬̳ʱ޾ɲϷɳ̳ȥϴЦַҲüͷæοҪļǶԳģ
̳д̾ôʱ۷ȴֻ𣿡һ̳ɢڵϺɫת
𾪣ŵųôܣ
˽ʽַЩʧΪʲôʽ
ַĻЦԭܵڵŽʽھͱݸǿգ
һȣɫʼת޾յٻȥ޹ɢΪãȫգղİɫͬô
ϰЦһʽؼ㼯ɣͲĳյΪûǸ뷨Ҳֻ˵һ֣ƣ
죬ĿŽɫƾɢâ˸κٴ޹ʧϴ󾪣ɻûʲôѾһã壬Ϊʱ׷ӡ
˽һջأЦҵʽӡ֮ϵô𣿡
ַҡͷЦʲôҿʲôҲûпٴδЦķӡصڹĪ⣬Ƿʤ
ϴ緲˵Լ֮̾һַһ񣺡С֪ſˡ
ĪϼҲַֻ񣺡ſˡǬ֧˼ԪҲ׷ַǬ֧ʹ˹



416 ֧ͳһ
ţΪִǬ֧ԪϣǬ֧ʹ˹˿ַ¡λԪΣ˾ǰˣԪϻ˲ɣ
㣬ϵķӡ⿪ɡ裬ոյĪΪ黹ȻԪѾϴͲһζ̣һĵַ㻹Ƕġ
ַŮò˳ӡãɢȥڷӡ⣻֣ĪΪѸٻָöٴλָԭģʩлŶ䡣
ַЦ㲻ϡȻͬţϣλ˶Ǣദ뷨ͬǰţҲ֪ΪηΪ֧֮áȻһְؽͳһ֧Ծӣκ˲ἰ֧֮£

ַǶ˵ģʶ֧˽԰һ񡣲ַҲųΪ֧ܽһ䡰ͳһܹദģڲìȻڡ
ַǲɢˣŻλλԪϼƷ֧ڵڡ
ڣȴػðȫַк˾֮һ˽⣬뻤Ԫϸ˵Ȼԣ;ɽҲ˵һ顣
ǣǳΪǿţȻխϡڸҲʵš
Źˣū߰ˣ˵ԭǰռģʽչҲ֪ʱŸΪţҪģʽչ
ɵĲڴ뷢չϣ˵ģʽȼģʽ淢չΪ˽Ϊɣˡ̵ȼ˵Ϊ㣬Ϊֱӡ
о쵼λʶؿ̵άŷչŵҪԴ˳оϽ˰񣬼СͼΣñȡ֮ŷչǳƽȣѾδΣ
ŷΪӢִūĴ򣬸иԣŲȱٵҪŵáǰԺסǰӢֲź󷽣оӢƹ
ŶǶչһǿˮǰˣʴʱѾӵеˣ˵ǰɹۣ
ɽơ
ɽƴ۸ӣɵ۴ڽɽ绯Ϊʮ򡣳ȴڵ򣬻бʡɡ衡ͮء١÷ĺ䡢־ϡꡢ塢񡢱֡ůʮһ򡣸ɫ鲼ɽ䡣
ɴ׼ȷ˵Ϊµ򣬶ˮڳڡ
ɽʤ򼰳в䡣֮ǰַ˷֮ڵΪ߷ԡΪ
ɽŶгͻܶɽɾ޴ѣȻھͻָԤɽȫڳȻĴڡ
ڡں֣Ǿɽϴ𣿡ַںȤ׼ȷ˵ǶǿȤܰѯһЩǰ顣
ҲΪš֮ڽɸ֣ɵۻɽѡ֮ΪͷΡ˵ѾӵʮĴǽɽ˲õǰ֪
ۣžۼôʲôòͳɣ
ɽ֮ϻһ磬ΪԪ˵ԪԦɽ֮ϣΪĴڣĶܵ߹սɽΪӵ㹻ʵԿԪ֯ɵԴ졣
Ԫ硭ԭˡɽ绹Ԫгͻ𣿡
ѾǺܾǰˡѾɹʶַеսٳˡ
Ŷַеʧһϲҵļһ
ЦЩѾܹģŲ綨֮¡Ȼ֧ͳһְλŻŶᣡ
ַλԪϣְλ϶ҪģͳһλԪϿ𣿡
ûǲܵģַֻոսţʱǿʢ֮ʱʹҲԭԪ֮λַ֧ͳһһַҪԼԪô죿
λԪϱõɫַѾǵ˼һʱҲйְλ̸֮λԪȥɡ
ԪϲɵҲַ֪ԥˣԭַȷʵ볷λԪϣȳԣҲйǣǵȻڴʱַ㡣
ԪߺַʱһװǿҲ˵ģڿϢһˡַģλƿڶЦҲ̿ʹЩŻҲСЦ
ַεذڰ֣ʦְôŻô飿ǰûй𣿡
Ҷ˽֮ǰű֧ԷչڲìҲ쳣ҡҲΪȱͳһ£ǲŻ½ѡӡ
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ˮţԪͳһ˵ҪһЩ
ȻţΪβŹ£
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λʱЦãԷﵹһϲʦĵֻҪʦܿϽˮˮʱ㳨
ĬĬʦƫģϲˣ
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ôĪʦҪλԪϣƺǬ֧λԪϣѵ볷֧λϣ
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ַסˣѩȻĻһְһԼĺáҲǰٰ佱ѩעʵؼڽַɣַѰѾ֪ȥһѩ
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ЦȻְַ֮ƹ̵ȥˣΪͬӵɽߣϮʱλҪ֤ŰΣλϲƽ֮ˣָҲֵģȻֵַĴаš
ڡӡһ£ַλѡһԭ֧˵ΣΪСɡ
һǻˣһǺϵĪϵɫЩǬֻ֧ͬˡСɡĴڡ
λԪһַİţϼĪȻ˵Կź󲻽ûԪְλӵеĵλˡλͬϲһλƹĴַʱλͬʵƽƽ֧СɡͬȶеʵȨǶȻҲֵ֧ϡ
ַ㶨¶ڶԿϰԸλԪͬŵˣɡСɡʵС
ˣ֧ɹϲſʼͳһչ



417 ޼
ţŵúӵзʮ䣬ƳԱסڴˣŻػŵá
УַѩĬĬΪѩλãʶѩַͬסһ䷿䡣νͬΣȻѩַûиı䣬ַʼ޷Եλѩ
ÿÿѩһģһѩ޷ǼַĶһѩĵǡʱѩںη᲻ᱻ۸ˣַʼûֹͣѩַ֪ķƣҲַ㷳֮ʱֺȻϲַ㣬λѩİ˽İ
Ѿþѩֻô˳Ĭڵѩ𣿡
šַûзϣοÿ˶֪ʱ£Ҳ
ѩѩȻѾһɽĳѾͳһȨÿһλ˵ġ
ˣҲ뱻ʦֵ֪ѩ֪ȥ¡ѩѰҰɣȻܻЩ鷳
㲻˵Ҫλ½˿ʼǲʲô鷳ˣ
ַ̾λΪѦʦźټɽôָε֪ڣ
ѩɽ֮ͨʤ̽ѰһЩʿҵأҪٵˣڵҲǶģѩܹչ˺Լ
ַЦҲ޷ѩܹչ˺ԼҲˣѩפɽʵΣա죬ǾȥѰѩ䣬ʹѦλ˿ʼ𣡡
šϢɣ
Ϣɣһ޾Ϳˡ

ڶ죬ַ߳˷䣬ɨӼŮַ֮ڡ뿪񣺡μţ
ţҶɡַ㻺ɨʱѾˣʶѦˣ
ѦüͷԭǬ֧ˣΪµȡѯʴ˿к⣿
ûʲôֻ˽һ¡Ѧ˺ͬŵĴмλͬŲ֪ȥһЩʧĵӣǿк
ɫһ䣬ţѦȻλߣŴϵ˵ﻹ˲Υ׵ĹֻʵŴδҲǷǳ˽⡣ֻǣЩݺĵӿѾҲˣŻĪҪϺķ̫
ַһΥ׵Ĺ͸ܷŹѦˣˣȫѰѦڣһȫ׽ã
ȻᳫַѦ֮¶棬֮һΥǵλѡʱصĵһҪء
ܿΪַ뿪ţв˷׷ѰѦ䡣ΪһԪбҪ˽ŵκָʶ뿪ҵַ㡣
һַ⣬ѦµˣΥŹβкͬŵӣ㹻֤ݣϧʱȻųֵİ࣬ͲܷΣɽˣһҪ
ַܹĺ⣬λĺ֮㣬ȷʵʲôԵַ֪ûзԡϵɽ֮Ѧѱʱʱҵʵ̫ѣ֮Ѱ
ַɻϿƺģĪʲô⣿
ЦţˮŹϵΣ
ȻǲǵķƷ֧齨ɡ֮⣬ѵˮſзѰѦ䣿
ȷʵд뷨ˮͬɣһȺɽ䲻µɣڸʿڸʢŲˮų
Ҳáлָ㣬ȥҷʦ֣
źִλʹڴ˵ؾסָߺ໥ֽ̼Ҳڡ
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Цȷʵʶһλǿҳ棬ӦŶԡҲʶĻݺƹ
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գٴɷͨص磬־·ɶһ·ԭʼɽ֡
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419 ʼĩ
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ȳǧ֮ǰǵһεֹĽģ䣬֮Ҳ׷䣬Żµļ̳ߣҲַˡȻ֪ʵģ˵ЩΪ˲ַ˵Ĺ鴦ҲǾȵļ̳ˡ
ַӵԪ񽣣ʶ̳й֮λ˼̳֮λãѩΪַͬǵϵΪػޡȻַ㼰෴Ӧ񾭽ϿļһȻвʣ˵ȵĽ
һεֹѲڣΪλǧ֮ǰȣԪ񽣼ȻΪ彣Ϊ޹ʳַڣȼȻ䣬Ϊγٳٲҵ̳ߣȵǧ֮Žַ˹ȣʻǷѩۼݺ̬ȣԲ֮ͬǰģȻַ֪Ǿȵļ̳кѡˣ֮ǰΪʲôҪ
ڶ˵ʷѩֻԱӦնֻʹЦһ̳УҲǾȵԼ֮ĳ֡
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ֹ֮ٴλָɵݰй۲ȣźþȵĲƣԴյ㡣
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ѩ𾪣벻´ѵʼĩȫΪɶ𣬹ֲʼһ˲ɿ͸̬ĳǸȻ˴۸ӣͬʱŮַǳ𾪣ЭȶԿϼ徹ȻݣǾʲôĿģ
ݺ̾ȵĶԹ˸ӣȻȫΪĽߣַǲǰɻֹӦһǿɱ
ûʲôСԴͲôãôһԺˣɴ
ҲַΨ²ҵļһһҲģҲ͵ˣĿԵ
ѩ۱ķߺޣΪԼ˵ĹԸжˣǰ˾Ȼûһж޵ġòģȴȫȥˣĻгɾ´µΰ˷緶
ֹҶǺܿÿ֪ѩۣ֮ݲܻع飬ǲʦֵʼĩǼ¡֪ܻ֪ģǲҪǿǵĺá
ѩ۰пЦַǴʱûǰ䣬ǵúúʰһ٣ĿǰȷʵǲҪ͸ĺãöһ٣



420 ټ׷Ѱ
ȵأú󷽣ǷѩΪַ㼸µϢ֮أûϢ
Ϊһ£ַ˱УַҲˣѵܵ𣿻ǰɣֹ뷲㣬ַǽ澳Ҳǧʱ䣿
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ݺȥַѰҳȥɲӽѩۣʸⶼñᣬʦƢɲһĲá
Դӵֹ֪Ҷݺ󣬳ֹҶǣϾʵһλĸǰ̡̫ϡŹ֣ȻѯֹҶȤãԴֹҶǳΡӵеǧƻֹҶΪֹҶڳһ뿪ȵء
ֹҶߺַ㵽ʵǲǺ˵ʲôϵܲ²ⲻӦǹɵ֮ɣ
󾪣ϵô֪ģ
ַ΢ЦϵܲзǶʱܵӻ˼ҲָҵľҵΪǴԪõԵͻơϵܻΪƶֱɽŷԼѾͬͨߣŷ˵ġ
ϵ˼˵潫ָ֮ʱѾ֮
ڿӦþˡϵʱ񣬽ҲӦܹ֮úѩȥѰҡ
𣡡ؿڷ㻹Ǻһȥɣ˵Ҳżеǻᣬõ
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ѩ۵ܵ˴æǣ˵ҲѴƹﻹ˳˼ҪҴĵʹ
ݺ̾Ҳá˴ɽ磬ǲӦ˽Ѱһѩ䣿
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ݺһһߵǰȥ֮СŮӱ㼴̷磬ףԸ㹫ӵ˳⣡˵Ҳַ˻ػʱշѾַߣݺ΢΢һЦûټ
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ŶԭΪǸѾͷҵѽҰɣһǣѦ˷ЦȫûַĿ⡣
䣡
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ַһħгûκι涨ԣֻҪϳʲôԷҲչΪһƷʽϺõɽȻͽѩΪѺħгٴľҲ֪ѩôˣϣ¡
ַһãʢֱħгɲʲôؽ粻ؽ磬ħħֻ뾡ҵѩȻУַ㻹뵽˺Żɣ뽫ҲǷ֮С
ַ˼뿪ˣַ˼ħгȴһս١Ϊǲɱģַ㣬ĵﷴк޹涨ħʱַͬһ˼ݻħг



421 ɱ
ΪѦļ䣬ìͷֱָħгҲΪħг˪ΪʲôѦ˵˵زַǱҰġ
ΪһʢɵΪ򣬼ɡ嶼ɵ⣬ǿȥˣвǿפ˵ܰ꣬Ϊ˵ػһħг
˻ħֻҪ߶ܵгӭֻҪһлԴңɽΪ޵һгңħг˶ʲôǶԷÿеħν
ѩг³ʵԤϣҲֲַôˡַ˴˽˶Թ޹أԸǰ߿ȥַ䲻䣬ѹеŭ
ŮͬǲԷݰ㣬һλȥѰ䣡Ҳ˽˶Թ
ЦȻǸʦַɽ磬ʦֵ¾ʦܵ飡
˪̾˿˵ҪæԸɽʹߣΪûзԣȻҲ֮ħгͿ˳ˣܲٺò
ãַкһǲܷҵҪɱ˵׼
û⣡
˪Ц⻹˵𣿡
ãһ˼ٳħг
ħгһ˿ܼ޶ȵгռǾ޴ѾȫһеĹģֲгֱ׳ȷʵпʱ
Ѧ䣬ַħгһҵãΪħһֱӲãֻӰ´£ħѡǽϵҩ
˵ȥַŭȾˣ˲ָֻԭû˽Ƿϡַٴŭȣٲȥݹҵ飡
˻޶ãΪ˴֮˱Ƿͬһ㣬ǲŲ£Ϊ޹أΪû˸Ҷǡ
һλɨַһۣԹԼѡԼеĶ˭ҵ֪СҲܹ𣿡˺ȻЦȫûʶǵΪǶôİ׳ա
ãһڷ̵λ׷룬εޱվʬԱߡͻıˣû뵽Щ˾Ȼĳˣһһ˲䣡
εϵܣδЩȥı˴һѵַǻɱˣ
ɱ
ãʱܲãƬƬħ׷ɥȪʬ弸˵档
ãһַ˲䴩ãһһλҪ͵͵ǰ󷽵ˡ壬õĸֹ滮ַѾ֪Цһ˵Դ˿
Ѹɺ󷽳һλӽַЦελҪˣһˣɱã׷룬еıҲΪأкƬ洦ɼ
̲ʵǱѰȴӲε񽣵ĹΧ˲ΨĿɿڴܿɥַС
ַٴβ쿴߼䣬ѩһλˣѾкЩˣ
εϵܲģһҵѩõģ
ַԶһЩ˾ڵú󷽡һңǹѺĵطЩͳɱ㣬ȥЩܿǷ߰ɡã˸ú󷽡
ѩַԣѩίԲû뵽ɽôңҲû뵽ѩᡭ
ѩ˵ȥˣˮַ󡣻̾һɢһٻٵϵʬ壬ô죿
ɱַֻ˵һ֣ȴַܸܵĵޱʹޡѩַ֪㲻ʹѦʵҲʹΪʱûֹѩ뿪
˪ַԣҪϲˣ߻ôʵֹػµĺýáвǾɱ¾ȥɣЩ˽ǵɻˣǵ˺ܿͻģ
˸ãַ˫ۺᣬ˵ﲻˡЩ֪Դɾ˾Ȼǵо뷷˵кɱȫɱˣ
ַһУץһ˲쿴䣬ֻҪз˵м̾͵ء飡
ɱ¼򣬴š塢ħ֮˸ħгһַ֤ͬ˵ɱ¼δɱ¾геˡ
ǧĿ࣬ʮ˾Ȼкڶġ޹֮զࡣȫŭַˡ
ַЦʱЦɵɢģĺãĺãȥƣ
ͬʱҲʼ滨򻨳ħ
Ȫĩ·
Ų񷣡
ѩ
龡׺
ǹ䣡
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ħʬ䣡
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ַŭһٳ˽Ⱥʼɱ޾ʹ׷йҽϽ˷ʱһֻħֲ
ĬĬעַɱǿᵽַʱ顣ΪһЩҲΪ˱֤ܵ˺ٴʹôΧɱǿˡЩʵ£кܶɽ籾ߣȫַ㷢йԿ
ŮŮ۵λߵͣҽ֮˶ֻһҵ³˸ڽӽˣӽλѪ˫Ѫޱȶħ
ãһλٴνǺˣΪڴɱ޹
޹ַЦλˣ⼸λ˲֮ͬǰǰ㣬ǵľ֮ϡ
λһ߶Կһߵס֣ڵˣѵڶԿ𣿡
ַסˣԶעżλˡ˵ɽĹ涨κ˲ôɱͨɡԼΪι˵أ
ַЦĹ涨˵Ǻǣɽй涨˿ⷷˣȡз
λüͷһ壬޴˹涨ָҪɽǿҪϵκ˲ƻƽ⣡
ӲЩַٴηŭ˷ãڣֻζԴ򣿿Ҳ㲻ƺ
λƿԣԭλɱԵΪ֮²Żɱˣһ㲢ûΥɽ涨Ϊɽ涨˿Ϊ˽˶ԹԿжɣǣ޹ɡַñ˷ȻǷҲܶɶ룬ɴ˿ַƺɹ淢ͻ
ַŭһٴˣΪܹӹһٵĵٴֻ֮Уɱݡ
λԥΪЩɴǵɣǲɵ˷ǳЧҲչҲΪŻάƽ⡣
ãһε˳ǰòҪ롣ȥ˴Ҿ뵤˵˽˶ԹȰŲҪ֣
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˼żλ˾ʹȥַɱ¾Ѿɵֵҫã˸ʣһ˳Ϊ֮ꡣ
ҹħг޾ʬأֵ̻Ƿ׷¼ҵ֮ңңħгüΪ塣ַҲֹͣɱһɱҲ˺ܶ࣬޾ʬȴûһ˿⣬Ϊȷʵ
˪Цˬɱˬ죡߷緶
̾һ䵽ַϣö˰ɣҪˣѩҲӣرΪ
ַþĬúԷԶٵħг߰ɣ
޾ҫ۽ãħг貵ĹãӭҹĻһĻ𣬵޹֮ˣΪδ͵顣
һַѾһɽ䣬ַҹշǵллҷһΣҲɱˡ
ûʲôοҶΪΪûа󡣡
ַ㵭ҲΪԴŻ˾ΪǾ仰ѩһϣΪΪɱ֮ˡ
˪ЦɱһΪдǣ˱ɿ޹ɱǳ޲ļ˵һɱ¾ǽһΪΪȲٱƽ֮µĿǡ
ַЦ˪ǵڶν̵ҳ޵ļˣȻδ͸ѽֻãɱˣҲͻôΣ֮С
ЦģµĳƺſǾȣбֹҶȥǷƿ޹ѽ
ַ㲻ЦȻ飬Ȼܹӱķ⵹ǵַ㣬ƱƵԶԿ֪ɣͰճķཫӵͷȥֹҶţҲᷢʲô
һ÷ַͻȻóСŮԸʵɰģԽԽϲλˣ



422 ̸ֹһЦ
ڵ״ɱħг⵽ɱħг׷ٻ٣һ겻׵ַ˴ʱȻפڵ֮УΪûҵѩ䡣
ħгеõϢѩǱһλӡߵġȻǱߣѩͬƷ˲֪ԼѾҲ˵ǱƭߵģΪĿɵ
ɴ˿ɼѩܻܿڵ򣬲²ⲻӦþĳ֮СҲѾ²⵽ԼĴҲһҪַȥ׷Ѱһ׷Ѱ
һӵλ࣬һλǺ˪һλǶ£˵ƫħ࣬Զ̾ѰʩҲַΪʲôº˪ԭָüģַ㽫ģ͸ˣɶʩչѰҸڡ
һżλѾʮеıһ֪ͨΪȵɱˣǳŭλžӢһսֽ
ɽ䣬˪¶˲Ѱңҵţͬһ֧ʢɵš̲ݻһʮһ˼ǰ
ţΪ֮ǰйɱַѾܶ࣬ʶûٴ˺ȴȻʮ˴ڲ
ַ֮ҵλ꣬ħгɡ¼ַٴʩչ鿴䡣ͨԷѩȷʵţȴܲڷ֮Сѩ˼ޣѩ̸֪ͨɵڣ겻Σô˵õҩš
ȫѲ͵ɵ֮ˣ˽¹Ůɶṩɵȥ򣬴±㲻֮ķǳߺޣзҵѩʵʩᣬΪ֮Թѩǿѩļʣֻϧˡ
ַ㻺ջȻвδóѡҲ꽫ѩħгѩѩһַ֮û˺
ɨԶŮȷصַЦã߰ɣѾûмֵˡ
Ҫٵ𣿡
أڲɱˡ߰ɣ
ãһַѾ֪ȥһ۷׷ȥžʹ˵Ա棬ȻľŸɻļ䣬ΪַǳΪ⵽³
뿪󣬵ŽӵҪṩַ˵䣬Ϊ˱ַǿṩַ鱨Ȼǲַ֪ȥ
Ϊɽ糬ȻĴڣǷ֮ǿʤѰַһ˵ټʵ̫ˡ˵Χ׷½أһƽԭϣ˫Ӣˡ
ַһнһʮˣˣҶɸˣ˫ʵ̫ˡַЦڣ֪Ǻδ˹ɣȻڶĴɶԸǼλСɡ
һλӱǱǴ˴δڶˣǣе֪κ˲ҵ򣿡
ַ֪ЦҵȽǸոշСɣ֪
ߣ㵱СƾΪǸոշ˵򾿾кĿģȺһ£µǾѾ㹻ַһˡ
ַüͷ΢壬ʱ˿ûȤŶԿοɽһţҲھܹǵģûʲôĿģѵҵȣ
ɱѾҵ򣬱Ʋǣ֣
ɽХַѾ·ˡãʢɫƽԭɽ˲䱻⣬˰Ȼתƿ˷ӡ
ԾЩ˻еֶΣ
̾ϢȻʵѾﵽΪ˲伤׼Ļ޷ӡЩ˵ġַ㰵ҧδ̫ǵԼ˵ΪҲᵽŵǲά򰲶
ʵǰƣַĿǰʵԶԿšǲһʮһ˱ɥڴˡεٶȵǿѣ׼ǣǻӵȥ
һӰַǰһֱĺ˪ǣǵ𣿡
ǡʬħȻ㣡һ벻ȻĴС
˪ЦҡУ벻ǧǰųΪһҵϿɷһ룿
ǵܣҵ򣬽ָʲôطʬħ߰ɣȻҲأ˿̱㽻ս
˪ǲᵥ뿪ġȻǵҵķƣַ̧ǣ
㡭߬ȭͷȻں˪Ƿǳ˼ɵģ˷ַǣڣδ棿
˪˱ԥúÿһ°ɣԶûʲôôһ뿪ϲܵ𺦣ַ˰棬˪ݾȻۣҲŴٽ
һ۾֮ɢããԽԽҫһޱȵƿʼ߲졣˪üͷڤ粻Ǵˣ
һ˫ɫ۾Զ룡ƣɫһɫҹ˸ǣɢߵãͬʱϣޱٴɢǿҷ籩ȫ
ѸԶȥ˪ߺ޵ϧǧ䱻ӡڹ֮УȻ󣿡
ε뿪ԸλȻԿĲ̣ʵΣ˵һַ㲻Źκλᡣ
ʩչƻ֮ϣڴǧһʱַ̣ٴᵽһЦڵĵã֪볢һָ
˪ҪСģΪǿķ֮ڵѾǿںܾǰҲ֪Ƿı䡣
ַЦ޷һСĵġ˼˸λҽҸˡεε˲ƷʮӰһʧַ΢Цٴǰ
ĬĬɨַһַۣһ˵죬ȻΪҲСӣаɣƣһ𣬱ܵٻƿն䣬ѸתΪߵã˲ء
һϺˣַ̼֮仯ΪޣŮԶգûзַӰѵûжһ
սϣѾָԭòյȻ˸ǰأһӰɵ𡣱üôܣȻվ
ɢȥַһǱȴ𾪵ûһ˿˺ۣȴһѪֻ
Ǵ󾪣ַֻ屻һɲǣֲͬԪʲôԶŮһ֮֮ػַˣܳŵʲôʱ
µַΪܵвǱʣ˴βǽ֮ĵáǿŰɣ
ƽԭΪĹѾҲַûȻֻ𣿡
ٴα۾һ벻Ѿ˾أ˵ٴټ֮ãٴλ㼯ϡ
ַЦԣӣɣ
һ߹һߺȵֻܶһʱҵҪӦҵĹ
ãϣַҲַӰڲиãǵѪҲڻ޷赲ĹȻڷַȻֿڵȣȴӽ˲䡣ԽǽӽвַеĸԽǿң֪ȫʹֿ⾳С
вǱᱻ˲٣Ҳһ˲֮ǰܶ顣ַ㱻֮ǰеһ˿ĸԴһЦָʤֻһ˲䣡
һŭȽַ㾪ѣֻ˫ƺϻߵã˲Ϊһַ㡣ãַᵽ˲вѾôûеóۡ
һ죬ãƿַϣַһѪӰײԶ֪ײ˶ľҲ֪ԼжԶַײһʯϣͣ޷ƵĲʹϮȫ
ãһַǰЦֻ𣿡
ЦַȻһ̸ֹһЦʤһ˲䣡вν٣ַԽԽ̣ҿţᵽһЦµĵá
ַһѪҲЦȻǱǼΪʵ˲ұӡһľ֪Ϊһɺϯ˼ʵ벻͸ԼڵʲôΪʵǾַ㶼Զʲôµģ
ٴַ㣬ַֻһ˿Цֺ䣬ƺѾ͸һа㡣ǾȻЩȵͽ㣡ƣ
̸ֹһЦ䣡
ַӰ˲ʧֻ˫վڱ֮󣬶ѾĿɿڴˣ̸ֹһЦ䡭һЦôܡ
ˣ
ͷ­ڵϣҲΪڵءնʱΪǷ׷ѣʮ֮һıʹ˶գ



423 Զ
̸ֹһЦսʮ֮һˡҲǴ˴һսַᡰ̸ֹһЦ䡱ؾȷʵһǳ˲ľ
ã˸Ů㾪ȵעŵϵʬ壬ԶŽ˸ſڽ࣬һλɽ£ǾȵĻַǷˣŵƲãŽûгɹ飬ȴɹˣնɱһˡ
һַļǴǺڣһЦµĵãڵıնɱ¿ȫŶˣ
輸ȻҲ뵽㣬ǵ˼һݣɴཫڳȫɱҲʡźٳ¶ˡַܾˣնɱһλѾܺˣٽ˾һ·žȫΪУһضûˡ
ѩǱȽϹַ壬ǳǼǱһն帺²ᡣڡ̸ֹһЦİַǳΣ֪ΪʲôһЦᱻΪһЦΪһЦͻﵽޣлᷢڶЦ
ַŽ˵뿪Ҵ˿̵ǳĶԿԼİȫòϣҲпܲǵĶ֣Ͼǽλѽ
뿪󣬺˪ЦһλߣŶݲλߡ
ַЦܼһ㲻ˣ̸ߣ˴ηŵжˣܵܵĲá
Цܵ˵Цˣ㻹ɱأʰģ
ַǿһڲ˵ЦʱѾǵڣնɱңûκιһ°ɣ뿪Ʒ֧žҵԺˡ
ѽЦòҵһ֣ȥǿϧ㲻ܣ㽫߳ҲûãҪԣ
ַЦãⶼʲôʱ˳Ȼ˼˵󻰡ַ˽Ը֪һ˵óõһͷ۵ģַεɨˣأ뿪Ʋζǣ˽´һҪõѣҲκ˵ģ
ЦˮűԶԿɽȴûмĶ֣޳õĻòҵһĥԼĶ֣Է
εҲǼ޳ɣַָжһ۾ܿѰ·Ƶ˾ȻԸðڷַ֧ЦȻԼǰǧ˵Һģ
ˣ
ַԣֻεߺ޵߬Сȭͷ˵ЩĻСǰ㣡ַЦã⼸Ѿͷְֺţ
ô죿һȥʲôط
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424 ɾ
ţŲȡȫɽѰַ֮ʵΣҲŵĳȻλҲܶŷǳţǾôɽ磬һС
ַɽĿĵģΪ˳˵ҲΪ˵ȴѩţȻַ뿪ɽһ㡣
ȻɢФˮȻҲϳַˣſǴȥˣַΪҪѰضһʱ䡣ͬһַ㵣ĵģλѩȻѩФҲУ᲻Ҳ⵽ŹĻҲˣϣ²źá
ŵãַһʱۼƵ˴뿪ţΪ˷ֹ˸أҲǲšΪһ·ɡˮţַɲΪԼųɰǧˡ
Ȼ뿪׼ǱġΪ˶׷٣ҲΪ˷ֹ˷ݣַгԱͨİɫ£ȫ档׼뿪Ȼλʹصţ˵뿪
ѹĵزС㣬Ȼʦֲ֪ΪʲôҪԣʱ˿ǻ뿪šСٿǼˣǻ˱ǵݣǻ°ɣ
ַЦʦֺʦˣʦҵȷµĹΪšʦֱأʦܹܵӹһ٣ػ᷵š
Էƴɽȥʲôط»ܹ׷ʦܾɷģԼ˶ᰮԼͬţǲҵģ
ʦ֡һ㶣ַ΢ЦǷµĹӦԼеαŷգ뿪ϣλʦܹṩǵϢƲκţǾȵĻǶλҰ޾һĺˡε
εԥǴ˲Ʒһʮһһȥ˴һԷεٶȣǶ¾ĵƣ˵ġ
ЦӦô죿
Էʦ֮Ҫֺţʹ·Ҳǣֻǡ
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ԷЦҪЦˣŲǧԱˣΪڷ֮¡ŶԿֻɳһλȿɽҵȡҿǻǰʦܵİ취ṩǵ鱨ŵ˴ŷ粨
ǡԥַǷǳϲʦܣڵ֪ʦѣﲻæҲˣǵĶͷɱ˵ԸЭַ˶׷ɱֻϧ˾ŵˡ
ն˻ЭˣȥṩʦܵϢ
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ڣһ˸Ŵ˴ȵĹɾһλǳᣬַǳʥˡ찵ַ̾ҪһλɾԿſǴѹ㰡
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ҵˣ֮Ե֪ȣΪǱź֮㡣
ţɾ˫нãһ̸оһޱȵѹɽߵǱŵĺ֮㣿ǿıţ
Էǲĵӣոսɽ粻á
ô˵һλСˣɽǷߺޣλСɱնɱʲôλǲǻţ
üͷһɽһţҵȻԲŶԿַѾ뱾ţصظɾǵϢ
Ŷɾ۲мǼλСںδ
֪뿪ĺǴæδ֪ܵǵȥ򡣡
ߣɾһߣһޱƱѹˡĬĬ̧˫תԪǿɢɾȫ
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ַ֮ΣΪŽΪܵۡǲζѾǣҵʦʦãΪʦֵҲܳǺԱЦ˴һ쾹Ȼ뷨
ַϢΪ˱֤ŲǣһλʦֵվʦһߡԷﲻףΪִţʹϲַʦܣҲάɣ
ɾǳߣնɱ޼ǵʦ־ȻҲŶԿҵɾ̻ȵ˷ѵɾ˲ֵһ
ЦСʦܣһֱһֵĸоҺƺͬѣҲϱӵ˰ɣǺǡЦסˣתοЦʵҲһ
ԷЦ첢Ŷ˵ĲǵʦܣΪʦֵôܷǣΣ˾һ
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һַɴıεɽ
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㱾ǷƳԱҲǾˣɲҵһͬաҼǵòɽ绹һħ粨ȥɻָ֮
ûõģФлҵĻ񣿺οħҲƽħ˰ͲýأĻң
ַЦЦ֮ôˡεεһ̾˲ƷʮӰһȥ
˪󾪣ɵϣǶᱻɱģ˵պ˪һй֮óĬˣַ˼
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һɽַۣŮ㡭
ض˵˾ػޣǷػޣҲѲ˸ϵ㻹Ƿɣ
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ַЦѾ˵ˮԶԿΪ֮̾Ҳ뿪
ַٴοЦ˼ѾûеطȥˣҴС͸Ÿ㣬ŲҪʹȥأ
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ЦɵұɵɵĶɷˣȻҲĴǡ
εҲЦοݣµκˣ
ŮͷַЦ֮ҲưɣұԲסңڿƺѳɶַ֡ԶֻԶղɾʮλ˻Ӱ
ַЦϣӵдռĸ֣ҲиʦּϢ֮ˡһս⣬ֻǲ֪ߺˣ
Ĵɾ֮һɾɾϸ۲ַ㣬ȻַΪַô򵥣
ַЦͨͿˣΪʲôҪ˵ݵλڿ𣿡
󵨣һλ˳ŭȡ
ãһ׷룬ε仹ֲһ㣡
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ַЦʲô޷ǲǾȳԱɾ²ֻΪ̸ɣֻСɣɾҲûǽˡ
ߣȻСɣǲСɾһ£ʵǰСɣ㣬㾿Ǻݣ
бҪ𣿡
ûȤСɳ֣
ԭˡɾãǾȹַ㣡



425 ս
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ַͷһЦ㣬󣬵Ⱥ˵ЧġεЯ˵ĹΪȡ㹻ʱ䣡˴θ罫עȫѹˣҪԼŬʩǿ
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ַĻ֮ԸȺҲЧ֮裬ԸЩˡҶҪСģɾͬͨˣҪƴ
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΢壡һ壡ȺСȷʵСӣ˵չɾ˫ָĻϷƬտʼ
轿ȵ֮ţ
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һ죬˲䱻һɲǣƺһ˺һٶһѪǿ
̶֣˲ӭˡֹѸ˺󣬹ɾЦû뵽һλޣûõģƣƬƫ򣬽һ޹Ϩ
ַ㾪ɾȻ˼򵥾Ƕ˵ľ
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ʮλ˴һãɽֱӣѵʮ˻ҪʹɾĥԷ˵ΪɾĿ⣬˼Ϊһʹɾַ㼸ˡ
ַüͷһ尵ã˵Ϊ£ĥɲǳ֮ʣô죿Ȼãһѩǰ˫ơһ죬ɾɢڳ޲ȡ
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ַ뷨Ǿսٶˣȫ֮ͬԸһλɾ跨ƣҲȥΨеȴļַ֣ǿҪһʱɣ취ʱ䡣
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ͬĽɾΪΣڳУֻܹ״ַ㲿𣬵δȫ˵óȻ֡
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Ҫ谲ȫѩ顢Ůַˡսգۼѿַ˷ֱԸλˣѹʵڲСΣֻǰԪ
ɾȻͷԭַ˲֣Ԫټһλӵе裬ֲÿɱһλɾҲ벻ǿַһ֮ģ
Ԫλ˵ɾȻַֻ֣񽣶Կɾ񽣶ԿַΪ棬Ҳһ㣬Ϊ˱ΪľַնɱҲֻõɽַƴ
ѧּҽսҲǿԵģ¿ûѧϰʲô񽣵ͬʱҪԪſɶԿ
Ӱ¶ܲɽˣЩߺޣƣǹ󣡡
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ãһ񽣵ػ½˵λ˿ɾˣʹʹɾסԼȻǹˡЦ䱻Ϊ羡ȫƴһ£
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ַûʩʹԪԿ˹û֮ɾַֹЩȻ趼еλȻҲӦеҲˣΨһһӵ֮ˣɾΪλ²ͣҲеѩҲˣû񽣣ɾΪӦûеҲСӣ
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輸ԹۿһֵһΣǳְæЩܶҲæǰﲻַ㡣ҪǻָΪԱԿɾ
ַ֮ûʩ˵ĶԿһʱҲֲ¡ɾ£ñԽѵǣ
ãһʮλ˼ٳɾԡַ㡢ѩ˺Ϊһɾڰ಻סˣְɣ
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һ죬˫׷׵ɶءַΪ𾪣ǻǵһοܹѪ֮Կ񽣣ο񽣡
ɾס壬ЦǵʵݺӣȻ˱ҲҪˣ
ãһһ񽣳ɾУַƴɱһɾɾЦ˽һ
˽ʹԪǿ󲨶ɢ߿գĵã໥һŭȣ˾ۼԪͬʱնɾɾЦһһԿһ˱ˣɾȻѩһն
ãһ񽣺Ȼ赲ɾһѩûӳɾΧɾԶֻεЦƯԶ
ɾһʼεʹһλŮ뿪ˣΪǶλŮˣڿƺˡɾ벻ԸλҪñʵʵգ֣
һ˲ؽޣһڶĿռ䣬ҿռӵޱѹֻ쳣ءСģӦɾĵ幥
ַüͷ壿徿ʲôɶʲôҲˣΪɾӰǵӰҲˡ
Ȼַоʲôһֻע˼ʲôַ㱧æȥֻղ֮˲仯Ϊշ棬һͻᱻ˺Ƭˣ
ַ㾪̾һɲͬκĶӦһɽʵַ²ӦĳʵĽϡҲ˵ɾͨʱռ䣬˿ռ԰⹥κˣҲڿռ˵ķλٶ
ַЦοϾˣӦӦɾĵ幥



426 ɾ
ɾʥˣΪҪַ˵ܺͣʥʵɲ⡣ʱ˿ַ̣һ˱ɾʱĿռڣ˽ɾΪա
徿ַҲֻ֪ͨܵΣյ٣˾˳һͨԷ֣ɾĵ岻湥͵ģɾӦڴΧ͵Ϯ͵ˡ
ַܹͨǰ֪ɾĹʶڻַԼʲôΣգǿɾͲһˣַ㻹оϢ˲ɾ֮ôΪֹǿ͸оϢˡ
ϵܣô֪ʲôطһǰԤ֪Σգ
ַҸܵһɲӦɾŻ뵽ΣաȲ˵Щˣ㣬а취ƽϵܸоѹӣʱһǶҪɥڴˡ
ҡͷҲ֪ƽ⡣ȻɾҲڴգȻҪάյȶֻҪֹӦþƽ˰ɣַҲеȻɾҲʹϮǱ幥ĻԼ赲Գĳ֡
֮Ҫ֤ǵİȫȻϵܹܵڣ˽λȫҵҲһͬԿɾϮַд⣬ȴѰʱɾ͵Ϯ⼸Ů
Ȼһȴֻһã˲ҫڵĺɫʱɢѩվԶЦЩܷˣֻýɢˣַϲѩͨȻʵã¿ɾͷˡ
ŮӰֱոԶȻҲܿˡ
ַʵѩܹƽգ
ѩ˼ڻûǸʵƽӦòѣֻҪֹɾʩͿ𣿡
ûô򵥡
ȥֻǵעܣѾȥɾȻӰڴСַ˴һô˵ɾǽȫ
Ϊ֮ߵģӦƽķɣ
ɵ˵Ҳ֪ƽ⡣˵Ļǻһ⣡˵ջԶΪɾΧʩչ壬ûйȻڷҵС
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Цõǿͬһ㣬Էӡκˣܹա˿ռȻܱգбֻ֮ҪüͷţձƣҡҡͷȥգôҲ֮ڣɾƣȥ
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ַղɾǣ鹥˽㣬⹥ڵˡҪСĽգⱣӰ졣
֮ͬκԹ̶գ֤ҰΣµַҲòٴζ֮ֻðջҪ󽫴Ҿۼԣ̶֮ա
ַϣΪɢַ㼸˵ľۼɾԴƬѹˣȴֹԣΪַ֮ȹ˽աƬ飬ѷַˣַ˱㱻޾ѷΧûַȹ̵һСƬռ䣬˶ñ˺Ƭ
ַҧ֧յȶɾǼյѣ˱ԵԿȻַ㾳粻ɾ岻ͬκھǿ֣֮ʶ˭ʤ˭Ϳ˭ǿˣ
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һЦ񣬹ɾæֹһЦˣû㱾ҲˡǡǱ߱ᾡ飬˾ӦոУԿأ
һЦҲЦлɾ
Сɿɳܲлɣһһ㾭ҪԭˣҰ飬ǻǷΣ
ǺǣһΪ
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428 ìܼ
һ󾪺Ȼ󲨣ȣǾѽ޾˾Ϥ׺ÿ˶ˡ
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ҿǲҪĺáǿǻˣһŭǣָô죿
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ΪһЦɾ飬žٴζԾжѾһһҹֱõϢʱִСھȳǧȵˣ
˵ʲôţǹΪУһиھͿԿˣȵĵǶų׵ӣ
ҲóȻ½ۣȻΪΪյȣȻҲŹ𩡣ɾȽӴĽпϵġ
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ˣ֮ͬǰΪӦչȣͬһЦĽ飺þȳеһЩҪΣžʹԭǣΪһ塣
һЦ֪ʱ˿̵ַѾط֮ζԸšȻӦԴΪأŷᣬַľһǲıģԻûֹ
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ּҺԺҶµƣַ˳ǰʱҶȻΪԼֵĻþΪ˻һЩȤЦءҶӵĿʱ˾Ȼһ

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ӰԶȥˣĬĬԶȥλӰ֮̾Ϣȡơ



435 ϷŪ
ĽŹȵشλӰǰ
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Էǳа񣬵ʱַȴû˼ѩѩεȴַ̾˼ҿûжѩ壬˼ұǼʵģַ㲻ЦѦпѩӰǰѩȻû顣
ҶǳңħħͬңܱħԪȶȥ֮ʱܻܿ˼壬ʱҲȲˣǼ鷳飬ֵ㵱Ҫ𣿡
ַεȻҽһͬʲô֣Ȼֿ֪зħ壿
Ҷ֣˵ڵΪԶѹƲħķֻẦ΢Щʧʧһ˿ᶨն
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437 Ҷ
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˵ʵٿص⣬ΪӽȻձҪǿϺ֮ܶ࣬ǳڡ
ַʵҶҲԻַ㾿ôģνﵽ㣬Կַ˵ӦòʲôȻַף֮Ҫõַȱݡ
ٿزֻǿвٿضԷ壬ǽں϶Է壬ԶԷΪԼӳ˲ſɸõĲٿؿܣܹÿͷųȫʵ
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ʩչıҪһ԰ȫĲ֮Ϊһ弸ûκʶʱϮ޻֮
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ַ˸ĹԣλĿɿڴҶľ亹һɵޣ˵ЩǸĴ
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λɾλﱱǼ壬žһ뿪˽һ룬ȳ˵ַ˵ǸϢֻǣλɾλԼ֪ںηλҪԵȻǳǿ
Ҷɽеƣǿֵţ˱ɳûӪˡҶҲ˲ЩͨˣҪǵ۾ǳһ취ҲûС
Ȼǿ־λӵԼŲǴɽĵһţǸɽİƽȣҶⷽ֡
룬ɽɽ˲֪Ժη޹Ϯų˲ɽƱسϻ̳Ͽ֣ΪҪԱǻܹפ֮
ȻŲ㾡ȥѯδ֪вʱеĸ־ô࣬ٶڶ˵ࡣ
ͬʱƹεɾ˲㼴ӦģҶȻзӦȴҪҲ˵ع鱾塣ͬΪһַҲЯǰӦκпֵܳͻ
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ˣҶҲҳͨε·ߣֻӦɽദĿֻţҶһҪ󣬲Ȼڵӡ
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˼˵⼸յľʵ󲿷ʱ䶼·;˷ѵģ˾ʵ˺ЦǾȻܵڵıͷ羰ȥˡ
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Ҷӵһνһ־˾ΪһֿƾΪἰɴ˿ɼѾԽӦеķ롣
Ҷܻ䣬Ȼһֽ
Ϊ׼ĳȻ֮ԱΪΪ棬ҶΪǿһ
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һΣԣΪʩչҶҲ壬ķʽЩǿ꽻̸Էûռ壬Ҷ޷֮ءȻΣԣȴʵʵڵһҶͨǶô档
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֪ҶӵַͨǳȣͬʱΪϵҶ˵ѶжңҶһڻǽ
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¶ַ˵ʲôַϵôãַһҲġʵҶֻҪ֣ת⣬תˡ
α׼ΪҪɽȶѡصһҪ˷ν·صԽԽãҪǰصֱ׼ˡ
ħУҶַǰʩչٻǵ
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˻ϣҶλֵĻ֮󣬾Ȼʩչٻ֮ͬؼҵ˼λĸ֡ʱ䣬һʱҶڻָʱ䶼Ѱؼǿǡ
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ַӵдߣЩ봢ȫûӰ죬ַЯЩʱ塣
˴żʮʱ壬ʮλǿĻǣǰҶΪʵĸڷţҶнں塣ںϲѾֻнǷʱڡһʩչǵῪʼں壬֮жա
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ҶʩչؼٻʮλǿԭԪʿĿıΪо֣Ϊַľ˼ƻ׼ֵһֵİѾڶɵһֶֺչж
Ҷʩչ֮ͨѾޱԼƻҪƳټ졣ߣʹɾһһλţҿεľȻ֮УԴбҪȴҶָ״̬
ַΪƻεصȴҶָһλȳԱɾͲˣ
ΪֹҶ֮ɽ󲻽ΪߣչûñǰأһǶһ˳Ĺء
вסˣȻѾ֮ϰ߲һһϦܹ׸ıģŮԳˣΪַѯѩ飬ַѾ뿪硣
ԭһӵĻԳһʣ˵ַѾɽ磡⻹ˣԳԸ˵ôַܷȥ޾Σգֻ߿˵ɽôĵطȻ
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ŮͿгͬõַ֪Ϣͬʱõ˵ϢڵıΪ֮йĶǣȱһȡ
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һ㣬ַ˵زӽƣʩչѰʦ䣬Ϊ㻤̽»룬״ʱݲð˿ԥѸϥʩչ
ʮλķַҪˣЩǱˣϾֻԪ񽣴ǣ㣬񽣸ѩһ
ѩЦðɣҵԪǶҪܶġ
ѩ治ͬڴ˽磬Ԫȷʵǳ㣬һһƵİ֮ȷʵַǿܶࡣַ㲻Цӹ񽣺ʼԿˡ
ַ˵ЩǵɾͬСַ㡢Ԫ壬񽣰æɾȫûд󰭡ѩ˵ˣԪˣûҲַǿϺܶࡣַ㲻Щɻѩʲô磿
˵˶󣬵ַȫ˵ͨΪ˫Ĳʵ̫ȻԷڶ࣬ȫס˶µʩ
ҵˣ´ϲλʦֶڵǵ״̬ǳá·
ͬϲַ̽񽣻˳㣬㸺·Һѩ󷽡
֮пʼƶ񽣵񣬴Ƭ˵ķɽΪأֲѪ֮Կ񽣣ʶ·ܿͱ󷽵ַҲҪǿѩǷɽɾѩһִˣ˿νȫȻ赲
ΪӵԪСضѺڵһ㣬ΪһӽرӵеĽҲǿġһǹɾҪģΪַˣԶ˿һٲɹҪһ㡭
ģʼջˡҡͷЦϺڵһǵȻҲܵˣȻȻĲ²⵽ַѾˡ
ʦ־ǰ棬Ҹ˸εЦѾȫȷˣַˡַܿӰ֮⣬λʦְַЦˣ򲻸ˣ˻ر
ַıˣ˫Ľɫľϣľ֮нƣֽƷǳǿƾַڵʵ޷ƽ⡣
ʲôˣʮλǰ̴󷽵ȫѩһ赲ˡ
΢Цŵ˵ͷʦҲˣѽС㣬Ϊʲô
ȻΪȳλʦַ֡ɫΪ֪ƽǰĽƣܷȳ˻δ֪
ЦȳǣΪʲôҪǣӦŶˣһӦǣȻ֮˵ϣǲЩˣ
λʦֲµģֻҪǻڣһλʦຣ˵ųһƴηַһҪѾˡֻһһƾ˲һѪ˺󼸲
ȵʲôƣȻôַ㰵̾Ϣ˽Ҳһ˫ƣܹڵκˣӵжⷴʹʹ񽣹ҲͬЧ
ЦʦʦûǷɣڴԴУ羡뿪˴뻢ڡҪ̫СڣȫżƲ֮У˭Ҳ߲ġ
ַɻȫżƲ֮УӦòģԭǲ֪ʦֱѺšһɺʱӿͷȻʦȷʵѺҲλʦֶھȵҪԣΪʲôλʦֵ壿ϢֻҪ͸©ȥͿˡ
ַ㲻߬ȭͷƾ췢־ȵʵĿ֮еˣȻѾˣΪʲôὫϢˣ뵽ַ㳤̾һʦ˵öԣѲ߻һУ͵žǰͶ
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˿ַĽǣԷ΢Цƽ֮һΣѣͻ֣ᷢʵΣѲ£µֻвȶء
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ַ˲⣬ЦɡˮѾ˰ɣȻûˣΪǻʲôȥСǾͲͬˣǻдõǰ̣λǿĵˣкܶȥԡ
ȷʵˣˮɴڡҷƱλţŲ˻棿λָΣַ̾ʦΪȳλʦ֣Ҳ뿼Ƕ֮һҪǾȳ
ôȣλʦֵһ˿ȤЦ˵ȷӡԶǱƽ⣬˵Ҳ޷ȳǣԼǣУλʦָδ棿߰ɣ뿪ӦûüҪִԲˣ
ַٴĬλʦǰԼȴ޷Ӫȣ֪˿ƣȴֲϷԼıִַˣԼԶ˾ѩʱЩãˡ
ַ㲻ڵԼôˣΪʲôƶûпʦ־ǰԼȴûȳҶʱȴΪվԼȴڴãԥ
ЦǰΣ㶼Թ޵ܵܵľҪΪһʱıԼĳԡڵַѾѾأҶ˵ǻһ꣬һַ꣬㲻֪ѡԳԼĽ飬Ԯλʦ֣
ãһѩԣЩԾЩ޹ˣѩĻַ˲ǧָ룬ʱȻǳãã֮һ˿
ѡʱĬϵķǿָ򣬲ΪĬϵѡȷģھĬϵһ̣ʵѾõĴ𰸣
ʦܶԲסλʦ֡ʦ޷飬Ҳ޷½õѡ񡭡
ã壬ַų˻ΪãԶȥ΢ЦעԶȥĽãԼĸоԶΪɫʦܣ



447 
СĳǱУַ˶λʦֵľԮԴ˳˷ǳ⣬ַһˣΪʲôʦ־ǰȴ˾Ԯ
˺ܿѾص棬Ҳ̲ס㿪ѯʡ˵ַ㲻óĬλʦΪնվţƾڣʵȴͶ
˵ЩɾıҲˣٵɣҿ˰ɣ
ȷ٣Ծǵȷǳȣⲻһ׼ҲûСȻܹǰ֪ȵĿڣܿҲ֪ͨһЩˣ·½ƣСľܲᷢ
ʵַҲڻŵĵϸֻˣЩ޹ʳʵڹ죬ҲҪ˵ַ˼ͬˣȻַΪգȻӦ޳Ľ顣
ԶǳǱڣܹĴ˾ۼһַ㼸˵ͻΧΣ壬ȫ֮ǰǰɢҡַţЩ˵õĳλֵĵ㲦λʵһ֮ϡ
ַų߳˳Ǳ΢һɨ·Щ˽עˣû鷢ѵǶˣַ㰵ҡͷٴδ̽ǰˡ
Ȼ򣬶ǵķͨһֳΣһ˵лЧ˿ҲûʲôַֻǳɻЩΪζǹ̬Ѿ¶棬Ϊʲôǳٳٲ϶֣
ҲһЩɵ㣬ɵɵ㣬ܿ͸ģԱڵĽ֡Ϊһմһ˳ԣûоַͬǰˡ
ַ˴һѾˡոշɳȻӰһͣ˰գıҲΪȣ˼άڣֻǱʲôˡ֪£ͬһʱ̴ɽ޾ķɽ籩һʱΣڵϦ
ѩ־ȼæǰ֪ͬʲôͣ˰գ±нַ֮˲ִңķɽѾǰʶַһɢȫ壬һֻ㼯Ԫǰ
һҵĴһ󲨷ɽײַո͸ַ㲻һѪõȥԿʵķɽ֮࣬ȥԿʵ̫ðˡ
ַѾ˲ô࣬ǿȹ˳ܵգֻ˶ʱһ档ãһַʹԪצ̱Ԫַȥ
ɽǰַ̣ʩչצһ˲شַʹַܵĴ˸ء
ɶ񣡡ַŭһԪչޱȵմɽƬɽշ飬̵ķɽҲٵķɽк赲һʱƬۻҡ
ãһַ㽫ѩ뻳УʱѾӽѣϾһ֮ȹվȳˣһ赲ôķɽãצȳֱ֮ˤڵϻԶ룬̾ŮŴ
˻عʱѾַ˳ǱķɽײײɻظУǵļƻˡŮһַ㣬лģȴַѾϳѪΪ𾪡
ַǿ赲ɽǰУأԴʶҲַԺԵܹԺбը³ȻϳѪ
ַʼΪǿ׳ӵеƵ֮ǿޱȣʹַһСȻǱضĽȻסһַʶȴΪģ弫ⶼǱµĺ֢
ַˣȻǱŮƣյغڼŮҪΪַѾɥȪ²˹ַ״̬ʱҲĿ𾪣ַ֪㻹Ϣһ
Ůַڵϣߺ޵ȺһﾹȻҲ󷨣Ҳãܵˡѩֺγڣʱ龰һ֪Ȼ󷨣ַʱж̣벻ҲνԼѾǧ꣬Ȼıûп
µղŵ󷨾ʲô˼άڣΪʲôǵ嶼ˣ
ѩӦһֹ󷨣ԶݷӡʱգѾڵ巶ˡλѩദãһѩԿʱľԶ˽⡣ֱֻ˽磬ѩѾڵķ롣
ΪһɼԦԪ֮ϵӵԪ޷Ч˽Ѿ˵ı֡Ȼֻڴ˽磬Ƿѩ
ͨ˵ؼͨնӵеһԪԦ֮ϣԪĲڱ壬ʶԪѾǱ¶һֱ֡
ͬڱ壬ҪϱʩչʵּԦԪ֮ϣͨ弰ʩչͳΪ
ҲΪö֣һΪͣи֪뼫͵ı֡
͵Ϊѩ˫ǹ͵塣˫γѩͨԪ֮ٻתΪԪķʽֳĽϣıʶ˼ԪȴеҲΪʲôѩ˫Ƿ
֪͵ǳϡ٣Ҹ֪͵пޣһܹȫɱɢĵ壬ַ֮ˡ̽⡢֪ٿصȣӵŵЧһ˵ǳãڶԿʱǳҲַͻȻϳѪԵԭ
͵ǧֵӵȻЧķ壬Ļ塣ԷӡĻƽӡֵԸʹ߾ĸıԷ
ķܹٳ֮ɾؼһλӵļµ壬Ƿļ¡Ļܹٳ֮ɾؼһλӵļµ壬Ļļ¡
Ҳ˵͵һܹӰ챾徳磬ӵеĳɳ͵壬Ϊ˳ɳ˼¡
ѩͨѩ۽õֻ֤ѩַ֪֮ҲӵгɳҲ˵ַĵ岻Ǹ֪ͣҲһּԵĸ֪͵塣
ѩͣ˵徿һʲôͬʱҲ˺ܶдô˵Ļ¡Ҳӵеֻǵĵ尵Ԫ֮УַԵʹá
ΣʱҲǢ̸֮ʱȻѾ֪ȷʵһ壬֮ǸŵĿġϧַѾԣȻһܹ͸ŵİϷַǻۿĿõģ
ѩҲԸ֪ǹɵ壬ϧʲôҲоֻ׳Щ֤һ塣Ҳֻܵȵַûַ֮İ޷ﻹڵ壬һɾ׷Īˣ
ʱһһĹȥûгûǱǼڳá˿˵ЩҲʱӦúܰȫֻǺܻܿһԭ򣬱ǳĳҲе壬ȻΪʲôĵ
غһַɲıЩµ˳Цַ˲˯һܹģɴŪһ³ǱڵΪá
ַ㱾ѾˣԲ˵ȻˡŰѩСͨʹַĹϵʵڷͬһ㣬ҳԸѩǷǳģ֪Ҳס
Ҳַ֪ǿǵù֮ǱŰˣѺίر̾ȴ򲻶ǲʵķŭ顣
ַҲͷˣϵܿһ£˵ҲеƵģַ׸ղһڵ巶룬ĿشҵֻöѾǧٿ׵ķ
ַ֮۾ͬнƣͨڼһڣǳбˡ
ˣ
Ӵַ㲻žСȭͷĳҸǵˣ
ͱ˵ʲôбǱǽǣ
ȻǣַҲеˣԼˣһΪ˾˲ܵˡ㲻οҲͰˣŰҲͰˣھȻΪһбҪԼһȭʵ̫ˣ
ʵַ֤óûޣʵʵڵûޣرǷַ֮㡣
СȭͷַˣԼ֪Ϊʲôޣίˣ̫ίˣַ㳤ѵˣɲ֡˾һΡˣ
ѩ۵رסַԴίظַԴĺͲҪˣǻȿһɡ
һڻô죿ʥ˵˵һʥˡ˼һƶô˼ҶԿ
ַ㲻ָһԼ˼˵ܿѽɲһףܻشַС飺㶼Ըˣ뵥ʥˣʡʡ㣡
ַʱЦãǲˣ̬ҪҪתô죡
˵ĶʵȻһΣ
̧Сȭͷַˣ˿̵ĳ˵ӡµһַ㶼ˣ˭һ㶼򲻹ܵܵܡ



448 ż
Ѿʥ֤˵ȷʵӵһλʥˣַ²ӦþСˡֻҶŵСһʱ䣬ΪζԷо˼δ˴ĪҶʧˣ
ַ㰵̾һϥأƴˣȻǿҲ޷ʹκΪԭַֻһ³ǷнƣȻѾϣҲͲٴˡ
ЩԼ뷨ַܹܵƵĴڣʶƽ֮ԼΪʲôʲôҲѩ˵Լĵڼͷ壬ӦòֹЩŶԡ
뷨޻̸֮ǰۣͨһּµ֣һ˫ۿν޵СĳȻѾ˷壬Ϊδﵽ֮δѡ
ѩйСŮԸ񣬶ڳ˼ָơֻ֮ʹҲ˽⣬Ҳ֪ܷ۲쵽ƵĴڡѶǺһӦλۣ
¾þδɲַЩţӵзԪӵʥ壬ӵеľֻħһЩ䣬Ȼæܴ󣬵ʵ˵ûκΰ
ԱǲܵģȻַѾƣڸǾеһԱɲһͨߣѰһʺԼķ
µĵַʵͿǵˣΪ䣬Ԫ֮ʵֱ԰ο˵ģַŻᾡʹöµĲܣƺûʲôЧ
Ѿפ˺ܾãַҪָʱҲܾãԳܿͰ಻סˣҪȥϵܰӳȥҪǰˣ
ַ̾ϵֻһ㶼򲻹ܵܵܣܻܿһλʥˣҿɲ뻢ڣ˼𣿡
һ¾ҪַĶ䣬ѩֹͲҪˣҪָģҲû򿪽Ƶġ
ߺһΧתתߺһЩ͵ػַʵ̲סҪԾȳλʦ֡Ȼ£ҲʹӦ˳һ¡
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ַֻѩˣŻлַָ㣬ѩǳ˳ȥǻ£ǡѩ̾һſַ㣬Ȼַ㻹δָٱ֮ղѾ˺ܶࡣ
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ȥַЦˣЦаΣԼѾɼȻȥˣԼҪõɨһַ㿴ѩȴֻһӰ
ѩıӰջȻⲻѩڵħȻһֵܹģַ⣺ѩôˣѩַҡҡͷַȻȴҲֻüˣΪûܿѩĨ۽ǵһ˿ˮ
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Ҳַˣʹ˽ǱȻУӰʱֹͣ˴󾪣Ǵϲ̱ɽ񱳺ȥ
񣡡ַͬʱצȻãҫۣ۷ɽǶ˵צԱɢ񽿺һߡ
ַĿɿڴʥʥô򵥵ƽ˽Ʋ˵ǳЧ赲Ϯǿߣ
֧ԮǣΪʲôҪң
ַЦãǲ뽫ƣ˭֪ܹƽơ¿ɺãûȳɣˡ
ַЦǲһѡѾ𣿡
ǰɡϧһܽɢ
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ؼʱ̳һʲô˲˵ŴҽС磡
޷ַԱԪʿΨ޷ȥ硣ǰ޷ԼֹĵӣҪַԼĿģΪʲôҪС磿Ǻξģ
ǰɣ屻ˣôǽˣ
ҵһ˿ûջأ˿һֱڣˡһλ˲Ϊһˣ˵Ż𣿡
˲˴Ĵָߣ
ЦˣȳǵʦҶأû𣿡
ַλʦֱһɽǹɽʵûа취⡣֣ҲûϢӦòɣ
üƣʲôƣǰַ㻹ָǰѱȥЩܹнǱַɳǰ
Ůȥ˺ܾҲδɫѾЩơСжûкҹģһ˿˵Ѿȥһ죬ʱĿѽ
֮Ůʧַ׽ʧˣ벻Ҳ޷ȥ˽ơѩͦ򾲵ģΪڷӡһϵⲢǿھͺˣʺƽӡ
ǵƷǳ˵ȸʵ֮ϣԻĸַ֡һ𣬱ʵҪߵˣʱСˣȻ
ãһҶһ³ǱеɹûУ²ˣǵÿ㳷ˣ
ַ㲻ô²ˣôôǱС˵Ϊ𣿡
ҶһͷǳˣȲ˵ЩˣʦӦþȳ˰ɣǿ㳷ɣ
ַЦ˼ʦǻδȳأǵĽʵ޷ƽ⡣˵˵Ϊʲô²ˣ
ҶеӾ϶ôʱ䣬ǾȻ˶ûоȳһǶ㲻ȥûʱϻˣֻùͬǰ¡
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䡭
ѽҶɽһ㵹ɳȥһǽڰ壬ֽеʦӡ⻹һʦӡǣʧѽʧߣ
ַһ亹ȻѾˣͼ˰ɣӲ֮ǰ˵ʲôȻҲܲӡ
ҶѵǽڣЦУڵѾûжˡǻȥɣ㣡
ַüͷܹҶ˼ɵż뿪﾿ˣҲЩףҶʵǿǼʶģһˣȻηģ
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ַĿɿڴʹҲˣڵ䣬ɽһɵۣ
룬ʵɽϵǸ𣿡˲һ㶣񣬲ǲ¶ˣǧȵĻ
εЦʱΪ׷壬ҲûʲôطֱӴȥˣҶΪʲôһ쵰ѽ
ҶʱЦãҲˣַ޷Ŀԣи̾˭ѽɵѽҾȥˣ¡һǣ



449 澳ɵ
Ϊ֪ٶɵѾأǲ˽ˣοҲûȥ˽ôɵ۵ġ
Ҷô֪ɵѾأѵѾɵˣһص㣬ɵǧȵҶСУε֪ɵѾأ
Ҷεĺ£һͬĻ޷ɵ۳صϢġ
ַȻˣ޷ȷʵվԼߵģȻҲѾɵѾءֻʱӦѾˣ˵С磬ǧȵ˵Զ˺ܶ࣬˵ɵѾſˡ
ҶɫҲǳÿһʥ˶Ѿ飬ڵޱôٶԸһʥ˻Ҫǿɵۣ
ַʵɵʲô磿Ҫ𣿡
ҶЦɵ澳ˣɵĴڡʵ϶֮ϵģһܾܿͻʱˡ
µʱڶ˵ܹʶһɵۣҲֵˣַ뷨
ʦȻǰֽƽһķӡʵǿȻǾȲˡַ̾߰ɣУһҲûˡȻһܹѣʼлģٳǺܿѵ
ʦСġ˰һȻûоȳǣַѾ̫࣬һӦܵġ
ַЦʦַģֻҪʦһϢ󶨻ὫǾȳຣãһӰ֪ȥ
һЦȻ֪ԼǷܵȵһ죬Ѿõһŵ֤λʦûпʹԼܿ࣬һλʦȴΪԼ龡ľʲôܱİοĻ
⣬ƬѾԶȥһЩ˵ڵǼǳǿ˵˲ˡַ̾ʱɵۣǾ;ȥһᾡסɵһʱ䡣
Ʋ㣿ôҲֲɣȺȻӦý룡
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ǡ𾪣˷ֳ˫ۺҲһЩ۴ѾʶˣԲ棬ЦǾһֱƬյƮġ㲻۵ģҲ˶ʧ䡣
ַ㣬Цϵܻ𣿡
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ЦЦٴԶܹ˽ӵضɣƺһͨ磡
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Ҷƺʲô¹˼Һˡ˽ʵ󣬶һռ۵ɣҲǱһضĿռ֮УʵѾռһȦ
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ôҶʱһ𣬵涴¹˵涴ǳڣ
ҡҡͷˡֻǳ涴شܶ࣬ҵĳԣһܹһͨ뿪
ãһ˫ʯʹ߽涴ɳ涴δ˿Ӱ죬ԭǰ㾹תһȣ涴кȻ͸¶һ˿ĺãڳԽԽҫۡ
һȣ۾ʼ˿˿Ѫ˵ܹʹõģΪ˴ֲòȥ
ãһɫĳ涴˲仯ΪѪɫѸ󣬺ܿ˼˵ĴСһãһͨȹų涴еգҲΪ̵һܹ뿪Ƭضռĳڡ
˴һҶĸǲӿԵ۾Ȼֹ簡



452 ϵ
뿪νض۵ռ䣬޷뿪ɵ۵磬ոյĿռҲ޽еһСƬռѡ
ΪǿʹóԽ۷Χ˫ĿʧĵĲΪһֻϢɻָ
ʶ۵һͨҶˣȻǼʶνֹ۾ʱҶЩֹˣһ˫۾ӵͨ
ЩήңƬռĳֽƣӦ˾סڴˡѾˣϵԼСġ˵ճ˹ȥѩæӵ뻳У˿ֻǻԶѡ
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ҶȻ¹﷢˽ƵĴڣ˵벻ǺңԶֵܣǰȥ̽һڴ˵ȺǵϢ
ַɨһѩлԵĳ°ɣѩǰȥ˴Ҳ֪ʲôΣգϾʵҲĺܶࡣ
Ҷ㶣Ĵڽƣ˵иڴ˶ӣһ˶Էûʵô죿
ַЦˣ֣Ҫ˴˵ɵ۵޽磬˽˼ܵڵ˶ĵˡν˵ĵ˱ѣΪ˶ѳ𣿡
Ҷεص˵ͷһ㵹û뵽ģðɣСġ
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ҹһЦ£ʼǽ𵤻ʱһɽɢлǿַ㲻Ϊͣڸ˹ȻʵʫɿԷ⾳
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Ҷһڣʱֹͣˣɫдһ֪ηˣδԶӭҼ£ϣɫгһȱڣַظоǷŨص
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ҶȴûָҶ֪˵ظ˭
ҶĳƺŻ˶Էһã˲˶Ϊһλȴͷ׷ӡɨһۺһ񣬵ԭҶǰǰ²ʶ£ƺ輴ɣ
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ǣֻǾֺܺˡѩӳ죬ھͷˣΣǺܺƵЦ
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ΪѾԣڵõϿɺѩ˲ݴϣδ˿ڣã㴩סλƵ׷ӣַԸܵԷʵЩɻľɵĵ
ͨԱţ˵֪˵ݣֱΪݡۡﳾ㡢ҹѩоȣⲻɵֵΪʲô￴λͬˣѵֻɺ
˵סʶˣЦþû˽ˣֻû뵽˵ȴǰ
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ҲǾλϵӵȷϣַϿ޷ӪǾһֹӣ磡
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һᵽֹ־ֹ羿ʲô־ַѯλҲ͸©ֺǵĻ޷ҲƣֻпԼȥˣ
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ѩһֱ۲ˣΪλӦֵЩֹ֮ЩҲΪѾʲô
ʲôأϧַ㻹δָǰһУһпҲΨָǰȥ֣ȥ̽ڵصӦ޽磡



453 ʶ
޽磬ȻѾһƬضĿռ䣬û޽ķΧûɵ۵ġ˵ǽʶ˼λӦϵλӣֹµϵӡ
Ϊʲô˵ǲӦϣʵһÿ˶ǳΪֹ統그µĹ
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ʶɵ۲Żֹͬǰ硱ݻһҲܹ˵ľģǶֹʵȫӣȻֹĵҲᱻɵ޽С
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ɵۿû뵽ӦȥϵȻ񣬶Ҿ޽Уµ޷Ҳϵеһ
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ѩԵַ㣬ַ㽫Ǽֹ̳־ˣȴļѻкܶࡣѩ֪ǧ󣬳ɳΪڵַ㣬᲻Ƥأ
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ѩʲôˣǲ˵ʲôַĸ㲻ˣѩôͻȻˣ
ѩĬĬҡҡͷֻ顭
飿ַԴʲô£
ѩҡҡͷͨƵЦ˼סַĸ첲ҲȥɣҪһ뿪أ
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λϵӴЦҹʦĪҪļֻʱδ㷢֮ʱȻܹġ
ַƲһʦʦܺõУؼʱȴûһ԰ҽκɻ󣡡˲ЦãʦԸҲ񱣬ֹ羿һˣ
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ѽ˭˽ۣ˵˭ҽۣ
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˸ˣķɣ۴䣬һλȳԱѾͻַλʦָΣֹܹ罨ɣοҲپ֮£æǴӦˡ
ҹ統ҹ񣬴λҹδ޵ۣ뷼һЩӽӦܹáۿ۲ҪķѴҪķ֮ΪԴȪĿǰҲΨҹܹˡ
˽⣬ַȷλϵҲǸǵĳ޷˵ȼŮǳӽַ㲻̾Щֹһıô߻ģ
ҹ㱻ίҽγ縺۵Ŀ֮£ҲַʾǵΪģַ뿴ӵеǷϵͬЭѧϰһЩ뵽ķ
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ﳾͬһܹٻȪĵӡѾ޳֮һﳾ޷ȵģͬȵĻȪ׷Ī
ﳾܹһ˲ٻȪҴ˻ȪΧ㣬ʹҲܹ㡣ѵõıﳾܹٿػȪԽȪ仯ΪκģʹûȪʹ÷ǳЧ
½ӽͬɫķԷħΪΪĻħڻħǳЧݵȵҲƣǵνֻŮʱȻǵķǳǿŮȷʵһҲûС
ַ㲻뵽˱޷ڣ˽˲֪ٴε֮УʵŻͬٶҲε֮ϡϵӲǲܳΪ֣ΪǲϲԷŻ˵
ѩǿһЩͬȻϵûʲôȡ֮ǵȴǳ档޷УǵϿν޷죬뵱ŮǷǳġ
ַ㵱Ȼ뵽ЩĵĻ뿪޽磬ɲ볤õڴ˴輸Ů֪ںηѩҲҪȥѰңַɲ뱻ǧʱ˭Ҳˡ
ַļԭϵ޽㶨ڴˣҺٻε޽ڵĿռ䣬뿪ʵڲַ֪뵽޷ôȥģϵӷˣΪ޷겢ûб޽硣
ַε̾һ޽˹󣬶ʱ˽ȣò׿˾סȴȻû뿪İ취ѵ޷뿪
ҶȻɵƵ磬һͨͨûͨҲӦôڱ߽ߣǿдСı߽磬ɵۻôΧǣ
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ָǱҪָģǱǰЩ׼ַ˼ڴϢҺѩ鿴һܹʲô˿
Ȼִַ⣬ϵҲ޷Ҷַ㼱뿪޽磬Ͽİšַѩٴλصգ˶һλ뿪ˡ
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նӣȻдʯΪ˷صԭض˲ֱ߷еķʽ̽ѰҲúӴ˵һơƲεģ֮еĽƣ˽һֻƣ˼ǲ˻֮С
ַǷȻʹãȴЧʶַûյ˿Ӱ죬׾ͽˡѩ𿴽ΪڵԪȷ˶Ҫ࣬⾳˵ҲûκЧ
˺ܿͨ˻ƣ֮мС
֮ڶֽƣһ޹ʳֵؽƣһ˲˶ˡͬʱԶʯѩַȳ¶˶Ҫɥˡ
һַЩ˽ӵжֽƣƺޱ޼ʣǺãַײܾʹ˷ֻôѩǰУ֮ĽƿɾͶˡ
ƴ廹ͬģһЩеĽƣ󲿷ֽƶʯйأ޷ǾʯˣѩڲصơַĵЩǿ˵Ľƣɵۻ᲻Ҳڴ˵زԼеĽƣһ˿ɾͲˡ
Ҳ֪˶ãһƾճֹ˶ˣδϵֻӲĽһƵĹһͬʱɳȥ罫˻˵ģʱƺʲôǱһɾƶġ
ַ㲻ɨһֲۣ״ѩҲʲôûзַǿдַľѩᷴԣַľһΣѩҲηַĴ¼ǰȥ
˺ܿ㴩˸ղ⵽գѩʱоЩأԽǰԽǳأƬ֮Ѿﵽ˼ޡ˵ٶȲɵý˺ܶ࣬ȫ֮ͣٴγˡ
˴⵽Ĺǳǿȫ²ˣѩΪܵһЩˡ˿˵ֱԭأѩǵѪַˣ˵ļҲֻ
ַ㵹뵽ʲôʶħе޽ƣǰĽƺЩ֮Ȼ˽类Ϊ޽磬᲻Ҳ޽ƴأ
ַ㲻ЦǰĽƵ޽ƣ޷Ǿ˵Ķˡ޽Խǰ⵽ĹԽǿҲ֪ƾжԶϣҪ̫ǵΧ



454 뿪ʼ
ַ㱾ѩ̽һ޽ڵڶһ˿˽⣬Ҫ޽ȷʵǧѡ
ַѾȷ޽ƣǷ᲻޽ı߽绹޴Ӷ֪֮Ѿûа취ˣַɲѩȥƴͻ޽ƣ˵᲻ãַҲΪѩܹͻ޽ơ
ħģ޽޷ʶ𣬶˽ȫ֮У״ֽ֮Ҳƽ⡣
ÿʱ˿̣ѩڤ񽣣ǲڴˣܹȥ޽ҲһϧĪԶУ˻İ
֮в飬һ·ҲЩƣοˣһҲȥ·ɾͲˣ뷨˾ϵӾסأѾ۷ʲô
ʱ·ƽȣȥ·ͬҲڶǵЩطڽƣԼоգ˾÷кٴλصס
һ˱лָ˿ɲɵ޽û飬ܹһݻ¡ȻҪʵ뿪ΪǳбҪ
Ҳַ̫飬ҲûдŶˣҶ򿴻ųΪƲô˳
ҹȻӵз֮ȴͳķڳ˵ָΪӦۿɾͺްˡָܻΪҲһ£ҶҲ׳Ҫۣܿ˵ʼԼ۵ĺá
ϵڴ˾ס꣬ǶʱȴǷǳ˽⣬Ƕ϶ַѩ죬һ˽޽Ѿʱ䡣ס鳤ľɢʱģΪ鳤ľһɢҲÿɢαȥһʱ䡣
ʱϵ˵ʲôΪڴ˿Ѿסꡣǵİ׷֪ܵˣȻ׵ͷûǲܳεģοǻһͷİ׷
ʱھȴǼȵģΪַ㻹Ҫ֤Ůܵţرŵĸšѩ䣬ȻַŮΪأѩȻǣģɲ뱻ǧѩѷʡ
ϵ˵ַļ޿κΣΪǲԹ뿪޽磬ʶ޷ṩмֵһֻԼȥˡ
ַѩĻָһʱ䣬ҲļԵʣ˶ʱ侭˷ѡѩָΪַ㴫ЩԪΪ֮ϵѩԪַǳá
ԼʱδѹڵΪȻѾָҪûһ˿۵סַ۾̺˶ôǿȻó֮ã
ַ˵⼸յľص˵ǵ޽ơ޽ơһҶĬˣ֮ʾҲصģΪа취ƽ޽ơ
ܹƽ޽ƱǺһҶǳ䣬ôҷǳԻǲʲôҶܹƽ޽˾ͷˣַҲΪ뿪²Ƿһ޽ı߽磬Ȼֻǲ²⡭
˴ַȫ޽磬ԱϻԵĳϵӽȴȻʱҴַ㲻ȥľ˷ԣʹЩҲֻôϻԵĳ
ԭַ̣λϵӼԣѩҲ˲뵽ﳾӽ᲻ܹԴʲô
ѩԼ뷨ַ֪㣬ַȻѩ˺ܶණٱѩ˵ԵɣֻҪѩ˵Ļῼһ¡
ѩɷǳ򵥣ﳾӽʺƽӡΪﳾܹ˴æַ㲢֪ʺƽӡѩ۶֤ܶԼ׵ӦҲַܹѩ飬ҪﳾЭ޽硣
ﳾͬˣҪڴ˼Ϣһʱ䣬ԼҲҪָһ¡ˣҲͲôһ죬ַͬˣڴ˼һ졣
þû޽磬οԼʦܣϵóԼƵƼȿλ˼ˣȷʵЩԳҲû֣ץζΪûиеҲǷŲʥŮ֣֮۴ôȰҲϳһ㶫
㷹ַѩҳһʯȴһĹȥ޽йͶصʯ羰Ҳһζοַѩѩַ㶼һ˿øУԶϢĺ
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֮ǰԿɵۣɵԽ֮壬ܻܿ巢ͻΪɽһţԶԿѩȥߣԾŵĳͻ
ַ㲢ΪŮĽ鲻֮Сı壬ΪҲô֪࣬ѣȻӦο±Լ
ͨҶȷϿڵأһ˼
ʱ˿̣һЦŸѾ򣬶Ҳڵһʱ塣Ȼɵ۷ͻ巵ɽ粻Ϊɵ۶ԿԶԴһЦ߹Ĵ
һЦ²ˮҲһ˽⣬ĹϵһЦʹսʱǧ꣬Ҫɵ۵ƣһЦĳȫԴɵ۵ر֪ڴսϢʾʽڶ
ɴˣһսչˣ徫Ӣ˵ĸಫʵĴ»ˣȺԱ˺ʾĵλȺȫĳأ
ɽ½ͷޱߺΪش½֮⣬㱻ɽ绮Ϊ򡱡
峷ַ˲ŶزصĽΪ˵ע⣬˲ַŵ׷ɴҲķһЩг̣Ͼǽ
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˵ֻһģʽϢ֤ȷʵڴ˾סȺ²ӦֻһСȺ
ѪƬ֤巢Կˣ˲뵽ţ˴ˣ徿ʲô
Ϊ˲˵ע⣬ֻ뿪ڵأڳƬȺɽСȻͨҶϢĿҪ徿ʲô
ҶһȥҹʱӦ˶۵۽㾳硣
񲢲׳ΪʲôҪԼõ幥ַ㶼ͬˣֻóõ幥һ³ٴ鵽۵Ĳƺơ
ĵҲǷǳǿģҲǵһμʶĵ޷ЧػټϳûзĴ㣬һˣּʱ۽Ѿˣ
۽ƻʹʧܣַ㡢ΪˣֱҶҲδɽȫ
ҶϢǳˣȷʵ⵽ڵϮҴ˵ľȻһЦ֮ȫˣɾᵽ˺δ֪
һЦַ㼸˸˼
ַһЦΪʲôҪɵ´һЦΪʲôʤ׷ѵǱ˵ģ
ѩڿǷ⵽شϾǵȺȺĻԿν֣֮
ǵžкδ㣬ΪʲôҪϮ壿ǿȫģȵ壬弸ǰٿĪġѵ԰ޱȵŽᣬ֪һλЭȣȫ嶯ԱԿ
ǵһЦȵĹϵ֮ǰԿʱͿԷַһЦʶȻʶһЦΪʲôҪϮ壿ѵһЦʲôɸ˵
ַΪˣԾͳ˶ԾȵĻɣ޷ƽϾܵϮԼȺȻǾҶȷģΪɽһȺһЩڸأܱȺȷʵֻһ֧
ҺòȴѾ֪ȥʹһ١ɽֽᶨںδ
ҶЩţ˵һ巢ĳأʱɽ绹ûôϸµĻ֣֪Ǹطʲôֻǵغ֮ء
ǡҶشɽԵԶһƬ᲻ȥ
ҶʶȺȻȺǨĻɽ˵Ĺ㷺ע⡣û˵֪ȥ˵Ǩ㲻ڴ½ϣܾܿȥ˺
Ҷһɵַ֪㼸ˣַԭɻȥʲôǾʹҲס屾ںеȺǵĳ֮أҲǵķԴء
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뿪ȺɽغǸոնûã˱ٴڵĸ֣ȻһЦġ
ַһЦЦˣɵϣ򡣡
ַɵϣô˵ɵָʾϮ壿
ڳλټһЦλҲޱȺƴˡһЦɵҵ壬Υɵ۵Ϯһ֮ԵϷԸΪѣɵ֮ΥϣСѲҪԹϷ򡣡
ַһϣȫΪϣǺ޹˵ɣôԸǣ͵𣿡
ˡһЦЦֻȰСһ䣬屾ź޳ԹΪȵĽŻ˫֮սصҲȶɵѾֻҪϵȵűˡһЦ֮⣬⵽ŴΪЭ˾ȣѣҪϵȵϵ
һЦ˼˭ףɶ˵ȴǷǳѵľһǺѣһδıȺ񲻽ָ̾Ϊʲôᷢϣ
ַɵ⻯ȵʵڵľȿȫŵѵģΪ˱ȫȺϾȵϵȼ޷ٶŵ׷ɱ
һЦźЦȨѡԼľҲСѵжϡΣоɣãһһЦ˲֪ȥַ˰̾ϢΪ˴ѹȣſѽ
ַĬãһεؾع壬Ȳ塱Э
ַľΪ˲벻֮أȻַ˼ڵĿֲҲѾʶˣԼ뿪ھȶԽ֣֮Ӧѡ
ַľĬˣϾ죬ΪȸѾˣҲ᲻ѾءմҶϿˣҾȲͬѰȺڡ
ȻûԼʱļ䣬ʵȴѪͳѪͳӵѪԣǻΪԼȺಫҲǳԼĺѣΪҲһУ
Ȼַľȷʵܻ弴ٵΣ֪ȴ֮ģ¡ȺǱߣֻϣ޷ںнսֻҪȺԱ棬Ҳһ㡣
ִ˼ָжѩиϲԭĹϵǲְҵ񣬿彨õˣ



458 
ΪڵϮ屻ȳ˼巢ԴأַҲһЦ˵ȴûз
һЦ֮ҪϾȵϵؼҪЭ׷ɵ´ȻҲһЩһЦ˵ģб˵Ҳַǽ迿Ϊ
һЦƷַ㻹ǱȽŵģҲԼһЦǹϮ壬ɵԭֱϮġֻһЦΪʲôҪôǰ˵ǷǺ⣿Ͼȵϵȫ
˵뷨ΣգΪַһЦ֮ƺʲôף˽ַΪˣΪȰڴйᡣ
ҲѹЩ뷨ϾȺƹ֮ŶԿȴȻ棬ҲĻɡ
˼Ȼɻðսַ˴ڵءȻҲַ㼸˵ַӵŶԿʵЩԼ޷ġ
򣬶ַҲûзԣ֪䱸ԼΪǵ˰мˣԲŻΪ˰ȫפ֮ڡ
ΪڵĴУַ㼸˵ͷѱɽ󲿷Ϥַ㼸޷סΪɻҲַ㼸˷ˣһ˾סԭڵء
ϢȻܹ׽ϤϢҲʹĵõһ˿ο壬ΪǹµģӵԼȺԼͬࡣ
ַ㼸ʵЩεģϾһЦһ֮ʱ㻳ɾȵĶЩʡʱദҲַ㼸˵Ϊ˷ǳ̹˵ӦòŰйġ
Ⱥ֮ʵشҲЯȺοǲȺҲһһ˳ͻҲá
֮ļɶһ˾סȥ¥յլԺַ㼸˲ԶȺɽ֮УҶµ̽ڸ˵ľٶҲ뾡֤İΣ
֮ӰڵլԺҲһʱ֪Է٣߳ߡֻλԶȻᣬܹ˽Ǹ֣ϻһ˿Ϥζ
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ΪȷϣĮûпڣ̫ӴѯʣǺˣΪξס֮ڣ
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ʹǿҲһ赲ô֣Ҷ̾һ뿪˲֮ءεЦȻ˶뿪ˣʲôɴҲȥܲܰʲôæɡ
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㡭ַ㵭ϵʲôԲҵ𣿡
ʱһ㶣ַôʳô˼⣿ԭѯԭģ޷λ˲乥ĮƾĮʵǿҲͬʱԸλֵģԳ񼸺ͬʱļɾ
ַĬˣһЦʾл⣿Լʲôڣ᲻һЦµķƣǿȾϾйϵ󷴹干ͬԿ
ѩĬĬסַĸ첲ɲΪַ˶Բ壬Բҵ£һô˵ġٻѩΣַɨѩһۿЦʵЩ֣治֪ڴʲô⡣



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ϿȷʵУַѺ죬Ǿ仰⣿ѵԼЭһЦݺԼѣ
ױܷȦףԾȼµȦס²ɲϾϵ߼ìܣ˫ĶԿ֮ûһȼ塣
ȻַֻԼ뷨Ϊö֪ŶӵЩôԼַŻһãȻΪ©ٳȦףѵһЦͼ
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ҶʶֹѪۣΧͫг֮ƵѪ죬ںĤ֮ϣǲ޵ۡҶ²Ѫ֮ҲڲȶأֻҪܹѪȶ֮ӦþͻĤ֮ϣʱ۲ۡ
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ĮִҪ壬Ϊ˰οҲΪ˫õ꣬Ϊ˿̵ҲǷǳмȵġһĮǿ룬ı飬ַֻͬǵ󣬴Ӧ죬ֵܣ
ѩ쳣Źַ֣ǿǻδָģԱֻǵǰľȣһ𲻱Ҫ鷳ô죿ĮҲɵ˽ѩ˱֤һỵ˾ȵĴ¡
Į֤ѩҲ޷ܾˣַֻͬ˼һżڵضȥ
󺣣ɽ綼һˡĮ·Һ̤ܿǰµĺͨȻַ㼸˵ǵһ
֮£˳ҵľסأһƬµˮȺ󲿶ڡ
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ֵ֪ܵѱҵҴ˿֮̾ʱֵֵܼϢȻˡ̫ӡ°ȥַѾʧȥ䣬Ҳʧȥļ䡣
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ѩδʧȥǰ䣬Զ˷ǳ򶨣ʧȥַͳǳ棬ֵܵǾþûпڡ
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ѡż֮ǴûģҲΪʲôԼعҪѡһżؾˣҲûа취Ȼзǳָо
ַҲǰȣǸոջص壬̫Ӷˡڵѹǰ徹Ȼнż⣬治֪徿ô¡Ҳѹַ֣ǿɲ֪ӵʥǶôѵã¿һ£
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˳һҲ˵ע⣬˹ȷʵЩףصĺ
һ⣬ȻɾҵģȾȨΪҲȨԱɸѡ
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֮ѵɣϾʱѾǳǿҲ񡣶ҲһҲûУֻҪżˣ巢չһԵõ
ԭܾżģΪѰʲôżοڵԼôǿԵ޹ʾͱ嶨ȴֻΪܺһԡҪϿˣȨԼУҸȻԼա
Ľ黹һôܹĳͻϾֱӻؾĻλ档˴ǾмһܣֱӳͻͻɾȴΪ⣬ȨҲصԼУһã
Ľλ˵Ǿ޴ĴǶĮȴһĺϢζиӽˣ
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˼ҪֱӾܾˣǳΪôãôҲһᣬȻ֮ô㣿˱˵˻ɾͲֵˣ
ԳżҪ󣬵һҪԱҲǱӵ塣ڶǱᣬϵı˵ˣͨʵҪ㹻ǿ󣬲ȻͨȵĿ顣
û׳ЩҪ󾿾ʲô˼ַ㵹һ㣬ǹϷŪأ޸κˣǲ˳ɹġ
ӵԱ޷ǾıԱҲЩĺĮ౻ԭûжˣعɽ˲ӵʸǲٵġ
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461 ȫ
壬ԾȵΪżѡΣѡϸ񣬵ȻĮҲУȻ˵Ҳ̫ƽˡ
ǳΣջصҪܵżĴκ˶޷ĽܡܵʵǳǿıǶһˣǳִŵὫ޳ȥĻܾż
Ҫʵܼ򵥣ַսļλһ֮սʤַˣȻ޷ͨ˴ο顣
ͨķȻҲֹôһ⣬󻹻޾Ŀ顣նΪ˵ʵЩԴˣκ˲ûɾȵʵǷǳȼλԱġ
ʱȣʱ׼ѡγأλҲ׼ȴĮ⣬λȻЩţַΪԿ
ĮΪʶַԼʹѾҲӡΪ˱֤ͨ飬Įѡ濴ǽʵΪ˱հˡ
εԶȻַʵʶЩϾ壬ǵʵҲ㲻ַܹͣӦ
ĳʵ䶯壬ۼ˵еʱЩҲһˡ񲻽ӵѵõʥ壬òǸˮʵǴﵽʥ֮ʵѾҪӽֵܡ
ʥ塢ŮʵλҲռһλˣŵһܿ顣ʧأ˵סˣλ찲ų˳
һλµһλСΪҲǷǳõģʵƥһλǿߡ
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ִ֮һȻΪҲΪСԼȡһȷġ
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ǿ緲˵ʵܵĻܵ˺ҲޱȾ޴ģַɲΪʵȫܣֻķֻڰѸٻ⣬΢΢һЦҲ˳ܵ׼
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֣һ㶣ʲô
ҵַܵʽƴΪҽԼΪעܵڣ˱Ҷһͬˡκһ˺˱ԣΣ
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ַĮһƺϻٽһַַΪıƴʹ˿ʼˡ
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һһãַĮϣҲʼɢԼĶ۵ע뵽ַڡ
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ȻΪĮǿΪȳϼۣͷַڡ˵Ľ³۽ﵽޣѪҲɳ۽˳䡣
Ȼ۷˱仯Ѫ쾹ȻΧͫתٶԽԽ졣Ѫתޱȵ뵽ַڣʹַΪҲΪ˵סĮļι
ĮԽԽȣΪѾҪﵽޣǶ˿˵Ϊ˵ʱӦôﵽλ˵Ϊʲô᲻ͬأ
ڼ޵ıԵıҲԽԽʹ࣬Ȼ˵ʵ̫Σˣ´ʱѾޱȵʹࡣ
ãɳѸٻѪ쾹Ȼ㴩Ĥ뵽ͫУ۾۾ȻˣһޱȵȴӿַڣĮپһ㱻˳ȥʹóʮȫԿַˡ
ãɳ͸ٴ۾ʱѾ֮ͬǰ۾ȻѪƺѾû۾ֲ
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ַ̾һĨɳµѪˮôˣɹ𣿡΢΢һЦ۾ѾûԭȵѪ죬ͫȻѪɫģͫеѪƺ䶯
ģͫɢһѪɫãֻڵĺɫ䶯øѸ١ѪͫзֶֻڳĺĤת
Ƭ̺Ѫ콥ֹͣȫֶ֮ͣڳĺĤ֮ϡַϲڽ뵽ȫ磡



462 Ȩ
Ϊ˴ٽ۽㣬ΪżһᣬһλɹĽ۽ȫ硣
ĮȲֲʣԼΪڶ֮ϣΪʲô޷˶һҳַ㾹ȻǰдԼ񣬾Ȼ˽ױˣ⾿ô£
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۱Ͼոս㣬˵̫ȶԳٴα۾δﵽżʸżһϣٶɣλǰѾӦԶԴҲ޿κΡ
Ӧǰȥ屻λԱˡҪİͬʱҲҪĴ֧֡
̫Ӻ屾ԱȲæҲȫȳˣʵ֪¹мƲߣ
¹üͷʶǣ
Цǵ¼ɽ綼ѴˣĮҲڸλǵȻ˽ġ
Ȼַʵ㣬ʲôƻ𣿲˵
Цϵ⻰еЦɣ֪㲻óĳıߵġ˴νԼĴ㣬ϣܹܵһΡ
Ȼҽ˵ɣʲôƻ
Ա°֮ضȻ֮УǾȸոϮһΣǶ벻ǻϮڶΣ
ַĿɿڴȻٴϮڣδҲ̫ˣοɵѾ¶һ棬ϮһΣĻɵ۵ķУʱ˭ܹԿɵۣ
֪һǳȣ֮иƣҲΪϮڣΪ˾˰ˡôеһ𣿡
ʵ̫ӺͱˣЭľȶ£ᵨС£˵ɣǺʱ֡
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ʵѾȹˣһ岻³е¹ҲΪ尲Σ벻֮ء
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ðɡַ㽫ѩ˽еԣ̰ɣĿĵرڣ
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뽭ҲǷǳԶԸһ콣ΪĴڣ콣Գֻзɵ۵ס񿴵̴һƣ׳ƺӵߵԽԪԿ
ǶԪʥ˶һģΪԪǿԪԪĶ١һԪľȣȻԪǳԪͬԶŮԪȫƥС
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ҶѾ鿴ڣȷʵûз̫Ӷ˵䣬Ҳһʱ֪ŸֵĶǵ֮ǰʵĴ뿪ˡνǰŸߣһЦ˺ž͸˹
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ȥֻ΢Цվַ㡢ǰһ˫ѪɫŨŨƺѾû۾㡣һЦ˴󾪣ǰ۵Ŀ۽׶Σٴ㿪˶׶ΣģǼۣ
Ѫ콥۾ָֻѪںĤ֮ϿתһЦȣû뵽ѾﵽۣҴ۾ȻǷǳڵɡˡֲܹʹýġ֮
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㣬ʣµħĶں֮󻹻һͬԳ֮󻹻һִصɳ۾һ۾
ӰƮ죬һЦ˲ַ뿪ˣһЦ̾ܿܿδ֣۳ɣ



463 
򺣰ַ㡢ĴֳӰҶѵȺʱʵСڣɲ䣿
ַȷʵѾ䡣̫Ӷ˱ͨתƵӦûΣա
һᵽҶʱЩǸǿ˼ɾѽ̫иˣ
ʵüͷˣ뽫վȳлѰС֮¾Լɡ
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ҶĬˣҪӳ飬ֵܻĪҪ½۵ĺá
ַҾȻҲͬŹϵͬѣҾȵʵֻ𣿡

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ҶϾһʣܶ鲻ַ˵ҲֹܹҶֹʦܣֹֹˣϦֹˣЩһվھһ
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ѩһǳЧҲˣǼλӲδյشǳǱڰ˵ΪܵġŮƺʲôȻЩѿײѩĶ֣Ҳֹͣ˶˵Ľ
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ôһɽ磬ַ˵ƺǳСΪħλӾȻôɺϾˣȻҲһڲԭ򣬿ַ㻹Ϊ̫Сˡ
ʶɵĶżַ˴㾡뿪Ϊⶾƺ˴ĵط֮ǰɽƼҶУҪȴʶһڵ磬ͬʱҲƼѧҪĶ
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һҲԣҶһ죬ôֵܶͼֻǴҲ̫˰ɣַǳɻŮôŮģ
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ѩȷһѩδԭڵȻЩǲַ׵ġȻѩĽ۷ǳɣַ㲻Ը²λѩ룬жϡ
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ÿԳһǵһ㱻찲źˣνһнжˡҶַ㲻һŷˣȰ˵ַȴС
Ҫȥ׷ѰҲҪȥΪÿ˶Լĵ·˵ܹȫ˽ģȻѩ棬ҶϿλѩĴѩᷢΣգҲҪַԼá
Сѩַĺǻ³ɳһ˾һЩǻ£ҶҪַѩˣΪһߵһ𡣾ʱе飬ٿ˰֮߹첻ôĲɢǣҲᰲŶ˵
ǵģ˵ʵԵַ֣ҲԼ÷ǳԼҲ̵ѩѧչ˺ԼΪʲôѩ
ѩȷʵѾˣһ˽ɽܹѩĳˡַˣҲԵ֣Ҷ
ѩЦˣʵȷҶ˵ַѩ˵ǱעģΪǰĶ˱Ǳעˡοѩʼһ£ÿһλѩȥʹҲַϣҲעġ
ַȶˣȶַٴλָԭ״̬һʱ䰲źһ˽·ߡ
·һ˽ħַ鿴˪ħš
˵ǲģΪħѰҵһǳʺ϶ӵסħѾЧ˪Ϊʵˡַ뺮˪̸ħŷչҪ˪ƾĽŵʵħ򣬵Ľߵ̫Ȳħĺ̨
һҲݷĽţһǸȽڣҪп־֮ģȹ̺˪ħܹħ򡣻һǽַҪĽŵ̽ѩ䣬Ȼѩߡ
ַģԴϢ鿴ڵ̬ȣڵ֪ѩһɽڣһ̽ȵ䡣
˼Ʋ֮ͨѰѩ䣬Ҳܹ̽ѩǷѱŷӡνһʯڼһȻɾԳ룬ַ㻹ء
źһкĴȥˮţַ㻹ǱȽϹƵıš
Դ˱ڹѺű֮ˮ赲ڵĹ֮ţνɢʱˮһ֮أˮʱ羰Ҳѱƻˡ
ԷƵ߹С·ϣַ纣˰㲨ΪѩΪƣűλʦҲ֪Ҳ֪˶ˡ
ٲˮĵʯĿĵġġȥˣַ㰵̾һ뿪ˮš
ԭڵأ˵ѾΪһƬ棬һЩɽĲкȻɢ̵ζԿʱ⵽Ŷô͵Ϯ
ɡˮǱлбǼĽ룬ǲڶԹ𣿲ַ֪߬ȭͷʱ龰뺫ϲʱ龰ٴγԺС
ǺʶľַҪ̤ƽǼ塣Ȼ˾ǳ񣬶һǵɣû˷ԣʹνӽȵƼҲûзԡ
Һַûб޳ͷԣ̤̾ƽǼ壬ǽǼһдѡʱʱһٸǼ塣ʱΪʵʱȻǾȾδ䣬Щ׷ɱȵĴʱԱǼĸڵע⡣
ҶкЦλֵܻӵļ飬ΪͬڳˣŵĶԹǼ壬Ҫôڵע⡣ò˵Զ壬ǾǣǾȵҲк³
ַŵķ֮УһϽһζβкյ˴ָУСɡֵƲƬҲ˽ȥĬĬַһУַ׼׼
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Ůؼǵãħ֮еַʮ㣬ΪȽһ´ʮ㣬˵һĺܹеģѿַһλɾ´µߣҲܹгرš
㣬ͬܵľ𣿸𡭡
ϵľʲôʱ򷴶ԹЦˣȻڵһλʧȥ˫ĿŮӣǲӰǿЦˣҶѩҲЦˡ
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ҶҲһаʵǿģַΪƶһ񣺲山ǼһУڵľٶԼȻǸĿĿȥ
ҶʾΣǾ飬ΪʲôǰæľҪۣȴңڣַԼɡ
֮ڶԿڣǼص֮һȻӦðæҶֹΪһ˭۹أڼǼַġ
ؼģƼܲμôΣյַǴչˣҶִǻر
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䡢塢ĴɽķڼûˣǺܶʿΪҲΪЩʿļ룬ĴֱΪɽĴ
羰ǳҶַֻΪɢģοĴ¶ԼеˣһһȥǣڲᣬַӦҲᰮĴط
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ʹˣһ˷Ϊɣַ㡢ѩƼȥĴɽˮҶ񡢶ִַƶ񣬰˷ɢ
ǼΪһţҲΪʲôıǷǳ̻ˣЩҲҶ͸Щ׵ʱľȲǶôˡ
ǧң˵·̲ʲôҶ˵ļӹǳ˳
һַŮĴȻЩңԶ˼Ҳںô·;
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һʱַñɴ֡˰ԺЦȻԣճȴôҲַ֪δеࡣñ⣬˿ڣ˫رݸЧܡ
ʵĹͷΪյģñûˣҲֻܿһɫ˿۾Ϊ˴ûٳЦ󷢽ŭ˺˿ǿҪַһ¶Ҳνˡ
ӳķˣַɲʱȡЦӪһ±˼Ĵ
Ĵ򱾾ȻħãҲܹżǵĴڵķλΪҲʡַͷ¶ȥ̽ˡ
һ·ŮֺòڣΨַһవԷΪʲôŮ˵һܻô࣬ƺһС¶ܹһġ
ҲǾַ㿴˵è壬ƼƺԸӽȵģҲ֮ǰħַӡǲӽ˽һ°ɡΪ·;ңԶŮĹ˸ֻ⣬Ҳַ˶ʱ飬Ǿƺ죬̽ѰƵġ
Ƽ˻ַúóЦһΪֻŮ죬ַʱַܾˡǿַǺˣǵַ֪ûйͬԲžܾģֻǺֱ飿
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оַĳĬ΢΢ܹᵽַڵ飬һ䰲οкãڵַ㱳̫࣬ʹ޷ǰһУǵһμ˵ĵܵܡ
ӼͬǷоǷ¶ޣò׼һͣһ죬ڶҪ̤ǰ;
ʵַҲе⣬ΪʲôȥʲôĴȶһǸãַֻ޷˵ԼΪҶƼĴк壬Ӧʲô뽻ԼԼѧʲô
ʲôֻзˡʿʲôҶصģȻҶصĶַŶȻǱѰĴ˱ǰ
뷨ŮҲй˴ӽȣǿɲԼʣһ˾ȵĴô죿ͬ뷨ѩŮҲУַԽԽصɫַ㶨Ȼ뵽ʲôҲҪַĿĵء
˵ĸ·һ£˼Խɽ磬һҹ뵽Ĵ֮е˲ĽʱշĻòôõʱ䣬δΪأ
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뷲ַҲһЩٲٵĻϳ˵ݡ˲ܽӴ֮£֮˲Ľˣܹȶһ¡
ҵһҾƵס£ΪɫҲЩƣˣַôҺúϢһ¡ȻʱҲƣˣǲǴңʱ䡣
һߣҶһָȷ֮һЭ¶ԱǼ弰ڽ˼򵥵Ŀ졣
ҶַǲѾĴԿʼԱǼȫλĿ졣˿Ҫʱ䣬Ҷֻͣ˶ڶµָ
Ȼֻһ´Եָڶ˵ѧĶ̫̫֪࣬жµʵҲһ˿˵ϢҲҶԼ飬Ե֪ҶҪָͣʱûǿʵǲҡ
ʱúûָһԼΪһʱҶйʥȻͬҶָǷǳЧģָȻҲʵ
ѾӵʥΪν澳ȷʵһŲ֪ҶҲ޷Եķʽ˼˵˳ʿʱ䣬ȴ룬㾳ҪıǸ
ַֹĵãʵÿ㾳壬һ㾳֮ЩĵַҲ˽̹ҶҶҲ˵һΡ
Ʒǵĸδκ֮⣬֮󼸾ȴǾ⡣
壬壡
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壬豹棡
һ壬ľܻΪƽ֮ǰľֺ쳾ľɵõﵽ豹֮Ҳνķ
ڻµǿԪҲǷеһ֮˱һֱŷ豹ľֱٴͻơ
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ԽˮƣʹΪҲҪԷ֮³ޣ˵ػһλ澳ľӦӵеġ
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ǼһжҶ죬ҶΪؼϢж֤ǲδӡһλѩλѩУ



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Ϊӽ򣬹ʶ羰رַ˵ʱʵ̹ѩҲָо֮ǰÿնܡԿڵӣڵƽˡ
򿴵òˣַ㽨ǰŮûзԣٴַΪӦɽķˣΪԸΪ
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ٲˮŵˮٲҪ׳׹˲һٲԴͷкַ羰
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ЦҲãҲˡ֮ȥɣҪҶһ⣬г̲˵㣿ַͷһЦ˶ʱЦãϾҶǵ죬ȴַˡ



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Ǻǣ㻹ôų߰ɡ
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ڵĽСܵܡûио˵ص쳣ҲܸøоԱʹõķ֮ɣ
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ϵܣǲ˵ʲô˽⵽Щ飿ַһ֪˲أȻҲ²ҶҪͼǶԷͬһ㣡
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ѹʣȴȻʣγ޹Ҳʹ˽ı䣬ǿĴʵҲһַ羰һķ羰
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Σѩȷʵַ㡢ϸܵһ˿豹ζζǳĵ
豹ֿΪչ桱Ϣƽľƽ˿һ㷲˲
ѩļڳ͵ķ豹棬Ҳ׾ȵķ豹治ͬЩˣַ⾳ԾȻҪ࣬Գ֮ļһ
βַģҲҶģѩܹҶϣַմﵽ豹棬Ƿ豹ôô׾ܴﵽ
ãַȻص˴ųҲ˻Ůٱֳһӣַˡ
˹ʵĿѩ׶˾ʲôҶ˵֮вѪĪʲô˽ˣ
ַ㲻ͣȻҲ뽲˵ľ֮ξʹ˽ˣĿĵظΪĽɵ
˵ַӦǰȥѰҶҶڼǼ壬ǲĿŵļӣȻʲôطܼӡ
֮нȻܹʩչѰǷΧҶô󣬶׷ϢҲóġҲΪҵҶǵ䣬ַŻὫĿĵظΪ硣
ַԭͱȽϵ輸Ů״Ȼɽ֮ʱһ䣬ǰȥ翴һ£ϾǲǷеһԱҲǾȵĳԱҶǱߣֻܵȵѰԼʱѯʰɣϾҶ˵ѰҾǷǳ׵ġ
һǰ򣬿ַ㲻ĿˣҪʵĿʵӦɽпһ״
˵뷨Ҳڼַ֮ŲģĿ棬ȵкôش򶨣ΪʲôȲôݵԼٵһУ
֮ʱַ˵߱Ϊ죬κδ۾ӱܣôûˡ
ǰԼ˵ĻٿԼ£ַôоԼԽԽˣַ㲻κηʽڸԼݣҪ̹ȻһУ
ַԴ˳ҲΪȲηɽ֮ڣȻڶԿζȫˣΪʲôҪٶزأñĸһЩ
ַĽѩҲժ˿ɴ˿𣬾Ҫ̹ɽȥȱˣҲֻ˵ˣַ֮Ҫ¸ҵһѣ
Ĵַһ˿ɾͱĿˣߵεأֻҪ˴ڵĳַ˶ΪеĽ㡣
ܶ˼Ⱦֲ⣬ôĿŵɽˣѵѾͽˣ
Ȼ뵽龰ַ㻹ǲ̫ϰ߱ôעšҲĿģҪԼӦգ̹Ȼ˿еֻ
ַȫѩУַΪѩûκηԣǳ֧֡ΪڵַѾһЩǰӰӣҲĥַľŷ豹ƽ
ַĴʹþʽɽ磬Щ˱̬ܵŮЩ˾ˣǾӦе
ַľĿĶڳҲһ˿Ȼ濴ַ˵ɱϸַ֮ľԶ塣ַľƺʹóԼľҲõ˲ӦҲһĥɣ
ѩַԸ֣ǰһѡΪ˵ŬȲſԻ䣬ɽ񣬽Ķֻϵľٶأ
ϰ壬óԺúȵĿϣ
ƣ޴޵
ѩЦãڻ֮ʱʱԸ񡭡



475 Υط
ɽ磬ٴα˵֪ΪַѾʼʵĿʵݴԽɽء
˴һ̬ȫԼݣڸǰ۶ɽ绹˵һǳε¡
֪ϢҶεЦˣַľѾͻƣҲδҪ̹ȻһаɣⲻΪ鷳𣿱ϾֹַҶ޿κΣδʲôԾȵĶҶŷļڼǼ塣
һӣȥ¥յסεЦˣһסˣ㾿ʲô㣿
ƽ壬ֹϦһƷƽƵĲˮӶŮǷǳʡ
ȶԿھѾǳˣȻƹԪ磿²װɣֹ׾ȵļѣǲǼλ󱲣ǳէûʲôѣܹԿھѾ漣ˡ
Ϧ˿ȷǳʵǵǲɽ䱻ͳΣɲδﵽȫͨĵزЩӵĸֲмλ֣Щδ뷲ȶԿǵĵҲڶѡ
ֹЦЦƷһڲˮԹԪ˵ɽ绹кܶģҲ˵ˣǵɽԪ磿ĿǰΪڹԪԱѾ漣ˡ
ڻ½ۣҿڹԪſɴչͼʹ޷ԿԪʿҲΪɽȡܶᡣɽΪȵĺܣǻӿ޵ս˵Ҳѵõľ
ֹĽģҲһķ˼㲻Э𣿡
ֹ罨ȵĿҷǳҲЭȣȷӦЭǡûз𣿾öӷǳãԽԽã
ֹ΢̾һϮɵۣǵʵ⵽ˣ֮ʡȺޣسɴͲ𣿡
Ԫһ࣡ã˸ϦУѾ˾ȽȥҲþԼԸ
ֹЩϧȳԱǳصһַǳȤǽ㲻࣬ô죿
ЩԪʿʲôϢ
дԪʿεɽ磬ڽӽԪͨ÷־ϡɵɽĹԪʿʾԼԪʿݣʶҪҳǷǳѡ
Ϧף֮ԪʿԪĴڣһѷʿݣΪԪɢ豹Ϣƽһ㡣
ֹҵ˹ԪʿִôȴԪ磿ǻ˳𣿡
ɡ
Ϧıǳأһֹ̹ˣֻЦЦƷĲˮϦɨֹһҲЦЦ΢һǰ㷢ĵ⣬ûʲô
УѩۡݺĬĬעƽ̨ƯİλӰѾڴƯʮ꣬ʱָλԱˡ
ֹҶȷϣɵַ㡢Ѿﵽָʸ񣬿ϧǻһЩ
ǵַԵƣѩΪбҪָλֻλָҪƻһ£ΪǷһ㡣
һѩ۷ǳյģ䲻˵䣬Ҳ񽣵䣬ַƺʹ񽣣ɵĺ񽣽
ԭļƻַǻָǰʱ񽣱һɺó׵ĽΪԪԵǼ񽣵ʹãҪ黹кܶࡣ
һ棬ַʵĿᴩɽδɽڵһ·Ϸ󳳴֣ΪҲûǳЦ顣
ǰչصŮλȵıųԱŮ˵ŮʵȺǾȲɻȱҪԱҪʶԱˣŮͿʼŮǺģӵЩͨ
·;ΪңԶϾ谭һ·ַͨǷǳ⣬ͬʱΪɻڵľٶΪʲôûŵǰ׷ɱԼأ
ѾЩϤַͨпǧڵԼ֮ʿ޼ҿɹ飬ֹ˻ҪڵϮ뿴Ҳġ
ȵĴҲѴЩ£˵˵ӿַ˽һ𾪵ģΪȾǵƤ·ɽģھȻΪɽɣȻǷġ
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˵һʱַܵǵϢŭֱɽ֮ڷɳ޾Ļַ˶˴󾪣ַ˸ǲ⣬Ҳ֪Ϊʲô˼
һŽӲӵӭģַ˷׷˱ܣѩϨķ
ĿԾַ㣬˶ֱܺ׷ַȥַЦĴɻǱ׷ϴΪʹ
ѩ̾Ϣ׻Ϊʲô˼ڻķŭҲ޿κΡҲܾŻַɣʹַͬʱѩķҲˡ
Ϩ𣬻ֳСɿɰķ˱壬ֳַͬʱ䣬ַ㵱ľûٴʹġ
ַЦŽӵ뻳ʵǺò׻ˣ㲻úӭҲͰˣôҳˣѵô𣿡
Ȼ͵͵ɽҲ֪ͨңһ˲ô죿ɽĲΪҲ˲ٹ
ַѾΪ˺ɫټһһģ忴ǳǱΪ»޷ĥģַɽ־˲ٷꡣ
ŮˣǲܲʶոջʵҲܿڷʵôǿޣַΪʲôԼߣ
ã˸ǰЦˣ㽫ܵʲôˣأ㲻ػ𣿡
֮гĸıģԻԴǳƽҲԲÿǡɽ־ʲôò𣿡
Ц˵ǷɽΪģȻ˴ֻһѡַʵǵôˣ𣿡
ãһѩҲԣ§סַĸ첲Ц㲻ǲ²𣿽ҲҪһʱ䡣˴νɽҲʱ䣬ôܽ
ͷַͷɵЦˣַȴϣܹ漣ûվھߡ
ЦȻûܽǵʵǿӴֶۣλŮַи
ַ㲻һ亹ôӣϰŮȡԼ֪ôشˡŮĻ޷ûͦɰģҪһ
ޣ˱ȥĳԻǳСַȴ⿴ίĻŮ佱ƯֱӽӸ˶Ůֻܰ̾һ²Ҫַ㣬ΪһżҲ
ɵ걻ĴʰļλӭӣЩַͷˣҲһܵ˺ܺõĴ
ʵҲȷʵˣŮ󣬽ɵΪŮṩΪĵشΪŮ֮ƽʱóԺúȵĻר˷ַ̣ǲһúõѽ
Ů˵ش󣬲ȹ̣ʵǴȻֻǻ֪ġ
ŮжԵ֮أǽΪǽ׷ڵԵشԽǽӽͨеԽǳ㣬ΪŮȫӰ죬Ѿһ롣
ַĵϢǽν˸𴫴ģַ֪ŮǳģҪԱڽɵϵžۡ
ɨһ۱ܹ֪ŮȷʵǿˣҪ鹦ɽһмָΪŮƻЧȻͬ졣
ʶλԱŮǳȣŮòɢҲǼΪһ۱ϳҲвͨȵǿ
ŮУĸıСģΪǰļѾ߲㣬Իûʲô仯ΪһЩ
εĸıҲ󣬵ʵǿˣΪʶ޷ٶȺεǿ˲Ƶʹڵٶȸʤһ
±Ƚ⣬ŮΪ٣Ҫ磬ҶŮԸƯˡ
Ůб仯ģĸı˫۾Ϊʱͳһ޶Ȼ۾
ĸıַǳɻʵҲǷǳ˽⣬ֻ֪۾ƺҲ˸ı䡣һ㣬Ҳ޵һ˫ͬڷ۵۾ֻ˫۾һμʶҲ˵䡣
֪Ҳ޵һ˫۾ַ˷ǳϲѾ޵һ˫ۣҲ޵һ˫ۣȵʵҪ
ѩҵһ·ȵڤۣаԵۣ
ѩôһ˵ַŻҶҽ˵۶һаۣҲڤۡ
˽⣬ͨаڤۻһǴ˵ֹ۾ֻѩΪʲô֪޳ľڤۣ
ԭѩȻ֪޷ҽ˵ֻЦơµġԴ˴ұʾΡʮͬѩĿΪѩǴΨһһӵм䲢˽ֹ۾ˣԴͬ޳ڤۣаԵۣ



476 ʱ
罣ɵڴٴžۣŮ˷ĵĿģȻŮڣǶǰַ㲻ǳ
޳ۣͬԳ۵аֻۣڤ۾кô޴Ӷ֪Ҳƽ޹ʵչʾһڤ۵
ͨѩҲ޳ڤۣټַ˶Գ۵Ľ˵ڤһܽᡣ
ڤͬۼ𣬶ͬӵ㾳磬ֻڤ۾бʵ
Ҫÿһ㣬Ҳǿһﵽʱ۱ܹʹóʮҿԸݳҪʱʹá
ͬΪҿո޳ʱڤۣ۾Գֵһ̱ɫߵ㸽ںĤ֮ϣ޳һѾﵽ˶״̬
ͨĸ֪ټַ˸ĽͣԼ˽⵱ֹ۾ţ²۾ʱЧۡ
ͬʱʹãʹù۱йرգ´ܹʹʱһʱļʱЧơ
ͬʱڻͣ۾ʱڳɳ۵ﵽʱŻֹͣɳ˫֮йһʹá
²㣬۾ù֮۽йرգɹرں۱ٴοۣ۵ǳҪʱٴλܵʱԽԽǿ󣬾ǲ֪᲻ʲôΣ
ڤۣԷ۸
ҪŬԽΪ۵ĽٶȱΪִ⡣ӵһĪĺôûʱֻҪ־ᶨͿʱʹá
֪һ۽붥״̬ʵжôĿֲ۾ˣ
аŵΪ޳ɵһѴﵽ״̬һʹۼ޵˵ڤ۾һƱɱ
ϧڤ۵ʹþʱӦͻʱڤ۱Щġ
ڤ۱ϾۣһɲˡΪֻҪڼŬһڤʹõļﵽ㾳ﵽ㾳ʱĳͬȵλġ
ۡڤ۵ȱһַ뵽ֹͬʱӵۣʱ̶ܹʹ۵Ӧһ±䣬ֲܳΪĴڡ
Ĳ²⣬۾޳ɵһ̿ʼֱȻĻڣڤۻδﵽ
豾Ҳȷʵܸܵ۵ĲڵȻڳɳСɴ˿ֹ֪֮ͣʱ۾Ҳʹﵽ˼ÿ̽һڤ۵ʹü֮
Ǳչ֮޳ɵۣϸ֮¾ʱ䣬ڤ۾ȻʱҲδﵽޣ޵ڤۻкε
۵޳ɶҲӰ죬Ϊɲϰ߱۾ĸ֪ԭͲǺܺã۾֮󼸺ûжΪûüŮġַˣŮڽˡ
һôһϢַЦãôҪһλŮˣʱ̵ĴߡƢַǳȻĿ֮迴˺ܶ࣬һǺѸıģ
ŮҪַչʱЦˣ¿ɺˣּܵһλŮϧΪϹӡ
ҲȷʵЦַԼ֮ŮоŮǱ˫Ŀģоƺô棬ŮԸô࣡
ԼϹӡǳǳԼҲȥˣֲûڡοڵҲ޷ǰ߶һֻίرװû
ҪַչĻĽ飬ΪַǾǰַҲһʵĸоԻΪַʵģַ㲻ϰߣ˵ķǳʣΪĹϵѩǰַɲҷŮǳͬεŮǰЦѩ׶˵Ĺϵ
ַ޷ؾֻŮı½첲軳СҪԼѩǰ㱧ַĸ첲˵һǳѿ飬ŮƺӦõģҲֻ÷¼§סַĸ첲
ַĳìܣʵǹŹ֡豧ţַ亹Ѿǻôţ
˴ηַ㲻㶺̫ʱ䣬ŮҲߣȻڤѾˡ
ѩ˾ȵ״ѩҲЩַ㡢ָǰ䣬Դ˴ַĹǳأҪַһʱ䡣
˼ַɲѩܿ¾ȣȻȻ뵽˾˻ָϣ԰æ˵ַڴϢһʱ䡣
ѩ˲飬һַѲ²⵽ˣΪҴԶͬ˻Ҫ󣬻ѵõĻἴ̸ȶȥΪʲôôżһֲַô졭
ٴۣ˵Ļʵ̫࣬뻹ʲôġο֮ĻַԷǳܰ
ŮܿŮ̸ΪһŮһǺ񣬲Ĵڡ
ôڳģˣ£
޳ڤ۱ǿ֮£Ҷڳ˵ҲǺһɳ̲סûˣһˣ
Цý§סַĸ첲ϣַܹһ³Ϊڵ޷ġַ㾹ȻûֹҲ֪ǹĻû˼
ٺٺ٣ϵ鲻ˬѩҲ޷ȡܹȡŶ
ôǳԭԸʹѾ޳ۻ޷ֱһ㣬ԴַʾΣѩҲʾΡ
ŮԺЦ벻ڲСԡ飬ַλҲѽεҲȤͣŮַ㣬ַ㱶ίⶼʲôʱǾȻԹ飡
ûлڳ§סļ٩뵱߳ƵڤȪôΪģˣҲô˵仰Ȼöѽ
Сͨ죬޲ַ㻳ȥַλҲ֪ѿȻһ仰Ҳ˵ǼλҲǺæ
Цż٩裬ѽң뵱ԣڽȻõķúü
谵̾һǳƣԼΪˣΪ㡱ʲô˵ģַ㽥ոջҪһټ龰ͦģ
ĵ٩ַҲװûɵվŮĲϴЦѩεҡҡͷĿǰַٲֹյùĻˡ
龰ЩŹ֣һʮֻгߴûû˵ĵ٩ɫҲԽԽַ̲סЦһıˣ
豬ŮסˣΪûˣҲûˣǶַҧ۵ַƵĴ󺰴С
ն˴Ҳױˣ޷ƵĽЦþ޷ֹͣŮĽЦоޱȵĽߺޣȫַȥˡ
ַ޿κģֻ˳е߲ŵԽѣ˺ˡ
ĵжԣƳ˫ʱͽ⣬ٵɽͬͬ˶Կڣַ˵Ĺϵڲ֪˺ö࣬һֱھȳԱݡ
ַίظϵĴˣҧ˰ɣϷ㣬Ϊʲôͷѽ
費˭ǹģ֪ԱĶȴֹҧҧ˭
ַʱˣε˸ǴЦŮ˾ȵĹأǺ޹أƺһɢɳŮܹܵڵŽᣬȷʵһȺ˲õľ󱲣



477 ȵ
Σѩַ㡢ָǰΪԻٵѹַ̽Ůص磬˵ʱ
һһȥʮ֮ãַŮʮ֮ɽҶˣڻ̵˴ǳʡַ֪Ҫ߻Цã֪λвסˣô˴ûв
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ΪȻǿɰСˣԴкͼַʵȥʲôطᵢܳʱɣ
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ڹŮȷʵЩ⣬ΪǴδ˵ѩ۵䣬ûַ˵绹һλǿĹɴڡ
½Ů˽⵽ɵݣԼӺ˿ЦϣԭһΪַ㵱ʱұ֣벻ĴڣַǻʶĳԱ
˵ַ뵽һ㣬Ƽ˴žȵɽΪҲţټԼǰȥôЭ£ӦŶԣ
һ亹ٴιַԴϣǰǹɣֳɹɰѰɫݣʶ˻ݺžȵóһݺǾȱ֮ˣѩͬھȱţڴ˰ܻǵѩģ
һѹʱѹַϣַܹܵóأص޷ٷһˡ
ַͣŮǳ⣬ʵϵôˣɫôô
ַɨŮһۣǲδɣ˳ڹǰ᲻ЩʣҪʵӦҺɣǰˡ
˻ճھͱŮˣζȥʶһξȵԱַȻǾһƽƽĽʶһλֻ
ǰȥӦǱѵģַɲ뱻ŮЦپǰܻǴһһŭóȻ֣˵˶ŮɾͲˡ
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ʵַܵǰõģԭǳ޳ɣڿƺǲˣΪЩӹɡ
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ʶѩַۣɵĹϵͬһ㣬ٹɲѶôţԿַһַ
ַ㡢Сã˻ô죿軹ǱȽϵĶ˻ʲôΣգǿҪεС
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ѩԸ뿪ɹϵΪӦܻһգַεѩͬǰڵء
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ȵأĻӳʹùȵɢıɫãɵľסػôľء
˴û˴ǰǰ޾ɽַеĵٴμˣΪûʾĹпܡ桱𣬿ֵõùˣ˴λεѩ
˷ȵأ֮ϣεӵأƹʵȫ֮£ľǾĳԱ𣿡
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ѩ۵ԾһǾӦ׼ҪǱеģҲ㲻Υġ

ѩһ㶣ַ۾ò˵ǿԸıģԭ֮Ҳȡλ۾취޳ֻۣҲ취ٳʮĺһ˵Ϊߵ˽գҲΪǿ󣬴ʱôΪ˶ȵԭ򣿡
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ַŹֵıŮεҡҡͷʶֻۣȴֲ϶ȡ۾λôôŹֵԸ



480 µİ
УѾָǰַ뷽ѩ۽̸˰գ˽⵽ɽȫĿģҲۡڤںϵص㣬ͬģ
˵ַ㲻ȡ۾ζ޷ʹڤϵֻѩΪֻҪܼãַ㻹ǿԽöŮﵽֻ۵ЧֻǸôѩҲףֻ֪֮ʹйء
ھȵĵھŽѩҪַмɿȥѰңΪھŽֻڹؼʱ̲Ż֣ȵصӦѰֹ彣ɡ
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ȻǷŮߣַȻҪװʲôҲֽ֪Ԫҷӡֹ˿ʵľ硣ַϾ켫ʥ磬Ϊȴ޷ڣͶ価Ը˷緶
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δȵѩƿڶЦַԸԶôĳϡ
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湻ĵġַɲôٴȥڣҪ֮µȻҵҶ˵ڡҲȫļӱǼ弰ˣҶδ˼ʱַѾɽ硣
ڵ׷ԱǼλˣַ㷢ǵϢʵҲˣַ㶼û˵ʲôȻҲװʲôҲ֪ˡ
εգַǲҲýˣӦûע⵽ǡַǼ弰¶ˣȻҶҲôҲǡ
Ӧ˰ɣΪʲô׷ɱǣڵȴǣ
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Ǻȷַļ⣬Ϊ֮ǰԮǴΣƹεʥ˾ַ¹壬Ȼʥ˶Сȣ˵Ҳˡ
ַȻŲ׷ɱǣҶҲǣֱȥıǼ忴кãƼȴǿЦãַ֮ϮǼ壿
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ַסˣҶƺԼʲôɾʲôأ



482 ֮
ַ㽫Ů֮½ҶҶ춸ʱǰȥַߣΪַ㻹ҪǼ壬ҪͬʱҲٸա
ĻַָҪԣѺ֮ַɲϵ巢չϣҲΪ塣
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ŮӳĬƬ̣ЦҶѹСŮӣСŮӻʵ⡣ȷСŮǷ񿴵̫಻ÿɣ
ַһ٣ԥһ֪﾿֪ЩʲôϢΪʲôҶһҪҳ㡣̹׽һԷŹǼ塣
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483 Ϸ֧
Ǽ壬ַ㡢ѩԼӣԱǼĳȴֹһ֮ϣԭļƻַֹͣˡ
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һǣűǼˣŮԺⱱǼĴʼԥʱܵ˰ŮԽԽģ¼Ǽܡ
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486 
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ַԣȻ޷ֿɷӡʥΪȷʵΪӡṩ˱ӡֻܴһʱˡ
ع޿κΣַ˼ûгûΪżʹһʯͷ˵ء
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˴˲Ϊһõ֮أҲΪЭ˵Ϊ͹壬ֹҶַ
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ŮҲǼΪ죬˵ûйȣ˵Ƚ˷ǳϲġЦΪ䶥ǰػȷʵޱȿ㣡
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ַ΢㶣æŶŮ׷ֹҶ֪ǰ⣿ѵżǰ˵Ϳп𣿡
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ǲǰ֮⣬ǰɷ˵һЩ
ƻưܵżȱƻҪáϼѲڣСΪϼһʷսᣬ˵ȺϷο

ַͣ˽ŲԼΪϼսʷֹҶȻȿϼ
ֹҶҲͣ½ŲɨƬʦֽΪ²ϷоʦֵĴˣΪѪͳŴΨСܹΪսʷչµʷ
ȻеΣַֹҶѽȿϵҲȿԼı壬˵ȵǲܾġ
Ȳʷַδ϶Ϊϼ壬ֹҶ˵޷ܵģǰˡҾɽΪ⿪µļ°֮ȱʧʶ޷ʷ
ŮüͷȻֹҶΪȰ¡̨סֱַȥͺΪʲôҪΥֹҶ˼ⲻǰĹϵ
Ů뷨ַ벻˵ʵ䲻ΪʷҲΪѪͳȵĿֻһָ֣ħ氲磡
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ֹҶ˼ַףΪֹ·Ϊ磬ʷһʱڷ֮ϼȫˣ˵ϼҲַսˣȽϻһʷ
һʷյὫõģΪϲˣҲΪǿļ塣δֹҲδܶȫûʷϼ壡
ϾһλԣַҲüֹҶ˵ǿԣҾȷʵΪֹ״ðɣȻΪϽʷҲΪսһΪԲʷ
лСѣֹҶȻַһַ㰵̾һδǹĽһ
ŮĬ䲻ΪɳɣɷѩԻҪĸسͻھɵҪΪսһԲʷΪʲôܸоȵѹԽԽˣ
ַŮѩڴԺǰ̸̸ġ֪ǰ̸
ֹҶٴ΢ЦСѿ룡ֹҶżһ롱ƣַЦЦֹҶԶȥŮֻԭصȺ
żڲܲƵʯѵĴַ̾ǰжνӴǰİ¶ȹһζμʱ̣Ϊǰĳǲӵнճɾ͡ȵĳΪ²һµǰ֮к˻ΪҾȣ
ֹҶַ˼֮󻹻Ըѵľ棬Ϊ²ܶãã֮У¾սǽֻʲôַʵģ
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ϷϷ޷СĴ𰸡½ΪСѵһܹջɣɾ߷緶
𣿺ҲΪҽ˵ߵĶ塣ַ㱳˫ֹҶǰ֪ھ֮ϣͬʱ˳žȼðһ䣬ʷս֮ʱܹӻмˣ
ֹҶĬˣһ˫ַ֮ãδκۡ
ַЦˣЩǾȲ֪أͬʱҲһŵĴ𰸣Цǰ֮ˡǰƽĵˣ֪ܷЭҾȣǰ˽⡣
ֹҶ̾ϷϵãЭһ䲻ۣĹӦò⡣
ˡ̫ˡ
˵汣ַ֤һʯͷҲ˵أڽȵˣֻܿ˹ͬȥȡȥˣ
²˳٣ǰû̫ʱ䣬ûɿֵʱ䡣
ֹҶЦЦȻС룬ϷȻȫԸСмǣ½ΪǵȫԼУ
ַ΢Цŵ˵ͷֹҶͬ˵ͷż󣬱Ůڵķȥ



490 
żַ㹥˴治ǳмַܹ˽һʷڵ֮еʷַûȤۣȤǹ
ֹҶѾܾȵԸһͬ˳ƹĴڡ
˽ֹҶϵõʲôزûַ֪Ҳǵ֪һȷ˶˹ϵķǳѺá
ż޵׶ϷƯѰҹıϾ֮رǴ޵׶仰˵νھӣ
ַ֪˿Цãͬʱλ꣬λȫĹĶǡ
޵׶ʵһԨڲĺڰҲܹ׽֪֮ͨȷԼڣԼǷв
֮гĸ֪ǿģַĸ֪Ҳͬˣѩĸ֪ȴǷǳΪδйʧĿľ
ΪԨлΣգַ㽫ѩߣͨĽԾԨ֮С
ֹҶ˵Ԩ֮ͬнֹΪĽƣΪ˲ʹΪٶȣοֹҶǽȥҿǳָо
ַŹֵǰǸòڴʵģżһɽŻǳܰɣ
ԨڻصֹҶĴЦСԼǣˡ޵澳ƾʵҲһּį
ƲѾǾˣʹįҲΪ޵еļįҲ澳ǰָܹоǶԴ̫ˣһСˤô죿
ַ㡢ѩЦֹҶҲ˻شЦ¹̫ˣʵλСѵľӦѿ͸ѵǻη𣿡
ŮĬַȴڵǰˡгԱѿǿصͬ
ֹҶסˣʹѾܳ߷ǳڰֹܹҶֳĽ
ַЦôǰǲǸоܿЦ
ֹҶҡͷСˣϷֻλСϿʦֵӰӡ
˴ֵַסˣʶֹҶ˼ֹ缰ϦҲˣַ˷ǳƣҲпܵʱҲˡ
ֹҶ̾һҲļѾصǰַ΢΢һЦ§˻еѩҲԵĳԣһЦԨ
䲻֪ã˶پ޹һᣬƺһסˡַظ֪ԶֹҶڵɴڻ֮У˵ֹҶġ
ԨгֹҶֻʣˣѵǹʩŵȻҲпǵ׼ԨеΪڰܹļ䣬ֹҶԨ޹ʻǰһС
ԨѾޱȺڰ˸֪֮ԼѾ뿪磬һ޷Ŀ־صڿյԨ֮С
еѩһһ˿־ĸоûСַЦ뿪磬׹ޱȿİڰУԻλա
ַ֪㽫һֱ۴˳ϣЦЦûзַԴںڰһӶȻҲ֪ͷǷв
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ַ׷ʵ֪ǻҪã
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ܿ㿴棬һ֮ڼʵĵϣֹҶ˵˹СڣҪⷨܽ롣
ַʶС磬ҲԹ뼰ǿнľԶԴ˲İһ˲ʹ˵۾˲˫ס۾֮޷Ӧ˵ҫ۵Ĺߡ
ַԨʱΪã޷ӦСڵĹߡѩǧҪ۾һСľͻʧģַ㲻ģΪʼǱ۵״̬Ӱ첢
ֹҶΪַ֪ںڰдˣͻȻã֮ǲ۵ġⱾǳʶκ˶ףʧΣվͲ֪ˣλҲ˲ѽ
ֹҶַ֪Ϊ˼糤е֪Щ飬֪Ǻα顣
ŰʱַŽӦСڵĹߣ۾ɨӹС硣
ʹ澳С磬羰̬СҲǱġַֻ㱾ΪСӦǷǳֲͣΪезʽġ˭֪СҲƣɽϪӦоУַ㲻ЩɻǹС磿
ֹҶѻָߣҲǶγԵʰɡַѾָߣֹҶһã˴ڹޱȹСС
ܿ˱ֹҶһСɽ֮ϣɽǷǳģΪΪƮĹһĹ
ֹҶź΢Цǹĳ֮ء
Сɽ֮ϽмᲱɫľǻĹ֮϶û֡һͦģĹǰ𳤾òϨ֮ð̣һַǳŹֵĸо鴫ǹ
ֹҶĹǰδϨչԸ񱾲ӦڴʱѣҲûа취
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ŹȻֹҶȥӹֹҶĴŷǳҲ֮䳣˵ĳˡֹҶһϨй𣬵ٲҾ;ķĹ©֮ºúȥȥ
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ȣõͷʲôɣôҴû˵ǸŮܲ鷳㲻ҪҵԴ
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ۿҵԴѾŮߵȥˣҶȥҵԴ
ַ˲һ亹ȷʵĹûԴȻˣһ˵أķģ
ͷĹʵֹŹֵĸоַ˸оŹֹ֡ҶúãȥԴ㲻ҪλСˣȻ´ߵľͲֹһԴˣ
ַ㡢ѩٴδЦǳϵһֻСţڵϻȥġ岻ˣԴĻҲĿɿڴ˺ˣˣҶȥѽ
ãһֹҶѾ߶ȥַЦǰʵ治ģ˾Ȼˣ
Щӣǿٿص壬ûͷ­Ҳʲôġ
ȻˣǰΪλż壿
ٲĻҵᱻŮɱģ
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ΪæȻѾӵۣҲ²⵽˵Ŀġ
ŵĳԶòǿҵĵ˰ɣҪù۵ϣٽ۽߲𣿡
ַǳ棬Ȼһ²²⵽˵Ŀģƺǳ۽Ḷ́ѵλȫʶֹ۾



491 
С磬ʶ˵Ĺַǳ׷ˣֻȡĸоΪȷʵ״̬˵ûͷ­Ȼܹٿܿٽ֮Ҫǿ˶౶
ԸַȫãΪ˵Ը֮ҪŹ֣ǰ޼ƿʩֻʵʵصȴֹҶ
Ȼ۽ıȻҪؼ˵ĿģַΪбҪһ£ǰѵ֪ҾĿģ֪ǰǷԸԮۣ
Ȼӳ۵Ͼ澳֮һοոձϷŪвתҪ۵ĽίŲҪأ
Ϊʲôַܹ飬ϾոձλȡЦ֮澡
Э۶˵ӦֻС£ַΪлȡģǰҾԸԴƽǰʧ
ƾʲôҪۣɲĽףοʹҲ֮ͣ
ǵһμʶŮӣԸŹ֣ʵ˸ǿӵд˵еۣȾǸʲôȥ
ַЦͲҪִˣԹǾ֮ͣҲԥľܾ
ַǷǳϲģλȳԱǳȳҪöˡ˫ֲȻǾ֮ͣȫ״̬ΪۣˡΪλŮ͹ήͱΪ磬صĻΣģ
ַʼ磬㿴˰ɣ˼ҹΣΣգҾǷ˴
һӣַ㶼ѿڣҲ˵ʲôַЦǰֻҪǰۡ
ҡƺǳ⣬Ȼڵϱס˫ۣȻ֮ΪȽͣҲûлָĻᣬȻСϣͰһѡֻҪǽÿĹ֮ǰͿˣ
죿
ţ͵ͨ㣬ľɡľС洦ɼֻҪʱ㣬˵Ӧòʲô
ַ㲻ǰĹǳߣҪǰʲôô
ָĹĹͨʯǰѪɣܹȼյҵ屣ǧŲˣЩԼ޷ģҲֻܿ˰æˣٺ١
ַЦͦ˼ģ˰æ㾹ȻֻΪ˱Լ岻࣬ȻԴͣɱ֤ǰĹǰ̲ϣ
Ŷ棿
ΪûԴַ㿴ڵı飬Ȼ档ڴ֮ǰǰһ⣬ǰҪʱۣ
Ŷףҵʱ㹻ˣ
𾪣ʱҶæʱ䣬ΪιֻʱѵǺ͵йأ
ãһֹҶű߷ɵʯͷԣ۽صաַ˻ǵһ˵۽ǡաôշ
ֹҶʯͷͶ꣬ʵ֮дбϢ¹ͨյ֪ԷϢͨЩϢԷм屾ԴЩ鱨ȱݡˣ۲ſ
˵ַ۾ӵԼǻۣܹʵսвԼӶ޹ϸ𣿡
Ҳô˵ţôҵͶˣ
סʯͷֱӰ˲ϣ׳ʵ嶥һʯͷվ°ͼҪӴ棬һġ
ֹҶεػӳһã˲ʯ⿪˹Ҳ޴ɳԶǱˤڵһ·ɽȥ
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ֹͨҶĽַ۽ĽݾֱնԷֻ֮꣬ȴԶƼɡֲҶΪҪʱ䣬ֻʱΪĵ꣡
ζԴӦڼͷ­ǷѾȹϣòŸŲӵ֮йһͬҲΪͬչǳʹࡣڹܹӿ۽ٶȣͿǷܹʹˡ
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ҡҡͷô򵥵ġҪֱע۾Ϊʶδܼʱѹƣݻ۾صĻΣ
ַ˲˴νĺȷʵͬ壬ԿĻ岢սĳ˵һѣΪʶ
Ҳ˵Ƶ㹻ѵʶòٿȫաϾͷĹ壬˵ʹȷʵһܹܵġ
˹˼ʱ𣿾ʹҲȥְɣ
ַοЦˣʶȻǸСŮ־ȴԶˡҲηԭıԣηһ˫۾ʹ
ԭЩǣһ޷ʹʧȥ˫ĿַΪ㣿Թ˵һʧ
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ĬĬһ亹ȻĲǳҲ˵ַ㲻Ϊɣιִããڿںϣ仯Ϊ۾һɫ塣
Ǳĵ壬ڼ㹻۽ǻоɣ˵չһ̷Сɽͷ½ϣ˫ڿԼĹС
ַѩ̾˿ľСӰʵڹ죬治ϵġ
ٴǰƯɫ壬ַóʹľҪɵܵܰæŽʹܹһЩ
汾Ϊ죬ǵܵ˵ĻȡɻΥ壬ԽҪһ˽ʹַ࣡΢΢һЦ˵ͷһԸûиıģǿ
̧Сס壬ǺԥƤ֮ϡƤ͸ĺãɫӳںϡ
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ȻĪʹ࣬ȴһԲ֣֮ҧ˫֣ƾеʹʻ
ѩŴͣǿųӿѪܹܵʹˣеĳָΣѩʵڲ̿˼尾㽫СԴڽַ㻳С
ַܵѩΪ־ĽһЦѩ۲ľٶԼһܳʹ࣬Ϊǰѳܹˣ
ֹҶҲǰ۲״̬СѽЩǿ֮ٳԽܵʹ໹ܼһЩ
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ַᵽʱʹԼĽһսʤʹԲţһȫûеĵӡ
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šһĴﵽˣ벻ѹƣҳܵʹ˵̡
֪һڳԺУֻصַһǣԹԺϵܿ޷ˣ
ϵܡ
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ٴҧأ˫֮жʱޱ貵ĺãܿã֮ãӰСַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ֪㲻ܾʹ˷Ǿȵ֮ƣ
ֹҶ۾֪ΪΣȻڳϿ˵ֹӰӣֹĸ㲻Լֹǰ
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ܵһУоΪĺܣηκμѣҲηκ裡
ãһɫ峹׻⣬˲һ˫Ѫ۾֮ͫһٲþúþòŻƽӰҲͫײֹͣ˵档
ãһַ㽫˻УѾɥʧʶĳ㷢΢Ц˯ɣܾܵߣ



492 Լ
ʹ壬۴ﵽ״̬ʱҴȻԣ岢δܵĴˣϢӦָܹ
ַ㽫𽻵ѩУллǰЭȡ
ֹҶЦϷֻ˳ˮ飬СҪлĻ͸лɡ
ַЦЦץԶһľ˲飬ܿΪϸľֹҶҪЩСѲطϣ֮¾ϷͰɡ
ַЦѴӦΪ꣬ʧ
һãɳ⣬һλַԣַһλڴػ֮׾١ֹҶ΢Цۺ룬ַľǳ⣬Ϊȷ硣
ַ㽫㽻Уʵǰλ֮ǷĴڵԼ
ֹҶ΢һ£֪СѺ⣿Ϊδ֮£
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ֹҶǳ죬ַ㾹Ȼ˴ϻۣһ۾ܸ֪ĶԹѵѾʲô
ֹҶòַ̾һðʧˣȲòλĶԹȻѾ㣬Ⱦʹ˰ݱ𣡡
ֹҶ̾һ֮ȷʵڵԼǲС֪ġϷڴ˻ҪСһ䣬֪òҪѯʣȻܿɱ֮
ַЦˣһʺѩŮȵдǰǵĺԼİΣɣ
ʺ˲ʧֹҶüͷ΢µַ㣬ַ㻵ЦǰòҪʲôֻǳģֹҶʱˡ
С磬ַںڰԨײ㣬ѩʵոΪʲôҪ͵˵Щ
ΪҲأҶҸ棬桢ڱس֮У
ѩһǰɣѵ͹ֹҶǰʦѽ൱Ǿȵʦ塣οǸոհǣ侮ʯַ㲢δʺֶŮֱϷȥ
֮һʺżУַܵķǰżڴ˴˵ǣŵϼ壬ϼͬд棬ĶԹȻڡ
ѩüͷֲҷַжϣֻתƻ⣺ѾﵽˣȥģҪ𣿡
֮УѾӵгȥħħֲ֪˭ӵСȥԪ翴Խʶһ¹ԪħĵӦ㹻ۡ
˯еĳװ꣬ûһ˿ӵ۵ľ˷緶ַ㲻̾һ֪Ϊһ˿ǣȵĳƺһѣ
ѩߵַԣǲǻڵľȽ򣿡
Ǵڵ壬Ǻǡ
ãһӰʧֻãȻżʱ̳ϡһӰܿż֮Уֹ̳Ҷε̾һ
綫ַ㲢δͣӰֱӽͨɽ硣ɽַʱշŮǰɻʹ;ͻȻ˱ʡ
Ϧַɴ۾ʱմ⵽ţԭΪʲôǰˣ˭֪Ϧ
˵Ҳ֪Ǻ򣬵֮ȴǻ̵Ĳç֮УϦվǰעˣþòˣ㹫ӣ
ַ΢΢üͷΪϦϢЩŹ֣ƺովһս㣬ǳĻҡַʵϦôɽˣҹȻɽ磬ѵɵ鷳𣿡
ɵۣߺߣʱ̨ϾͲˣĻʱ׷ҵڣοɵ۲֪Ѿ⿪ӡɽ硣
⿪ӡַȳϦʱ龰ô˵ɵ۽ӡģȻַüͷɵۣһὫ㴦ɣ
ϦЦ㻹ӵĻ飬ֲܶӳ֮֡ҲҪ̫СڣкܶǲģǾ֮С
ļٵģǽҲһˣΪʲôû
ЩϹʱڵľˣ̨еСڡ
̨
̨ɵ۵ݣǧȵС
ַ㾪̾ϦȻ֪ڲ֮£֤ɵ֮ĹڣȻǳţַֻǳɻ󣺡ΪʲôЩ
ϦЦǺúģҿԸе飬ֻҪĵġ
һϣַϣԵĿյص̸߳𣿡
ϦЦЦַԣʵ֪Щʲô
㶼֪Щʲô
Ϧסˣ벻ַôֱӣ΢ЦֹĴ룬Ը˵񡣡
ҿûдﵽǰ־硣ַ㿪żɽҵ֮ĵԼʲô
֮ĵԼҲֻ˸֮仹ŵԼɽȷʵ˲ˡ
ַʵҲûж٣Ķشصĸ֮ˡ̸̸ɣҲΪ˺ɣ
Ϧַ̹ǻۣȻַѵ֪£һҲµĿġϦҲ⣬ֹӣֹֻغΪ˱˺ܶ캦飬˲޹ȵѾ˵ˣҲµǵݣȻǧʼʧܣһȰæ
ʲôæĲ˵ϦֹӡҲֵþΪգΪɽƺҲɵԸַ㲻ź
ϦϣǽԪ̽ϢԾע⣬Ϊǵжṩϡ
ɵɣѵ㲻ȽɵַۣϦɵ֮ĹڣرǵսνУϦܲɵۡ
ϦĬˣ̾һ΢΢۾ˬַǾӵޣϦһٲڣҾԻֻ֧֡ǽھȻҪϦҲȼɣ
ΪѩɣϦûۣ˵Ļȴһ
ַɻôôǵ£
ҪᣬֻǷְѩŻ뵽ѩ뿪ˡ𣿵Ƿǳģ㲻òǡ
ַ㽥תͷȥϦ̫ˣڣȵҲ׿͸һλôµŮӣֹѽ
ϦЦպֺĻһɳԵ⾳ʱַ֡
Ϧ⾳ַ㲢Ӱ죬Ϧԭûд⾳Իַ㣬֮ڳޣǰֹݵλǶӵƿء
ߣַ㲻мغһƾӵο澳⾳ȻΪʵǵĵ֮λķǳǿѽ
ȷʵϦ΢Цһӵʮ㾳磬ɵľѾԽ澳κ˶޷ģԲŻΪ񡣡
ǵĵԼ
ֹЩϦյһƣλԭʹĵжʶǼﵽ䶥㣬ǰɵľ硣˲ȷ֮ƣεͬκһλֻ̤ؽ磬ڵȴָһ죬ǰλᷢĳͻ
أڵȴʲô
ڵȴǵĵָֻ֮ǰɵԼҲΪ˽İ˻䣬Զʱڵս𻹻ٴȼ𡣡
էһϦĻǳе˭֤Ϧһ˽ҲûУѵӵɾ䶥ĻͿԸ𣬲ƿ磬ֹٴֹֻ֣¸
ȵĳǼ̳־ݻأϧϦûм̳ɵ־ɱ۾ǰַ㻹˵ʲô˵ֻһöߣǷǳʵõĹߡ
Ԫע⣬㽫¹Ԫ𣿡
ַ㳢ԴϦļƻϦЦЦ㲻˵ַǲԼ֪ǵľйܰɣַѾҳһţλϦԪ硢ѩ硢
ַεԴҲ֪ΪԼܰ˼Щӵ飬һԼԴһΪ⡱ֹͣתģ
ϦԶѩ¹ôˣѾ߲˰ɣ
Ҳ֪Ϧ֪ôܣַ̾ǰòײ޵ýʵ
ϦƤЦѩأѩǳ׾ʹﵽ˽ʵ𣿡
ַϦһۣʵòҪѯʣοǾȵ֪ʲô
˵ģѵ𣿡
ǵȻַΪ˻ָ֣һΪ˸Ŀ겻ͬͬţֻɵ֮½ǾһˣҾˣ
ַжϦ֮⣬ϦҲɻȡһЦȻôִ⣬СŮҲΪѹˡ򣬻ЩϢ֮УȤġ
ַӹЦлϢǾһǳá
ţֻһЩСϢˡղϦӰסСŮӵĻ򲻿ɹǧȵǧȵе̨
Ϧ뿪ˣַϦþδֱѩ֮ͻȻðһ䣺̨Ǹ˼ݣȥһѣ
ѩ⣺ʲǫ̂˭ݣ
ַεɵЦɵ۵ݡ
ѩЦãַԸֱˣҪȥڴˣ



493 ָԪ
ϦˣǰΪַһַжҪϢȻϦ˵ֻһЩСϢ
ѩҲַе򣬵Ӧɷһ֣Ǹܾþûˣ֪ôʹ𣿡
ַͷͨɲ鿴˵ַɢһƬ̺üͷ
ѩַһֵõʲôشϢõʲôϢ𣿡
ڽҪתλʦ֣ŹԪڡ
ѩһʵַӳԾԾĲ˽ŹԪ磬ϦȻõϢѲȹڱΪ˾ȳλʦ֡
ǰϦȽԪע⣬ھȻֽϢ֪Լ˵ѼƻһУȽĶ
ϦַҲֻ˳̾һΪŮļʵڱŪڹƣҲǣϱˣ
Ȼֲʵĸоַȴ׾޷ı״ΪϦص˵ڵɽ޹ʽԪ磬⵽Ԫʿ׷ɱ˵ʵһǱ
ھȶԣ˲ʲôʦ֣ǾȱŹ񣬵ȶ෽˶Կ磬ʱվܲǵ
Ϊ˻ɽ磿Ϊʧȥȴԭȵľ缰ͨΪ֮սǵ걻֣ͨǼͨɽ粢䣬ַɲλֵܾʹɽ磡
ΣȻַѾӦϦԪע⣬ҲûɲȥԪԮλʦˣڴ֮ǰһǱ봦ġ
輸ŮĻָǹڵļƻҲϦĽ顣
ȽԪ磬ϢҪŵ֪ͬʱҪϢԪ磬˲ܾõע⡣ΪǿƵĽԪϦûἰַϦݺȣڲᡣ
ҪԪѰʦ𣿡
ѩַʵѩ峺͸˫ַһ󴥶һѩ仹ûҵأȾʹ˽Ԫĺ
¡ַ뵽ʹȽԪҲҪǽ֮󣬾ĿǰԾҲûʵڹԪ紳Ϊ˰ȫҲҪŮʵ֮ſԡ
ַʱȷһѩǷɽ֮УһѩڹԪڣǾȿɾͷȥˣ
Щַ˼·Ҳ˺ܶ࣬ѩ޷ôˣ
ѩһۻеĳܺá
ţǾͺãʺ˸ַŶŮٴνʱͨ
ɻʹַڻʹ֮ڣλ̷˵ĵϳߣδʲôҪĳͻ
Ҷӹ
ַһȦȦɫⲨɢȥɻʹʱң֮༱æ˴鿴
ãһҶ˫۳ַǰֵңֵ֪ˣ
ã֮ɾɻʹڸַ׷׸ϵ֮˶ɵˣʵľȻֵܣڸʲô
ַû֣ˣ
ĿɿڴʾȻֻΪëƤС£λεҡҡͷȥԶλҲĬĬȥˡ
ҶЦĶΪѾ˲١иǰֻΪЩС𣿡
ȻǡַóϦµ򣬵Ϧµģֿݣ˳㳩̸һԼ뷨
ϦҶ𾪣ɾҲǳ𾪣ȻǶϦݵˡ
Ҷӹ鿴֮˫̾һϦǴþѽ
ַͷֿɷ̸̸ĸ룿Ӧô죿
Ҷɨַһۣ˼õóȻԪȷʵʣȼȻΪԮλʦ֣ҲûбҪ˾֪ɣɸŶǰ·ػȳˣҲԱϾȵİΣ
ַ㲻ͷ˼ҶķԼϦΪĿĵȵȡҶʵֵʲô뷨Ӧ˴ŷ˰ɣ
ŷȷʵУڴ֮ǰҪȷһ顣
ʲô£
һѩ䣡
Ҷסˣַڴ֮ǰǱȷѩǷ񱻷ӡɽ磬߲ɽĳأǽ֮ǰ塣
Ҳʱ䡭Ҷ̾һܹ϶ڲδӡѩѩδӡĻҲ֮ܲûοҲɽ磬ɽһѰǲǡ
ֵ˼
뿪ɽĿǱȽϴģϾҿλѩʵͨ˲Ķ֣ӵĸӦò۸һλǡ
ЩϾֻǲ²⣬ֲһЩȽ׵ķʽ
ַ򶨵Ŀ⣬ҶַѾЧֻҪֵܹģνġ
Ӧÿ׷ϢȻѰ޷ѰѩڣʩչѩϢʧġ
Ҷ㶣ַȷʵ٣ֻô֪ģʩչ֪һѩϢҶǴδһѩϢġ
ַ״ıҪأȡһ˿Ԫ񣬵ѩϢ˿ԪϢͬģд˱ϣܹҵѩϢɣ
Ԫ񣡡ַƯȷʵһ˿ԪҶˣԪٴﵽӵеģַôԪڣԪΪλѩϢͬԪ
Щַ֤ѾȣΪǱټϴʱַ㲻꣬һ̬ȣҶַľѾﵽ۷壬ʵҲﵽ۷ˣ
ҪٷˣַҶʲôҲҶһǲµı仯Ҳ˲ôˣοҶԼˣַŲΪҶй¶ء
ҶһЦӹ˰Ԫ񣬵ȻдϢڣѰѩͲˡ˵Ҷϥ˫Ԫ۾
ַ΢΢һЦߵɾǰǰڷǳǰΪ㰲ס
ɾްַ´һ飬Ц˵С»СŮΪ¹ﰲס
ɾһҲڻַľ磬ַҲ⣬ѩ˵ڽ߰ɣһϢȥǡ
ѩͷɾȥˣַЦЦҶ棬͵ΪҶˣ
֮Ҷ۾̾עЩҲϦļƻ֮У
ַ㲻⣬ҶһǷѩ䡣ȻҶ̾ѩϢͨԪͨʧģȻѽ˹Ԫ硣
ַһѩȻľڹԪ磬ֲ֮ʼ޷֪䡣ºˣ˵ľԮһѩ䣬дӦϦ飬ȵìͷ׼˹Ԫ磬Ƿȥˣ
ҶĬãַΪڿҲʼûջҶ˳ֵܴʱǰԪ磿
ºɡȱӵԱͬʱҲҪʱһ֣ڹԪϤ𣿡
Ҷҡҡͷû׼ǲýԪģοΪֶԹԪһȤҲûСɽѵڣԪٵ񣬽µûк·ȥˣ
Ҳûа취¡˵⻰ʱʵַķǳΣȵĳֹһѣɽ类ˣԪҲ㲻
볤ȵһ·ַ㷢־ҲȷʵǿƵģԭȵ磬ɽҲ쳣ǿƣѵֻΪ֮ģ
Ҷ˵ַ㣬ҲһȥһҲΪֹˣԪϽΧΪֲ룬ԡ
ףΪǾȸѾˣݶȽġļɾԼеɣԭҲɴյġ
Ҷ֪ǰ飬Ϊַ˵ĽɽһУЦһ·ȷʵգǹԪɽ绹Ҫ£ֵҲˡ
״ιڣҶĹԪʿΪǿܣʱļȷʵַǳ𾪣ЩԪʿǿȷǴġʱַѾ֮ǰλСĹˣڵѾǳ͸
ûʮȫʮԪҲеô¡οҾȶɽ綼һΣڹԪҲһܹΪġڴ֮ǰһǱȽϵֵİΣϾѾɵע⵽»ʱΪǵġ
ֵܾɷģѾﵽΪϣһʱǲҵǵġοΪΪɵ֮ǲġ
ַ֪λıʹڵжʶʹɵ۴ʱ鷳ҲһֵġֿҪúðϧԼҿɲع֮ʱһ߷ʬ壡
ҶЦֵܷģħָ֮ãһжô˳Ҳһ˳˳ֵܾͷȥɣȻع֮ʱΪֶȻܿһʬ壬Ҳɵ۵ʬ壡
СַЦ˼ɵۿ䣬»ô֣δܵˡڵ״Ҿܸ㶨ˣ㻹뽫ɵ۸㶨𣿡
Ҷ΢ЦʵΪģҲʵܾġֵ㣬㲻նɱ˱ƾʵΪս飬һ㲻ǿٱղĽ£
һЦľȻʱĻ㲻ͬɵۿǿƵ˼㡣
ʱϾҲ澳磬ɵµġ
ַЦˣ֮Цݽʧŵǵ˵޷ƥУӶӶ죬Ҫ̫ԼʵݡһҪǻһۿɵ۵ԭַ㻹йǣҶҲþȣַȷˣҶԲݺȣĵҶΣ
Ҷֺγַ뷨һҪأ绹úúһء
кѣھһΣ
ַЦŲҶҶҲЦãղײգǽҹݣ



494 
ɻʹӦַ֮ƣһľ翪ϯˡ
ϯ֮ϣҶԼȻеĽ㣬ֻⳡƺΪأΪֱ
һƣ֮Ƶʵǿտڰ׻ֻǶַ㡢ҶԣЩвŮӰˡ
ۺʼմڻ˯֮УŮҶָҪΪ磬ʶ˴ξΨַѩϯ
֮£һڶ࣬ⲢȽܵӣǵĵλƽ
ɻʴüҶַ㡢ѩɾαһλ֣ƼС±һλӢݹ۸þŮȺַ㡢ҶλӶԣ˵ϯʵڴ次
ѽָԪ磬Ϊ֮ǰҪٴϮڣɾʱһ䣬ԾȶˣϯƼԼʡ
ȵĶһвδܣַҲ˵ȵķӦϦ֮Ϯڣ֮ĽԪڡ
ϦѼƻһУξٶ⡣Ҿֹ罨Ϧݶھȶʵ̫ʥˣΪΪ˽ǶҪϮڡ
ҶԾ翪ʼַδһƣַ㻰֮˵ԼĵǣϾֻ֮أǧʱҲıϦıԡʵþȣҲȫûнȵԼˡ
飡
ַ㽫Ʊصھϣ˵Ⱦٶʱ徲ã˵Ŀͬʱۼַϡ
ַ˫۳Ĭ֮̾һһ˫ԴǸ˫ۣԣϦþȺݻپȣǾȱɱеλֲǸֵ𣿵֪̫˽Ǳ֮ˣ
ͨ磬ʱַһ仰ûȻ˵ϯ֮ͨϽгɵĸ֣ʹַҲδ˾
Ϧ澳ӣֹ֮ӣϹʱڱһλǿߡȥˣʵ¿ȵֹ磬ɾԽԼʦĸϦΪɱλǳض
ڴ˿̣û˳ЦȣҽΪʵΪҶ˾ȵʵ˵Сȡ
üž˵ĿʱۼַϣʱۼҶϣʶ˲ⳡϯǡ
Ϧȱʦ棬˵ֵܵе𣿡
δʦ棬Բʲôʦ档˳ֹ罨ɣǿȵĳֲΪֹ硣Ϊ¶ģҷǻֵָˣǾȵĵˣ
ҶͷȻַԷǳǿƣַ㱾̫ˣ浽ʱַ̻˽һЩ֮ˣʱ־Ͳˡ
ѩЦȶԴ˵ķںܶ˵޷ģشǷǰӲԥǰصľȡ֮ǰչ˺һΪأȹ֮ʱ¸Ҳûָˡ
ȳɹ֮ʱָֻ֮աʱΪһ磬ڡһȻڣЩǿĹԪʿҲԣսҳͻ⡣
ҶѩڵĽһİΣĻҲ൱ַĻʶҶûеЦѩģָ֮ҲûʱڧΪҶйͬĵˣѹ
Ҷ˵һƣֵԣȵĳΪķӡԭ緢ʲôȺɡڴ֮ǰìܽھУķչʵɾȾġ
Ҷ˼ַףڻָ֮ǰǶݵ䶥Ϊ趨÷ڽŽ
һһ壬ǲ뿴̣Ҳ뿴սȹϽȫʵҲǵİȣҶĻȷʵζ
˲֪ѩѸ֪ɽ粢ֹΪѰҵھŽҪڳɹ֮ʱìܡ
ȻѩֹֻתݵãϦϵҪԶ˺ܶ࣬ԾȶǾȵĴ㣬ľҲǾȵľ
ԣҶַ֮ǳ̹Ȼؾһƣֵ֮Ҳӣ룡ַȸΪҶЦЦ˵һơ
ãһղ֪ȥĻͻȻڵ֮УȻСɿɰĺɫģоƺȾȻҲѽ
ַЦҪɻʹΪලλôվȻӰޡʵʲôȥˣ
ɵЦ䵽ѩϣҶΪǲúʽҿûʲô˾ͳȥȥˡǲ֪羰ô۷ɵﶼŮȺǲȥ̫ϧˣ
֮ϳЩЦַҶһεЦɾЦ򼰸ŮΪ򰲶˲פʶڶࡣǽΣѰеȥ˰ɣ
ɬ澡ʧؽѩ㷢е֪Ϳˣô˵˵
ڽ֮ʱ㱻еˣΪ˾͵͵ɻʹľƽѣɾһʱ䷢֣֪ɻʹӲֹ»⵽ȫλ׷ɱ
ºѵΪ˲ȶˣɰģ־ơۺεȾӣɰĻ޲Ķע⣬ûúܡ
˵ɾѲ֪ȻȷʵޱϾޣǵ˼άͬ˼άɾδֹҶҲûġ־ơ
ɾַεҡҡͷ֪ˣʱӦǿƻƵġ
ίѩ㷢УģʵĶԶ׳Ʒƺ֮⣬ЦһƬ
ַҶҲЦķǳģϾһһ磬ϯ֮ϳԣȻá
ַ˱ɻʹסҶɾӦȫԱܹ˵С˼¡
֮󲻾۾ɨԼڡУѪ츽ںĤ֮ϳֶ֮ƣԭַеЩ졣
һѪһַַ㱾Ϊɶ֮ƣӦһѪѪ·ĵ㣬ﵽ֮֮ơ
ڿַƺЩˣ۵ĺǼ֮ڳԣеûаֵ֮ģΪ
ɨһܺʶԼ˴ͨǲ۵ģȻеʧʹʱή
д뷨̱۾ַЦ˳ԣۣͨǿڽΪ壬ֻҪûжΪݿǲӰġ
˿ʲôط˯ˣ
ɻʹ˯աȻ˯ʱ䳤˵㣬㾫ƺõĲˣ
ϻίظСôûгԹ㾫ܲ𣿡
ַ㲻ЦܹȫΪˣԵƬ̣ҪѩΪ׼ЩԵġ
ַͨĽ֪ͨѩ󣬵ʱ䣬Ҫʱú̽һ۵ã֮ǽٴϮڡô˵ǸϢɣǲѾȲˣ
ɣʵôˣ
ǵǳ˳Ŀǰ֮Ӧܹ
ǽ֮ʱǾϮ֮գ
ǵġĴϻӦܹµЩʲô
ȻȲˣ˲üǶŬҿûʱˣҪѩٶȿ㣬ʳһҪ̽أ
ַҡҡͷЦѩˣһʱҲܻ㻹ĵȴɣʹżҲ
ǾȥһŽַ˳ȥַ֮̽ЦãֻѰɻʹӡ
ʱ֮ɻʹǰַ㡢ѩѵȴʱǾž֮գȽڽٴ߳Լĵ·ȥԾӦԵһмѡ
ãһεȳǰʱڽˣҵȷʵôôò⡣
ַЦٽǺõģûʧ
εǿڴǰ٣ر˫峺͸˫ۣһ۾ܿεʵѾȣַǳ⡣
ղӰǰ
Ѵﵽ磬ܽʱ㹻ֱӽ뷲ʵȴǰҲǿ˺ַܸܶ࣬ܵѾҪﵽˡ
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ַЦЦ裬ͨӦܹͬﵽʵͻͽڤƺҲѾﵽˡ
ַ㽫ᱧ֮´صŮԡ
ģЦŮĸоΣ
ٺ١ַεЦŮҲЦ
˵Ц裬ַȷʵܵ˻𶯣𣿿ǧ򲻵ۣȻڤ۵Ҫʧˡַԣ۾ˣΪʶġ
ܹܵϢĸ֪õЧڵѾǰ֪״ˣң
ַʼ罫˵ϣϢȴǰδı䣬ʵȴͻͽˣã
ֹʵǰЦڵѾܹ֪ϢˣýȡЦ˽ඣ
ŵŴͣһʹ̼ңһ˿ӣҿˣ
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ã˸ҶɾƼԶҶҪ𣿡
ǰѾ̫ʱˣȿɲһֱôңȥַ֣صŮǽҪڣ֮󼴿̸ͨĿĵأԪ磡
Ȼ죬ŮĬĬ˵ͷҶףֵһ˳ڴ˵ȺȻع֮գ
Ȼַ΢ЦŻظһ䣬һʺˣȾʹ˰ݱ𣡡˹һҶҲһ
ʺӰ֪ȥҶ̾һĳҪˣ



495 Ϯ
ڣɽΪ׵һţʤɽǿߣǾɵۡ
֮ǰʼմڳȻڣɽǾԵִˣǧ˵֮ʶϮڵ¼ɽȻ󲨡
Ծʵʩһϵ׷ɱжսʧܸգɽҲδõйؾȵЧϢΪ˾ȶγɽȴʼδ⵽ڵĹ
žΪ˽¶ƽҲֹͣԾȵ׷벻鷢ˡΪηڶɽʱһ򾪶ɽϢڴȼ𣺾ȶιڣ
衢ε顢Ů֮󣬾ȽʵٴνŽڣ˲ȶչ˹
˴ϮӦϦ֮ʶûκĿ꣬Ҫ˵ĿĵһǾǾԼŬڣȽԪϢ֪ɽˡ
ǰŵãһаվڵ֮ϣѩϢ˴ϮǷǳۣǲ̤Ž˵һˣ˵֮ʱϮˡ
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ѾˡСкĿģǻΪǾܻŰɣ
šǵȷôΪġַһ˿ɵЦЦ˴Ϯڲ֮ǰǴΣĿĵǰ
кĿģ
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λнãȻԪУΪս˼ٳɽ˲ӽַˡʺҫַһ֮ʺ绤ס˼ˣλ˲һնʺ粨˷׷ױˡ
󾪣ַ㼸˾ﵽʲô磿ʹ˶ַĲʺƺѾʥʹҲô׾˼λɣѵѾﵽ澳뿴ҲǲܵģȷʵѾôǿˡ
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ַͷǵòλǰӦþɾɣΪɾλľ֡
ɾ̤ǰ䲻ҲѸ١˴ΨϷܹΪĶˡ
ַ΢΢üͷȻ֮ţɾȱΪʵһɾַɲΪһʵҲûУЦȻǰ˿ΪǰĶְɡ
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էֻӣΪ綼ӵͨĸˣΨһ˲ıյ˫ۣ׾Ȳӵλ۳Ա
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촫һ̶ʱãĻزӰλ΢һ²ѵֻһͨķˣΪʲôһ㷴ҲûУ
ɾȻüͷϢ˾˱ܣ˵չɾһȥλȻ⣬Ƿ׷˱Զȥ
ԶԶ֮ĻɢȥһӰĻ֮УȻˣվ˿ֵļûС
˴󾪣ַ㣬裬ȼλԱʲôΪʲôǵͨԽԽ˶ˣ
һش쾪ˣԶһãһãѾΪԽ޷ٶȵһεˡ
һʺҲͬʱԶգܹʺǰգɾǳ򶨵ĿŲʺ硣һӾˣһλԿųһˡ
һɺ紵һ׻Ϊڸλ˾ȻҲױˣһԶļλá
ܿ޾ɽ֮Ϊ֮Ͻ޾ҫֹڶᱻȺǻȥȻһλɾҪֹµķѩĻǳλɾһʱȻ޷ӽ
ѩʵǿǶŮϷǳλԿɾһʱ侹Ҳ޴롣ʹ÷ᱻѩƽ⣬ֹͻ˭ɵسܷ
һӿֲɫȪˮȻ֮вӿ˵ֹˣܹٺΧѾѵˡ
ǰ裬ѾٸСȵĳԱˣΪʲô˿ѵû
ʱշԭĽӽģյˣվȻȹˣ޷
Ϊ˸辿ʲôɾһʩ裬ֻһѷȥӽ֮ʱͻȻԶ
ŮѾһ޷·Ҳ޷ӽġ
Թɾ任˹õֻ֮һ쳣ĽɫɽҫϿգҵعãƺŶӳΪ˽ɫ
΢΢üͷЦλǰ档
֮ǰʲôҲûǲܵģڤ۵з壬ֻ֮лϢɾԷʱԶ˵巶ΧֻεؽƯ֮УΪʲô޷Ҳȹ̵ԭ
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Ļ꽣ĬһɫԪԣͬʱص׷ע뵽Ԫ֮Уδ˸ܵ㡣
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ɾһ۵Ȼˣֻ˵ͬڵʵӦҲԽʥ
ʼգһձ㱻ˣȷڵ壬ĵǿġ

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˱شЩӵо֮˵ʵһ裬ȡڡҲСֻñӹɾָӡ
żӭԪ轿̾һ΢΢Ľã͸
ըľٴξˣֻԶλһߺ
ͬӰ쵽ַɾĶԿȻڶ˵ֶǼΪǿ󣬵һ̻ǲڵķ
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496 
ڣȡҡ֮սڽУò˵վȽȣ쳣ǿƣرǹַԼڵ裬һرĸо
ɾϹʱ֮һ֮ͨκý齫Էڽƻַ㿴ʵֲ̫
һȫΪΣʹַܹؼƯĵ壬Ҳ޷ȫķΪھԵķ
һٿɾٿص岻ܹش֣ٿؼĵΪ˹һľ
ǰ̸ɾĹַˣΪҲ޷֤ܹЧֵ˵·ˣΪѾʩչַܴ˵ɾԴشŮ˵صĺ
ַҧɢҫ߲ʣǰʵһ˵ɾ
ãһַٳԪ׼ӦɾҲȷʵ˲ٿصķʽ½ַ㡣
ɾҲǷǳĳԾΪʹÿʼֻһʧֹԭǴеǱַȻܹܵƮĵ壬һſСɫߣַ㿴һǳγɵǴ
ַΪŴУݻַ㣬ʶúСһֵĵΧַ㣬ַΪܹܵԶ㿪˰ΧȦ
ڴ󲿷ǰߵۼɾԣַ޷ͻַǿƽΪܾˣĿǰܵشΪ뽫Ůȫڡ
ãȻֻһСֵ壬ʵҲǲ٣ɾЧٿٶҲﵽ˼ޣַͬʼżٶڶܹ
˿ַĶǳ죬ΪǿɾͿַ㻯ǵʺ磬ҺƷƵġ
飡
һĽԵɢַʵڶֻԪ赲һ¡
ַϣոδȥ˽ǼɫߣԵϾȻܹǿ
ʺһַ⣬ɾüͷ΢־ƯĵʱڡַɨһԪ񽣣֮һ΢Ѻȴôۡ
ÿµĵ塭Ԫ񽣱ϾѹһΣַѪ޷ȫ޸Ϊ񽣼ͳ̶ԶԶǰַ㲻ԪٴζѣֻջԶɾ
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ݺţΪΪֹ֪˶ٳ֣ʹһƽҲؼĴڣҲֹˡݿɲΪַӵַ֮ͨԣġ
ַ̾ǰʵڸǿ޷Ҳ޷ƽ⣬ʵԹ˲Ͼ޷ЭԭǰӦ˽⡣
ô˵üͷַòѰ·Կɣ
ַЦЦٴɢҫ۵߲֮ãһ°ɣ
ȻŴɱַ㣬ɾǵһַѾʶΪλҪգĪѾƽ֮
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ַ֮㱻ػˣȻ岢ˣ֮𣬱ϾǿӲĶԿ֮ǿ
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ʹΪһЦĹϵɾַ㣬ҲҪشȻַô־ܣַ㰵̾һȫʹ֮貵Ĳʺã˲佫
˵ȷ˻ǳͷۣɾ˵ʲôΪĵǳ࣡
ûоԵķҲûʮȫʮķ壬ַ֮ˡɾŹǲٿص彫ַŰΧ֮ٷ׷ײٿϸСĵ建ӽַķ
ַǳ𾪵عܵ壬עżŻƶɫߣȻ˴ȫҲҪСΪϡȻַˣɾĵ徹Ȼһ֮ڴ͸֮С
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ٿɾʱʤȯգһһĲٿصͻַûһ˿ӡʵʵҲˣַ㶼Ѿڰ֮ϣݻôżȡʲôĥʵҲһܣ
ȻɾܣΪַķʵȻҲרĲٿصһһȥٿءͬʱɾЩϧΪַܹ֪Լĵ壬֮ԿϳܣΪ˷ֹԼȥŮ
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ŵ彥͸зִַ⣬Ҳʹֹͣ˽ӽ忪ʼƶַɾ׽Լ
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ǰˣȴвΪ˸мǰĶ飬ҲΪִǵļƻ
ʲôƻǵ𣿡ɾ̾һֹͣ˵崩͸ȻȵǿǳѸ٣ŶɺвǵļƻӦ趨İɣкعѾˡ
֮Ǻ⣬ŻϮڣΪȻŵĶ֣ʹտʼռ˵Ϸ磬ʱһԻܡ
ʵַҲڿ⣬ϦӦòھݺȣѵҪȽԪ𣿾ʹݺȶһôҲûеġ
ַԥɾԼˣȹܵʲôڰڵìܣ
Ĭַ˾ȲϦǷݺ˾ȣǾ֮Ҳǲܾʹǵġ
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⡭ɾͣһ££СѻǲҪѯʵĺá
ѱǰ˾أʲôǲ˵𣿡
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ܵ岻һЩַԼƽݻɣЦǰĲ֪ˡ˸֪ǵλʦֽᱻŹԪ磬ԾȲڴЭģ
ݴ󾪣˵ϢȻѱ˵֪˵֮ڴͽʲôأ
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֮壡
Ϊַֹʹ֮巽Ϊʵ̫ǿһСľͻˣ˴ַѾѡˡ
֮ӵһڷֽⷨ;һ;ٻʮ˼׵ڹ׵繥֮ĵ
ɾǿ㣬֮ϵ׵粻ɽףԽ˼ף׵Ĺûмܹܣ
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һһ׵ɾѡַֻļʮŵ壬Ȼ׵Ѿ֣Լһȡ
׵貵ãںڰиҫۣ˲ס۾ɾҲס۾Ϊ׵粢ûַϣ
ԴԼлһ˿ζɾסˣַΪʲô׵ˣҪɱأȻɾɴ۾֮еһӰɼͦȻǳǱַȷʵţ
ȡ
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˵ȻûУɾѾ˼ŵ壬ַܵˣ˵Ĳءַı׵ɹܵĵ壬ɾѾƽˡ
ֱɫָɾʶԼѾַȥȻȥˡǵڶ
ַظֱͷǵڶǵһ˭
ֹ֮磡
ַŴֹͣ磿磬һ湻ҵģȻǰ˸߿
ɾЦãַǱ߿ˣôоԼǱСˣ



497 Ļڤ
ɾΪǿĵ幥Ϲһαֹ֮ȥʱգڶλƽ˳ˣַ㡣
ȻַҲܵ˵㴴ˣȷʵǱַȥˣԴɾεرʾϿɣϿַʵѾ֮ϣ
ַɾԿʱԹɾ˵ĶԿѾɿ׼ȷ˵ǶԿƽԷıݡ
״γڤ費ԣʶʼʼʹڤƽ⹥ڤ۵ȷǳãȴ幥޷Ԫȹ⡣
ڳ۵ĵգ۾ǻ壬ͬʱܹոͬʱҲܹһΪá
ʱ˿ڤ۲δۣͨķӦɾɵڽս˱ȫĳԡ
ַƽɾɾֹͣ˹ַΪձʱʣҲûٽежε˵ĵҷǳʵãԽԽرµȺ䣬ŴƬѾҵĲˡ
ҲˡĸоǳȣַֻһСһ߹۲Ů״
ʵʲôˣѵǻк
һսַɾԶԶԷһֹĸоʶ򲻵Ѷ˲ٴν֡
˵ַѾٶˣǵң֮ǰǲҲ˵ֻΪңڿҵҲˣóˡ
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ٺ٣ѽֻûڣ뾡ڡһսѾ˸λǰʵٴȥȱضԿþء
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ʷεЦЦһѩ΢ЦһҲǲǿǺ飬ʵÿλʿڿһʱֳԹһģǾǽˣ



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ѾԳԹˣʹΪʵûóȫϾѾʹڽ˵״Ҳܹ²⵽ʹóȫҲܴ򴩽㡣
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Ůɫָһѩһ񣬵ѩˣǼĿ𣿡
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ַһָʷϵһˮȥڵѾΪеˣȻ˲ݣֺα̫Ըҿ޵Сˣ

ŮסˣҡͷһЦͣԭأԭǵַܵ˹ƻ󣬿ڿܵƻķʷֲŶԣΪʷֵС
һѩٴδ󾪣ôδʷЦҲδʷֱ¶飬ھȻẦˣ
λַ㾿ʷʲôΪʲôʷֵĹƻӰ죿Ůˣϰˣ飿
ˮַѩڿȱ𣿡
ѩɨһɬЦ㶼Ļȱѽ
ѩĻһѩˣַΪʷǳʣǽʷڴڵԵˡڵʷѾǼ򵥵èѾӵԣӵ˵˼һŮأ
ַЦʶһλ׺ŮĺҲ޷ںϵѣһ·ĥһֵڵٺٺ١
һѩַ˻ĿģΪĻɣʲôַ˾һѩǳͣΪͬʷλãܹΪβʷ֡Ȼòģ



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ַ΢΢һЦѩԣȾʹ˸λﱣأǺڣ
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Ҳ뿪ʷ֮ѩ⣬ֻΪɾһѩӢۡĳƺţΪηʷҵһμ˵ҫܹͨʤεģ
ȴбǱʷݺʷ뾡ȡһѩʣ˴һսһѩλǣַ²ʷӦòȡѩˡʷңӦҲһѩĴڣַһսʷҵĿģԼػһѩ
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ѩԼķµĴ򹥴ʷڵءǴ˵㽨Ҳַܾˣַ뿿Լ㣬Ϊһѩڶ棬ܸܵһѩϢڶ棡
ַ쳤ЦһĺˣԼ棬ԼʷҵΡ֪ˣʱΪλҪһѩʷң



507 콣
ʷҼ˵һѩһѩǨŭȣͼþȵŭԪ硢ɽĴս
ʷİѾʷСĳ뷨վʵǻδдԽֻܽŭйħ֮ڣǿͨµĴ
۾ȺΪΪע⣬ʱֻҪ׾ɽͻ᲻ɱ⣡
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콣ɣԭֹ֮彣֮콣ڽ֮У콣ɾͽ޷ԽİԼ޷֮
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ŮַӵЩȣָֻܿʼʷҵٴιʷٴܴңڶΪ˼ȫս
촫ϯʷգŮȥҡͷ̾ϢڵǾȻĽܹʹ÷ַ㡣ͬʱҲַܲΪҪǽ񽣶ԵУִ򷨶ŮʵЩ
ַҲŮɻʵ˼ҪŮʩչ˭֪ε֮Ůϰ뷨ĽϣԴʲô˵ģ
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ߣЦʷİȻмӣ֮δȥһһ塣ڣƾǼλ˾Ϸδ̫СЩ˰ɣ
ҫ幥ɶַЧʷİһǰ˫ָ֮ȼɫãʱһ޾ںϵһַͬȥ
ޱȵٴϯ죬ϵʷҲ֧飬ʷİķˣȻ˵˶ַ֡
ãҫεŮһǱԶ߿գ˴ʷİĹ̫ˣһҲˣ˵Ĳء
˵ǵԶе̳ΪַڣȻʶַͨ˷ǳȣʷİϾһλҪǿľǿߣο˴ι˵ǿַ㻹ܷܶԷĹ
һãҫأƬһ˲仯Ϊޡã꼻һַ֣˫۵Ȼһ޺ۣɫ֮ƽΧڡ

ѩϲǰַǿһòܹ赲йܹΪǿĹˣ֮һַ
֮𣿡ʹַܹʹ֮ʷİȻûη塣
Ҳѹ֣֮˵ֻһֵȻֵǳǿ󣬵ʷİλǿ˵ƽ֮ʲô¡ؼĻΪҪַ㣬ʹʹݵƽһ֮Ϊ澳Ҳ᲻ںЩ
ƾ֮ǲʷİģһ㲻ʷİַ֪δһ㽫ʷİ
һ춯أ޾׵ٴκ죬˴βʷİķַ֮׵ٻܹƥе˼׵磡
ʷİ۾ַܿٻ׵ǳǿ󣬶Ҳܿ׾ǹԪӦе
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ʷİþԭľֹĴˣеƺδΣ˵һҪϢ
ֹ类Ϊ֮Ϊƿ֣ͨҲָͨģΪֻۡھȵͳǰܹȡ
ȻʷİҲǵӵľȷǳΣգֹԡɡݲƿ֣ɲΪԼҪ͵ַܹƿ
ʹַܹʹһЩ֮ЩʷİԼܹӦֻҪַ޷ֵȫʷİĳôʱȡ֡
һõƿ֣ʷİʵ޾ԼҲֵܹ֮ĻԻ͡ʱҪ˵ɵˣͬҲپˣ
û뵽ЩȻܹӵʵǲ֪ôƾӵϷΪƿذɣʷİŭһ˫ƻΪ£֮ƣһɫ廯ΪĻַԼ֡
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ŮҲǴ󾪣ַͨһδǲ٣ַ㲢δ̬ʷİȻ޷˵ַ㣬ȴѹ¿ô죿
ַȴƽӣѧֹԽΪƤëд˶ԵȷӵֹȻ֮½ҵȣǿǵɱ֤ݡдʹӵҾҲɻһеˣ
ãһ˲ںַڣַƶʱǣٴαȹһ̫ͼҲٴι淶
ʷİһӴѹַƴ֮ƺǿ˲٣ַ޷ƿȻҲô޷ֵĳΡ
Ȼʷİɴ۾ںַ֮㲻ƴǣһӰȻҲէһоʲôȶǵӰҲȻһַ̫ͼ
ַٴκϲ˫ָǰԼƺ̫ˣ̫ŵĻǺ׶ġһϢ޹ʳ֣Ľɫ˲仯Ϊޡ
ʷİ˫һ˫һ𣬲󾪣ѵܹٿַ֣ԽԽʵ廯̫ͼһɺ⽥ʷİȫ廷ơ



510 ֮ĸ
Ԫ磬Ļڶ˹㷺עҲ֮һ֪㲻޹ʻ⣬Աضʲôɳ˹̽Ԫ硣
ʱ˿̣ż֮£ʷҼ弴ٻԵĴ
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ʷİַȴƵģɺϲ˫ָվ֮̫ͼ֮ϡ
衢۽ַ֮򵽵ķ˴Ҳǵһʹá˳ĵĸоʹַԼļûд֮Ŀʹãǻ۾ʹóֵ
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Ůĸо۵˳ǵ֮У֮н뵽ַڡΪ˽Ǳ۵̬ûܹһ仯ʷİĵĺԽǿҡ
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ʷİŭһԣӵѹֵַ΢΢һЦţҲ֪š
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ãַ壬ɡһ֮ԶŮڡã˸ϧ񽣡ڤͬԶȥ
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û׵ߵʲôַ㱾Ҳδ׵ߵĺ壬׾ȷʵڵߵѩӵеġ
ߵĴڣĸҲɳ֮Ϊκεһɷʼģ
˷άƽ⣬ͻһ֣ǰ飡ɴ˿ɼǼ̳˵ߵǱӵ˵ߵ
ߵӵһǧȵػҲӵ򷨹һÿλѩӵеƷ֮˲ߵ֡ĵߵܹﵽ򷨹һĵز۷壬ǰǿȫģ
ΪΣѩȫʩչʹһЩ֮ڵĵߵ
ֻãһе峹׻Ϊޣַ˵ĺʱѩδƽʶַȻ
ۡ
ʷİһѪĿ㵣ѩʲôΪĵ幥׶ɣַĵȴδӰ죿ѵǹĴڣȵĳԱҲ˿



511 츮ֻ
ѩߵЭŮһΣƽ֮ѩҲܵˣߵڵܹʹõġ
Ϊߵ֮ѩҲˣΪһ겻ڵأͬʱֱ˰޵״̬
ѩŮΣͬʱҲΪŽٺӮ˱ʱ䣬ô˻᲻Žɹ壬ַٴɢ廤סŮ
ãһһɢַ֮⣬콣һ˲佫ʷİ콣ˣַΣҲˡ콣֣ʷİȷߺֲʣ벻ѩΪܹӵǿ
ַгɱ⣬ʷİ޹ʹŮѾŭˣֿѩ򡱻ԭΣŭַѾѹסˡ
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ַָ䣬ǣŮֱȥʹҲַƳ˫۽뵽һڡڻΪѩ޴ȥͱַ˼ϣһѩֻˡ
ַνʷİ׷Ч콣ĹַʧſϮɹڶ콣ҲЧˣַеǱ콣ʵе콣֮ϣͬһֹܳɹεġ
ԴУ翼һʵעӷı߽磬ʷİԤƴҪһʱȫͻƣַ㲻׵ͻƳȥǵַӣʷİشĴ۽ϢʱͻƳȥ
屻ѩȥ֮ʷİѾһ˿ˣɢƽɫĵҲӰãʷİ֣Ȼ뵽ʷİĴ㣬ַѾľʹʷİ
ŮѾԹڣַ۾ٴη仯һȦڤ۵ƸԳһɫ·͸Ȧ۵ַɫ֮ͫϡ
ΪٺϾȫ֮Ůںϵַܹʹõǿֵͳ֮
ãһȵ콣Ưǰܹ콣֮ɴڵС͵Ľɫ̫ͼַǾǰһ°ɣ
ãһ콣˲ʷİǰʷİüͷһɨһһ콣ʷİˣʷİɫǳãΪе콣콣ײ֮Ȼһ˿˺ۣ
ʷİԾ˵ȵ콣Ѿͨ콣Ǳ൱콣е񽣼𣬲ȻҲӵǿ
ǰѾдˣҪʽˣ
ںŮ壬һͬںϵĻǵ˵ڵ˽һ塣
ãէ֣콣ٶ˲ŵĵزʷİ𾪲Ӱƣȫ콣ſ֮ƽ롣
Ϣʱ䣬콣ѷιʷİȫת콣ȷʵֿܹе콣ɳܲ콣
һǳˣһöСƬʷİԷɳַЦһ˫ãٶȵ콣Ƹֻʷİе콣飬ֻܿʣһ
ʷİã콣ȥζ赲콣Ĺʹ澳ǰҲܽ赲˷Ĺɣ
ȻʷİҲ콣ٶʵ̫죬ãŻƣ˵ʹҲģοַԻ
ۡ
һѪʷİ͸ַʷİ콣Ѿ޷ʹãٿ콣ҹʷİһʱ⵽콣ȫλ
ԭַ㻹Ϊ˽ʷİһʷİַԤϡĳ콣ȫλʷİȻ콣֮ϣѡǿͻ콣
һѪɿƮ䣬ʷİҧгĿߺޣȥʷİĴַԲκвΨһĳ·
ʷİǰˣֱ콣ˣѾӰ쵽ʵϢһʱܻͼͻƷ
ǡַûгʤ׷ɨܵŮôΪģɱ
Ůͬɱ
ûа취ˣʵҲôΪġ
ַ΢Цʷİɾ׼ʱһѩֹֹܲӷŹһѾˣҲŪӣǵĿӦҲﵽ˰ɣ
ַǴǰҾȸṥʷҡڲͬˣΪ˸ѵ𣿡
ҲûиеίԭҲǼ֮ˣۿϮȴ޶ѾҵĴԡ
ʲôַɨѩĿѩֵס͡
ַǾ֮ҾҪԱ֮һֻһЩС²ŻʷСƽʱʲô鶼ģѾʷұ뾡ȥ
ΪʲôһѩӯȻַ˵ԭݣϾڴôãҲȷʵԼʷ֮ˡ
ַûлشѩ⣬֮ѾԵѩѩһѩסˣŷִ˿ŮĿȫۼϣ˲ǵ˼
Ϊ˴һѩ뵽է⵽ʷϮһѩ䣬ȴųʷңѩҲ˻ڵģʷȿν𣬾ôô׷Źʷң
ʱ䵢Ѿˣʱǰ˵ҲѵôϢʱŮʷİʷİŵıַ˼
ʷİЦһ㶯ͻƷ磬Ŀոתˣַ㾹ȻžгԱ˲赲ǰ
ַǰδģҾȽձضҪġ
Դ󣡡ʷİžȷʵʵ澳ʵҲǲСģοȸ޷ѹôܽأ
ַɲָʱ쳣ֲΪ˭Ҳ޷²кεַͨ֡£˾ʼպ޲ʷİַ̺ԽԽǿˣ
ȻʷİԭͻȻӰַۣûһͻƷ磬ַոճֱ޹ʧˡʷİַ㣬ŷʷҷ羰ˣ治֪ʱȫȻΪ˺ɫ
ַЦŷ𣿻᲻Щˣ
ʷİ󾪣ѵַ֮ǰѾв𣿺Ȼһʺʧ֮ʽڣʷİ֮ͼѣȴķȫá
ַЦ˵
ʷİַ㱳̫ͼ֪ʱʧˣʶͷ£ȵķ¸һ̫ͼϲʺã׷ڡ
ַ֮Чõֵͬĳ֡ǰѾ޴ȥˣΪṩȥֻΪ츮Ϊֻأ֪ǰδ
ʷİߺһַˣɱˣ뽫ַɱǧ˰ٴΣǾɱңϷһὫȸϾɱ
Ҳֻˡ˵Щϧַϧ֮⣺Ǿ츮ɣҷ𣡡
ַһ仰ʷİͷϵ̫ͼʼתһص˲佫ʷİʷİҧػ۾һжˡ
츮֮ţ
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ã㣬ʺ̫ͼ׷׻Ϊޣַ㸩ʷңˡ֮ţ
ʷҵĺɫѸ£ܿͱΪһ״СĺɫԲ̣ޱǿҵ˲֡
ﰧҰʷ׼ҷȾͻǳ֣ȴû뵽ַķ˿£ǵڶƺͨŵ
Ҫһѩַֹ㣬ȴһ͵ƿˣۿʷһλλڶһ취ҲûС
һλӰ˵ע⣬վͬȸ߶ȵʷȻӰҲڶû˿ֻŵı顣
硭һѩɴ۾ѵַ㻹뽫ʷҲڶ
ʷƽıַûие⣬ÿ˶ҪΪԼµĴ󸶳ۣĴȻҲӲʹ
һɺڶʷʷЦЦƽӣΪһѩڰȫˣŻôİɡʷںһѩȴںΪʷһִַֹ
ǵߵһѩȻҲӵеߵַֻû뵽һѩΪ˺ʷ֣ҾȻҲ˵ߵ
һѩӵеĵߵѩҪܶ࣬ͬʱַ㲼µǿ֮ĩԴ˴⵽һѩĵ幥ĵ屻׻ˡ
Ļ⣬֮šƣַҲΪ巴ܵش׷׿ѪήҲ
⣬һѩȴַʷȥƽĺܼʱʷҲʹΪˣӰҲһЩήҡ
ʺ绬ַܾʹ˲ֹѩһĨǵѪǲܷȥġҲѡһԸ뿪Ŀʷ
ΪʲôǲѾﵽĿΪʲôҪʷأ
˵ҪĿıǽʷأΪ㡣
ڲǻĺܺ𣿡
ַкܶ㲻˽ģʷ
һѩüͷһͼٴξۼȫȴڵѾˡַûõģǹڵ״̬ʹһΣҪܳʱָܵڶʹá
һѩסˣַ㲻ʵǿ󣬶ԼƺҲǷǳ˽⡣ַ˵ĶģԭҲľǾȱųԱֻҪĿʷȥġ



512 ʷұ
츮ֻأַʹõǿ˾кǿĸãرһѩǿƽַ֮ⷨˡ
䱻ƽ⣬ַֻȴûʧڵķҲûʧ赲һѩַҲﵽˡŮؿַڵĳò԰ףҲ㲣Ψ˫ֻȻҡ
ַĸıһѩһѩǲ˵һ䣺ΪʲôҪ·ѡһԼѡ񣡡һѩҲַΪľҲ˳ɵĸֻҪ΢Щʱ䣬ַɱʷҲûˡ
һѩδɱַ㣬ֻʷһ˵ʷһλҪĸ磬ΪĿʼʷ¡ַ˽⣬ԼȸѩҲЩͬĿǰǲ޳ַɱʷġ
һѩʲô˼ַ㲢˽⣬ͬԼѩ˵ûѩþһ˿ٴδ˵ʹ
ַ㣡˴󾪣ַʱ״̬ÿ˶ǳʱ״̬ٴʹǿĵɱΪʲôҪ˾
ַ֪ӵһԲַֻǺַܲΪʲôҪʹַǿһѩѡӦûð취ŶԵġ
ѩѡ񣡡
ڶֻһ˲ַͿɽʷ񣬿ǸѩһλᣬʷȷǱɵġ
һѩǳȣҲַʹô˾ܻ֮ܿɥַľҲǳɻΪһԼͺܶླַΪʲôԸ˴Ĵۣôʲôô
ַɨһµķ棬ʷдҾ͸һοǵʱ䡣ٴγ֣ʷҷ׷ڶȥвдʷˡ
㡭ѩߺ޳ڵַҲòȥѾûٴƽ˽ĲҽԼںڶУѩоԼĶҪˡ
ַ㻺ϲ˫ָޱٴα԰׳ɷ⽫һˣʷ˾ʷҲͷڴ֮ǰѡ񣡡
ãһ콣һʱ令סŮΣһѩַػ⵽Ӱ죬ʷַֻ֮ȹԴѩѡ
ΪʲôΪʲôҪôôʲôôǵĿĲѾﵽ𣿡
ȵĿһһǴ㣬һǻʷңɱʷˡ

ַɨʷ񣬵ѩѾѡ񣬾Ըۿʷôģ֮գʷӰڶȥ
ѩ󾪣ҪԮȴΪѲַۿʷӰڶȥ
ɶ񣡡ѩ˲ʵˮ˿̵ʹԼܣʹַľҲʹʷΪʲôҪǾȡ
ȻַüͷʷĿЩ֣ʼնעԼӰͷʷ񲻶࿴ѩۣΪƫƫĿⶨԼϣ
ʷĿǳ򶨣ʹҲмһˣĬĬעַӰʷӰѾӽڶڼڶʱַ㿴ʷǷЦݣһǳ밲Цݡ
ʧڶ˲仯Ϊޣʷ񼴽֮ʱסˣΪʲôڶ޹ʧˣѵַѾ
ƬʷҼ岻ڣһ涼ûУʣµĽʷλˡַ㻺־ѩߡ
ʷûŮΪַѾɥֱŮŷģֻΪʲôֱɱʷ
ǿд𣿡ַƽעʷ񣬻ַ˼ãһѩһȥ
ϣʷվͷַӣƺͨ˱ɽŮŹֵԶˣַ㾿
ãһѩŮԡѩǰȥ쿴ʷƣŮˣŮǵѪһѩƽ֪ʷַУҲʹǰȥҲı䲻ʲô
ǣסѩС֣úÿŰɣܵܵÿģӦ
ѩɻѾ壬һʲô
ַ뽫Ͷˣ㻹ʲôŵģ
ʵˣѩַ㲻ܷŹʷĳìܡڵǳŮҲ޿κΣֻܹԶַ㾿к⡣
ۺɫһ䣬绯ˡһµĻַ㣬ַ䵽ʷǰ
ַ԰׵ĳʷЦˣֺͨ벻׶ǵĶַ֡δĬĬעʷƽ΢Ц
ʷֵ۾ҲǳأԭֵֹֻۣҲǳɣ
ֻ˶ѡ
ַĻشƽʷЦȲΪ
ַ۾ƬһļϣԼѩϡԲ԰׷ַþδһðʷ΢΢һЦݰ
ʷܵˣܵһɲɣϢԼǧյļַ߹·Ϊַľ磬һһܹ֮Ȼʱλô㲡
ַֻۣ֮㻹𣿡
ַ˵ȻһѩʷЦأ
ڵѾȥ
ˣҲǡ
Ӿþջʷ˳Ϊβ¸Ͼɱ
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ϧѩ𣿡
ɡ
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㡭
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ַ㽫ѩ뻳УѩС۾ɨַһۣһãϢûˡôˣΪʲôϢô΢
û£ϢͿԻָˡ
ѩɨܣʲôطʷұ𣿡
ַ㰮ظѩ׵ëһ㣬Ҫˡ
ѩǰʷΪʲô㻹Ҫһѩȥˣûˣ
Ҷܺãɶ㣬
ѩЦһ۾ʵ̫ˡַ㱧ѩʷʷЦЦֺøѽôΪ㸶һУҲˡ
ַԶһѩ㻹ʲôҪѩ˵УҿԸᡣ
ˣ޻˵ַԴѩʷѾַһѩ꣬ȻԼҪˣΪʲôҪַһѩĹϵ
ʵҲû뵽ַƽĿٴʷ񣬵ѩϣȻѡʣŮѵ㲻ÿϧ𣿡
ʷ΢ЦȥĶѾȥˣΪλҪǶ£ְɣʷҡ
ãһ콣ַԣϵĽɫ̫ͼôĿַȻɱܻ˵ѩģҾȲΥµκξ콣˽ɣڴ֮ǰҪԭѩԪ񡣡
һãʷ͸һɫӰʷڷ˳Χַ뵽ַڡ
ǵɫӰȻһѩԪ񣬿ԼԪ뵽ַڣַƺûһ˿ʵӣһѩסˣӿֳһĪıʹ
ʷһЦѩ˵ǳҪֶҲôҪ
ллĿ佱һ·ߺá
콣˸ҫã˲͸ʷ壬ʷһѪЦӰõ޹ʧ֮С
磡һѩӿֹ֣Ȼǲģַ㻹ɱʷ񡣵ѩûһ˿ŭһ˿᲻ԼɻΪʲôԼûһ˿⣿
Ůأַȥ
ãȺ콣壬ΪŽ׷˶ȥҲٴλصһѩڡַǰƯ̾һ˫۽ϱյȥ
һã˲ַ£ַѩ˻޴ĳϡŮ󾪽鿴ַѩǻԺ˶һ
һѩĬĬעַѩ˿̵ĳɻΪʲôۿַɱʷԼȴԼԪΪʲôַܹٻعڣոյΪʲôںԼڣ
һѩףΪԭǾȵĳԱַԾʵ˵ҪĿΪ˽ؾȥ
ʲôأһѩֻ΢ЦעŮҲ˹
ѩҡҡͷҲûʲôֻЩԱ𣿴Ҷǽã
š΢ЦŮŮһҲЦô󣬴ڳΪõĽãȵĳԱ
֪ˡһѩ̾һٴԵַˣ׻кܶҪȥ˽⣬ҲҪȥʶġ
ε˵̫¶ոյĴսҲһʿע⣬һ뿪ĺã֮ܵ㡣
Ů˵ͷεһãˣãһŮӰ֪ȥֻһƬƽڽż֮£ʲôҲûз



513 
ڰ磬ڰأڰ׵Ӱ澳ǰʷİԾַĽذڣ̫ͼ׷ȴһѩߵ֮¡
ΪʲôǵĿĲѾﵽ𣿡
ʹڶ߽磬ڶ֮еʷֳһְ΢Цַ㿴һѩı飬Լ˫֮ɢһ˿Ρ
ɶ񣡡һѩƷǳʹ֪࣬ߵѾ޷ʹõǰȻǿʹãʹʧܱѪ໥ڣѪ֮ǻַԣַĸоѪɴеĺ⡣
һַ˯ۣԭֻһξ
ֱһ˿Ửַע⣬ȥֻһֻ˴СİԼϢһĴϡ
ˡ
ϤȥֻһѩһעԼѩ
ѩַһʵһѩûȥǱȾȳʷңȻʷҲˡ
ַܵԼֻû˿ʲôط
ħһؽ磬˵λʦ־סĵط
һѩ̬꣬ûΪַʷҶֵķǳŭַҲûѩϸоɱ⣬һѩһضʧļ䣬ŷŹԼһɡ
һư׷ҡַǰַ̾벻츮ֻ֮󡭡˯˶ˣȥˣ
һѩ۷磬ܼһ£ܳʱ¶ҪΪһȹˡ
ַ΢΢һüͷŶأ
⼸䷿䣬ǳսҲܵشˡ
ַþδһѩҲǾþƺѰصһѩַ֮Ѿû˹ͬԡ
ðʱ̣˴ֵκ죬ַѩ˳Ĭãá
һУַ԰׵ķߣַ΢΢۾ַɻԵѩͨ鰲̬ԼƽȵĺַѩûΣգϢһʱӦÿԻָ
һѩҲ˻ԵѩС΢ȴûַһѩѩĳַǳɻҲһؼĵһҲһؼһ
Ҳѩѩܾǰѩȥһλֻʣλѩˡַһѩĵɻȿڸ֪ѩܡ
һѩüͷ˵ǾȳԱ֮һǵڼ
ǵһ֮ų˵ڶַǺһЦһѩǲޣŻӶĳµѩɺϵĳλѩ
ӦǺܾǰ˰ɣһѩңԶļ䣬Ϊʲô뿪ȣǺֵĴڣ
뿪ֻһ⣬Ϊҵַ㲻˵һѩΪĲ뿪ģھǺֵĴڣۼ֤һ¾ȵĴڣԼжϡ
ѩεؿϣڶЧķַͬ˼Ҳԣֻһؼ䣬Ƿм٣ʱͲҪˡ
ɡôһ죬ʱȡҵȡ߶ԡ
ʵַҲǷǳìܵģһѩʧȥԭеԪͨɽˣĵѾԭĵˡѩھȻǱŵߵйصߵַ˽Ļ٣ַìѩǷʸھȡ
ȶѩ»ôַһֱһҪߵȻѩƺҲڵߵһѩҲӱա
һѩ̾һվǱѾںˣúϢɡ˵ն뿪˷䣬ַĿѩȥ֮󻺻Եѩٴ˳Ĭ
һѩߵƽ⣬֪Ϊַֻ۱ɴڣַ㵣Լ᲻жȡλ۾Ҳ֪ôˣʧȥۣԼָǣ
԰׷ߴַǰַЦһһ°׷ҲҪ䷲һʱˣϣʱ䲻ᷢ⡣
һַ˺߽ܶ࣬ɡߵѩԼȺ޷ǰַ㳤̾һѩԣѩɰİģ
֮һѩδֹŮҲûгַ֣ܸоڣڸڲԶķڡѩҲûַһڴ϶ЩįָЩַ㻺뿪˷䡣
˵شһ߽磬һɽ£Ժ֮ϡС֣ؿзࡣ
Ժз濴ҲЩߣ˵طǳҪַ˷ǳʺϡ
ԺһλɫӰַע⣬ԭһѩѾܾˣַĳ־Ȼûܷ֡
ַһѩĵìܣڵҲҪʱ侲һ£ַûдǲַ͵÷ڣַֻųڵķȥ
Ϊ۵Եʣϵ˺ܶ࣬ʹ˶ҲͬһϢַǰŮǳģȻ濴ַɷǳ
Ů۾ַһļȵףǵôˣûϵܵ
ѾõĲˣ㲻ϵܵ˼ʲôѽ
Ҳܲ⣬ַЦܵнλռΪУλ㡭
һ£Ƭ̺һ۴ЦʲôѽǵۿûбռΪУֻǱˡ
ͷЦķǿٿ۵ˣڵֻ֮һ
̫ˡַɾͷˣԼڵֻȫɺϣҲΪõдֻ࣬۲ûʧ
ŮַȥڵĶŮǱַǿˣַĻָǾĿǰ⡣ŮذıַЦˣ츮ֻصĸַûǰ뵽ģβָܻҲַ㡣
ַѴŮʷһսַʹ֮ԽޣԭӦΪ;ֹͣһѾģָܻĵ
ʱľַûк֮ǣԭڴڵһűֻҪַͲ츮ֻصĸáֻû뵽ƻϲϱ仯ʱûɣڰġ
һѩԣַȷǱģȻڴһűַûھôҲòдһʱ
ͨŮַ˽⵽εԭҲܵЩˣܵȳַ˺ܶ࣬ͨʱѻָˡ
ʷһսŮش󣬲ǳӦ۵ĲٿأεҲܵ˸߲㾳壬ڤڤ򵽽߲㾳ŮָȲرչˣǵķ
ԭҲչģַչİΣοŮܹٿ۾ѾǼĽˡԶŮָ֮ûдչڻûȫָء
֪Ůַƽ˺ܶ࣬ЩŮʳԼɻǺѯʵˣѩô죿
ϮʷҪľһһѩѩѾһˣѩ״̬ǳãѩʹصҲûġ
һѩַҲûа취ϾǰʷңشʱҲìܣβܻЩìַͷʹġ
ַ㵹һЩѩĵìܣֻڵ״̬ûʵʩƻȵѩ֮㡣
ַɲŶŮ̫ʱ䣬򵥿뿪˶Ů䡣һ鲻Խһѩѩķַֻܰ̾ϢڵΪ
Ůɴ֮Уָ֮ҵİȫϮʷһûڹԪȻ󲨣ҵϢû⵽š
֮ѩȻΪָ˲٣廹Ƿǳڰ޵ַ̬ܹͺˣΪܹ˵һѩˣַҲֻѩ
ַ˼ѩַͬһͬһѩѩһ飬ǲٿַڵİԪ񣬽֮ĵϢɢҪһѩ֪
֮Ϊǰ֮ʱһѩַģʹѾʧȥ䣬ԭҲһܹĵļ䡣һѩļʲôѩͲˣ²Ӧйַġ
֮ĵĳһѩȻûǹϢʲôȷļ䡣һƻݵḶ́ҽһ˲䣬ǶһѩѾ㹻ˡ
ΪȷԭȵȷʵַʶֻؾȵļɷǳЧַѾˡ
ѩҲǳ⣬֪һѩַļ䲻ܱô򵥵ľ;ĨȥֻҪַΪһѩṩһЩ䣬һѩعȽǼǳ׵¡ϧַ״̬ѣ޷ṩйһѩļ䡣
һѩƽ⣬Ȼַ֪ʶԴַ̬Ҳͺ˺ܶࡣѩѯһЩйؾȵ飬Դַ˵Ȼ֪޲ԡ
ַ˵ʵһѩĬãˣԼ֮ϵȳԱ֮һ



514 ļ
Ԫħĳַһ˾࣬ƽ㱻صһϢˡ
Ϯʷ֮ѱʿ֪ϢԪȫʿѰϮʷҼף׽ýԪġɽˡ
ڹԪʿʲôϮʷңַ˵ò֪˵õϢҲ֮٣ֻ֪ɽԪɸ֣ʹϢҪڹԪѰɴ롣
ȻЩϾ˹ԪȫɳѰ֣ȵı¶ʱ⡣
ͨصϢַܹжϣ񲢲Ϊɽ˽ԪĴңΪȻ츮ֻϢԼʧע⡣
ĴԴֹ彣ɣһšʹɵĴڣ޷ȥĽ㣬оȶԿʷʱʹõ֮һĿΪĿַš
ɵıֹ֮磬ֹȥϼҲֹڡ硱ɵۿν޵֣ȻǳšܵϢȻᾡȫѰ֮ԴͷڣΪһõ֣ɾ֮
λ֮еԼַģ໥ǣƲκһλ֣ʶɵֻܵȴĻָָ֮֡
Ҳû뵽ģֻδָӵ֮ľȾѾĹϽΧڣֵԪ磬Դľˡ
Ǿȵĳ񾿾ľ˻ùˣһַǳ׵ģΪڵľȿɲɵ۸ģ
֪̫أ̫ϹżţַѶɵۺ޺øСҲ˵ǻ᲻þȴﵽֵĿģһַҲɵۣΪ𡰸֮ˡҲΪǵʦֹ籨ѩޣ
ȽԪһΪѰһѩΪ˾ȳλʦ֣һӦϦ֮ע⡣ڿѾˣϦļƻַ֪ʵҲû⡣
ϦкĿҲܹ²ģȻΪɵۡΪķַ²ϦþԪɽսɻˮһٳλС
ɵϣй֮з˽ģȻܹʹܹ֮ٿֵ˵ֹĴˡ
λ˵õȲʵпƿ֣˵Ϊм˳ɾͣһӵϢɽ磬ɵ۶᲻һзɽϮԪ磬ĿıΪ˵õȡ
ɽɵʱɵ۵ΪַΪֿǷǳģΪʱɵɶԾ飬ҲԸһȣԭʲôַǳ
ֻһַǳģȻɵѾ֪ȵֹĵӣΪλҪλʦ֣ȽԪ磿
һŹֵͷַԺУһԪ緢־ȵĴڣΪɽĽսȵɵһһЩ
뵽ַЦˣеһнɵԤ֮УʽʱľȻǽӽɵۡ
룬λʦڹԪ⵽Ԫʿȫ׷ɱΪ˾ԮλʦԻԪʿսʱע⣬ڲ֪״²һ֣ɾȫжˡ
ԹԪԣɽοȱɽ緢һɽڹԪ⵽Ϯɵ۱ɽô˵Ƚڹսʱȿɾɽַ뷴Ҳˡ
ֻɵӦû뵽һϵмƻıһλָʾϦսϦɽۻܹӮʤķϦϦֹӣȻΪ㾡ܡ
ǰ˼·ѿȴʱκζͬĽӦַֻ
ǰַһУɲ뽫˵ȷ֪ŮΪŮ˵ӷӦôۡοڵľȾַ֮УľŮľ
ַ㱦ɫֻ۲˼£Цߣ뿪Ԫ磡
ҪҪٿһ£ǶҲģβȵͷȥͼ뿪Ԫ磿
ŮҲܲ⣬ʵҲͬļ⣬رǿַ԰׵ķԼ顣Ů˳״̬ûлָѣһһע⣬ڵľȿûʵ֮ǿжԿġ
ַҡҡͷ˻Ľ飬˵رϾڹԪ磬Ҳ˵¸ˣλڴ˽硣Ǿȵݷǳ⣬κһλƫƫʷһսһλע⣬ѵλѰ𣿡
ŮȻ˵ȵһսѾλע⣬ôȷʵǳΣգ뿪ȷõѡ
ַһԵһѩ벻ոսȳʷңתҪвûк£
ַ㲢ûǿһѩ£һѩ֮ܵĵϢҪµġһѩͬͨŮӣʷҽµ±Ϊʷҳôӵʱľȶ˵ֻʲô
ַĻһѩЩΣɱ˵һѩ׾ȲһͨĴڣ󶨻ᾭֻû뵽ȵĵ˾ЩĶ֣ѩŻǳΡ
ַЦʱ뿪Ȼᱣݣ֣سŵӰֻҪ㲻ٷ⡣
ˣ뿪ǺҲ޴ȥ߰ɡһѩصַһۣҼʶָҵļ䡣ҵԪˣûԪʵܵӰ죬ҪҵԪ񡣡
Ļҿ԰㣬Ԫٿǿǡַ˼ԪĻع˵Ҳһ£ԾȶԻǺ¡
ЦôϵǲռõԪΪãʹҲʹַɣ˵ŻɨŮһۣŮ˼Ҳʼ壬ѩͻЦˣһͬȴַĽ͡
ַҲýַͣȷ⣬һѩڴڵĵߵ
ߵַ㻹δ˽⣬ȴһѩԪʧ֮Ŵǹ仰˵ѩԪĶʧٽߵַ㵱ȻܻԪˡ
һѩˣַ㲻ΪҲɣڵߵѩԻԪʵҲǿԵġ
ַѩæȡһѩԪ񣬵ԪڴˣûȥðɡŮֽһͬһѩַ뿴ԼЦҲ뿴ڵѩǷ񻹻ǰΨַǴӡ
һѩַ㣬ΪʲôԪھȻǺµģԪѾַȡˣҲֻԼѡ񣺡Ԫ͸ɣҲͦõġ
Ҫ͸𣿡ַ㲻е٩˼
һѩ̾һ˵ͷľԪ͸ַ㣬˭ַǾ仰ôûͷûԣɲΪԼ˾ȵгԱ
ַ㻵ЦһϵѩѩһѩԪ͸ˣӦ㹻ͻ˰ɣ
ѩĵͷ˹ˣǳã
һѩüͷ벻ַ㾹ȻֽԼԪ͸ѩҲ֪Ⱦô£Ԫȥû𣿶ѩޣԼԪܹ
Ԫɹںѩڣһѩϧ̾һǧԪˣȻ͸һԼΨһá
һѩߣΪʵĴڲŻٴ޳Ԫ񡣲ǳ׳ΪˣһһλʵǺܸߵӣַ˵ʵһء
һѩԪѩϢ䣬ΪȻֱˣ˾Ȳӵ˷ޣֶһλ˰ޣ
ֻӵʱշǰͨɡ
Ѵﵽ磬ƾԿʹǰʱշʱַ֮ʱָεŮ
ղټ֮ڴˣֻӰȫʧ뵽ʱͨڡ
ԭ֮ؾͨͲǺңԶԽһ˱ڹԪͨȻһƬƽԭֻǴʱƽԭϵϢЩԾ
٣Ҿַ֪ЦЦԶֻͨվӰлмλǿߣַԤǵľѾˡ
ַЦŮסˣ֪ʲô֪˵ػпأȻ֪ͨ˿ˣΪʲôҪͶһۻͷŮҲл׼ʱ֡
ַȴǲΪȻеǲ£ɽľȣӦѰǰɣ
ŮĿɿڴԷûѯأַͽԼݱˣһ﾿ԷڶʿŮ֪룬ַ֮ƺ붯֣ɲô뿪Ԫ磿



515 ֮
Ԫַͨһ⵽˶½أЩƺַԤ֮ڣЩԽԽʿŮãȻ޴룬ҪҪأ
ַڳһڵı飬ЦҲҪţģٺ١
Ů״ϵˣַеġ뿪Ԫ硱ֻΪŮǣǱѰҵȵϵĲŮЩǡ
ܿʿ㽫ŰΧַ΢Ӧһ±㷢Щʿĸߵͣȴλɾĸ֣˵ʵǷǳֲġ
һλʣѸո˵ʲôٲһΡ
ַЦѰҵĶʷǱġ
ַ۾Ϊˣһɺ˲£ĵ˫۾
ٿλ˽һģȻǺַֻܽۡһ𾪵ģַʷҼ¼
ͨʿ˽ʷʵΪµЩ˶ڹԪظڷǳʷİ澳ʵţʷһٱϢЩа
ǵĻַֹ࣬׿˵¼ʱĵ̬ƺʷҶ˵ֻһ΢С¡
ɽҹԪΪȻһм飬ѵСҹԪ𣿡
ʿߺ޳簵дڵìܷǳءֻЩͨʿļ⣬λ˿˿û˼ַ˵ʵʹСƹԪҲʸģ
ַȴһЦ˵ΪɽʹشˣҲδвм˼˵ֻʵ
λ˷׷һ˿裬ʿҲսеɽַ㱦ɫֻɨһܣôĪһǵʵ𣿡Ůһ׷񽣣ֻҪַһ£˫ͻչս
룬Ц֮ɽˣƱԼ𣿡˵Żʾλ˷ɾ裬Ϊһǲһռơ
ַ΢һ£һѩѾʧȥԪ˵ȷʵֻһλɽͨˣһʱڿȻ¸ˡ
ַֻ֮ע⣬ս򲻵òҪǣѩַദʱΪãٲ²⵽ַ˼˭˵ɽӵģԭޣֻǱʷҼȡԪǵصصĹԪ籾֮ˣ
һѩһ£Ҳһ㶣Ψ˼ܵ¼΢Цŵ˵ͷַѩҪҵ˵˼
ѩ˵˿޷粵٣һѩ޻Ϊ壬ֱ˳Ԫ֮״̬ɽȷʵ÷ֱ档
Ԫ񱻳֮Ե䣬޷ѯһɵ㣬Ϊƺ˽ַֻۣȥͻỵĴ¡
ȻˣΪιע⣿
˱ȽϾ⣬ַ˵ǻӦܹ뵽ͨѱػȻ֪˵رػΪʲô
λ˶ʱһַΪע⣬ʹѰǵϢһҲȥѰڡ
ַ齥Ѿ֪ǵĿģȻ˻Ҫһ䱸̬𣿡
λһ̾ǲʿҲǳˣ֪Ѿ⣿
˵ȴǻǲҪ֪ĺãȻͲˡ
Ҳãֻǡ
ַЦģ붯ѳ֣οƾǼ˻ǵӡ
ǲ˵㣬ȴΪַСˣΪַǸʵˣ룡
Ůַ㣬ַЦǣȥʶһɺãŮĿɿڴԭַľȻԸһҲû䡣
ãһʩһ֮˾ټ
벻еô죡
һڣɵΰӰһ޴֮ǰ֮ʾַһ˵ӰɵƵķۣ֮֮ɵĿ˾ȵһж
ƻҪǰ𣿡ɵ欵Ӱˣ峺˫۴δ뿪ַ֮Ӱ
ɵЦһȺѭļһǷǵԤжΪ֪ҵȵȿɡЩ׼ˣ
Ҳգעӻеַ㣬׼ֻҪһ¾ͻչж
ܺãɵЦصһڣҺڴ
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˵ҶΪַʱ˰ݼλʵҶδκδ𰸣ܸı֤Ҳֻһ㣺ʹҲκ˺ֵܵ
䶥ǿߵĴڣı֤λʦַǳжǸжֻ֮иĵǡԽǿ˵ַǽҪԵԽΣգƾܹӦ
ʱ˿̣Ԫַڼλ˵Ĵ»ٸڵأ˵ɵڵĸ
һ·Ϸƽ˾Ůδ˽ַͼ׳֡οַʱɺһͻŮɲȷַʮİȫ
ַĴȥ񣬼λҲȫ˾裬ҶھҲЩ棬ַ
˸ּľ⣬Ϊ𾴲Ż֮̾¡ַ㾳ȻǸ߳٣һݵλͿκʿˣڲӰȰΣ£ĶپĶˡ
ַĳͣ˫ü֮ƾ֮ȵ⣬ز²ַ᲻˵Ҳɵȥùͷġ
˽ӵеڲ£˵ȼλְ֮һֻеһѡ
ͬӵлԪϡ֮ȵҪְԱֱ͵ȵġαʿûʵͱˣڹԪĵλһ
֮⣬ͬκɣɽҲ޷ӵƣԭǽʱõĲϡ˵ֽΪһڽƵʯ壬˳ƻʯ
ʯϹʱֹ֮ʱָܵȾʯ壬˵ʯӵϢܹзӡ䷶Χڵκˣڡ
ʯֵĲӵеӡԿƣӲҲﵽ޿ɱĵزûʯ¼Ϲʱڱǿߡ
ĹģѾ޷ݣŵǣȻȫɻʯģ˵ޱȵĽƣһ䷲ƣֵܹ֮ӡ
ַ˼·֮Уʹùһַ֮ɽϮʱͷŵƺйͬЧãɴ˿ʯĴǵ屾ԴӡԽ֮˲Ż޷ֿӡ
ͬʱַ˳ʱдڵġƣʯڵЧƺơǽ൱䷲ǾȵˣҲ޷ʹκη
ʹ˶ΣأΪŮ޷ʹͨΪŮӵǽΪȺ壬ַҲԹ˲ϾַȻʶһ㻵ЦλȻַ˼ԭַϵѩ
֮ǰ˵֮˽ữޡأѩữԭΣʮɵЩƷ˵ǰޱȵĴڣһôʮɴĹ
ҲΪַ˵ĽģҲԤϲ֪ЩģǸַ֪й֮״
ΪʯĴڣõҲΪͨķˣΪȫȫչ˺Σ֮˽³ΪЩֻһ֡
˵Щһַ״һҲǸַ˽ΪҪ֪ȵ˵ġ
ַ㰵̾һŮЩûǺεȵĽһͻԿʱֻǺ̬
ŮƲַһһһȭȵԼȥˣ˼̸Ů˲ֲʣ
ַɵЦͷ˭˵̸֮һŮָô죿Դһһͬĺã
ţŮŹֵַϣַ㲻һ亹Ů˱ϾŮѽһؼʱ̡ĳ嶯ͻᱬ
λһЦַȻǿȴһЩصԸ˷ǳϲģַЩҲǺ˼Ů
ʵַҲĽŮڣһķͻɾɴˡֻǽΧñ뻢ڣʹŮڵ⣬һͻǿҲ޷ԿЩˡ
ַ㶼Щڡ˼ͺע⡱ˣڷƺҲ̫ʡҶַķǳ棬ۿʵڿϧ



516 ֮
ʹûʯɣΰҲޱǿĽƣ֮˽ԻܵӰʱΪˣԼҲ⡣
ЩϸҲܹۼָ֤ֱۿַȷʵǱˡ
ĺΰȷʵţ˵ĵһоһֻ룺ĪǸˣ
Ĳ˵űޱȵľ޴ԤҲиɸߴ󡣳֮ʿͨڲͨϣƺⰲŵƣֻǲ֪˼ΪӭַˣΪʾ
ϯضøʮɴΧ̺Ʊ񣬾˽ǻʯ
Ϊ⼸λ̤룬ĸ̤ܵΧһ̣ԭڵ޹ʧˣڿǾͨķˡ
ַ˰棬벻ʯľ䷲ʿĹЧ֪Ƿ޷ʹ÷
Ůһ̤ڻʯϣһԵϢ˲佫ŮȻͬκвҲӰжȷʵֹͣˣȫ޷ʹá
Ů΢һ˳ʯϣȵطٴȻǻʯã費ͬεŮԭ۵ĴڣŮܵ˲ͬϢ
ʯȷӵϢΪӵϢſɷӡˣҲдĳŮһ˶ŮɣΪûʯϢ˵Ƿ⣿
ʯص㲻ڷӡߣصɢ֮еϢϢΨӵ۵ĳܹ֪ʶŮһ󵨵Ĳ²⣺ͼʯϢֹ֮̽
Ȼɵ㣬Ůδ֪ˣΪļλ˾ڴ˴ǿɲĿŵؽ¶ܡ˵ȴ°˵Ӧַ֪ͨģַӵ֮ϵֻۣټǻۣŮַһܷеܡ
һѩַ㼰ַϵѩͻδ̤볢ԣַһѩڸ֪ϢλΪַͣϣҲûгԡΪṳ̂볢ԣŷṲ̊ϻʯʱ쳣
쳣Ϣʧ׼˵εҲûзʲôر쳣쳣ԵǳŮ
ӵھȳԱѾʲôܣŮۣһ˵ǲֶܷŮ۵ġڸոգṲ̊ϻʯһ̣˿˶漸λ𾪵ı顣
ͨλ˵ַ˿˳쳣Ϊǵ¶˳Ӧʶ״̬¡
һַµ֪ʯܹӡ仯ܹԭβӵκܡ˵ڵκ˲ܣΪеһжᱩ¶ǰ
Ůǵƣ֪ʶ״̬±ʿǵܡһͻʿǰ䱸Ů۵ͨ
ַ㰵г̾ûʯĿĻֹô򵥣Ҳкܶǲ˽ģȻҪ˽һΡ
ַ㽫Ҫ̤һ̣סܵǲ۾ٽ룿
ַֻȻ˿ˣ˭Ҳֻ֪۵ԭʲôȵ֮»ǲҪ˵֪ĺáοʹֻ۲ԭΣҲַ㱩¶ֻԳַرֻۺٽ롣
رֻۣҲַ֪Ψн˫۽ַ㽫䷲۾ô·һǳ뵽ģַͺסˡ
һѩδΪַ㱻סֹ̤ͣϻʯ˲ѩסˡѩһ۱㷢˻ʯܣͬʱ˻ʯĺô
ڻʯϵѩظܵڴڵĵߵȻˣȫȻܻʯӰ졣ؼĻǹܱѩʹãѩΪԵߵ
ַĽˣΪ䷲Եʣַ˫񣬻ᱻ񷢾ֻҲ֮١
ַһŵ̤һ˲ַĪ˼ϻλ޴ڣʯһнữعԭΣλ޶ʱΪʮɴСΣַ㱻ȵĺܲҡ
λεЦЦƿַϣֵͷ콫ַ벻ǻữΪԭΣû°ɣַЦãûǲܵģȶȹˣ˵ʲô
üͷԭΪַʯֻۻᷢ仯Ҳûת䣬˭ַ֪۾Ϊԭȵͨ۾ô£
Ů֪ԭ򣬶漸λҲ֪Ϊʲôַֻ޹ʧˣ
ֵĿַ㱾ɻѩַ֪֮Ȼˣû˾û˵ҵ۾λĲʵһûֵġ
ŮЩʧ䣬ַΪʵӰŮϣολŮϲǿɲַ⣬Ҳַʵ޹ʱ
ַЦ¸ãñ۾ˣٺ٣Ǿڴ˵Ⱥɣǰȥ񡣡
ţһѩһͬǰ
ţַסˣŮҲסˡ
ȥ޷Ԥ⣬ַΪ䷲֮ЩԱһѩһҲЩΪʲôҪҪǰأ
һѩԻع֮ԸͱȽϹįһʲлشûĻѩһ˷ַҲǺ˽ġ
ַһѩԲת䣬Կһѩ侲Ŀַȷһѩ⣬ֻǾкⲻַܹԤϵġ
ȻһѩͬԼһͬ룬ַͱ׼һЩʩԱһʧĲ˵һǱġַ̫ۣ㲻Ŵ˽Խʹһѩڵ񽣡
ѩֻ˳ʯٳ֮ٽַУʵû񽣷ҪѩúͻӦ㹻˰ɣ
ַЦǿɲһȻԻʯã˵ҲԼػޣС޴ģ
ѩ޿ɱ粵˵ͷŮһ۽ԥǲӦַͬһͬأ빮˼άǷͻ˫սŮȫ׸һ£ΪǱҪգҺпַġ
ջַ㡢һѩѩͻͬ˽ŮڵȴϢ
ʿɽΪַųһͨڵĿַ㰵̾һǣסһѩ֣һͻŻסһѩܹġ
ʯӵϢԲܷӡڵˣַܷͬӡӰ޷ʹκַν̥ȴ֮⻹֮ʿ
֮⣬ʶʯ޷ӡַλиʵ
һѩûзַǣ֣һǰԼַһļ䣬ǲΥַĺ⣬ַǵӵеߵѩ˵Ӧ˭˭Ͳ֪ˡ
·վһΪַ˵ļҲܾˣЩʿ۾ֱˡ
һХɼһɫãɵɳ˶λ˴һһԣַüͷһսһɨ
һصڣ޴ַ˶ಽһѩҲüͷոǱͨĽǱȻУеһ
ַ䱻ˣĽҲתɻصַһǳԵ˺ۣһѾﵽ콣
콣
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λ˰ľǱ콣ȷеһ콣ûʯƶɣΨһԲӡ콣Ҳڣ˵һ־ɱʷôԿһ콣
콣ıַˣȻַЩǱнУַǵһ콣ˣ
ѩ΢΢һЦ§ֱַۣû˰ɣ
ѩķַЩ⣬ǵ˵ͷûµģӹǻӲʡ˵ַλˣǸոս벻ñ⵽콣иͲſԡ
λЦΪǲµǽʷҼ˴δ´ĨɱָˣҲ㲻񾿾⡣
ͨ˵ıַҲ֪飬̽һ£޹ءǰ·λ޲Ŀ⼸λ亹ֻ˳ַ˼ȥ
ַɨһԶŮӰոһӦûпδʿͻʹַһЩ
ոյһַ±㷢ĳͻʵЩֵãοַҲûˣûС
һһѩ˾裬ӵһж콣û뵽ģֲַǰ׼˷񽣣Ǳ콣ӦòΪ塣
ʵҲһѩ⣬Ϊδ콣Ҳȴ񽣡콣ӵеͨȵȡ
ѩȻС콣ַȴûСҾһһѩǳȶ˲һѩȶԭ



517 ҪЭ
ޱȿտڣСַˣڼλ˵Ĵ¼ǰڴ
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һѾ߳Զ룬ԭʿų·Ҳûˣ˿ǰһģΪãͨͨӦþ
˴λͣתʩͨǷĵãǰ
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ַ΢ЦǰȥһЦѩλߴޣûнͶ׷ַȥѩε̾һҲȥ
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ҡҡͷ֮˽飬ҪЭ̵ֵ顣
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ȷֹ֮ɵۡ桢ʡħλµԼָֻ֮ſ֡޷ָҲ޷ԲŻῴԻָΪĿĵľȡ
񲻽֪ԼصἰĿģžȵĳֻΪָ֡ΪŵЭȻָ֮󣬵սǣȡ
ֹɡֵĿãʶ׾ȳֵϢΪΪֹĴˣδ֣Լʹ˾Ҳá
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ָҪݻ֣һλӦ֪ȻΪΪλҪЭȴݻ
ַŻһЩǾȲ˽ģд˻Ҳǲȿλһٻָ֣о



518 ı
󷽣ãһڼ棬Ҿ˫Ͽɽ״Э̡
Ըɻֵָʹŵָ֮󲻻ὫǣʵĿʲôû֪
һַ׵ģʹȻָֺأһ컹Ϊ֮սʤһжǲͷвԼ
ĿǰԾҪ֮ȻΪָ֣˽粢ǽһĿģѩۻҪȻìܣŽķչƽȡ
ַȷʵָֻ֣缴ʹҲ޹أͿɴнðĹɽ֮󣬿̫಻ÿҲźַ㽥ת䡣
Ȼָֺȷά簲ȣһìܵĸԴ޽Ҫȥ˶ϡ֮İȲŻ޹أȵҲʹ˽
ҪЭҾȻָ𣿴Ѷ׶٣
ַ㰵й۲ÿϸ΢Ķ飬еõһЩϾһַһܶݵģ
񵭵˽ӦΪ˺ĿģɱЭ飬˵һͬЭ̡
ַЦ˽ΪѰʮõʮںϾ֮ӡԿɻָĿǰӵоŽһ
ʮʲôʮ񱶸ɻ󣬽ʮͿƽӡ˵û˸ţַ򶨵ַûſںԡ
ַЦʮʮͨӦüʶֹǰ彣ɣӵа˽߽Ϊֹת֮ƣһΪת彣ټµõɣʮһ
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˾һȴʮ֮һɼӵеľڶһޱǿ󣬹ֲܹƽӡ
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ʵΪʲôѹƣǴݻַ֣˵©ΨһǿʮΪѹƽֵķӡ
ַΪֹ״ӣıκһλһʮַ˵ΪɻˣһôԵ©
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˴ҲָΪʵĸַܵʥΪڹԪ罫켫磬˵ȸӳɵҲûпܣûȥ
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ЦȷһλŮСѿҪһ£
ַɨѩϵѩһۣڴ˵ȺȥλŮѩüͷֲ˵ʲôֻõͷַͬʱѩҲɵص˵ͷ
кЦʵǵӰרµһ壬һǷǳõ壬һλŮʷ֣



519 Ȼ
󷽻԰ַλʹ˶ȷг⣬ַĻΪˡ
ڻ뿪ַ֮㲻䣬ʵҲΪ֮Ľ԰һӰȻһӰϤϢʹַϳǵӰʷԭˣŮʷ֡
ʷΪλҾһַȷʷֵѾ̤죬ظܵʷɢģһԵֵջ
˲ַΪ˼ƶַ˵һЧַ㱾켫ô׾ܱƻģ
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Ҳ˵ʷֳںĿǲǾ֮Э飬ļıַ봦ʷּ֮¡
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ıԶǣʹȶЭҲҳһ˿©ɴʷַǳģҲ˵ʷֵĳֶַȶجΣ
Ȼ˽⵽µΣգַȴòװͿһԣԭΪַǳ
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ַѩλޣǰʷֵ»ַͬʷֶȥ
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ַ㷢ʷɱӰϢоģ֮ʷֶϢĸ֪ѷһֱַҪӽʱŷַϢ
֮ʷִһ֪Ϊŵֻ벻߾Ȼ֮ǰַ㱾ˣ޵϶ʱһ˿ԥɫ
ʷɫĸıδе⣬ΪʷǷַ㾳ĸԼĹƻ֮޷Իַ㣬Ż¶ԥɫ
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ʷ΢΢üͷַϿǳѺãǷǳ˼ַģȻҲὫŴ˴ԻַǡַǰǷӦóʷķǳìܡ
ַʷֿν֪֮ʷȥԣʷֲſʽŮУҹƻ֮٣ܵʶáʷַǳΥַܾ֣֮³ֻһҺпǣַ˵
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ʷңʷַǳ𾪣ַַû˵ѣתۼʷֿƽ޲񣬲һʹѡ
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ҶȻѾԤ⵽½дңΪҵĸԴԴںδɵۣ
ʱַ㶼ỳɹôϵѽεģоֹһ㶼ӣ˵ǡСʵģ
ֹҶһЦԵַɣԴСӵı壿ȻǺʵеĹעɣ
ַ㵭һ£ɵЦȻһֱرע˭յôá
ֹҶЦֱ֮óĬ֮ſڵҪСȺҲıԼҪ
˴ˣ׿ʶһλԱӵеۣͨҾЭλԱѾﵽ㣬ӲСӾȺĺ󱲡
ַ΢Цһ̾ô˵˴δҵĸԴʵ֮ģֹҶþδַҲ΢΢һЦҫãХгɽķͨ
壬õصϢˣʵ벻Сô죬ɽҪˣ
ī磬Ȼɵ۶ѳԮȥˣұȽϵλƾȿ޷Ӧڶĸ֡
ɻܵ˼ǣ׷׳Ϊ˰ƽңΪЭͬȣδ̫ˡ
ʼմڳĬҲ˼Ϊ¹ؾǳ⣬ʵףôΪģ
һڣʵ˵Ŀ㱻˼ҵĿֻ˵ԼĿǣ֮裬ɵ֪ȴϹ˼֮λԹۣȵĵеб⡣
̾Сѵľֹ罨ش¹֮֮ĶԹοǵģ
ס°ٴγ˼ȻɵжԹ˴ɵ۵뿪˵һλᡣ
ܵ˼ǡ
磬нȫǰͣ˵ȳصر
һ岢֪ɵ۳£ɲΪͨȺ׵ģΪ˾ȲΪԼĳ޶˾ȵİΣ
ʺȻ˼ܵ˼Ҫתɵע⣬ʹ޷ɵ۵뿪ǿڵھҲмӵİ
𣿡īЩĶԹɵˣ˴ѵлᣬīνܣ
ƺҲ˼ǵȻܰﵽһЩҲὫ벻֮أָɽ磿οʵʹɵ۲ڣǿҲ֮⡭
ַʹϵ˵һӦҲȰɣЦȻʶԳˣɻʹӲ㼴ǰɻʹЭ̴£ԣԸȷ棬ɻʹͬڡ
ɻʹϾ£ɵͬȵĵڵݣǿܳ𣿡
ʵҲⷽĹǣһɵ۵ĶԹ˽ģοʳضɵԣԿҲҴҴֲЭȣΪ˽˶Թ
ɽͨӰĳаͨˣҶȻ׷ɵۣͬͨǰ
ŶⲻҶ𣿺¾ʴݣ
ҶЦȤɽɽӷ⡣ɵΪԳѵ˴ʿ
ɵ۱˫ɨԶʿкĿĻڸ֪ɣ
Ŷɱʸոɽ磬ԪεɵۿȤһͬǰ
ߣҲãҲɷһ£
ã˲ͨʿȻö֮ĽԪ磬ѵ
ǰأһ˸ŹԪطƬ֮һЦ֪һǰ
󷽣ʷ˽סڣַ㻺۾Ϣб䣬еԪˡ
ʷִ󾪣ô죿ʹҲôĽ֪ɣѵǰǣ
ַЦǷмƻ˵޹ؽҪȻеЭ̺ܿͻῪʼˣע⽫ᱻڽ˵һ¡
ҪǿʼķӡɣҪô֪ͨǣ
ȻСɷһã
ʷ̾һ񽣽ַУԭǵģҲڶôʲô
ַЦӵʱ֪ͨˣʷֿɲʲôȻ֪ͨͨŮٽǲġ
Ҫ֪ͨŮȻô׵ģ޷˳֪ͨѩµСϴһȱڣܹСڡ
ַ֮ͨƿʯӽµС磬֮С֮ϣ۵֮ﵽһ޶ȣͳһٿǿ˺Сı߽硣
иŬڻǴһȱڣ񽣵һʱ͸СѰҵһѩڡ
ŮԭһƽӡʱȻѲ²Ůӡԭַƻ֮һ֪ʱʱŮųٳûƽӡ
ŮΪ޷֪ʵʱʱһѩ֪񽣵ϢȻ޷õַ㴫²ַ֪ʱʱѾ죡
õһѩȷϺŮ裬Ϊ˵ƽӡǿͬʱʷһսȷʵɵƽʷСķӡԴ˴Ů
Ȼõַ֪ͨ²²Ůӡ̫춯أһķڷӡϴͨһȱڣֻҪŮܹ뿪ɡ
ƾǣ¡ŮҪܺܶ࣬ŮȡµĽ飬ֻòýΪƽⷽʽŮҲץʱָΪԱ뿪СӦ޷Ԥ֪Σա
ʷסڣ֪ͨŮַ㲢δֳɵӣüͷʷֲ⣬ʵôˣĪ޷֪ͨǣ
ַҡҡͷˣҽҵҲˣֻϢб䡭
ǰأɵۡҶλѾֹۣܿҶַҲ˴
ַҲȷʵܵ˱ڣֻҿе᲻ǰȥѰұ壬۲̸
ַĵ˵ע⣬ȻɻȴûʣҶҲûʡֻҶķǳ죬ΪʲôλַϢЩ죿ﲻ˵
ҵϢͦͨҲֻħˡ棬λСô£
ֹҶλĪɣλСѽһλСߵġ
ԭɵһɣֲַֹҶԣϢЩԡ
Ҷȴһԣλַ㲻ô򵥣ΪҶУַܵڴڵĸı䣬λѾֹôˣһλַݱȽϺʡ
ɻҶȴ޷еѯʣο˴ǰĿΪַİȫȻҲܱһʵַҲףԷҶĴҲûϡ
绬ħӰȰԣҶѵ롣ν£
Ц˵ز̸۴µĳȥ̨顣
̨ʲôطַ㲻ֹҶ
ֹҶʦֳɾ֮󣬱ֳ֮ؽ̨СѿΪֵʯɽ绮̨֮㴦˹Ԫڡ̨еöΪʶΪ̸֮أԱе֮𾴡
ŶȻôĵطַȤۿ̨Ǻģ
ֹҶȴ̸˲ý룬СѻѰұȥɡ
ǡַԥΪ޷ۿ̨еΪַ󷽣ûͬ⣬ûϿɣܾʹ뿪
ֹҶɨеС˾ˣλΪһλɣ
ߵһλƽϣȥɣҪǵĽ̸
ַЦãʵһµ̸֮رλԼɵۡʵĿΨǶЯߣԼ˲Ƶģ
ַҲںϱҪԣһֱȥǸոսʯΧϳ֮ڵءȵһȵĲַĳ󣬶Ϊλַʵݡ
ֹҶԣλַһλ˵ӦþַָһʯĻӦ޹ʧŶԣΪַ㲻ƽ޹ʳλ
λַˣûʧķ˰ѻҽУ˵ַλ
˵ĿתƵֹҶϣȻ˶õĴ𰸣Ǹ𰸵ȴֹҶһעַҶ
Ҷַȷʵ磬һĻ֣ҲʶָԼָܻܲʯӰ䷲
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ǳһʾȻͬһͬϮڣǰԴкνͣ
Ҷһɵ񣬵ټеѵΪ˱ʵĹʧΪˣλһӦ˴ñʣ
еĬĬҶһʵɱˣԼٵĵЭ̶ԣ˵СۣܵҶЦһ۾ַܵİȫֻҪַû¾㹻ˣ



523 ̸
̵ǵĶԹ棬ȥ̸̨
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ʷסˣλַ㾿ʲô˼Ӻ񲢲ַһһλַͬݵӡ
ַҲüͷǺˣΪλҵڣ
ʱ꣬ѽȴҽܰɣ졣
죡ַ󾪣첻ǵڳֵħ𣿺ַȥħ˾ȣռðԼݴλսħ䡣
ԭַΪȥʹǿҲȻַʶһ㣬Ȼܹɽ磬Ϊʲôܳ
΢ЦѾЩ¡ҵʱ䲻ˣ˴ǰѰΪ˸֪һأҵʹ
ַгЩйֻ۵ɣ
ΪѲ²⵽һС鼫ΪɣԼĳδκ壬Ψһʹйַֻ۵顣
ʵַŲ²⵽ˣһս졢졢ЦԷȷʵħ磬ħһĥ˵Ļǡ
ڴһռ䣬Ǹռַ̽дһǼͨʱΪǼͨͨ磬֤Ǽͨӵԭȵɽ硣
˵ĻǱֺ󱾸ȥ֪ΪγǼͨڵĶѨڣ˱ͨǼͨ䣬ɽٴ
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ʱ˿ַΪȸ˶٣ԼȫЭ˾ȣҲ˾ȵ䲽衣
ַţĳ־ɵļƻڣȻΪֹһнļƻ֮Уɹڵġ
ǻ֮ǧ䣬ͬɽܹԤ֪µĳȴ֮Ҳֻˣֻж˶ˣַ׾ǷѩԼݺ
ѩۼݺɽ󲻽žȣȵĶҲȫСټںַڣɵֹҶԴַ״²ѩۡݺˣֹҶҲȻ֡
ַΪʱѩۡݺŮϵ湲ͬѰ죬ڵ˻ع֮ʱħĺ塣
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죬ʱǷʲôǱƹҵİɣ
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ַ㡭ַ㱻ѣֻƽ΢ЦǳݣĺһжҪ鹦λŬҵѡûдǲףҲˣ
ַͷ죬ˣλԱǵң
Ц˵ˣһжŬĳɹҲڡںϰɣֻҪܹںϣұҵʹֻǡҵѾǶֽˣܷںϣںϺǷӰ죬Щ޷Ԥϵġ
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οЦˣԼҪ˵Ŀ㣬ȵĹߣ
ַ˫۱÷ǳᶨİɣҲṼ㣬ǰ㼰˵Σһɹģ
Ȼһ΢ЦȴǽֻʣһɫǣԼһдڵʶꡣһʺ绬ַ˫ۣĻǰַʶһͬعַڡ
һַعԼʵĸܵڵԼԼԼѩ졢ַ㣬˵һ壬ԪĻع飬ħںϣľ
Ѫ˿ַУľɱ䣡
ʷֹΪһַ˫ڵأʷӦһĬַԡ
һʷ˺ܶ࣬ƾҲ޷ǰλӾʲôĳֽĸıЩãֻʲô˼
һ˺ܶĲֹʷַ֣Ҳ˺ܶࡣ
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ַˣΪֹʧȥԼΪֹʧȥħ壬ҲΪֹʧȥʸŻὫеηַУ
ԶǳԶλƤСŮǰ䷲Ӧ˴˽棬ǰʱ޵ͨۡҲ裬ǰ治ͬ˽磬ŻʧȥĻڤۣŻ֮ܵõԼ
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ҲΪЩԾȲܳΪߣ
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󷽣ʷסַϥδжΪʷְٸнһǵȻ٣ַδƺ֮ΣһҲľŮӡһǶ̫󶨻ע⣬ʱַı©ˡ
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ٿַ㣬ƽԼƽϢһͷ׷ֻܸһӵĸоλôƽƾһԶ˺ܶǿˡ
ַʹȴܴ²ƾ賬ָʾŮжʷ߷ɡ
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һﴦĻǰͻ飬ǡ΢ЦɨŮ֮£ǵĹҵȤ
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ʷ֣֪һѩλһͬڹսַ㣬ַҲڸֳһض˵΢Ц



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˴Цǰڻڽս˫ڡ弰ɻʹֵĴս
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ҶĵպϺã״δɹʶͬӦԹԪʿϮʽɡԪսĻ



527 
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ʦ壿輸ŮΪ⡣
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ַ㻹δڣѾߺˡַ㲻üͷΪϷˣ輸Ůҵӵģϣˣ
˱ڵĳֻ

ŮĿɿڴַεһ¶ͷ֪СŮԸñˣ˭뵽εı˾ˣ
ѾͷԲģһȾ춯أȵؾ𶯣˿ǧƵѶ䷶Χ˹ȵԭеĹģ
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ַһȭҵ˵ϣе㣡Ҳ̫˰ɣ㶵ظԴĺǺѵõûзƢǻһεɵЦ



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ַҲŮбĽܹϵ㽫еһʱûסˣҿﻰɣձʰȻûȡһ˿ѵڸô죿
Žżεɵʵֲǲ˽⣬ôˣѵӦԲ˹ɵķ𣿡
ַ㰵һ亹ԭľͲǷѩ۵ķǷѩλıˣϧδָǰ䣬˽λĿ֮
ϾǱۣŮҲûΪ飬ɰŮַ顣ʱɲ׷εʱͻΧӦǵģر輸Ůǻǵһμʶɵķ
ХɰʼܼΧַ㰵̾һ˲ֹƣͣټ϶ٴʹʱշŮɹеذΧ
ֹʧַԭڵ̼仯ΪɻңԶŮһַּʱ»ΪɻҵľͲֹƬյˣ
ХиķٴַЦôŮܣ׷ѩˣָ
ڹɵʵ輸ŮܸȤַǶ֮ʱһԪСǾȵ鷢ˣԪоȻˣû˿ͣ٣
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ѩһЦһַôֻˣλǺˣ
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ѩ۵˵ͷ˲ðɣǳѾͷأҿҪúʰһ٣
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֪ͨѩ۷輸ŮϢ˲ַ˴ηصĿġַǹ֮ǰһƻŮָļƻŮΪҲˡ
ѩȻǨŭڳǾЦٿвΧŮֻŵХŮĹ֪ͨԿѩ쳣ϲŮʵͬһ㣬رǳۣȻӵǿ
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ǧ࣬һǺľΪŮͻһ߽УǸոտסˡ
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һҶƬƬӰŮȾڵӰȷǵӰǾȻӵǰ
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ݺɫһַ㣬ַȷΪһԱδӦݡοŮδع飬ûͬݺҲҽԼΪеһԱ
ַЦղƹɡţƯ˹
»ݺɾ糺ˣ׾ûеλĸߵַͣԴÿһλýһͬʣıͺٻ޷ַЦ
ݺɬģַһ£һЦֳΣƽԸֲǲ֪ȻҪ㿪˵Ц
ۣʵŮһֻɰķ޲ʵȻҲܹΪΣһǱŮ֮ã
ַЦҵĴϣƹﲻҪ⡣
ݺ΢΢һЦԵ㽿ףӿˡеӵĶӿյ
ѾյˣﻹҪлƹȫַɨŮѾﵽָʸ񣬽ĻָҪ鷳ˣ
յˣݺǳѩۣѩ۵ҲǳԻ󣬲ȴܿŮɵı飬ںԭǴʲôΣյġ
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û˷֣ݺ뷽ѩ˫ĿԹŨŨ⡭



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ʷһսоŽ壬ֵ֮콣ȷӵԼĽ飬ǵƽԭڵǵ顣
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ѵھŽ⣿Īǡַɴ۾һŹֵ뷨ȻԺ֮С
ܹܵȻѾµˡѩ۾úοַλʮֺϸȻܲ²
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ΪʲôҪھŽΪһնؼΪ䣬Ϊ˽ڵġַֻܸоʲôطԾﲻԾ˵
ַʵͬǰļƻģ˵ҲѽǰɵĴڣþΪԼʲôŶԡ
ʵַѾ˵صˣѩҲֻ̹ףԭļƻǲġ֪ܵȱýһλԱһ֮Ͼޣԭ˼Ҫȴݻɡԭƻж̻ɺܶࡣ
ѩ۽̾һŮԭؾȵģŽ֮ĳ֣ȴսܣֵʧ⣬ʹô˾ȣڵȫƻ
ѩתַ㣺˵ĲΪΪȴӵɵľ磬վ˵þΪԼʲô飬Ǹ㡭
ַܳԾȵȻΪڵ棬ΪɵԸǰкδ㣿ΪǰЩʲôΪȸ˺ܶ࣬ΪЩҲӦõġ
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¼Ѫһȴ˶ˣȥֻ㶵վƽ̨֮ϡ
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ַӦһЦָˣǾͺãǺǡ
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˷ѩ۵Ŀ϶ðһӣ²ַ뷽ѩۣѩҲһ亹
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ѩ۳̾ͷȻ˴˵ʧ󡣡ַȻ֮ǰŮĨȥ˼䣬ڵǽԼ֮ˣΪںڼҾȻȴˣ
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裿ҿδذɣַſѩǵˣһָһ̾ͿɽնɱЭǹͬ
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Ůһ㶣ַ˻ȷʵǳʵŮΪˣзѩΪ켫ɣݺΪ켫Ůַ㶼Ϊ켫񣬸˵澳ĳˡ
ȻӵоƣַΪʲôŮ֣ԭܼ򵥣ΪԭǾеĽã
ںԣƾһԭַһ仰Ůš
㣡ַһַ֣˼ȡĿԪַС
ĿŽɫԪƯַϣַ㵭ǰ䣬벻žͿǵֱˣ
ַŮǱĨȥ˼䣬δħΪħҪŮ˲ȵֽšҲǵĻָֻҪӵεļ伴ɡ
ĿԪ׷ƮŮǰַӵоȴûг֮ΣӦԪʵк뷨ָʱ˳ȣҾ
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裬ĸдģΪĹϵӵġ豾ǳ¼ҼԪӤ֮ģַ»ػַԡ
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Ůɫֱ䣬ȻҲַǶʲôֽţɱĶǵȷˡ
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ƾһ޷˵ǣҲ˵Ϊ֮Ҫ˵Լɣ
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ִַɣƯƽ̨֮ɢŮڸ񽣽ӦɶȥãƲͬ죬ٴγ֣
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ַһ֣ԼΪȳԱ̬ۺˣֻҪϻعǾȵĽã
ЦһһַϣѩŮҲ̽ƷȥΪַ˵ԼλõģԷѩۡݺҲ̬ȻЩѿҲûа취
񽣽ƺڹŮԼĸоҲҪҪžȣ
ãһεһԥ󻺻ƷŮϣŵĲֱַλܵܡ
빮һҲȥŵԼ񽣣ȻַΪˡ
սʣ裬ԥɫŮĬˣǲ֪ԥʲôַȻ뵽ʲôЦһɢǿ˹ʵԼġ
ðɡҲţЩΪʱҾǽ㡣ΪӦŵܵá˵СҲŮϡ
޾죬ɢֻĽˣȫԱɡ䡱ʼɳɡ



ʮһ ɳ


530 Ž
Ϧ£Ȼɽ֮ϣһ¡΢˫ִأټ΢΢ɵ˫а뻭Уֻɫȴ˺ۡ
ȳԱȫԱָǰ䣬ȴû˴ǰĻ֡ҲΪŮѸߣû˴ǰģҲΪһЩԭ
ڷʲô
һһԣַֻͦӰϣȻûַܷʲôʱġ
ѵ޷뿪𣿡ַһ䡣
ַ軹εŮ޷ٻصǰӰӣΪԾ̫̫ˡ
軺عͷʲô޷뿪һʲô벻
ַЦЦԣȻ飬ûⷽȰ˵ɻǵ˵ʲô
ҡҡͷַ˵Ļкַܶ࣬ʵһ䡣
˵ѩһıء
סˣѩԼߺ󣬾ȴУַΪԻȾָŮڡޡʱ˵仰
˵ѵ类ȥ󣬾ȾֻܽɢһǵҪҽнȢس¼ң԰ɣ
ɫ΢˵ͷЩȷ˵ģַֻΪڴʱ˵Щ˵Щʲô
ַЦʱգɹʵѾԶˣͼȫȢؼȥ˴ҾԼˡ
ɴ۾벻ַȻ˵Щַ֮ƺδ˵Щʲôҿ㣬ѵ㻹뽫ҲȢؼ𣿡
Ȼοֹ㣬ֻҪ⣬ҲȢؼȥ
ЦҲҪи޶ȣ׽㡣
ֻǼеĳѾʧȥ˳¼Ѫĳ˵Һͳǽܹϵˡ
ַת飬ַȷʵʧȥ˳¼ѪѪ˵ȷˣֻò̫˰ɣ
ʵ˵⻰ʱַ㻹Ƿǳģԭȷʧȥ˳¼ѪǺȻǿΪѪַ㶼˳Ǽı飬һλܵܵĽѽ
ַȻҾһˣЩСƽϵġ
סˣַ㶫һһľΪΣôԽԽ˼ˣ
ַЦЦε֮޷صǰӣΪǷ˾̫ࡣҪ˵ǣеĽñһңȻǶˣǻʲôù˼ɵģ
ַ˼ַΪ˼ΪĵĸҲŻ˵ЩġֻŮ˻һԸ񣬾ַ²Ĳ٣ҲԸϡ
Ѿ˵ˣûʲô벻ģȻҲڹ˼ɡ˵۾
ַЦȻڹ˼ɣͺһͬȥɣǻкܶҪƻġ˵ҲǷӦɢ뿪ˡ
ƽ̨ϣŮһ𣬶ε顢Ůȵȷʧȥ˴ǰĻ֡Ȼѩ⡭
òײŻָǰǼʲôһЦ§ס˻ݺļ򣬵ƹػ֮ã۹˽ҪʵĽͣǾʲôΪʣ
ŮЦãǳ˵ĽͣǻòŲ²ˣַ㻹˭λԸʵ̫˽ˣ
ŮδҲֻѩͬ˳˼ӦҪ㽫ƽȢؼȥ
ҲôΪģЦɨŮɳѳɶ֣ǾͲҪίˣϵܻؼȥˣιιǶʲôѵǿϵ𣿡
ε̾һǲˣַѾ˳¼ҵѪҲѴڣΪʲôץǽò֣
ʲôи檵ĲǺŶǵѩðɣѩò᲻ͬľɣһֽìͷ׼һѩŮڻɳǲǴװͿ
ѩȻҡҡͷ֮ҷԣֻҪϲȢ˭ؼöԹԡ˵һѩѩʵĻַ㽫ѩȢؼңΪѩΪַ㸶Ҳȫ
һѩĿѩ亹һѩԸ˽⣬ʵһѩΪַŻ뷨ģѩ˵ʲôѵþ䡰Һͽ
ôˣҾͰãҺʹ֤ˣ
ŮεصͷȥԸһ׼˻¾һҪΪֹһﶼһ˾Ȼûģ
ʲô֤ˣ㲻˵ʺأַƽ̨ϣַȽҪԵĻкܶ࣬ΪЩô²
§ŻݺַǰЦʲô²µģڽ˵ǳ¼ҵ֮أϵܿɲܿ˽ѽ
ݺŮϵ̺죬ַ׳˵˴ǰ˵Ļ̾¼ȣԸһЩΪá
ַڷѩԣ㣬һô죿
ѩЦɨŮһۣȻѾع飬ǲ̽һµھŽ˾Ĵ£ŮΧʹҲҺˡ
ѩ۵ھŽĺŴв²⣬ʵ콣ˣҲɵı彣顣
ΪɽѰһʵ𣿡ַʵǷʲôҪ󣿡
ȻЩ⡣ѩ۵ԵĳΣ˻ǵھŽܵԵпɷʲô
ַͷԵĽȷʵЩ϶ûʲôģβȷھŽ
ѩһЦĸоܵΪνΪʣ
ɾоŽƶϣھŽļӦ콣𡣲Ҳ˵ˣھŽΪɽѰҵ壬˵ھŽҲɷǳǳͨ
ҲΪͨؼڵھŽ塣ϵӦԵĺ壬Ƿ˷򣿡
ȷʵ˷򡭡
Ůϲַȷ˵ھŽɳɵĿıﵽһˡ
ԵַĬĬ۾Ҳİɣ
Ů˵ͷַǰµʫԵĺҪĻھŽӦþˡ
һ˴һȻǵھŽˣĺᣬôܻǵھŽȻ뵽｣｣ǻ񽣣ѵ
ַ㳤̾ͨŮӡżżɢϢڵϢǳ񣬶ҡѵżдڵ𣿡
Ȼ򣬵ʱȷʵżп˲ЩΪ֧żڵСڵԨϡ˵ԭˣ˵ϼе
Ǳ屾ԱʹƺпܡôַԵУȷʵʵģ
ַӵһǹƽķе
Ů󾪣񾹻˺ʵĴڣַеġԵҲʮѺãھŽǵ֮ġ
ŮȻ뵽ַܾؾȵ⣬ԭַͷһ㣬Ϊ˱ŻὫҶԣڡ
ѩ۵ȻѾȷ˷ǼѰ񡣡
㡭ѩͻȻһ㶣ַֻ㻺۾ھŽʵǰƻ֮Уĳȫһ⡣ûгֻ֣кδ㣿
δй㣬ؼڵܵܵԵҶѾ˽ˣǲѶϡȷǳѵߵ˽죬ѩ۲֮ʱЩ©ʹЩ塣
˵ĲǵȷѶϡַ㻺ȡ͸Ǳɽַ֮ҲΪ齣ˣΪƱƵɽ
ƺַ⣬ܵΪھŽ齣ȷҲַԵ֮ڣֻ齣ļ콣̫ˣܹΪھŽ
ַͷ˽͸ҵģΪ齣ƼĴۡ˽Ƶ⣬ҿûһ˽Ƚˡ
ַ˻ʵǳǣǿŮַΪŻ˾ģΪȲ˺κѵַԸҲˡ
ѩһ£˵ھŽȷûкܸߵҪ󣬵һ齣ΪھŽδⲻʰɣ
кβɣִַɣɢɽȡ˳ֻģĽ黺Ưԡ
ѩüͷַ㾹ȻҪһ齣ΪھŽھŽļ񽣵ӰַӦҲΪʲôҪôִ⽫齣ΪھŽ
һ齣Ϊ壬ƺЩСˣϣ㲻Ҫ⡣ַ鿪ˣΪɽӵԼǣַЭ̡
ģĽ齣һЦŮɽ鵱棬Ѿ壬ӵ˶ǣ˵ȼĽȷίһ齣֮С
ϵܣҪҪٿһ£ȻҲĻɾ;ȵھŽھŽھȶʵ̫ҪˣȲΪ˽˹ϵڲˡ
ѩΪأַһѩȻѩѾʧȥ˶Ƶļ䣬ǻҲǷǷģַѩܹ˼뿴һѩкμ⡣
ѩ˽⵽Ĳ࣬齣͸ַľѾ㹻ˣǳܹȵģͬ˽ڵҲЩ콣ܹȵģȫ޳ַ
ѩ齣ڵģӦ˷ѩۡؼڵھŽ塱仰ʮ˵
ŮȻסԵ롰ھŽ塱ӵкֺ壬Ƿѩ۷ǳѩĻش޷粵ʵѩҲǵɽ鲻˵ȵĴҲھŽʱǿ콣ʵ
ɣ֮彣Ҳɵľ硣㲻ͨĽ飬Ҳĵĸд
ɽ΢Цŵ˵ͷȷַ˼Ҳ׷ѩ۵˼ӵǵΪ֮彣ôΪһ֮Ĵ˲
ͷˣַƣ룡
ЦЦӰΪɫư齣֮Ƶʧ齣Ҳش仯ԭĽɫıΪɫԣͬʱҲҫ۴֡ơ
ıĵΪ齣𣬵˽ӵеȴ콣Ϊ˽ͬһĿ̫ͼ
ַ˷ѩۣѩ۰̾һЦҲֻˣɵΪȵĵھŽ



531 ɳ
ΪɽΪȵھŽŽۣĿѾﵽĿĲδƣɵԸԼɽìܵĻ⣬ȽҪԵȻܶࡣ
Ⱥػ⿪ΪȱʹŽ۸Ǽӿ˾ȵĳɹʶ˽ƵȵҪ¡
ɵԸԼɽìܣΪ⿪Ȼڻᣬҷһ£ɼɽ޷ȵģһҷǳ
ƽ̨֮Ůʵֻгѩڴ֣Ůǵĳ֣龰ʹùշǳŹ֡
ַ˽ѩԸҲŮܵӰѾı䣬ԼʹպܹŹҲûа취ȥı䣬ֻҵѩ̸һ
ŽѾۣʣµıǡ֮ɷ磬ɳħ顱˻ַȻ˽⣬ȴ֪ƷŽλΪġ
ѩ۵Ž־žʹжξġһ֮ǰĲ˵Ҫ򵥺ܶ࣬ȴҲ
֪⣿ַѾﵽ֮ϵΪЩ˵ЩС˵ӦҪ㹻ˡοĲٿַһ˵飬ַʥΪѵ㹻
ѩ۵˵ҲǾŽ߽飬δ죬ҲոճΪھŽҪʱ񽣽ĥϡ
ԭǾŽַҲʶһ㣬ŮΪȻھ֣Щֶܳ˵ӦԽ֮£Դ˴ҲŮ
Ǿһɣ㣬ҪǴﵽʲô𾡹ܿڣ
ѩһ£Ƭ̺οЦַȼ֮ٺòҪﵽ켫磬㣬Ҫʮ˲㾳硣
澳𣿡ַЦһ£ģǾﵽĿҪ⣬Žʱ
ʵַѯʵǻж೤ʱ䣬ŽĥϱҪ̤һַҪھŽ֮ǰﵽѩ۵Ҫ
ѩ۵߽䣬ȴǰ壬˿ɴӿ콣ĳɳҹƣǧ߽ɴﵽҪ󡣡
ǧ꣡Ҫô𣿡ַоͦģҲ˵߽Ҫǧʱ䣬½ܹȹǧʱһǧʱʵǳΣգ˭ܱ֤ǧ֮ڲᷢʣ
ַȻԼɾħͬѹ֣֮ǰ־ѷʣʹħӵɵҲѹǧʱɣ
Ȼַ㲻ֻݻ磬ΪҪݻĻǰͿԶˡַֻǵ½׵ӣǿΪ˽ԤĻ˾ͱִݻ񲻿ϧ
ַĵǷѩдЦص½ȻԳһȫ׼һǧʱͬڴԤ֮СߣʹͻʣɽҲһܹ֪˴Ҵɽȫлָֻ֡ҪָˣҲƲˣʱֻǿɡ
Ȼܹɽȫлָ֣Ϊβûǿ
ΪʲôǿԭַٻһЩȻйɽͻ顣
ϹʱɽرսңǷսһɽΪһ壬ĻҶ಻Ҫ볹׻ìܽǳѡ
ַҲǵָ֡ɽͻʵɵۡģ߾ʿĴڵĵӡ
ֻҪɵۡͽ⣬ǿѹʿĲö֮ҲìܵĻ⡣ؼĻǾµ׵Ӿһǿƣַ֮Ϊлָ֣迿Чìܡ
ѩЦЦ绹һԸܵ벻һ£
ַüͷֽڹϷѩ۾ȻɵԸҲã˵
ϦܵҲİ˴ӣҲɽͻҪ㡭˵귽ѩ۱۾
ַ󾪣ϦĴڵȷɽ޾ìܣɵԸϦѵȴϦΪַףҪϦǲܵġ
ȫַ㻹һ䣺֪ǰǺ⣿
Ҫ˵ϦҪΪǣ顣ϦǿһԣɾΪŽȥǲ
ֻܸϾɱ𣿡
ѩ̾粻ΪԼ˽ǣ飬簲ʤһС
ˡַͷ˵񻹲Ҫĳͻ㣬ҪɽìܱҪ˵ϦǽϦ
ܻܵǷǿ뷨ɣǱ¹µһԿףвΪһЩ¶Σ֮С
̵ܵܽ
ַ㻽Ů֮¸֪ˡ֪һҪŮ죬гΪյģѾӵ澳磬Ըӵвס澳ȫɣѩ˴й񽣵˵Σ
Ŀ˽ЦˣַҲʷֱʾǸ⡣ַ㽫ʷִǷΪģھȱзȣ˵ȵƺЩ塣
ڽĲˣѩݺѩģַ㽫չʷֵĹŮСʷҲǳȵѴȫԼ˾ȣַİԹԣοŮչҲԿ
ɽ²һѨ˴ΪַŮ֮أҰ˵ͨ
ַ㡢ѩУ衢顢εŮΧַַ֮Ů񽣹ͬ
ŮҪܣַǽ迿ŮʱϢֻͬʱҲ硣ڵƾͲַȥˣΪƽѴﵽ˼¡
ѩ۵˼ַǳʵȳ˵ַӵиõķٻСŮСܹŽ֮ĥϣҴͬΪһ壬ַ㻹ЭŮ磬νһ
ַĽ鷽ѩ۱޳ɣ˵ǿһע⡭
ַʾصģһһѩǰַǵڵ͸õˣڵʱȣҪ֪ʱǴսˣοϮȶЩ˵Ҳûкô
ַ״̬ɺ΢ʹһûӰģΪеһ塣ַԽ迿Ůάĳ־ãҪٻ
ѩѾ뿪ո뿪ɽһɼǿɢͬʱɫãͻʯڳϲ죬ǿҵϢ˲ϯȡ
ݺ˴󾪣ѩǾϲַʵ벻ַ㾹Ȼɳ˵زַͬѸٳɳҲӿ˾ȳɹĲ



532 
Ϣ쳣Ũңַ˺ɢϢͬʱк졢ơ̡ࡢ͸ʯڳϲ죬Ϊޱȹһɫʡ
ѩ۰̾ʹʹᣬ籾ʿҲΪǰ̽ãֵһæµˡ
ԪڣɵǿߵĴս춯أΪ˱˼޹λʿȫ򳹵׳Ϊλս
Ϲżϡǿ߷ֱɵۡ񸴻䱻ӡٿضΪλ˫ǿ˵˴ζԿǧԹļ
ΪϹżʵλһЩǿ߲ٶȸ߱ħĲ֮ɴˣĶԿ쳣ңͬҲԶֹͣ
ɡԪսҲʽ죬ûսԴͷɺηʼ֮ʽսսɽ֮ڡ
ԪʿӵԪһɽ˵쳣ǿɽʥֲռƵ£ɽ缸곡ذܡΪ˹Ԫܿռ˱ʡɡ衡Ƚʮڼʱеɽ綼ԪС
һЦԪչԿڸƣҹԪʿɢһսɹ˹ԪʿɻʹϵԪһɹ˸ڣͬɹԪַֹ߽硣
˺˫չƾеսȻɽ籾ڷ˶ԡǺ޹ͬʱԪʿԴɽ緲˷ǳѺãʶ˫ڹԪƵʮ߽ϡ
ԪʿϽɽɽͬڵǲǰߣĸһ֮ս˲תԪ⵽ش
Ԫͬǿʿս֮ЩͬԪ˫ٳɽ־ơ
һڣһλǧȵʱ֮ͨ۹ۿԪλĶս
սʵȫɵ֮УʹԤıԿҲɵԤ֮УΪɵۼƻǽˡ֮ûȥԿԪֵʿΪȴɵ۵һָʾ
ƽ壬ֻڼҪƽĵڣÿ˶ýս׼
ƽĵ󷽣ֹϼԪϵȾֹͬһӰ˵˵ķӡٿء
ӰߴҳɺɫһӰӰ㣬ȴӵʵ壬ʱиֹͬĽãܹܷŭҷǳʹࡣ
뷴𣿡ֹ˵ϳһ˿ЦӰֹͣηֹֺó˵Ŀע
ֹЦȰֹͣηĵֿȻһʱʧֿɲ֪ʲôԤϵ飬Ͼǽ㿴صӡ
ߡӰܼѵغ߳һҲֹͣ˷ֹȸЦһʩӷӡ
ʱգ۶ɵۡλ˰Ĳ϶Կ˫ǿǰ꽻սʤѱؽޣиֶԿ޾ɢڡ
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ڣַŮάְ겻ϣɫͬ겻ϣڼʿǰ̽ãԱѩ۵˳ɹһΧ⣬ַ˵˿Ӱ졣
ַ˸ı䲻СŮͬʱ֮ƣеĽǽ٣ǰ˵ǲ˺ܶࡣ
ַĸıģΪһͷװ׵ĳѾ˸ı䣬Ȼδָ֮ǰȫɫˡڡɫαַڵӳʵֻҲɹȹڳΡ
ĵıϾַȰ˵άְΪƴ󣬺ھŽͬΪṩ˲ʹҲֵܼǧַ꣬ȫָֹͣʹá
ǳ˵Ԥϣַָڼ֮ʱһλ֮գ١
֮ħʶһɫƮħж޷͸̵̣׷׳ɻα֮ڣ֮ϵĵҲյӰ컺֮С
쳣֮ڵַͬܵӰ죬ַֻһѪ˫ۣ쳣ָĳҲٴαΪɫŬƺһˡ
ϵܣŮ۾쳣ͬидַǱ壬Ӱȫַһ˳еˣŮδ⡣
ַٴһѪû¡Ůɫַ˿þһ˿ǿл֮ɫȫٴηɻħ֮С
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һ̺ƷΧħ󽥽ħڣħЦһεδҲδ
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Ů󾪣ַԤûʱȵΪħҳѵħΪ
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ԭ۾㣬۶״̬
ַͨ˵ЭӰ죬۳ɹ붥״̬ͫ׻Ϊ˽ɫĤ֮ϵѪǱһɫ˿ӣеѾڻͨ
ѳ֣ŮҲòǿĵ巨˲ϯء
ס֣ãһѩЯַڲ֮ϣַܵĴĺأ׼ǰ񡭡
Ůֹͣ˷ߺ޵ϵ㻤ʲôȳҲ˲𣿡
ַȳһѪûѯʣ֪ǰ£
ħߵԪ罻սλĴսǲɿΪԴľȴ밲Ϊ¶𣿡
ʲôŮߺһ붯֣սλĶԿȫԸģɾȳе𣿺οȵĵΪֲָ֣Ϊİ
ַһŮǰԼǣҾв߱ţʵҲ³ˣǰΪȿֹⳡ𣿡
¡ɱ˽ĴǣַԶŮüͷ
ŮţַҲħ˴ǰΪİҲȳֹλĶԿħͼַ̽ȻΪʲôҪŪ飿ѵʲôŮ˽⵽
ħȼ֮ӵг˲߱ǵȫֹⳡѣ
ַЦһȻǰǣ˵˵ǰļ⡣
սɵԿģֻҪֹǵĶԿⳡսͣϢֹĶԿǻ鶼á
Ůҧħشַ㣬Ůǿֹ״̬ľֹλĴսοַ˵ɵĶԿ޷ֹģħ˻Ϊ֮⡣
ַЦЦǰ⣬ǡŮٴһ㶣ħ߲ģΪѾȵҲʵַ㲻Ҫħʲô㣿
ħһȥŮΪַֹһΣҲ޷ħȥ費㣬˲㣬ҪħǲʹŮǳʣҷǳѻ
ϵܣΪʲôħߺʣַ㲻ǵСҲ鷳ˣ֮һͼı
ַһǵѪЦʲôԭΪǵ
ǡɺܲʣοɽңλѾսһλսҲΪ棬ַ㾿ʲôĿģ



533 
ȰֹħӣжϣַǱٴˣһȻص֮ǰģ
ʮ⣬ֹҶλעɫãѾõʣȵʧˣô
ֹҶҡͷƾħһ˲ڲٿؾǱСлġ
̾϶ģȻߣ
ֹҶ΢΢һЦѵûжҰ𣿡
ûĵ˼ãӰʧֹҶһЦͬȥ
Ͽգѩ۵һ֮³ڲ֮ϣַ̾㶼𣿡
ѩ۵ͷַкο
ѩ۵ȵĵʹѱЩ˵ԭѾ޷㣬Ҳǿصġ
ʵΪȼʮΪѹΪʲôµ飿
ҲֻΪ˱հɡַ㰵̾ɵۣħǣκε̽Ȼʮܹѹ֣֮ͬħ̽ԭе֣Ҳ̽Ϣ
ȻϵѾ²⵽ЩΪλҪħѵƾȫԱ֮޷Կһλ𣿡
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ü΢ʷ˫Ŀ֮˸ģַ㰵̾һĺܲİɣ
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ħڶݣ˫ָһ̶Կҡҷںڶ֮ϴα䣬ɺˣҲ֪̾ʲô⡣



534 ڤ츮
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ңɫҫκʿ֮ڶԿ˫֡ȥɡԪֻкη˴սһ뵽սս𡭡
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һԣŮԽԽЦԼҽþԼҽãۺʱֵΣ
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ЦİɣúʰһħܰݣߣãЯʶȥ



535 ǹ
ɽս𱾾ȼհ겻ͣЪ֪ͬɽԿ˫ʿһдϣľǲҪ֮УԸƺˡ
ƮĻѸƶܿ㵽Ԫս߽磬ԻĻÿĽǿЦǵʲôʲôѽ
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ħ˲ҪˣǲӳƬռģ
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˼ħ˫Ĵսʿָͣ˿˫û뿪磬ĿⳡĴսοħǹԪԿȻɽ˫ʿ˵ħǶԿħǼбҪЭһ¡Լˡ
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ħЦһһ죬һȴֻħ˲Ϊɷ׷ŮʿȥŮħٶȼ죬ڵһʱ赲ŮߣŮʱħΪ˹ŮΪħ⡣
ħ赲ŮкĿģѵΪܣҲҪеֵħٴδŽеŮħһ
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ŮȻħ޷˼ŮΪµĴڣµõħнʵ޷赲ġͬ뿪ܲнͻ⵽ħħࡣ
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ãħĴԴɱŮ֪˵ħ㣬ϾѾʶŮͨǿжԿҲûкôγħǴ룬ǴŮ
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ַħ΢Ц֮Ҳ̫ƽţ裬ȥˣôӰ
ŮѸַԣѱħǹ֮УҲսȥˡ
ַüͷȴƽŶ㾹ȻսȥˣԭˣǺǡ
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536 Ӱ
ɽսһͬǰĻֹҶλħᵽλַǰģַǡ
ַ˵ĿѾﵽ˻ħΪȣŮֲ⣬ΪʲôǹǾǴĿģѵʲôǴҲ֪
ֹҶǹصʵ任ɵܸ෨幥ʵɵʵ﹥ֻҪʹǡɴﵽϼһһĴǹǴһȱݣڲṹǳڲݻǹǽǳס
ַЦҲ˵ħ˽ǹǣʵȫ˽ݻǹǵĿģҲҾȵĿġħ˴ĻǣȴʧԼ֪ϣΪǹǲħԼķ
ܣϷ򲻻ʧܣħĽѾǹڲӡǲӡģݻǹˣ
ֹҶ̾ħһҪ⣬ǹ˵Ϊ硣ħסˣֹҶ⣿ǹ˵Ϊֻں⣿
ǹʥǧƣɴȴ޷ʥĽޡҲǹǵһ㣬޷澳ĵ
ֹҶ˼ǳˣǹʥķԴʥʥйЧ޷Ӧʥ֮澳ĵ幥Ϊʥľơ
ʵҲܼ򵥣񾳽ΪĹϵΪܳԽ磬Ȼͻ߻ħǹͬˡ
ʥʱٳҲʥеķʥ˶޷Ը澳ˣƵķܶԸĻƾһܹˣ
ܣϷѾ֤ˣйǹˣƾһȷ޷ӦǹǷӡҡ
Ȼħɫһ䣬ԭ˵ǹǿе幥ʹ澳ĵҲܹա˲ħ뵽ڤ۷Ǳ澳ĵ֮һʱǹǲδգ㱻ġ츮ݻ٣ɼֹҶԲ٣ǹǲܵģ
ħɫתʶʲôַЦħ˿˽ʵʵʵڵ澳ǿߡĹ䱻ǹգȴ֤ôΪδʹȫ
ħĬĬ߬ȭͷ˲뵽ھյ֮Ȼǹܹ֮˵澳ĵҲܱǹգֹҶַ᲻ڷ곡Ϸ
ֹԾʵһˣֻ֪ʱս
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ЩĽɽ֣ǿϤϢҲҲܸܵ
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ʺ绬ַǿԣַŴͣϵܣôˣ
ϵܲ㣬ǰڿҶˣôܳԿ
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𾪣һԵŮҲǼ𾪣Ȼ͸ַ壬˵ڳĲַ㱾壬ѵַӰһŮˣַֹ˳ӰǲЩģַ㿴ҲӰ
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ҪַƣȴСٴ͸ַ塣ַסСȻ޷֮Ӱ֮
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λƯڸ߿֮ϣħѵ޷ħ𣿡
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ôһ졭СҲصģһᱻŵű𣡡
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537 ǿͣս
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ϵܣɵԸܾǴǸŲʲôرִħħϼһĲΪʲôҪģʹַħҲķħһȻϮȵϼһӦΪ˲Ŷԣ
ַٴ̾һ˴ħϮʹһ飬񻹲ڲܡ
ǼһҲǺöˣôţ
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˵ʲô鷳пΪɥ𣿡
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һҧȴǲҲ֪ôˣʵǲʲôҪѯϵܣϵܣȻԪ磬һֹλĴս֮ҲһЩ顣
УַǳӲ뿪Ԫ磬رǲܽλս
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ţŮŹֵַϣַЦЦһʺ磬Ůһȥ
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ϣϸǿ֪֧Կֹ񣬵˰ٰʼ޷ӽڡ
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Ů󾪣ԾΪɵ۾ȻϦΪַҴɵݣȻɵʶ
ǺǺǣԭˡϤƮɵۻժߣȻϦԭѿҵݡȻңΪֹɱ񣿡
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һϦķķ棬ʣϦӰƯַǰ֣֪ЩʲôֻҪһϢһձᶫɽǲֵܰģ
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ͨۡĻڤͬʱַ֣˫˲仯Ϊǳɫǳɫֳǰֵֻ۽ṹַںǺ޳ֻۣ
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Ϧַ㲢δ˺ϦֹŮ̬ȷǳϦЭĻͻĽҲ롰츮
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ַοһЦͷִԲ±һȡ׼
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538 ֮
ַǿϦֹͣѹϦЭַ㰲ɵֹ񷵻ɽȥ
Ϧȥȴδ뿪֮εŮһ˽Ե̨ʼʣµʯַ̨ڵģŮܡӴȻַҪһˡ
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ַʯֱ̨ʯ̨顢¾ַҷʯ̨εǾΪѶƣʵַΪˡ
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֮ϵ۵ǲСѽһڳƣϦĽİţ
˵ʵôšַһȹƽϣѽܣǲܵôߣѵ־ݣ
㲢ⷴԵܵܰţֻϦɵʵΪףʵ̫ˣ
Ϊ󣬾ȵҪŸ壬ȻĿµ
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ǡŮ˼ַĻìܣȻħϣΪҪֹ֮ͣս
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мϼһʲôģǹǲҲǴݻ˵ҲСѣ
ʵϵҲܵСģǿҪú۰Ӵ
УŮ˦˦ַ㲻亹
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ϦֹӣҾȴĪϵɱʦ档кθ߼˵һ¡
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СŮЦַҲεЦҡҡͷ
ܴԪأʱֻ輸ձ䡣ַ֮ԪȷֹͣơȻҪţҪȬ񣬲ȻͻϦ˵񽫶ɽ
ȬǺ£ַֻţֻҪžвħԪƽȣȲſɰĽнľٶ

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ǣȻԼţһǱȣΪʲôң
ݺַ㣬ܹѺȳԱַģҲ֪˴¡ӦΪ˲ǣɾȾȻȳɵ£ôк壿
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ߣǷ𣿡ʯ̨ϣҪʲôܿڰɣ
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ϵϵܣǸʲôȥǲǸȥɻʹѰ
ַѾɽ磬ʼǰɻʹѰ񡣱Ͽ뻯ìܣʵǲôͷؾȣΪؾȾζſﳤõļ
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˵ֹһǶΣ
彣ɱڽѰģǰɽֱ֮ʡ

ϦþóĬַҲ̫ĵʱ䣬ǰΪ˾úðɣǣʺ绬ַȥʣϦþڻҰϷ
֮һָɽأԪ硢磬ɵױگ飺ַ֮
گһɡԪ޴֮Ǻελݵ֮ϣͳλְλɵ۾Ȼ׷ɱ˷Ϊ֮ڼ便ʲô
Ӿ˵黹֮ɵگɢãɢگ飬ַ֮ͬ
ҶħگȺ󵽴ֹҶĿҲﵽУͬεĽ飬ַΪ֮
֮һ־ͺܰ
ŮΧַԲϵϲַȴһᣬΪʲôڣλȫͨ



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ͣϢλսٴβ죬ַȰλԱٴνбչأ֮ɫٴɢڡ
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ܵĪļ֮ӻ겻Ϊǡǧۣ꣬ܵǳȥߡ
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ѩַ㱻ַԣ㣬ʲôѩʧȥļ䣬ȻҲ溣ַԶǵġ
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ҹͨλŮΧЦ̸ݺһǳɫȻЦҲܿġ
ҹַɽ֮ϣΪʲôϢ
ݺһתӣŮ˯ģȴַĻɣûʲôֻ˯š
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ݺ󾪣֮ȻЦ㹫ӴʲôҲ޷Ļۡ
ַҿûлƹеôֻǻƹ̫أŻǵע⡣
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ַ㲻ӰοŮǰ㣬ЦãЦĻݺüͷַΪʲôЦ죿
ƹǧ࣬ȴǵš
ݺһֵ㹫ӺγԣСŮӴδӽõ˵ģֻǡ
ѿʲôǿȥģƹﲻҪٶˡ

ݺĬãַҲǾþҹڶ˵ĳĬȥ
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¶ɱŵãҵһλˣԭѩŵӣַѩĴʦֳԵ
ǧʱɱ仯ɱ˳¶ϼѩ֡á֮ɵӴ࣬ûϤ֮˵Ӱˡ
ԵѳΪţɳ֡λʹΪɷչԵ˷
ǧ룬ԵȻǵַλСҲгϢСʦܣرַԶδԼ¶İףԵַѾﵽκ˶󲻵ľء
ݳԵͣʦȥҡȥķǳģΪҦһ̽鹲Ȫ
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Ǭ壬ѱ꣬ԭǵħıºħϳǬ塣ɲ֪õη˰ϮɵħԱնǬδ³ȫһڡ
ȥԵλʦַ֣Ƚıػλӵơλʦ㡣ԵͶŮѷɽ磬Ҳ֪ǷǷ񻹼ǵóʦš
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ħǰأʹǧҲδ⵽ƻɢŵַһǿʢϢ
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ʹã˸ַһޱȹĽޱǿϢɢڲ֮ϣ֮ʿ
ַ̫̫ļ䣬̫̫޷飬Ҳ̫̫޷ˣںδ
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541 ֻΪ
УʱַһڹʵԸַ㽨Ҷȼա
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ַһʺ˲ֳŮŮʱһ˵ϡ˵ȳеϤַƺʹù֮֮ʹõӡ
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ϵܣ˴ŭַ㾹Ȼ˾Ѱ
һ΢ַ˵һ䣬ŮĬˡ
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ʮѩֹҶˣԭҪءֹҶȱһСΪϣƾС
ַǹԾӰ죬ֹҶΪַʱ䣬Ҫ֮ǰ롣
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ѯ֮ĬˣѩΪַ׼һַҲΪѩ׼һԷߵ˾ͷ
ַ֮ɺˮ⣬δΪѩ׼ֻΡ
һ֮ΣйΪϺõĽַ㽫͸ĽΪƳɡй֮쳣ģ忴ɷһʥСͲʺ磬ܹܹ֮ܵӵеޱʥϢ
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ӡŮٴγΪǿߣ֮һ˹ѺŷַһѾܳʱˡ
˰ɣַ΢ЦҪˣʹҵѩȥˣôӰ
۾һǷûл㷿˵ҪΪ׼һġ
ʲôȻַüͷӿһ˿⣬ѩʲôʱ뿪ģ
뿪˰ɣ
죡ַһѵѩǡ
ʺַѾ֪ȥŮһ㶼æ׷ȥܿ˱׷ַ֮ĵСڡ
СڷӿɫͨʣַעԶѷ׸
ϵܣʲôˣôʲôɫ̫ãİĵܵܽվҪΪˣ˵׼ɵ˴˴ޱȵıˡ
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ΪΪʲôΪʲôҪַ𾪵ĶҪ˵ˣ˫ضѩһ˫˫ĿС
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ַ㻺ֹ֣Ҷڼ䣬κνӽ˶⵽Ϯԡ
ѩַһΪʲôҪƭңΪѾȥΣΪʲôҪΪҼ
һѩ΢Ц۾ЦΪ
ַ㺬һ˿ˮֲСˣΪʲôҪһδεΪһѩѩҲˣΪʲô
һѩ۾СԶǸӡ
ŮסˣֹҶҲסˣǰϦѩȻ˵˻
ַ߬еֻΣܿ嶼ڲǰֹҶεһ·ַ㲻
ַ֮һҴӦΣѩպãַȫͶΣκһʺ˲ѩȥ
ΪӵϢϢͬδγɹѩС
ѩЦˣƯлл㣬㡭ַ΢Цŵ˵ͷѩ΢΢һЦֻСֱ˻ĺܿġ
㣬Ҫú㣬Ҫįˡ
֪ѩǰ˵Ļԭѩ˵ĶģŮĲѩĵߵǵĵַܵ㣡
ΪʲôΪʲôҪԼʷʹԣʱ޷˵һЩΪ˵ڡ
ݺ˶ֳ羴Ŀδ뿪ѩӰҲֻ˵һ䣺ֻΪʡ



542 
ѩ껻ַ㣬Ϊ飬ɻһʱ䣬˶ʱַСػƣʵѩʱú
Ůַ㼰ѩڣκ޷ѩΪܹȡַλãĵߵΪΪʲôܳΪ飿
ֹҶĻشˣʵֹҶҲ֪ѩܷȡַλã֮ݱΪģȫѩԼţԵߵݻַ֮㡣
ѩ⣬ΪǿʵΪ˽ٿھУΪ˾еĳԱȻܹٿ
ʵκ˶Ϊ飬ַֻںַ澳磬һԴʹһ㣬ѩĵߵ޷֮ƥУҲ޼
һ㣬֮ҪַΪѩĵߵƿҲַֻѩ绹ͣʱ޷ƥַһӵдݻپʵ
ҪַΪһΪԭԿʱΪʵʧܡǽҲھУֻҪѩʵܹһĻ
Ǿԭе뷨ѩҲĿ
ѩΪߵַʺϼ룬ĵߵһ棬һҲйء
ȻһѩܹԽַ㣬ҪܳʱΪַͬ׶Σѩ볬ԽַݻҪĴۡ
ѩͬھȵΪִַ֮񽣺ױܴݻνһá
ںϵķѩ˱һĹ۵㣬ǵߵĹϵ
ߵ֮ĸɴ˲ƿߣͬУͨƿؾƿΪıʱڤ񽣡񽣵񽣡
ɴһ㣬ߵѩַ㼰һŮͬȵλѩӵ㹻ʸȡַλá
˵ЩǣǿʹߵʹѩַƽѩΪϾַԶʹһѩҲûʸַƽ⡣ѩһɳֹҶҲַˡ
ǰϦѩַ㴺һޣӵǿҵϢʱѩʱӵַӵĵߵˣѩļλַ㼰Ů֮ļһѡ
ѩ˵ֹҶֹҶҲϿѩ˵ѩֹҶİ³Ϊ飬볹ײٿһʱ䡣
ֹҶ˳ĬˣŮĬĬעѩַ㣬벻ַѩǻҲ˳ڣַ㻹ҪԸһ
еĽɫӰֹҶ̾һһûи֪˵ģǵʱѩһ仰Ϊһ΢ͬһҲ΢
ַʼעѩӰѩĿҲۼַӰʼղƣûᵽԷ޵顣
ζʮ׹һдڼʮֻΪһ񽣣콣е񽣡ԭ콣ħƽҲΪξȶԿǳԭ
ԭ˵Ƶ豻ʹãΪδӵ֮ĳԱ
ѩַһַ㲻ԴѩڵϢҲַһ壬Ѿӵַһַ㼴ʹãӿ˾ȵĳɹ
ѩַӣӵַϢߵϺҲӿ죬ԭƻһʱҲ±ǰɡ
ΧԼתСַ۾нȫѩĹͣ˵ѩԼӲŻΪԼһУΪѩԼΪʲô
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ֹҶϷʹ˾ˣĵ·ҪλСоˡ
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ѩףλѩȥʹַ飬ַֻδֳʹҲ˽ˣȫϵܾɣḨġַĬĬɨŮŮĿȫۼϣȻַ㡣
ַЦһֻдЩĿɬܵ鲻ãȥɽɢɢģ˳Ҽ˺úġ
ѩ۵ͷҲãɽìҲʹ֮ܵ⣬ȫԱǰɽ磡
ȫԱһ£ʷֹҲҪһͬǰ𣿡
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ʷֶƬ̣ҲãҲ뿴ļģֻҪǲһǧЦַһʺ磬˺ʺһ뿪ֹҶС硣
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֮ãʶɫӰޣɫϢѸţҶȻҪӲһʽһɫϢϳһֻ޴ƣΪҶĵֿʹֳΡ
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ǿҵɫɿţҶɫϢ˲ʧ޴ƶʱΪκݺݵѹɫӰ֮ϡ
ɫӰأַһӰƺСڰʱɫӰٴλָס½ơãһַĽɫӰٴ佻սһúôһǲֹͣġ
̾һļǽȥϢɣǴ˻ǵġҲˣΪʲôΪֹҲûӭǣ
εˣЩӵϢҲͬˣƺһı
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ǵһ˴սʹ죡
ַЦ־ԭ鲻ãںöˡַҲҶĽ̵ΪҶḻܶ࣬Ҷܸһܺõİο
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̾ЦⶼʦĽ̵ҲʦֵĶݡ
Щ˲⣬˵ǧ겻ˣټ֮ʱӦÿĵŶԣȻһǳ״ַҲû̫࣬ЦҶǸ쵰أǧظȻֻҪӭӣҲδ̫ҷ˰ɣ
Цһʦϣʦֻˡ
ţַüͷ⣿˵Ҷµַַ㻹⣬ؼַол
̾һ˫ۣòŻڵʦѾˡ
ʲôַһ£ƺڻԼˡ
˫۵ʦҶѾȥˣȥܾˡ
ʲôַסˡ



543 Ҷ
Ҷˡ
ַסˣ÷ֵģҶĹϵַҶܲӭӣ֮ûӭΪѲˡ
ǵģҶȥꡣ
ʲôɱַҶ澳ʲϲˣһΪĽ
ҶǱɱģ˶ϡ

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·ַȥҲҶϢ˵̫ˡ
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˵ַһΣ˵ҶЭ̸ʱɽĹأ˵һȱʱҶΪԼ׼ĹأȻַ²⵽˼ȴδϵҶѡ˶ϡ
Ĺǰأַ˳ĬãĶڶ˶ԽҪ֮ˣһֵĸоƺҶδȥڿǡ
ַҶĹϸɿݵΪ˶ϣڼַʲô
ԭʦ֪ܲʦһܹסʦľɾŰ꿪ʼġ
ŰǰħͻȻϮȣȡþ֮ɽ硣Ů׷ħչսսɽиˣҶͬõϢڴսǰָơ
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ɵ۴Թ޼˶ģݺȵҶۿɵ۵ĴսھȶԿνһַȻǿֹͣǣһ
ħɵƽŻɽ磬һеһҶַΣΪκε
λȱһɵĵҶͬɵۺȥսԻԪ޾սݱΪ֮ңرɵλĴҰĵļһ
Ȼȥһλ޷ƽϢⳡսңֻҪʣµλȫȥάƽ⣬ҲͲˡ
֪̫֮ˣǱس֮ˣ
仰Ҷַ֪ģɴ˿ɼҶλҲԼڡҶַѿ㣬ַûа˼ǲȡƽʵάƽ⣬ͬʱȫҶһ
ʵҶõַ飬ַؼĻǲҶȻԾȵһ˵ɵķǲµġ
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Ű䣬Ȼ˴˵ȴ¡
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ҶǷΪԣΪ˵ʦϡַ²ҶҲл֮ڴַ㡣
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ɻʹڣŮΪܵɻʹߵȴȻɻʹӲʶЩǿߡ
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㶼澳ˣȻôġ

һַƲƿ벻λʦǿˡ



544 
ɻʹɽ·ذȻ䣬ӲӲݴûԭķĹò
һҶ֮ĹУʹ갲ϢڴˣȻܸܷܵдеĺ⣬ʱҶԾʱôΣôĲʡ
ַ֮Ҷǰþ˼ѻصǧ֮ǰصҶոսʶصҶദʱַ֪߬ȭͷһ˿ˮӣڸɿݵĲҶϣֻЩѵĴС
ַ˵ҶǽݵĴ磬õѣַϣҶԶĻȥΪҶǹҶλлַĺ⣬Ϊ˴ʹַ¶Ҷѡ˶ϣΪףҪַ¶ĳȥеͱһ·
ְַһ˫Ҷ۵ķϣƺ͵˼ޣﻰȫ˵˳֪޷ֹλѩȥΪ²ֻؿŮЩҿܣΪΪ¶ģɱ⡭
ˮٴλ䣬ַץһѷϵأԼɶӰ죬ΪλҪѡѵ㲻ɵ𣿡縡ַһƳչƮܺûнȵʹ֪Ҷ
ȵĳΪָ֣ͬʱݻѱħҾҲǽ֮ݻ١ǸòΪΣ磬ʹλҲΣܽΪȹ̽磬Ϊִеֲϧ˶ǵĹǣ
һʱһʱŰǰδɣַŻ˼ĴڣΪƽֻܱȫȶѳɣַȫԻָ磬ʱֻҪڰ׷Ҷĵػ磬ɽìܻҲʧ
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˵ĺáַһ˫ۣ˵˶ϲȫΪң˻
ĪΪҪеɣ
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ѩԶַߣΪѩľַڡ¸Ϧ𶯣ΪҲֹĶ۾
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546 
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547 ȹ߽
̫Ͻ磬ȳ֮أҲǾȶԿ·ʼأ̫ʧһ磬Ż̫ˡ
̫ǧ꣬¹ʽİ˸̫ϽǺģ
ʵ̫Ͻ粢δ̫ı䣬ȫƽΪϢ档
̫Ͻϱ磬粻֪ȥħݻ磬Ҳ̫Ͻִ硣
ΥӰΥϢΥã
ʮãʮʵãʼ߽磬̫ȫĻۣڵӸ֮ɽ
ʮã㣬հãҫ֮ɽã֮гһɫ콣飺
ԭҪᴩ߽磬粻ô׻ָġ
֮ɽһӰǳɳչ̫ϣɱسħ飡
ѩ۵ϵ׽ȴѣοǲϵˡ
콣ַԭδٳֽ磿
ѩ۵Ŵԡɽ硢籾Ϊһ磬ٳ໥طգԭлָ߽硣ҲΪ˼ΪϸȴԽԽСԭ
ַεЦһԭɽʹʹɽ³ɵķ
ѩۼֿ֮ͨͨͨͨȹ̸硣ָ磬лͨڴ֮ǰȹ̸磬Ȼͨʧʧ⣬ʹǿҲ޷ֹĻ𡣡
湻鷳ġַЦһŮҲ׷Цһ鷳ǿ϶ģȻҲô࣬ô̡
ʵǴҲ߽粢ԳƣһʲôǺˡ
ԷǳȷýСӦϽ磬ɽӦɽ磬˼ӦԪ磬ô̫ϽӦһ磿
˵̫Ͻ粢ϸӦֻʣһ˵̫Ͻ͵磬Ͳڹ֮ء
ȳ֮ʱħط򣬸ǲٿǬ򣬶Ӧ̫𣿵Ȼַһ֮ʵǷַɲ½ۡ
ߣ֮˱֪ӵֻµý硣ˣ˻ܹȷϣ̫Ͻ磡
ֽۣ̫Ͻ磬Ǳ
ʵϺȷʵˣ̫Ͻʿ뿪̫ϽʿҲ޷Ӱ죬ΪҽԳ֣ƿأȲҲӰ

ַͻȻЦŮӲ⣬ַ뵽ʲôˣ
ַЦΪǳ֣ʸݻ
ŮȻַԲ٣˽֣ʹ˽кãɲ˶ʧܵ𣿲ȻΪʲôԼȣ
յȫ⿪̫Ͻ͵磬ַȳֵľȳԱǴݻѡյ׽⿪ȴˣӦδ̫Ͻ磿
ȣǽ̫Ϊط磬ԭйģģȸĺˮ࣬Ͼ̫ϽģҲС
һǴݻ̫Ͻ磬ݻ̸̫ףο»лýһ硣̫ϽʧػɻýңҲ̫Ͻػĩհ㽵ٻý磬ɵΣɾͲһˣ
µɲôԥˣ
ָ籾࣬Ȼ̫Ͻпɾֻ֮ܽݻˣڻýֻ֣ܼ֮ܵȫܻ֮⡣
ߣʹýȫ֮޷Ӧ̫ѹһýҲ޷ɴ߲Сڡĵʱӣ
㣬ָǷҪأΪһʧַȫ˽ָ̣ȿɲʧھͷ·ϡ
ѩ۵磬̸磬㹻ӦָԢѹҪԭз϶ûعĴأ˽޷ġǱΪڴΪʱӦò⡣
ַһ֣ԭҴڣǲۿǻָġϵ޷һָ磬ұ赲ֵɧš
ѩסˣ⵹Ǹ⣬ȱַλ֮ʵ󽵵ͣŮǲָܻģǺã
ַ˵ȹ硣Ȼˣлָýɽ磬Ͻɽ֡˽һָ֣
ѩ۴סˣѽ˵زַ㾹ӵǣһλ£
㣬ԽǵΪ磬ṩĽָǷ㹻
㹻
Ľ磬Ľģһ𻹲Ԫ缰˼һ壬Ϊǹ֮ԭеĴ󲿷֮֡ȥĴ½һС֣ⲿִ½ֱɢΪڵĽ硣
յɵļ㣬Ӳٿ֮Լ裬оɱ׼ĸһָ׺׺ࡣ
ԭɧţַ޷Ϊṩ裬Ů֮лָĽ粻⣬ο賬ԽɵĹ㣬ʹû뵽鲻ַ㡣
ãһг콣ܣַݻ̫ϽͬʱָĽ֡ǰĻָ磬ֵ赲ݻ̫ϽҸѩʹᴩ߽磬壬񽣽ҡ񽣻һѩԶַ˵ѩѩܹ
콣䣬ǽɢΪ󽣱ΪԲȦ£콣̫֮ͼ·СΡ
С˲ΪȻַһдڸ׼ã񽣱ַУַʹ뿪ΧŮڡ
һԣ̫󷢹ã廯Ϊһ޴ء磬޴ᴩ̫ؽý缰Ͻ硣
ԭһ֮ɽ޴֮ɽ죬չᴩɽ磬ֱڹԪνĵ㣬Լ˼ҹ̫
ѩ۸֪ѹᴩ߽磬ͨǧСģͨʧʧ⣬ѹһ˲ڼϡ㹲ͬеɰڴһˣ˵շѩȫͷ켫ԴԴϽڣƶʱ
ַƯ⣬ȫԸϵҲΪҳһģʮλַ㻷˫ƣʮãַ˫ֳ
˵ַӵо߾ӰϾӰֻһλΪȫṩĻʺϵġοԭ֪ʱ٣ʹþЧֵֹ͵Ϯ
Ů׷ɢǿ˲ﵽ£ҫ۵Ľɫã·ҪΪʵ壬ַҪһһֻͨѹķ̫õѩŴҵҲҪԼͬʱֻͨҪҳգ˲ѹǾͳɹһˣ޾ѩַָ֮׷׻۸ͨȴ㹻ʱ̵
ѩ۴ƹȡڴеȱȫ֤簲ΣΪư磬ɫڲӰַ׻ݺһܳȡŮַȡС
ȫ֮ȳԱе֮ӿƿʼٱ
ѩַͨȳŮҲͬȣ⣡
һͬʱɢ߽磬ͨǿ֮˺׷飬һ˲߽ͨΪޣ
ΪҪһ̣֮ΪҪʱ̣ǳǰܣʹһ̣
䡭
߽֮ɽ˲飬ͬʱ߽ʧ⣬ؾһζɽ屬߽ˣ
޴첻ϣַΪ˲䱻ȡɻݺȡҲһ˲Ĵ
ʵ֤ɴ˻ָҪĴۣȫԱ֮֮޷ȹ߽ƽ⣡
ɢ޴ĹϣΪ޷߽ѹɫʼѺۡɫĴɢǿʼɢ
⣡ַ㷢߶ڻȻʶΪ̫Ͻڻ½Ҳ˵翪ʼʧ໥ˣ
ѩҲǴ󾪣Ϊλ˴ɿĻ֮ãӦò˹ʧŶԣ⣿
ַйãǺֵӣŮ󾪣ʶֵӲֻϮзָ
ʹ̫Ͻ粻ԭеؽ磬һ½׹ý롣ֻ̫Ͻ繲ͬýʧⲢǣɽ磬һý硢ɽ缫ʧƣҲʧ⡣
ϽһἫʧ⣬ûƽᱻǣԭɽ緶Χ˻ɻý硢ɽ硢˼뼫ʧ⣬ȫһ
ʹˣʹԭֲٿ̫ϽҲܾʹ˲̫Ͻ½ɵӰ졣
Ĵɢ޴ϣ·ܹΪѩӰ߽缰ԭֵѹ±ܴݲС
ɶ񣡡ַŭһʹԭΪԿֶص֮޷ס߽磬ЩҲͽ͵ġ
֮ڣѵĹʱָ˲٣ɲŲСѺۣȻʧ֮С
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ڴĻʱĴֹͣˣµ̫ϽҲֹͣ׹䣬𶯶ûˡ̫Ͻ磬ý硢ɽ硢˼ȫֹͣ𶯣߽Ȼƽˣ
ô
ͻˣҲԭеֶˡ
ַ֪ѩһжЦŮҲ׷ʲôͬЦ
ߣȹһذɣ
Ԫ㣬ϦֹҶԼʷλεȫǵ
£ǧˡԪʿУᴩĹԼʹ֪ȣΪ˱ȫԼҲһ֮
ַ㣬ͣϦĺϿַλ֮ˣ
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˼ҹǣ»һſź貵ĹЦһַǸһΪȻҷҹǵ⣡Сӡ
һ绰㣬ҹǵʧĿ£ٶȣվͻǣǿûôǮȫ·
Сӡ



548 ָֻ
ԭӣȻָ쳣ѣڸʿʱȶ߽硣
Ů뿪׷ڵϣַ㶼ֲ֧סˣַǳʵãָͬķַָٶҲܹﵽ
ѩʿһָ㹻ˣŬָɣһ쾪춯أϹ⻪ҫɫã֤ʼת
ָ̫֮Ͻķֽͽˡ
Ůֽ⣿
ַ˵ͷһݻ̫Ͻ磬οǻָʱҲࡣǵǷֽ̫Ͻ磬ŬɣԭŮܷѽַ˼Ƭ̺󷢾ĺܺ棬޼ɵĹ
֮ӵŮԡпٻָŮַ̾һһǰӵģһս
ָͬЧãʱַѾָһΪȻ˵㣬ʼջǲĽ
ãһַԣɽ֮ɽ
Ѿᴩ߽磬ַɽ粻Сһַܿڲݴý磬֮ʱѾɽˡ
ֵַܣȻţ
ոַ㱻ЦΧŷѵӣܳϤӰԼߡ
ַЦþòܴɺã
ãֱüˣ
ַɨЦЦǧ겻ܳѾﵽ켫磬ŮơīҲ׷켫硣λСãȻﵽ˶磡
ʹǧ겻Ҳɵʱ̣ܳʵֵܿкָʾܳȹһΪַָ˵ŮȻַǰӦʲôҪ׹۳֡
ַɨǧӣܴε֪ȹģ
ܳЦãɹᵽ˾ȵϢ
Ŷ⵹ַû뵽ģĸ֪켫ܳ˾ȻҪУλÿɲѽ
ոһɨַ֮㷢ܵӲ׹۾Ӣӣʵ׵Ӻڣ
׵ڸһ̱ضۣ
Ҳáܴ磬Сܲţ˴ҪԽ޴´ָˡ
ܳ˵ȹڵϣͬƾ˵ǲ
ǻˡַ㲻Цȴ׵ӣеӼɢȥܴ磬һӺһģ׵ӵ٣ָ´ãַٴη̫Ͻ硣
ŮָȻУַȴջ˾ͨ۵Ϊָĳң˵ָٶѾܱ̬
ַ΢΢ʱ붨˿Ӱ죬֮ȴɢ˷ȥԭַΪѰֵڡ
ӵϢΪַܹ֪֮֮ڵϢַ֪㷢ֲﷶΧٿ֮ɢʮʸ֪Ϣ
ַЦһջ֮ºӰΪӰ˲ʧ̫Ͻ֮УַѾʩչӰ֮
ǻָˣ
Ů۾ԭһָĴͬС죬Ͻһҡ
ַЦԭԶʮ⣬ʱڲӰԼ裬ĵ幥Ϊֲֽ̫ϽصļϣΪ軤
ѩ۵ϵܿк뷨
ַ̫Ͻ类ǿпڻýϷһ׹Σýȫ硣ҪǷֽ̫Ͻ磬һΪ̫ϽԻýɵΣоȻý顣ҵӰѾǰɽ磬ʱ׵Ӹһͬжݻٷֽ׹Ĵأ
Ů󾪣֮Ǵϲַ㾹Ȼôõķ˫ϵ͸ˣַӰʹֻҪͨڻݺϵĽᣬӰɻ֪ݺڣֻҪŮ·ȴ־Ϳˣ
ʱ䲻ˣֻΪṩջָʱ䡣֮ɻݺ죬ѩָӣǰ̫Ͻ߽翪ʼֽ⡣
ַ㽫ľ뷨֪Ů
ַΪ׹۾ǧ귢չʵȻǿټַӰͬЧֽ̫Ͻ粻̫鷳
ԭǬĸСΪַҪŮʮηֽһС½ءҲǽһС½ƽΪʮݣһһ鶪ý磬˼ֽ̫ϽҪֽʮΣ˵ǲСѹ
ǵ׵ӵʵַԤһռܹ״ݻ½أݻ̫ϽӦֻʱ䣬Ҳ죡
ŮǷֽ̫Ͻ磬ַ㱾ǶԿˣ޿ɱһսַһҲܾúܾˡ
ʺַʶȥŮΪ˱ձɻݺǰ̫Ͻ߽شŮץʱָ
һ棬ӰַѾصɽ֮ɽ׵ӹڹ֮׼
ǧ֮׹۵ķչʵڳַԤϣ˰򣬹ԼɵӸǱȱȽǣ˭ܵУ
ɾַܳȻˣԭǧַ֮˱ʣý⵽ɱأµʿֻɽ磬˲ɽʵ׹۸Ϊļ˴ӡ
ֱܳͣʺʧȥħϢħӰʧˡ׹Ķսᣬ׹Ϊ˵ȴȹżػɽġ
ַοһЦ׹ΪӵнҲ˵ǰӢھȿһַΪݻ̫ϽٶȿԴˣ
ַ֮ͨȥýͨԴӽý׼֪֮ͨ˻ݺֽ֮ӱݻ̫ϵʱΪʱ䣡
֮һ׼ݺõϢŮ׼ʱ֡
Ϊ̫Ͻأѩ۵ŮΪ˻ѹҲ׷׳ִأһޱȺڰԨڴ֮ϣԶȥ
̫֮£Ӹռһ޾ȴ̫Ͻ½׹ʱ̡
ŮһҲˣǸոճ㱻ַֹѾ֣һλȫڼ۵ĿֲӰַʶǵռħꡣ
˫һǾҽ棬ħ껹ԭħ꣬ļӲɴڡַѾԭַ㣬еȻ޷նħ壬ȴѾ˺ħڡ
ħŭ֮гһȫħ콣ǴǰѹȾȵħ֮ħĲٿ¿ʼԿ
˴ζԿַ㲢Ϊħ꣬鲻ڵ£ַҲûݻħꡣַĿֻΪΪŮȡʱ䣬ַħԿ
ʹ񽣻鲻ڣޱǿ͵Ľ֮֮ͬħȫԿоȻû˿ˣǽӲƴݻһƬƬĴء
֮ħĽսŮ׵Ӻݻ̫Ͻľٶָ˵û˿Ӱ졣
˸ʿȫʵﵽ޿ɱĵز״ƽ߽ͬʱ˹Ԫ硢˼صĶϺۡ
Ĳٿпʼƽ룬ٶԽԽ죬ͬʱɽҲʼ˻׹
ǻģҲǼΣյģǴʱȻ⵽ԭֵϮͻĹһһ㱻ַסħ֪ǣַѲħϡ
ħνַʼܹ񽣻⣬ÿħ͵͵뿪ʱַͷ֮ħꡣͬǿ֮ħ֮±ƽģΪħ걻ַ㳹ƬԲʮϡ
һºһɢڹԪԼ˼ڣͬʱ緢˾ɽ羹ȻڹԪ硢˼Ĵ룬ѷǳǺϣʱҲǳλ
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ɽعδ̿ʼԼýĻع飬Ǿʱ޸عԪ硢˼֮Ȼڵķ϶
֮϶޸ɣٴδԭɽصĶϺۣ缰ýĻع鿪ʼˣ
ʱ˿̣Ů̫ϽĴݻѾ˴룬µĻýڡ֡һ²ֹʯأӢϱ任Ӧšֵ֡ķλ
ϽԼýĻָ֮Ҫɺܶ࣬ΪΧ֮ɽСһֹΪָǳѸ١£˷ֱ𿴵˲֮ϺԨ֮гֵġ¡½ֵĻָɹ
ʮϵϦȸԼǧʿѾƣĻָѾǰܴʱ
ؼʱ̣塢һ塢塢ħɽڵˡͬʱ˼ڵĹ񣬷׷Ϊṩ˵˼е֮
һɲ硢ýسɹع顰֮ءĻպط϶޸ɣڻָ
֣֮硢ɽϵĴ½³Сǣ֮Ĺͨɴڷ״̬Ϊħ껹δȥпħĶٴαΪ֮ǰ硣
ɴڣν缰ɽ磬һΪħͻȻ죬Ϊ޸ԭڵνֻͨҪħ޷ǣǰνͨ޸ɣֲĻָ
֮󡭡
ŮΪΪָͲ࣬ĿİŬֽ̫Ͻ磬Ȼʱ䳬ַԤʼڽճ˷ֽ
ĴʿǣӰַĴ¿ʼӦһΡ֡
֡ڽŮӰӰַ֮ǰһǳɫεܹͨ缰ɽ֮ʱ棺ָֻɣ



549 Ѫħ
ڻָ֣֮鲢δʹ˽
ãݺŮַӰԣӻȸԾǧȴջǵȵһ죬ĳɹˣ
ϵܡ
ĬĬһֱָȷʵ٣ֵַ㱾Ȼս֮Уǳɹοħֻδȥȵĳɹһ룬ֻһС롭
ŮȻ۲Ӧҵʱ̻ǵַ״Ӱַ̬ƽƽıûܵʲôΣ
ܣӻȳֱޱ޼ʣôһǿͦͷ۵ģôЩӣ
ϵܣ
ַ㲻ԼһŭֱͷСȭͷַԴ˹ȥϧ˵ڵַӰСȭͷ͸ַˡ
ͻȻıˣǳͻȻҪַ㣬Сִַ顣ѵַʧȥ˱壬귵磿
ȭͷգվˤڵأ˴Ƭ̺Цַεشһʲô𣿡
С˵ϣûУ
ַ˺ôŽЦأǽƣ˰ɣˣʣµһġ
ѩ۵Ҫ̫ǿˣĶԿԳ֮
ʵַĲĶԿģʵҪô
֣ܵܲȴʱ졣
ɻʱδѾˣΪʲô֣
Ҳ֪ģѩЦǲˣʮʮǻȱһҵʮҪûǲֵġ
סˣʱǾȻôش飬ȵȷδҵʮɵʮʲôط
ַ˼ǵô˵ʮǳ⣬Ҳһ̲֡ô
ѩЦЦֻܾܵ֡ѽеһˣη޼¡ҪˣܵܶѾ֮ãپ첻ɣ
ַ˿ЦҾ
½һƬɳš
ַħĶԿѾ֮ãַֻ֮ħԿ˴󽵵ΪΪûĶ٣ָ߳ңⶼҪ鹦֮Ļָܡ
ӰһӰַ£ַЦԭˣ𣿡
Хٽַ⣬ֻҺܺ棬Ҫҵȴʱʲô
ŭħٴγ֣Ѫɫ˿˲鲼ظ
ַЦЦɢ֮Ҽɵħ꣬˴ζԿȴֲˡսַҲħ귢ͻ֮ԿħǳʵãԭӦԿ
ڼַħչʽԿħȻ統ռʶǰ㣬˼ӲƤǱȽ˷ѽһ㣬ħֻ飬ʵӦֻ˲Ŷԣο걻Ϊļ߻һλԽ澳ġɡ
ַʵ˵ħٶȲַ˵ҲΪǣʹ˶ַڲ֮أⳡԿĽƺѳɶ֡Ϊַ̫Żᷢ쳣ܸоʲôطԾɾﲻ˵
ַ÷ѩ۵ġʱ족صڵʮϾħӲƤַ޷ƣħͬڲ֮أⳡԿֽʹУҲַħشȷַ㲻
Ⱥɫ뻯Ϊʵɫ֮ײ֮ħеʵԿˡ
֮ħĴַû˷֮ħ꣬ΪЧġԿħħַ㣬ַ֮¼񽣶Կ
һ쾪춯أǿҶԿַˣħӲƤνˣȻַҲˡ
ʵַʼտЦãħľȷֻáݣΪιҲ޷˺ħֺʹնħӰ졣
ħƷǳŭ澳֮Ҳ޿κΣַֻܼ׷ͼַʧɣ
ħ׷ַ㱾һ£Ȼĸ֪һְͣɣַһ£
ȻַвãΪ˼ˣȻȴ׷ħ꣡ȥħѾǰħҲԼԴˡ
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һַȴ㶵עԴѾֹͣħħɴڣħǱɫ⻷ͣӡ
ַԶħڣħ˫˸Ӱϵɫ⻷ķǳǹ⻷ʲôַ˸ղŵжϲʵʵɿз
תȥַһ㣡
ԶһӰƯĿӢħƮǶǰȷԿħ֮һѪħ
þòˣ
Ѫħ΢΢һЦַȴطѪħ񲢲аŵϢǳʥǹϢλ֮ǳϤȻ֮
д뷨ַħ꣬ħϵɫ⻷ӡһȫķӡ֮
ôַ㾪ȵѪħѪħȻҲ֮
ѪħЦԻ󣬿ֻԺٸ֪㡣
ַЦһʵħԲܱ֮ģ
ףΪڳħ겢ħꡣѪħַԣ֮֮ϣҶ֣׷ӡǺ׵ġ
Ȼ㲻ʲôԭ򣬵ַѪħǷѩۿеġʱĿǰҲֻˣҪʲô
Ѫħһ֮ħΪáѪħַָһַӡǵʵֻɢ֮Χħ꣬Ѫħһȿʼ˷ָ
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