ĸ˫֮䣭׵Һ
ߣ


һĸӵ԰Ϸ

    1

ιİΪĸΰγأʱĸѪ࣬һʱҾӚҽԼûйϵǣΣһҪȶĺӡǣ˻ԵУֱѹʱѾҵԱߣ˯ĺ졣
־ҵ
ЩʱκҪϳС
εһҵⷬʱ۾ɵôġ
ǽɷǰͺܻģҸŮˣҾŮ˴绰ɷȥɷ򽻳
ҽӵֵ绰ʱʵǷǳĻںޣȫɷǸ൱³ˣ˵˵磬Ů˶ʲô˵ûһŮ˵Ļ޷ģҲûҪǿңǣֻҪԹԵҵĻȥͺˡ
׻ѹңüζҴǻɱıԵȻʲôֻһİһʵĸףҪȥǶ
ҲҪؼ
ʲô˼أ˵ֻһģӡɣǣʹûж˵ĺףһµСѾܹĳĸ׵¡
аӣҲȷôȥҲһȥɱǣôһأ
ҾҪȥʱÿҴͷΡ
ҵı
ҵ
Ҳ˴ѧŽ׳񣬼ʹǶһȥɢҲɷĸߣҶһֵĸоǵֵĳȥʱЩͷǵݏΪǮж˵̫̫
Ҹʱ
ôҾͼȥɣǺȤ𣿡
ηǳ˵ش޳ɡ
һȥʱСġξͽᣬڱǰıֳҵĻʹߣһ죬ȻԼЦ
ʱŮ绰ʱҾͻΪҪҵΡ
βڼҵʱе绰ֻҪһŮҾضصؾͽ绰еҲܲѯʶԷ㵽׺ʲôϵӚ㲻Ҫκ
αԹ˵̫ˣҵİͬѧٴ绰ҡ
Ӛǵʲô𣿡
ΪΪǸŮҪҵΰ
ǸŮȷεͬͬѧ绰ҪӚνϴεıʼǻȻҵģǿҵĶʼı÷ǳļꡣ
ҵĺӣҲὫκˣδ뿪ĻҸôźأ
뷨һֱҵԺ
ɷȻԳΪڣŮ˹죬ؼҵĴǰ٣ǣұ㽫ֽתƵεע͹ġΪҺ½ɷ֮ҲᱻŮ˶ߡ
ҳһʵŮˡ




2

ȻѾǳˣǰȻǺʮǰСһ
ĸףҪȥС
ô˵ʱ֪Ҫ˭ȥС
Ŀĵ˵ݣҪںһ֩סһȻȵһٻؼҡ񲻶һƽһҪŮȥС
л֮Ҳҵĺˣ뵽ˣҵľͱøӵż
˵һҪ𴲣ԽҪȥ˯ϴ֮󣬱㵽ķȥʱ򴩵Ǻɷ»ʱĸ߼ң˺ܾûõˮ֪кᱻˮס
Ҵ򿪷ʱеĵѾǹصˣȻڷţκû˯ӡ
Σ˯𣿡
ûУĸףʲô𣿡
վſʱȵĵƹ⣬ı͸ɼͬʱԺؿҵ塣
ιΣǵһκŮ԰ɣǲҪȥаɣ
ʵԵΣֻҪһʲôشʱһұġ
ԣҷǳ˽Ů˵֮󣬵׻ķӦ
оҪȥУִ˵顣֪ҪŮϴϲǱȵеĿĵҪ˶ˡ
ŮϴкԼŮ˵ǷǳҪ¡ʱӡ󶼻̵ڶ˵ļ䵱УҵĻк˵һĳ裬Ϊĸ׵ңΪҪöӳˣһҪܹŮڳεԽϳɹĸأߡΪεĳĸ׵ĳ衣
ô
̽ɣ
һ⵽εľܾ
ʲôҲû˵ֻڴϣ۾ĺһһֱҵ忴
ϾεԱߡȻҵıʲôҲûдޱʱϾ׵ĴεĴȡ
ʱң˵Ϊĸ˵һŮ˵չж
֪УεĴѾǳ˺ܶëֲִڵ˾ĸܡνӴʮʱȻĶ
ȻʲôҲû˵ǣΪܹ߶΢ŲһЩڳһЩλҡ
žζҵĻشɣ
ĵĽӴεĴȼʱȻӲļҪġиҸоôᡣڿ޷Ǭȥסиʱĸдһû۹и
˽⵽ĸ׵ȨްɣЭҽĿӸƨ΢̣ʱӾ׵
ɣ
˵꣬ҾǱޱУȻиҵУҰڶͷĵǺڿеиǱøӵĴִ
ĸס
ηǳиоĽг
ҽͷҡ°ڶʱǰͲסѹעҵͷͼҪֹҵİڶּڶͷһֹͣ
ǽ뿪εиȻ忿εز
ҵ鷿ִֻĸ׵
ǣεֵҵ鷿زȻԼȥεز粿
ֵĶ𽥱ÿͬʱҲȻķ
ҾúκˡˣһǶøʪǶŮ˵٣ǳ
εһָһӾͲ룬Ӵٺ󣬲֪Уָͷڸ١
ȻһԲ




3

յѾŵ÷ǳĴ֮䣬סִи뵽ڴ
⻬иΧĦ˶Ρ
ҪεиŪʪʪĻ˺Ů˶еʹ޷롣εиӴĲλ˾ĲλεиΧͺŮ˵оͻֺܶİҺôεиҲķǳʪճţǾͺ׵ؽ루룩ˡ
νֱֻ۷ҵ֧࣬壬ϸһƣεüţһֱ͵ӡ
ĸסѾ
ҪǰɣʱߵĻǻᱻŮƲġúõĲ룬Ȼٰγ
Ϊʱˣǣҽεиյڴ
ﰡ㿴ָоĲλɣָͷȥ
ָͷӴڴʱҲɵý˳ͬ崥ĸоһ̼οĲλиоĲλͬʱָо޷ݵġ
֪ھͲ룬㿴Ͳȥ˶ˣģһӾͽˡײĻԵŤҪһӾҪиȫȥģѾǰͲסˣ
ǺиоȻǽ˵Խעתǣβ֮ͲסˡΧиڱķǳĽգݏεţһǷǳ
иǿֱӴ̵ҵӹ
ĸף÷ǳ
̫ˣôİγȫӴǰһ
𣿡
ԵġԵģȻһӲ롭ðǶΪֹȻٳˡˡΡ̫ˡΣĸ׵ģҲ뽫㽻Ů̫ˡ
Ť˵ԣγȻٲ룬ٴΰγȻ룬ü֮Ҳɳ
ȥĻӦûҵȫȫ侫ŶԣʱУҵӹ
ĸףﵽ߳ˡ߳ˡ
ȫӣβýѹҵһ˲䣬ҽͦȻ̧ε̼һȻͣס
ޡ
еͬʱδľҺҵĶϡ
ٴȥĦεиԸо֮иٴ³˺ܶྫҺ
ԲΣĸΪõģЩҺҵĶڣεСҲں͵ĵܻܵãҲᱻܣŮĶڿǲеġ԰ϰ֪ɣ˲İγоǲıģȻúġ
һ߸ƣεıһ̵߽
γ˲䣬ϽҺĸ׵Ķ棬ͬ飬ʹ棬ڼͼĻĦ֮в˸о
֪ˣĸףΪҵĵһΣԵеĿʱᵣĵ׸ô졣ллĸס
ιΣûʹñװɣǰĸ׺͸ҲʹñףĸΪΣص׼˱Ҫ㣬һʹõķ
ĸʵǶ̫ˣһҪôȥ׼ֶеţлл
һͿԷ˰ɡ
θղǸ񲻶ӣķǳģΪûˡ
ôںŮʱ׻أαŮ׼Ļôξͻӵĸмҡ
һı鿴ű׵Ρ
֮ұ̵ʹñס




4

лΪʲôԵ޾ɣ;̫ƣۣ̫ҵԽأֻ˵һһˡͶ䲻˵ܵԼķڡ
ҷǳĵģΪĸףӵһɫܴŵĲʲô顣ʱĵΣҽҸӴ˲ٻڶ̥ӡ
׷ĺͷεķڣ巭ת۾컨˼Σʵôӡ
ο컨˵ţȻ̧°͡
ô£סͬһǰɣܾ𣿡
ͬƵ׷ʱβϵĵͷشǵġǵģ
ĸ׵ȫʹʱĸ׵Ҳ÷ǳʹࡣȥʱҲϵĲ²;ڸʲô£εУоȼһ˿˿ļɶġ
ȫû뵽λʧؼңǳǰȷǶһΣʱҵԵ÷ǳĸӡ
а취öӿŶԡ
εʲô£αܾأ
ιôأ
Ҳû뵽˵ԼѾϲˡ
ϲˣΪʲôҪӦȥأ
ϲˣǣûдﵽԼһԸʹϲǸкӣ˵ûϲĻǲͱкġ
ѽһŮأֱǱﲻһµأϲǸŮ𣿡
ǰϲ
ǡ
ǵΪֹѾǽˡҡҡ
εͻȻתΪҸϽסεͷҵľͺǳ嶶һ
ǣһ߸εͷһ˵кôΪôһС¾Ϳأó
ʱθǷشȻ忿ҵϡ
ڴֵУȴ벻Ľβճγ֮ûб˿԰οˡ
˵ı𣿺ˡˣ޾ʹľްɣĸ׾ߡ
ʱҵһʤĸоֳԼϵı飬һһ΢Цӡ
ƻ;УʹԼȫȫĹԼ԰ܴܵΣеĿߡ
ûܵ˺Ķӡ
ȻĶӽǸŮǣڵȴеˡ
ɣĸҪ޾;һЩĸһֱεĺѣ
ǣҺҪȥеǰһͬߡ




5

ҵزΣ͹ȥһֱ˯ҵԱʱһԼҵͷ棬Ȼ⿪ҵŮťۡ鷿¶ʱһֺصİסһ˱ͷ
Ӥʱڣʼһ߱ϳһͷ鷿Ȼָͷѹ鷿ϣҶСֲͣŪҵ鷿
ʱֺ޸о˿Уɢҵ嵱Сһ˱ҵͷһ߽ţпǰ˵εƨͬƤƵı¶˳Ͳû뿪ͷһҽţп
һߵţп㣬Ũܵë鲼εĴϡ
ѾСˣ
ε״صʵ
һֻŵĿӱʱνֻ쵽ҵĴ֮䣬ĿѾȫˡ
ǣνŪ鷿ĵתزȻ󣬺Ƶҵڿ
ǰԼôĸҰôԣĸ׵ģĸҲȫεġ
ָͷڿĲ룬ѵĲλ
ǰ濪ʼ֭Ĵ󺣣֭͸˲ı棬ʹ˽⵽ҺǶôô󡣵εָͷصʱǱѹסʹ촽©
Σ̫ˣǰúõŪһɡҲУǶһȥ㣬ȺúõĽһ²ͬĲλ
Ҫ̵ιŮ˵Ŀеôһ£ͻȻ뵽ٴʱϱԶȡΧƵĽٵء
ĸҲһҪ۰ε˽
ȻǽָͷڿĽӷ촦ǣεиִ̫ˣԴӽӷûа취иϳ
ǽָӴиĶǿиһϳ
ʹĸס
˵˵
ʹô桭
ǽڿ£иԼ͵˳
ִִ󡣡
ʹĴָָΧԲȦҲ޷ȫȫȦסһĴִ󣬲ʹĴִһΪεиǷǳΰͦ
ش࣬żָ׻иĶˣͬʱĵһġˡδ
ĸװĸװ
λҵĶߡ
ʲôΡ
ҲҪʲôŮˣҾһֱĸþ͹ˡĸʲôңĸ׾ˡ
ǰһֱδѧҵҵΪֹҶԸİˡˣΣҪٱֳô˵ΰƯŮͻԶ㣬Ȼξͻҵһᡢ̫̫
Ǹʱĸ׻ô̬أ
һĵף㣡
ĸ׻úܼįɣ
顣Ͽӣĸ׾ͳĸÿ㿴źӣŲļį
̫ĸףʹҲҪú÷һӣ
ʲô
ҪϸؾҲûвȡжҸͻû磬Ķһλε̫̫˯ͬһŴͬʱǷЦŭҵ׸ôأͻȻ뵽£ҵ
ϡ
ûϵʱ˵ɣҪҪء




6

ɷ˿̶˵ѾǺҪˡ
ʹô飬ǶȥŮˣѾûʸˡ
γΪҵеͬʱϷҲҵģǣȴĶȫȫҵġ£ҶɷеǸ⡣
ĳѵûؼҵɷһơơ
㰡ӦһŮѰɣżҲôơΪһˣôһûеĻûа취ϳͷصġ
žɷ˵ǰһע⣬ڵŮʲôʵǲ˵ҲȤڼҿӡȤһЩ
ô˵ټгĸһǲһȤζҲûС
ûĸõģǳ˽ңĸһʱҾ÷ǳķġףôΪ𣿡
ɷҵҾþŶ޷ݱķǳĲ졣
ô˵ֻĸõġǣŮ˺ǸŮȫ¡
һĸ׶˵޷ǵĽɫֻ󷹡ϴˮϴ·ˡȻͬŮˣܽĸ׺ǰһģ԰ɣ̫̫
Ϊʲôأ˵ԾͿԡЩҪе뷨ǰ˻ЩŮǣҲӳٰ
תֵĵطҾ÷ǳĻšҲ˺ܶơƣҵ˵ǣϿ콫
˵ʲô̫̫ǲϣŮǰɣҪзйĵط㵽輿ȥˣȥǶѰһ֣ߺͰ˿ҲҪͬ£ǣҪֻ
ѽֹͣɣٶǰЩĵϷλúõĿǣǰСӰĽѵֻżڼңͲ˽ε
ѽҸоҵĻִζǲû׵ָԼİˣԾ;úܷġôʱӿʼתְҵȭζȤǣ㱳ɷԼˡ
˵ΨһĸףԣżɷȾƣҲһ˵¡
ɷҪԸ׵ԼĶӣǣȴȫܽܣһҺܰġ
ڶһ磬ɷ򵽹˾ȥԺδ𴲣ǣҵ¥ķȥʱ˯
ѹʱҾѯйɷ̸
װԼҸŮ˲Ը⸺ΣҲŮĻһ˵͸ˡϲĸףĸһʱǾ÷ǳķģ
˵Ļش˵
ǣҲһλһֱҪҵԵʣΪһ޷潻Ůѵкӡ
ɷ˵ҪлʹһڵܵŮ˵ľܾҲҪвϽսľѵֻҵ鷿ֻ֪ҵļȻȹഺʱ
˵ǱҪϿ
Ŷ¥εķڣȻ֪˿ҲǺĸףȴʧȥε
׸Ǻأ
ʼԴ



ɷʱ̰Ů1

̫ˣ壬ôأ
֮ͬƮеĸоûκβλʱκʹĸо
嵽ǵǶȥѧּأڵĺӶЩʲôһҲ˽⡣
УͻȻǵĶ˼ʧȥͷΪġ
ָͷӲูزȻ󣬴Ӳӵ鷿ȷʱزСżӴżûнӴĴͬܲжһ뵽ˣһָͷļסͷȻʼŪҸо
ˡˣһЩ
뵽ˣ䣬ָͷɿͷȻ󣬴ӸȲ
Ȼϣصͷȴǻȵ༰֮䣬ٳûлͷ˼
ȻҲûֹͣظĲλ
ָͷӴĲλͬҲ͸Ųูͬ˵иоǵһΡĶᵽйŮȫԸдֻȱʵȥ^Ļѡ
ɷ򩤱Ҵ꣬ʮһ꣬Ǻ͵йأҪԵԵʣ°ؼ֮ǰȥһǳΪΨһȤֻǰѼҵ˯ĳѡصңϴ衢Թ˵һ˯ǣͶڣþͺ˯ˣ˵ʱ
̫ˡ
ֻþˡ
ǰӽ֮ǰӡ
ɷӹľܻеѧҵ֮󣬾ͽڵĹ˾ڼָԵʣʱҪǸȥ͵ɷھнʱͬͬѧףشһֱ浽˹ͷһˡ
ѵСķ֪֪Ļʱ̣һǰ㡢ϸĵĽ̵㡣
ʱǰףصǿЦ˵֪ɣ˵ڶʱУǴһǵһοԼиɡ
ɷǼûȤһǶֻ֪ǺҵҵȥΪӷ촦ȫڡˣָֻͷץסɷиȻڴ
ɷڸȫŪͷһҲûʪĲλԿˮ棬ȻôĲȥ
зĴҲٵţÿһΣǶΡˣȻǽʮ꣬зĴó
ɷͬǶǷǳ
ֻŪѣƮƮɵĸо
ļʵҷǳľȡ
ĵطܹǵϷż𶯰ķʽѹȥͻоֵָͷʹ΢
ַʽôŪҲֻ˾ǵͨﵽȫ
ָͷʹȻŮ˵вλ˻졣
̫ˣ壬̫ˣΪʲôأΪʲô
޷ŰĿУҲɵ÷
ҵĴϢǶҲͻõĽôߵ
ȫŮ˵ֳһʱ͸ӵȼ
ͻȻָһӾͽ뵽ɷҲڣҲֻһָʳָָͬʱĲ˽ȥ
ѽ
˵ڴԸʵ֣ǣı֣ͬһƥ\Ұˡ
ָݡһӱ赼䣬Լǳָͷ΢΢ĽӴӹȻһ롣ǣָָָֿͷֱҶһӽգһɿҵ赺ǽָи
ⲻиָ
Ȼ˵ĹȰǣ赲ҵֻΥҵ־Ľָͷ档
ҵ־ΥҵҪĶ޷ֹ
ι壬㡢㽫и룬Ӛ㣡
ĻҲǷԭ˵ġ
ȵĶһӾͳ뵽ӿˮĵطи起ǳ˵
ˡˡ
Ūɧ
ԼԽתиΧססĦ
һתˣоӣҺҲӵһͬʱĴϹ
Һãɷȥи룬̫ˣ˵ͬǹڰļҾԴӴ˲ɷˡ




2

֪һֽɵĹϵ˭᲻ںԼҸŮϵأ
˵˱ħǣĹϵֻ˵ǺȻ֮·չĸӰ¡
ֻǺ˵ʱҼ飬ԲаΪ㡣
Ƿ֮ûõ顣
Ϊ˸жһַĵɣǰٿӵ壬ҲʼۿҹĿ
ɷʱͺ˯ˣҾ÷ǳ㣬Ҫһȱȣ㵽¥ȥ塣
Ѿǽӽʮˣ죬ΪɡϷִ巿״ĹߣϸһƣķΪһ㡣ͻȻֶ飬Ȼ͵һ£һ
һ߿ŵеŮһοС
ȫ˺ˮи˿ҵҪӵ¥£ǣֽ͵͵¥ڳӣҵԵ൱ĸӡ
ͻȻʶѾˣͬʱҲзգ뵽ľ¡
ʵ˵Ҽǵǰʱ;οԾϲҡ֣ѧĶԷ˭أҲ֪ȻΪĸףȴǷǳĿ
ȻӿϲϲǺ޹ϵġʹȴûж
뵽ˣ͸ӵ۰壬һɳ嶯Ҫȥıס
ǣǲУ÷ǳĲ˼һ뵽͵οΣ˵Ӵ˾ͻϾĸ֮Ĺϵ
ҹ޷ߡ
ɷĴҷǳͬʱɷȫ֪ӵķա
νĸ׵Ļ䣬һ˵ΪҵĲ£Һİ鷢չĻԡõĻ䡱ǡ
壬ûϲأ
ĵģһںĿѯ塣
ϲˣ˵Ů𣿡
ʵ
ǰŮӣһѧһкܶɰŮӰɣ
ŲʱֶʹҵͻȻаĻԼҲҪһĴҲ˵ǣΪ˸ʹĶӣһĴǺȻ¡ȻǽޱǵϥǴַޱеĻͻп϶ôͻܽȥ
ҪԱߣӦûͼŶԡҲûаôȻķչġ
ûпɰŮӣǳ˹֡
ѽٺ˵ǸӲǺܿɰ𣿡
ҵּƽڴϵĶӣܾѾɢһ˵ζ
ǸŮ۵Ůѡ
ʲô۵ģ
۲ͷԺãҳúӢϵİ೤
ôʹϲҲǲеģ塣
ûϵǸŮӺĸ׺񣿡
Ұ˵ӵĸף
ָ
˵Ұ
ôһ˵ҲõȷǷǳ񣬺üڽҿǸŮڲιѧУӡ
ˣȻϲҲܺȡǂ˵ʲô˶ȥӰȫƭ˵ģ˵Ƕȥù
ϵıǷǳʹ࣬˼ʹˬʵĿ˵Ϊĸ׵˽⵽൱ʹࡣ
ùȥ飿
˵ǲע⣬ͻȻҵ˯иҷǳĳԾиúӲ

Ҳ֪ң˳Ƕͬʱг
Ե÷ǳĻţҪȥѹסǶȥʱҵѾǰ棬ֺҵصһ
ҲͬеǳĳԾܹȥͺˣǣûа취ֻþĵĽְ档ܵҵֵĴ̼оиһӾͼͦ
Ҫ˵ʲôȴѾ״ˡ
ѹסҵ֣Ȼ̧߲ܺͷƵĽҵǰ
ҷǳŮοĶɣ˶϶ʱǷǳĿɰ
ιĸҲԴӣĸһ巳ʱͻúʹ࣬ɣûϵ
ĸס
ѹסҵֵ˫֣ƵҵȻıסҵ塣
ҲһĸףܺԼĶ¡
ҲϵڷʡȻ֪ǻ£ǣѾǵ޷԰εĵزˡ
Ҫ˦νµ飬ҵеŮͻȻ̧ͷ˵ʲôԣΪϲŮӵĴߣӵķҲĸ׵Σ
˵ʹ¶ģ壬ıסĿڵиҵĸĦͬʱ
ʹΪĸףҲһǸŮˣһ뵽ƽһνӴŮԶиѹסҡ壬ʱͻόҪж
ιҲĸףͰҵϲӰҪô㶼ԣҲĸףӰ
ֻǶ˵ǶԼ˵ǡҲ˵




3

Ӱĸס
˵ĻԶԡǰӵĽɫĸףתֻԼѣͬʱԼΪҲԺͬ뷨
彫ַҵز棬һǰ˫Ūĸ׵鷿ҶƣȻŪҵĳͷɷѾǺüûΪʮŮ壬ȵ˫֣Ͼ͵ȼ棬ȫȼԼҲ֪鷿ұüӲͷͻ
ĸסĸס
ӣĸʱҺֻᶣ˵ӣѾȫķſˡ
ûϵ㰮ô㣬Ҫ鷿𣿡
ǣҽ⿪ֵİۣԼ鷿ǰӵ촽˱

ɵôӿзӤʱڣ˿⻬࣬Щֲڵͷ
ǣֻ˱ѣͷתͷ壬˻һwﵽȼݡƷ緢ĿеУ|ʵ˱ҵ鷿֪˿ʱȵİҺ˳ͬʱȴ
ᱻȡЦܵӣĸףܵҶ׼ΪԼ͡һǴΪ˰ϵĹϵǲûɵġ
ҲĸףǣҲŮˡҲ֪Լ˼ҵĶӡǣҲǸˣĸ֮⣬Ůݣ˵ĻŮ˵ĻʹǶ˻ӵһҲȼյôҲŶԡ
Լ··Ѿ벻ʱˣֻһһŮרҪԷ塣ȵһʱȫŮѾǽӵһͬʱ˸˽
ɷѰͬҲиͦڵΧ
ĸסĸס
ϵĺҡ
ָͷץסиȻҵȷص㣬Լ̧ǿӲӡ˻ʱĸоȷֻŮĻ䣬Ⲣĸ˽ġ
ڲ֮ϾͽиγĶʱ䣬γ˲䣬ǿҵĴ̼УʹҾ÷ǳ㡣
ƣ壬һӽѹҵϣֻǶڲϵĺҴ壬Ҳ֪ʲôȥһ仰пܾͻ˺塣
壡
ǵ˵ľ仰
ԡԡԡƣֻˮƨɡСиȻҵڡ
ûϵӰ⣡
˵ϵĻ
Ǻ±ҿƵģҵĲԱߣûҪӡƽһνӴŮľ飬뷨أһǷǳ⡣
ǣкһʱѾήиٶ̧ͷΪ˸ԮҰæĦıƨɣȻĲӵȲλѸٵķӦеиٶͼͦ
壬ǳо񣡼Ͱ
ĸסҪ
Ϊиֱִһ᲻ˣһı飬һĶҿ
ƺѾûбҪǰӵĽɫĶҿ壬ȷҵĶӡ
壬ѾǴˣĸ׸оܸˣҪĸ׵ĻʱҡĸҪĻʱԸΪӵĽɫ
ǲӣϲĸףֻĸ׶ѣĸģ
ѾûˣزҪղôͳŤ
һ¶Цݡ
ֻ뿪Щʱ˵ĸףʲôţ
Ŵı߽иΧסԲ׳һΪҪָдǳɷǲйľ飬Ҿúܸˡ
ˣҪƵģ
ţƵģ
ôѹĸס
ѾǽҵѣԵúɣʱٴνиҵڡ
ĸףƵģʲô
ĸ׵ͻȻʱбĸоʱҲиоĸ̫ˣǴ֣
̫ˡ̫ˡ
ĸҲǰҲúȥӚ
һŵӣһ˽ȥʣĿ϶ʱӹͬбıǿҵײ
̫ˡ塭ˡˣĲȥ
ˡޡޡԺܳʱ䣬
Ƕһ𶯣Ҷ˵һ£һ
ȵͷǶ˶ﵽ˸߳ҹʼչҺĿ»




4

ܵķȥɷĻɡʹҲֻصƵˡǹ˾Ҫ൱ȻǺһ
ĲŲʣһ̫̫ΪԼȢһ𣿡
԰뿪ЦĿԹ˵ȻɷȴĻش
ҵѾ൱ƣ룬û־
ˣҲٶκεڴ׼ȥ
δúõչõĴѧȻȢ̫̫ͿԺŪˡ
ô죡õĴѧ
ͻȻôһ˵ұúܲˡ
Ȣ̫̫Ĵ̼ҵģоƺǺԶ
ٹҪʮһˣ뵽빫˾ϰʱƣΧӦûкܶƯСΧơǸʱҲ˵Ĺϵֲε̬ȣҽķҲһܾܵһݱӰɣ
Ȣ̫̫ĻҪʲô̬ȥأָȥɹÿҹأǸʱɷҲˡңҾͳ˱ɷ򼰶ŮˣҸô죿
Ȼ뵽ԺʵҺ£ʱҲע⵽
µȷǶ
ι壬һȢţҸôأ
ҲŲҪȢţĸ׾͹ˣΪûĸôŮˡ
ʵϣǻûеȢŵ䣬ⷬҾ÷ǳĸˡ
ʹĸ׳̫ţ
ܵƤ˵ĸʮʱҴʮɣһɹ̫꣬
Һܸһա
ΪʲôûǵĶأʱҵҵ촽ҪǣֻȴܾûкɣֻҪԼ촽ѡ
ҾӺܿ飬ɷһȻǺ˾ƲŻؼңûгԷֱϴ˯Ĵ֮󣬾ﵽķȥ
Ҫ̵ʱ÷ǳᣬԼֽϵ·ȫ⡣
ɣ
ɣƨ΢̧ߡ
ֱͬ෴Ҷ˵ҲֱԼͬǱҪСŮӡȻ˵Ļȥǣһ˲䣬Լ൱Ҹ
ҵֱ۵ͷŪ鷿壬ɷѾ˯ú㣬ԣر졣
̫̫ˡ
ƽҪ״̬С˵Ҫڵѧ԰Ħһ޷Сϣܹ΢ĽְĦʱЩȴĲλҳٳٲһж
ҿǵȵĲͷʱͻȻֿʼж˵ķеԸдһӱʹֻ΢ָͷһ£һ£ȫ
һƬڡ
Ϊֹ޸סޱſСΪ˲ɷǶޱ£ܳǣȴֻԴҹɷ򣬺ǷԼûгǿŶͲסɡͻȻܵķ
壬ĸôˣ
ɷʵ̫̫㲻˯Ƕ
һȫҺãȫڣɷÿǶ
ĸף˵
ҾûˣȫڶӵĴϣɷô˯ۣҲƲóɣ
΢һ£֪У˯ˡ
ͻȻ˵Ļľ˳
ôûлش֮ҪȥԵ㶫ûг
нԷԼ˵Ҫԡ֮Ͼȥϡ
ٲһɷҪ뵽ڣӦ̨ƲŶԡʹ֪ƵĿأֻҪһ̨ƣҾˡ
ɷ˵껰֮󣬾¥ղе¥ŵǶȫ֪Ѿǵҵľ硣
ĸף㴩·ȥ
һߴߴңһߴ˯¡ڿʱ䶼ûУŮֻȹӣһ˯¥ȥ
̫̫˯ڶӵĴϣŶɣ
ɷվڳңȫûпɷ顣
ֻ΢һ£þ˯ˡ
ǻĸסӣǣҪ塣˵ҲƺҲҪΪĸ׼Ů˵ҡ
δ鷢չҲ֪ҲûȥֻǣĿǰֵʱ̣񵽵׻õʲôͷأ㣬;ˣֻǣĿǰʱ̣һҸӡ




ĸԱת1

־Ӛ㵽ҩȥһº𣿡
ò׵ȵ꼶ĸ־ѧУͰӚش׼Լķȥĸ־ôĶ˵
ҹʼ;ùֵֹģϣɷȥĵʱ״㡣֮󣬻ڴϣΪʹʹ˯žһǰҩѾˡ
ɷҲںȾƹ࣬ʱҩԣ֪ҩͱˡ
ǣһ뵽ȥҩ꣬Ǿ
̤ȥĻġ־ͿԵǣҺųûиõİ취ֻǶȥʱߡ
ôˣ
־򿪷䣬ͷһ¡
ˣĸ׶ʹûа취Ӛ㵽ҩȥɫװҩ
ð
־ǺʵĹԺӡ
ʹǸ꼶Ȼæ˾ᣬ͡͵С£ȥ
ɫװҩĸ־ԼķڣҲ
ҳҩ֮˾ˣʱ˯һ¡
ĸףоΡ
ǶӶҡ
ͷеʹ
ôɣĸҪϡ
˼㸸ײڣֻҪԼķݾͺˣ㳴ɣ
ֵģô졣
Ƿ֢ſڴϾ;ֱܱѹ̬
־һϡһӾͱҳԹ⡣
ϣͷúۡ
ȥϴɡ
־Ȱ˵
ǰǸҽ
ԡңʱ΢̫ж飬ǣԸ־Ÿл顣ůԵʣúʱҪڴϣǹûãͷʹֿʼˡ
ǲС
ҶŸ־˵Ȼصҡ
ΪײڼңԼΣ˯ǰæһ´ûйأԼ˹޹ؽ
˹Ŷû⡣
ȷϼϵҲɵÿЦ
ôĸףûˣҪȥ˯ˡ
ǳĶ˵
ǰûˣܲܺ˵˵ĸװ˯ͷˣڲ˯
ۡ
ǣֻҺɷһ˫˴ʹ˵Ҫһģǣûпĵط
ǣ־ҵĽԱߣȻҿ
ĸףѧУ˶˵ܺáһĸ梻ѧУʱʦ˵ĸ׺ƯҺо񡣡ԱҰϵŮͬѧ㿴ǺͬһѧͶŴ˵ɭĸףСҾһ졣
ѽʦô˵𣿡
ǰ˾Ͳ֪ôźãǸŮʦǳƯǿסˣȻ˵ǵڿﰡȻǣ뿴λŮʦ
ȤλŮʦûɣ
ǰԣֻҪһλŮʦ
ѽ¡
ˣѾǸ꼶ˣѧҵѣ˴װˣֻĸǸܣͬѧУкܶ˶̸һ
־ͻȻж˵
ô˵
Ļ֨֨ġ
ʲô£˵һֹͣǲԵģҡ
ǡܣҶǮǣΪҪҽƷѡ
ҽԺȥ
ǰ
ѵ˵־Ҳ
ĸףôһС£Ҵĺܺãҵġ
ֵĵطȥܰɣΪǮ١ˡ
ֵһ˵һ˵ȥľ־ûҪҽ˵ȥѾǴˡǣеĵķ棬־һڷڣʲôأҾúȤ
ɨķʱͲﶪһѵֽһֱΪǸСӣһӳ񲻵ġ
ôһ¡
ǣͻȻֻܿɰ
˭أǿŮ˵أ
һ뵽ᡢĸ־ʢʱͻȻֵĸо




2

־ĻӰҵ飬ֿ֪ʼʹҩҲûЧθʹתƵ΢Ĳλ
ʱ򣬸ǲڣֿʼʹˡ
ҩ𣿡
ղųԹˣҩûЧ
ǣǰǳҩĸףǰǳ־Ͳʹûͺˡ
ǰҲô롭ǣ֪ô£еرʹ
ޱУһŶΧһ˵
ҶľûаǾʹøһʹĸ־Ȱ˵ȥҽǣסĸûҽԺסլ
ŸոհҲûȥҽҪеĻҲֻоȻѡһĽоȻĻҲûôأǾʹͷ
ûôأõģӦõһ»õġ
ĸףڶʹʱҵĶӣô㰴Ħһ¶ӡ
Ϊʲôʱһʵǲס
ĳҪ˵ڴǱ־ˣԲô˵Ҳпܵġ˲ڼʱȴҪԼĶڴԼĦӣôһأеĵеаֱһ𣬻ĵĺŻɣ
ڸղź͸־ҳѧУ£Ȼ󣬸־˵Լ뵽̬ͻȻֵɣ
ϴ֮ѵڿ㣬ûлµڿ㣬ʲôûдԣͻȻҾòҲ˵һӸҵУȻǼ̵ʱ䣬ǣҲϻش
־ůִʹĲλȷĸоʹˡ˵ǣҪڴСǣΪʲôԼ˵أΪ־к־ŮĻͲˡôҾͻ˵ô΢ѹѹ
ôԿ
ۣ
ҷԼȫѾǷһˣһޱߡø־ܹװĦڴŲһλãø־ܹ
־ǴҵĽԱƵҵȻһӾͽ뵽ޱڡ̫ڿȻˡ
־濪ʼ
Ҳܶô˵
˵Ļ־ע⣬ôͻ˫Ȼֳͬʱеǳĺߣǻޱ津ȲΧԡµȹңҲȥ
־ִʱҸеڶεֻң־Ҳ¶ȵı顣ƽң񲻵ȶ¶˯ˡ
һ֮䣬־ֹͣʱΪ˰־Ĳ
ߡ
˵һڶΧǣô˵أֻһעŴȵңȻȹѾǳΧ
ǣһ˲䣬־ִΧ
üη˯ȹڶŪˡ
ů֣
⣬˵˲˵Ļֱַʽ˵֮ŷǶô״̼־ԴʡԼڸ־ʱѾ֪οĸоӽ߳ʱûжκ˵
ֻź־ӦҲŶԡͬѧνġСӦ˽⡰ĸо
ǰߣ
Ǳ⣬˵˵Ļ
־ûƼ
־ִӶΧתƵĲλԱߣ棬ֱĸż֣оǳźˮ
ķڣĵ־ĺٲϿҸ˵Ļ
Ǹ־ϿӶΧתƵҲκθоĲλȻ뵽Ҫıɲͬ˵ε£ܲһʡĻ⣬ͬʧһ㣬ȫûзЧ
š
־̿ˮڼžķڣĻʱͷ˵ֿ뷨
־
Ŷ²żֹͣ־ͻȻԣֻż̿ˮ
־Ҳע⵽ңҲо־ǸԣͬʱѾ޷ͷĵزˡ
ȻĻΪĸ׵ø־ôĺߡ
ǣҽԼַڸ¸ĸ־˫ͬʱȻһ㡢һĽ·ơ
ν֡ĸоֱסʱڻֵķӦ֣ͬʱӲƣͶʧڸ־ְĦ֪ҵĸʹʧˡ
ҵ岢ǺܽͷҲʱɫסŮҪëҲǷǳϡ裬ҷǳ־ָͷȥҵëɣ
ʱĸ־ܾȵֵֹͣĶ
оǳʹѾˣ۰һĸ׵ġ
־ûлش
ǣԼ֣ı˸־뷨ëָͷƶ˫档
Ը־˵һǲһδĲݣҲǣ־ԼķڴʱһԻ㽣һӣȻָΡ
̫ˣ־
ָͷܺµ˿ڴҺմָΧȫʱҵԼͻһԲ̧Ȼҵѹס־֣ҲһŪԼ塣




3

־ǵһ
˵ʵȻȴĻش
Ϊĸ׵ҷǳȤҪ֪ôش
־̧ͷȻҡҡͷҿʱԵرĸӡ
һֻһΣҪĴ£ǺԼĸһУµǴûǻأҲúԻ
ǣϸһĻʮǰ־ǴҵڳҲͬĸ׺ܳʵĻش
ˡôĸһλŮˣ̫ˡ־ΪҪȫ̸㣬־ʲô֪ûйϵ
ȻսޱУ˯µť۽⿪
־һҽ쵽ڿ㣬Ȼи
ʹ𣿡
̫ڴִͦҺܵġ
ôڿѵɡǸ־ĸ׵ʽһκŮԽӴ£һǵġˣһҪõĻ䡣
ǰ־Сѧ˵ʲôʲôԹԵ
Ů˰ǲܳ嶯ģҪȫİڰУŮ˾ͻдߴٸ־ĸоõġˣĸ׵ĲݣողָɡԿ
ǣԼڸ־ļ򸽽Ȼҽ֪ĸ־ԼĲ档һ˵ֲеطţ˵һ𣬸־Ѿ뵽ҵǶˡ
㿴ǶСΪеŵĸоɣǶǸоĲλʳָм䲿λĦһҲԣʳָָ˰ЮסöָĦȻôķָм䲿λ˰ĸ¶Ķ˲ݡ
һָ־ͷֻ˵šǡļ򵥻ش
ѾǸղŽ뷿ڣôˬʵĸ־ˡ
ôУġġˡ
ĸףԲ𣡡
ʲô
˵ģҳ͵ϴ裬Ϊ˼˵Сԣһϲĸסһûĸ׵£һҽָο
ѽ𣿡
ġԣҵϷĸ׵Ƭһ£һһĸ״ӾµƬ
ӡ
Ȼô˵һҲû˵еҲƭ˵ġ
ǣúܸˣ˵Ļᱻ˵Եø˵ĸͷģǣһ鲻ԽЦ˳
һΪֺӵ˫ǲõġǣ䱻ᣬǡͲ뿴Ǿ÷ǳǳĸˡ
־ȡжڸ֮ڣͻȻ˵ѧУ飬ͻȻҪʲôҲ˵Ȼû׷ףǣ˵ͬѧСԼԼȵȣԼʦדҵĻ
ˣǴޱ渧ͻȻ쵽ޱ桭
ĸףȻԼ
ҵҪˣȻΪǳŸײڼңȻһƻǣһҲᣬֻǣҪúõ۰㣬ѡ
ΨһεǸ־ĵһ顣һ뵽һǵҵʱҾԲø־²õĻ䡣Ѿûвĸо
ôĸ׵桭
˵ţ˫֡ϸһƼ־ͦиץסȻһſĴȸͿҵҺ֮󣬶׼ڣ΢Ļ̌ߣ־иˣ档

־ļ򶶶ƽһε飬Ȼ֪ǲǻе˷ܣϾҪʵ֡
ˣǶģ뽫
˵ָʾ֮ԼҲɵҲ൱Ľţ֪ˡ־иͬͰڲȥ
°ͬˮһȴﵽزȻӺڡ
ʱҲɵһ

ſ۾Ĵġ
̫ˡ̫ˡĳǶٻˣĲȥ
־Ťûҵʹˡ
ֵĶ֮ҷĲʱ
ĸסˡ
־Ľ
ûϵȫɡ
ҽıס־Ǳȸ־΢һﵽ߳ǣȻ൱㡣




4

ʱҵֻŲø־ò졣ˣ־ڽʱҸæ
ô˵˵һεĸ롣
ǣ־ЦݵĻش
̫ˣҵĸףʵ̫ˡ
ôΪ𣿡
ĻҪû뵽ĸ׵ܹװôĶļ̫⻬ˣôգͬʱǳȡ
ǰǳ̣˾;ƽůˣǱһ»ҪߵĲλ
ڿͬ
ˡ־𣿡
ֻ͡͡
˭
˭ĸ֪ĵ꼶ŮͬѧǲԸǣ͵ĻǿԿɡ
ѽЩӣܺɵ˵
ȻҶǷǳȥȴǷǳ١üЩﶼ˵Ǹˣ˵ģûôʵһǾ
Ǻ˭أ
ĸײǳ佱Ǹú𣿡
úӣ°ֻи־ĸ֮õܣʹҲܶ˵Ϊĸθ־ֻǶ֮ܣһΪ
ĸָ֮๴Щ񣬵ǣ־˵ġܡ
ʲô
˵ţ¶һģ顣
ĸף鷿𣿡
ͻȻʲôƵ˵Ȼҵǰסҵزʱְסһߵ鷿ҽͷͷת˱ͷһֻס鷿ͬǻصӤʱһ㣬Ūҵ鷿
˵Ķҵ޷򾲵ġ
ԼȻͽ̧ߣزƵ
У־
Ȼô˵ǣұס־ͷ°Ħ
Ҫø־ãеĳ飬ҵ뷨˵Ǵﵽˣ汻һƤĿУһֳʵڣ鷿ȼĻ棬Ͼձҵȫ
־𣿡
ţԣ
˵֮ϾԼҵڣȻһӾͲ˽ȥԵʰɣֵҽ־Ķȴϵķš
̫ˡ̫ˡ
ҵһ΢ЦѾǸˣҪ˰ף־飬ƴĴҵĿжȡڸ־УѾνһ˰ɣԼĹУӦûһνҲĻֲŶԡ
һ飬γ壬ڶǳȥɡ
ι־ĸĵ
ڶԽ֮һ߱Ȼĸ־һ˵
ʲôĸף
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ȵҺΧڵĴһ㣬γһɾ޴ı˳
ͬʱŷҲǴﵽ˸߳ӿ侫ǿҵײҵӹˡ
ͬʱϮҺŷ򶼲ɵ÷˴ϲãȫ˻䣬ҷš
˲ûй壬ʱӡŵĴȼ䣬γ˴žҺҺճҺҵĸŶŪʪˡ
˳һ㣬дҵȫʧʱ֪ŷҵήˡ
Һʹŷҵѷ챻Ū࣬ǣŷҲҵ뿪
ұΪԼһ㣬ӵĹϵ˽һŮϵġ
ΪʲôĽأʵ˵ҵ硣
Ϊʲôݸԭ򣬵ΪֹһֱΪɷĴҪƸɷ򣬵ǣϸһ룬ںɷУ֪ҹR¼ӰȤ




2

Һɷԭ־һѾʮˡ
ʱɷʮֻ꣬ʮꡣ
ֱͬӹϵ꣬ЦصĻŷڶҾŷ
Ȼǲ˼飬ֻ͸һкӴԺҾͲС
ŷѾǸ꼶׼ҪμӴѧԹηǳæµ
һ棬ɷæµҲԭ֮һ޵Թϵһܹάֶξ㲻ʱһ¶ûз
ɷһС˾糤ְԱʮ塢ˣĸܹ
ȽĻÿ¶εзʵ̫ˣǶӵ˵ĳЦ˵ôҪ˵ĻǬȥҸˡ
˵൱ļ򵥣̫ˣҿûԡ
ҪɷļʱӵĽ飬R¼ӰԼ
Ҳ֪ǴǶ¼Ӱÿ¹̶Ҷ֧Բȴĺ⣬ҲͱϲR¼Ӱ
ȻɷͬʱǳСģ׼öŷ֡
ԼǴǰʼҺɷֿӵԼңԾܹרԼڿ¼Ӱ
ǣĳǰŴǶӰƬ
Űɷ򣬹ʹӺк͵飬Ȼֳ͵ԼͦĴӡ
ܾҷǳ˷ܵ¼ӰкͳŮ˵ĺ㣬൱ʹҵʪ͸ˡ
Ҵŵۺɫı԰ʮŮ˵Լ֣ɢŷ㣬ܹ㵹֫
ڿʱ¶׵ƨɣоǷǳ
³Աߵҽ˯ȹø߸ߵģͬʱϣǣŴſĵĽСӼм䡣
ҿɫµĳëͬʱбʱ˳ëĶƬ
ϸһƣڿ¼Ӱ˷ܵճҺʹõۺɫʪ͸ˣͬʱ
ָ֣Χסŵ࣬ǽܵƹ⣬ﴦóʪй
ӾϿ͸ճҺӷۺɫ˰ɫűԵ
ͬǣһ˿ƵģŵĶ˴ֱӿ
ֵָתʳָٵΧͬʱҸоǳ
ǣҲɵá
ءءš

ǣ΢ȵĻͻеʹסʹΧҪƳһ㣬ʪ͸ͬں΢˶ţһжķӳھϡ
һ߿ŷӳھΣָڴ򿪣ȻС
ӳָͷݣǱУֱΪֹ
ǣָΧȵճҺƨɣʹƨʪ͸ˡ
š
ָһתʱƴҪסȻȻյƬͬһԼȻǱָΧסͬʱ档
š
һһ˽
ϾҪﵽ߳סѣεԲһ߿žӣָʱ˴ﵽԵĸ߳
̫죬˵ʱڹwС
ôһѻڵõ˷йǣڴ˯ˡ
ǣҵڶѹʱַǰ򿪵ģȷҹһܵҵķڡ
ǣûȷʵ^ݣǣҾѯɷ¡
ΪʲôҪ͵˯أ
õһַǳ䵭Ļش
һɷȫûȤĻشʽʹҾеįΪʲôһֻзһεԭɣ
ɷӦǲ˵ѵģԼ뷨Ҳ˵
ϣɷŷƽһڲϳ緹Ȼŷ̬ȴһƽ
ֻǼ򵥵ΪΪѧУĳɼãʹ
ʵϲˡ
ŷĶҵֵĶԵúܲڣŷΣһ
Լһ֮顭ɷ첻ڼңʱֻ÷ǵˣǣϹʹ̼R¼Ӱ
ĿŷصԼķ䣬Ƕڷڹ԰ӰƬԼ˷ܲѡ
һҵĻ˷ܶʹʪ֭Һ˳վʱѾǵ䵽ˡ
ӿڵҺʹҸϿֽѹסѷ졣ǣëһָڣһָڷۺɫ͵棬ճŵȪˮӾĸʹҵȫ
Ϊʲôȼյ˼أԼǿ˷ܣʹҸе𾪡
ȫԼķҪѾοˡ
Һմʪָؽһһظڣͬʱӿз˺ܴΧȲסָҪﵽ߳һ˲䣬ҵķš
һ£
ҪгڿУʹ˵һӱƿŷ򿴵ӣãȻĴǶ
ŵĿģԼָѷ촦Ů߳ܵӱԼĺӿ
ʹұô
һȻ飬޷ֹͣοΪ
תָĦʱճҺ˳鷿΢΢Ķ
š
һҲں˿ŷڿңһ˲䣬Ҵﵽ˸߳
۾ʱľֹˡҾƣĿǱʱŷ򷢴վǶһҲ
ιŷ򣬲ҪվǶֽ
ҵĻŷ߹ȥֽҡȻŷһݻڷ
ǣһֱſĽοĶŷƺԱ۲Ϊ˼
ĸ׺ܲǬ¶ôªĲλ
Ե÷ǳǱ
ҵгһƬհף֪νԼĳ̬
ʹֻװһ򾲵ӣվŷǰ
ĸڸײڣԷǳļįǣʱԼοԼ˽ɣŷ򡭡
ŷĵͷ˽ҵ˼
ŷԼҲοɣ㲻أ
Һŷ
ôŷ򡭡
ʱοѴҶοΪ
кڸʱӦûοΪͬʱ֪Ů˵壬ҲûʲôֵôСֵġ
Լع⣬ǣҸӵ׷ס
ôѾŮɣŷ򡭡
ִŵıʣŷͨ˵ҲŲҪŮѣҾԲ¡
ŷĻشȷŷûй顣
ǣϲŮӰɣ
ŷ򲻶ϵ΢Цǣ
ղǰĶҡѾȫֹͣˣ˻ָ򾲣ҪŷԱߣصȫһı䡣
ţһˡ
ôһŮأ
ǸŮ
ô˭أʹϰС𣿿ɲĸŮ˰
ҵĻ
治˼ҡûϵ͸ɣǾĸ
û뵽ŷô˵ʵ̫ˣٴζҡǣҲұֳ
ȻĸŷŮˡ
ôŮȽϣϲĸƯҳŮ˵
ʲôʱʼôиأ
еľŷĻУѾǽĸӵǣγŮ




3

Ϊĸףʵǲ֪ܾܲŷ˵¡
֮ܶҲ²ƽŷ򣬻ҪҸղŵĳ̬ΣŶ˵ϲĸסĻ
ŷΪĸǸӣǿ˵ϲң԰ɣ
ô˵ĻҾ㣬ΪǰͿ
Ȼǰ͵ҵĲɷ򣬶ŷ򡣣
ҵȻǸӵŷ򣬾Ȼ
ǣǿԼܣȻӿ˳̬Ǭͽ˻溢һΣҲǶ顣
㿴ĸǸӣҲοɣŷ򡭡
һúߣĸ𣿡
ôĸ׸ôأŷһ𣿡
߶ʮһҪ˯µŷȻǿн·⡣
δë¶ȴѾǺʹһĴִ
ŷ򻹲˽ŮˣûɫһһǶǼִͦ
ѽĸֻһ£ͱӡ
ҸоŷƺѾˣ۾ȫҰڲǣҿ泯컨ڴϵŷֽסδȫ
ʱŷ練ƵģʹͷøӼӲֻҪĦһ
ָм䲿λŪ͵Ĺͷʱŷĺͱü٣ڿжʹΧ
ˡ̫ˣôɣ
һָ۾ͷʾͬŷĸزһŪͦ
ŷ𵽴ļޣĶ˿ʼճҺ
ŷǳѪģɫʷۺɫǣҽ촽
ӲǵһαŮ˵촽ǣǴӵͣҼҵĶš
ͷȡŷճʱ΢Ķһҵİ
ҽͦʱŷĴ֮䡣
һİڶ촽°ͣһס˱ŪƵҡ
ʱ尲ţǣҵĿǻ԰ø˷ܣȫӲ
ĸףҪ侫ˡ
˵ţ飬ŷ˵ǳε飬Ժܿ˷
תĸӼʱоеĸִ
ǣŷ򷢳Ƽеһӷųȵţ̡
Ũֶţ̳ҵĿУȥȹɷţ̣ȴŷرĴ
ĺţ̵ңֻ֪ŷľҺԾ÷ǳ㡣
ָм˷ܣǴءʱʵ޷ݡ
ܿͽˣŷΪǵһξɣ
Ȼڸ߳еŷ򣬲[۾ͷʾͬ⡣
͵Ϊֹټɣ츸׻ǲڼҡ
ųĬĻصԼŷҶԼ͸Ŀǻ԰еǳ㡣
ʱҲŵһηԼĻＰڵճҺ
ֽȥѷʱŽһʽ֪˯ˡڶһ磬ſ۾ʱѾʮˡ
⣬ŷ͡
Ȼ󵽳ʱȻûпŷû緹ѵѧУȥɣ
ˣݣٺúõĲˣһҪ̵й԰Ϸš
Ҷ¶˴ЦݣȻ󣬻صԼķڴϡ
һŷΰڵ龰һ˯ˡ
ǣݵŷͬǰһ
ֻҪȵɷڣҾͻŷ򵽴ϣǣһϰֻ֮Ҫһɷ˯ˣ㻥ҪԷ塣
ʱŷ˽⵽Ů˵ıˡ
Ŀǰҵֻŷһˣɷ˵ȻǺʹǰһһôҲûС
ҪĻɷǲΪ֮һҸȥŷҵĹϵ
ɷԽȣǺŷıȽϳʵϲ꾭ʢĳŮ壬ǲ֪ʲô㡣
ǣĸӹϵнһɣһ뵽ˣҾ͸ӵ۰ŷ




ڸ1

ĸҳ꼶Ĵڰ֢֮Ǳ˵ʮճͷĸ׸Ͽҡ
ΪӵĻҲáµӵΪأ
ֻҪ޹ܺúõϧӵĻҲûʲôˡ
ļǵõʱôش
Ϊ˹ùصԼ̸
ѽ˵ʵɣһ仰ʹְֵӴô
˵Ҳǣ汻ʵˡ
ĸϰĸףΪ˸ھŵǰ˾ϰ࣬ÿϱߵ𴲣˵׼ʱšϳ⣬Ҫ𴲡Ϊ׵ϸչȴҲ嵭Ҷĸ׵˼
ÿҿְڳﱿ׾żʱŻľá
ȷҪһչǲŶԡ
ҵĹΪЩʲôԥʱ绰ְֵİ칫
Щʲôѽ
ȻҲΪС¶绰ְֵĹԭŰְֹģֲܲʣҸԷŵķʽʡ
A𣿡ʾ㡣
ǡҾóBܱAãรҲ˵õ˼
ĶԻڰְֵĹ˾ҲĽǸŮܸأ
ҶԣǼϣ˽ǸŮУԵù̸Ǽʱ
ĿǰҲܺãǼ¾͵ҸбҵԺ˵ɣ
ôĻشùá
ùվڰְֵһֱڴ˵OK
ѽְֲʮѣǲᶮģʮҪһŮ˵ġ
ѽҸѧУԺҲɨӼϴ·ĹѽѵЩŮ˸𣿡
ӻشԺ󣬹ùǷһĨ΢Ц˵ӣŮҪĿɲֻϴ¡շȼӴŮ˵ҲҪ
˵𣿡
ǣ˵ľ壬ְŮˣϷ³ȥµĻǲ̫áǽĻһֻʮ˵ǹһ㡣
ùѾе˵ȥˣҳ⣬ʲôҲ
ҵһ˽⵽Ů˵⹦ܣְֲŮ°ɣ
ǰŮ˴˵ʲôҶ޷ѽ
Ϊ㻹ǴŮ˽ְֵҪΪʲô㲻վڰְֵһأ㲻ðְֺܿ𣿡
Ҫ˵ˣһΪĿǰܺá
ǿҵķԹùԺұ߿ޱ߳˼šΪʲôıˣԼҲ֪ôʹͣ
ӸĹ԰ɢ경ؼʱպÿְָùڿ̸
֪ǲԵģһƵ£͵͵š
˵ɣ̸۴û˽˵ĻôǸˡο˵ȻһͥûŮе㲻̫㣬ᶮЩĲأ
⡭û뵽
ǰΪֻҪϴ¡շŮ˵ĹˣʵǺٻģȻӵΪȵĿǡ룬´û취ˡ
ǿϧҲѣͨ¹ʶȥˡصңԼﾭӪ̵æôһҲܺദġ
ǰǿƬѾоóһˣˣ˵ˣе㵣ġ
ιٸ̸ɣİôҪĻͿżɽ˵ˣôԼŮӦû˽Ŷԡڻţȱɣٿǿ˵ˡ
šôɣţ޹ؽҪĻ
̸ݿùҲڵʱƬ̸ְˡ
ҲûؼңѸٵĴӴƿ԰ε֪˶òؼȥ




2

ҵ£Ӵûٱ
̸ְֲ£õĹùҲڲˡ
ùþסͬһ糵·ߵ¶վĵط̤ĻԼʮҾͿɵҼˡҲЩɿڵĲ˲Ƿ
Ȼְ־üŮ˺ܲ㣬ұѧǰְֵơƣ򵱰ְԡʱѻµ·ʰȵȡȻһҲڷְ̰֣ΪӦõġ
ùʱְֲͣĳדҡ
Ѿһµˣÿ鶼úúõӴ㿴ԡҲ̵ôƽ
ŶⲻӴ
ֹЩأÿ׼ơƣ첻ͰһһγȡţǮҲҵร
ְôģҲܿģʹ¶ģһҪðְøáġ
ùÿְֵĶߣҼ˵˵ô˵ǻû취˯ɣ
ǵЦʱҵͷ񴥵һ㣬һƬհסΪûȴСĵˡ
ϣڴʱǡޡޡĻһϣô˯ž
Ȼޡ˼֪ģҲ֪˶ԣһ൱ֵ¡
Ů˵Ƿô֣ҾͲ֪
ӻӰǿнŮ˵ʱ󲿷ݵŮ˿ʮֲģΪָоһ൱ʹࡣ
Ҽʹ˻ϵһ̣Ů˵ıҲʹġǾüƣ֪ʹĲˣΪ˸ˣò͡
ǣҲǸŮʹְָˣӴ˲ٻµĻҲԸ͡
գҹﱩ겻ϵôڶ¥ҵĴҲϵķ˻
¥һ䣬һԼƺһҵңԼжƺ
һ¥иõĿɳڿиƺҼһҡһŰ˫˴һ൱žԷڰְһǿ˫˴Ϣ
Ϊáޡ뷨ʵ֣֮ǰҲòһͻȻ˵ޡĻְһŭ˵ں˵Щʲô
ѡʱңűϮᶨҷɵľġ
黨ıȻڿ㣬ȻǶġڰزģкǶڱҡ衱ΪǶ˱ҷ鷿
֣˯𣿰֣һŰְֵķţһ߽ĵĽš
˾ƻֺ˶ƿơƵİְѾ˯ˡ
ߣҪŮô˯ѽҲɵ
һ¥ûԸоĳҾҪѰְ֡
ιְ˯𣿻أ
ôˣ𣿷ʲôѽ
ѽӴǻ˭أ
ôˣ
¥̫ˣ˯š
ŶǱɣһҲ֪¥ðɣ
Ԇһ㶼ãÿ£µ˯ѽ
𣿵Ȼ
޷򿪵ġŴ򿪺󣬰ְ˯Ŀҡ
һ˯ɣҲȰְ˵ڶ仰ͷɿĴְֵԱ˫˴ȥ
ʱҲְֵ֪ʲôı飬Ϊһϴޱͷסˡ
ԭˣö֪εôأԷһôı꣬˯ŲŹأ
ְһš
ҷɿǱޱĶְȴʲôҲû˵Ϊꡱôζ
ݏеɣְֺˮ󣬶ںڰг̡뵽ʲôһϬһͨ˼ɣҲְѾоʲô˰ɣ
룬һҸù˵ĻҲ֪ѽĪϸһŮô
ŮԶĻҪأһ㣬ְƺΪĸĿУԿСѧ̬ԴŮ
˺þãжƺѾ˯ڰְֵƸ̵ζҲôˡ
ְϴ˯ˣҪǿԼ輶鷿ڰְֵϣЩڡôˣŰְֵֻŵĲ֪룬ָо˾켫ˡ




3

ǲŮ
ǰְеֹɵŮ
ôְֹֻڻͷҲԽ˱ְֵĶݡ
жҳݳ׵Ĺ۲˰ְֵķӦľ
ϣְֳʶѾҵŮǱʶֻһŮˣ֪ұƻһ
ԴԼֹһϣҾˮ̨һ¶ģߵְֵ⡣
ְ֣˯𣿡ţĽ
ְֻû˯ڿɣһϾΪҿš
ҰֽڶϣһҲվǰ
ôˣӣôˣ
ְҵļϸĿҵ
Ҷʹม
Ŷʲôʱʼģ
ԼһСʱǰҩûЧ
ʹأ
šŶԼԼʹŶְ֣Ҵһ꿴˿ܻа
¶ҪңȰְֻشһɣҡมมĽ
µĸĸףԲῴŮܿԹʵģұ󵨵жˡ
𣿡
ְĲҴ𣿺ߣڿʲôأȻЩ
ǰְԱҰַҵθ
ࡡ졭ѽĽ
ʲô
ûѽְֳԵһѽҺ
̫䣬˰ɣ
šҲ֪
ҹҴ˿ɵԡ£ϸϸסǰᣬǰѽڽϸߵĵط԰ְֵָպþ档
ЩӴĴǲЧģӦ
Ұѹڰְֵϣѹţһְֱֵ㱻ƽԡµ棬ҲҼƻһݡ
ְֵֽӴҵļһɲǼ䣬ͻȻͣһ£װ°ģ֣ͣĸҵļ
Ϊֲͣĸ·ͽ˿·Ŀɣ¸Ѿȫ¶
ʹӴְЩ𣿡
ʱѾÿˣְԼԶļҵθļ
šҮɣΧ鿴ɣΪҸ޷ȷʹ
ҽȻɣֵʹĻͺˣʱڵĻͺˡְֵ
ᣡʲôȻôأְֵֺůͺˣһЩ
𣿡
ְֵ۾һԡİɫڿ㡣ҹ̧ʹԡԽԽɣ׵¶˵İɫڿ㡣
ʲôǣ𣿡
ְһ˵꣬ұޱְҲоұļҲޱҵԡ
ƴˣһеȫȥˡ
ʹһҲʹȴѵĽšʹʹԣ׶վǸԣ˵ĸңǳҵĵһΣ֪ҽŵð亹ְֺҲˡ
Ӷʹðˡ
ģѾöˡ
Ϊðְֵַ㶯ҽڰְֵϣֻÿڿ°
ְֵͷָֻҵĶӡҰǸŮΪ˰ְ֣ΪңҾҪһУһҲֹͣĿǰһС
ְֺθĵطһĵط
ְֵֻʱ˼ҾȻķ
šһɣ¸˵ǳӵĵطԾǱߡ
ְȫҵյͣĶš
ȻνָǾ껹Ҫ棬Ҳ棬ëġɭ֡شѽ
ְطҲͻֹͣǰ֣ãޱ
ְӦŵͷ˿ζ˰ɣһд˵˶˿ζĶģҲ˵ǾŮζ
Ϊƻһ˲ʱ估ڵѾӣȥ
ΪȰְٻĹùþͳ˵ģķѽֻ񣬾·Ƶȶһѽ
ùð˵ĸô񣬰ְҲһϣһɣ
šְ֡ʹһĵطҮšطһɣ
ΪðְһץҲΪԼһ裬Լյְֵ֣صĺɭ֡ش
ڰְֵѾȷȷʵʵĸһƬϡ
Ҹоõз紵Щë棬һֲͬĸо˼Ƚ˷ܡ
ˣѹѹǡšѹѹŶԭǳӵĲλ
ʱְֲǺ¸ҵ̽ţɰְֱкУҿԸоѾΪĴˡ
ǰڵңŮӣܵһӴ
ְֵֽëУһһţʱҳԼ֣Ȼİڰְֵϣ




4

ۣˣָ֪оϿŮʹ࣬ĺˬ
һͷûС
˿ְֱ̰ĲӶǻе衣ôĻΪʲôҪأһҲҪġ

ˬĽס˳Ե
ְֵָëïܴݏɽһӵȵףʱӿˮָڵ
Ѿ޷侲ˡ
񴥵ĿУݣǴܿϿģҵ°ҲͣĶ
֪ʱְֵָͷһֻֻôͣڹȵ׳鶯š
ʱְݏҲľ̬ȣŵ֣ҵͷҵĶ䡣
ָѨʱ泩ĿУסȫ磬Ҳ֪ôָо˾ƮƮɡ
µ֣ڲŪŹȵ׵СɽĿУһȫ
Ŷְ֡Ŷ
ҲĺţȻץְֵ壬ݏĻһɢƵġ
ŶѽְҲڽҵ֡
֡Ŷ
ӡӡŶ
ְָҲͣĻŶԷ
ӽ쿪ʼӾʹһеˡ
ţû˵ڡ
벻ҪӴ
ȻЩû˵ڣǼʹ˵ͷҲȷֻ
ţðĺܰӴְ֡ĺˬӴŶ졭
ٿһ㡭ٿ졭
𣿺úӣŶҿɰѽ
֡ҡҵĶѾˡҪʲôӴĺϲְ֣ҪʲôԣԶģԶӡ
ӣ⺢ӡ
ְְָһ̣ҲĪ˷
ְַٶ£ҽ˺ҵĵطȻſҵ˫ȣԼҵ˽ش
ԡ´Ĳһز壬ȫڰְֵǰְֵΪĴ鷿
Ǿ޴鷿ʱһεӿͬʱְֵҲö׼ˡ
֣֣ڸ
ְֲеֻʵϣڲŪ
ŶҲĽ˹ȵף޵׶ͣţһһصĳ鶯š
ָо֮Գйġ
ְָͷ߸ұߵСɽº¶һС顣Ȼ⶯ҿĳ
ְֲһҧӲһȥһ˱
ҪץŰְֵ壬̫ԶˣҸץţֻսȭͷͣľεĸоŶһһĳңҿ¿Ҫץˡ
ץĵͷޱѾˡ
ְһ洭ȵĺһظŸղŵĶ
ôˡôˡ
һλᷢʲôôʿлᷢĲֻ֪ʡ
ְְʹ뿪󣬽忿ҵʱ
Ͼǰְֵˣš
ְʱ侲
ҰְˣŮ˳޺ôƺأ
ҳΪְֵԺҪôأʲôҲûС
ΪҲͨ¼Զ԰ְֶԣƺҲҪʲôƺɣ
ֻҪͺˡ
Բ𡭣һĻҲҪ˵ֻҪֳĬͺá
ڵҲֻǸӡŮһ
ԴԺÿ϶ðְֱ˯ģҿվҪŰְָ
ûйҪ𣿡
ϴŵңְʡ
ΪðְֿģҲΪԼְҷѧԺֱӻؼңҲȥȻܿ깦Σ׼ͣơƵȴְֻؼҡ
ְֶȾƻҹ飬ѾҷҶԣһλϹˡ
ְֻʱĽҷ޴ڼķؾȣҲҪְˡõӡ
ڽ˵£һҲûֻÿֵһŮӣŶáŮӡݱȽаɣ
ҰˣְֿС
ĺˬܰ




Ϊйķ²1

СѧʱʼҾͺҶ֮Ǹzشʪĵشп۲ĶƬڣĺɫڵĶʾĸо
ȻصһݣһǲܣۻĸоûԱʱҳſʱͻŵһfζǶҲΪԭ֮һ
ʹҲСǬ֮طȻʪġԾ;ۼ˺ˮ۹ȣҲ˵ǻɢһĳζ
ֻҪһŵζͻһ޷͵ĲǬĸо
ȻӺѿһǰοĿСÿһҶһεοҶסԼΥԡ
һҸʹ޷թͣο
еʱһϴǰϴ󣬿Լһ˿塣ֱֱվţȽĺѸʱصشȫҾҵУͷֱֱͦǺ˵ġ
ܾôʱ㣬һԼŲôÿʱҲŽ˹ȵס
㣬㡣
Ǳдģ˵ֻҪһ۾ͻ嶯Ĳ͡ٱɡĻһӶҪ
ȫҹԡʱҿְֵйĽɡһĹţ˵ʲôҲ˷
Ҷһֱ޷ԼصشĳªӣĴֻû뵽ʱ˷ܡ
ԼصشһЩֵ¡һ˺ɫ˱ʽͿɴɫЩɫ͸ڿ϶Ū˿ӣһأ
ɵΪֻҾ˷ܼˣͣĶҲճҺֿУˬıīݡ
еʱӵļŮеĶУǿʹĵطͣĳ鶯š
һ󣬻ѪԶѨΣ˷ֱܵþòԼ
ȻǳͷصشŰŰ˷ȴɷϣҲһľԵĿ֡
ȻΪһּìܵԸԼҲ֪ԡ
ͬʱԹϵȻǴҵģֻԵĿ֣ȴЩԼ޷ĶԳͷҵصش
ֵԼͬʱϵ£ĸ׵Ȼ֪ȻҲεĺܺá
ʹǴѧУؼңҲĸסһ䣬ֱӽһĶ¥Լķȥ
ϴԼʮһʱǶλ԰£߾ĵ¥ҵķ䡣
ʵΪʱѧУؼҵ·ȥĹԢ߾֪£˵Թϵ
ΪִҪҵŪŪЩ졣
ЩºҲƣҲ֪Ҫô˵ֳףܾʲôڸĦһ
Ҳֱ;ȫԾҲ߾ɣԾܵȥӭ
Ϊ̵˵֦С㣬оӴ
ȵһ߾֮Цҡ
͸ƽһ߾ѹϣҵһξôأҶ˵ҽۣЩ̫ܲȫϣֻҪϲôС
һ˵꣬߾ıңҵҡ
ϣ֦һŶɰ˲𡣡
һҶ˵ţΪҿģϵ˱ҵ鷿ҧҵĶ䣬Ħţֲʱҵ١İҡ
Ϊ͡ʹ߾ôĸңҾͺwһûио
෴ҳµĲһȫѹͣĶͺһһϾͻ侫ϡ
ңԱ߸ңһֲཻƣҲʱָȥ̼ҵ٣һһЩС
Ȼ˱ƽһʱ䣬ڴﵽ˸߳ҷѽ쿪ڸ߳ĿУ
һһƬհףʶֻáˬ߾ʲôʱߵģҶ֪
ڶϣͷʹĲˣȫĹؽҲʹĺܣرǹֵֹģ䲻ȲˣһЩɫķ˳оֻص˴ǰ
һָ˾ϵ£Ȼе˷̲ܵסϴԺһ˵ǰһ߿ӣһ˼ţʱˡ
֦С㣬ϺðӴǵһ˼𣿡
Ҿš
šҵĹԢµӴ
˵꣬zЦһЦˡ
ߵʱʵͲסˣԻѵıʼǱΪɣ뿪˼
ȻҾҵһԼһ֪ľĹԢķȥǡ



2

ĹԢڵڴǰҿǸν˵ˣʹҳһ
ΪֽоñһסڷǱߣﾭӪһҾưɣĸھϹ࣬ʱҸమڽַû˲֪˱Ժɴһļ̸ʲžӪڵľưɡưɿŵʱҵĸĸҲ֪
ʱһã¾ͳɻ賣ְֶʹö˳пڽǷǳ鳳Ҳûʲôݵ
һǸ׸ǸĺӣʵҲûһҲûнκɼ棬ȷʵùϵ
Ȼ̳ĸ׵Ҿĸְ֣ǰְֵĶӣǴ˵ġ
ʱ֪£ڰְָİ˼֮ĹϵʹЩ
ڹȻļ棬ʹԶԴ˵̬ԴҲı䲻õʵ
ΣȻòڣһĪĸоĺ˧һȼһЩĲ
һĹԢ棬ǻûüֵ֮ǰǾͷ˹ϵ
һĶԹȻݸӣȻȴԹϵ˱˴˵ĵ⣬ҲһЩ飬ΪҽԶ߾봾һС
ŽһΪֵĳУһļҾס¥ĵ档ȴùΪһ˾סڿߵС͹Ԣ
ֻҪùʱŻӼС͹ԢӣʱҲҹʱؼҡ
ͬһܲϲס迴õֹܵõĵطסЩӵζ
һ죬ҽӵһ룬൱ܣͨʱҲֻһڶҹذһ㲻ܵš
ҪңһҪȥһˡ
ĵң룬ϾͳݷĻᣬļ档
ΪǴһĵطһǸ徲ķӣȴ෴ȫһ侭ƵĺסլȻСȴȫĳǳһЩƯְĂ㡣
ӳʼһӦȫ豸סҲܷ㡣
Ȼϱ̫Ľ棬밶ߺԶڷʲôõĻᱻ˿ҲҲܵķˡ
֮ǰһ͸ҴϹʱҪİͬ־һ棬£ȷʵĺܿ֡
˱˴õϵǺҪƾ˴֮Ҳûκο顣Ǽ¡˽£˵˽ȣܳԡ
һһЩֵȤϲŪԷʤƽ
ΪǶһʱ󲿷ݵʱ䣬ǶڻŪŶԷ
ȻҲԽеʱ򣬼ǴһԼһ侫õ㣬ȴһҲûС
ã£Ǻ𣿡
ôһ˵һ㲻һµϣһͳ˵һһҵ˽С
һҲ֣ĸ£Ҳû涨òѽ
˵ţȻͣҡԼҵ塣
տʼʱǾһһһλΣֻᡣǽĲֻҲһڵǬѧУοΣ춼ܵ
ⷿװůʹһ˿ҲصĻܺ
һһ˶Աǿ׳ʵëïܣҸҪǣӵһȫһı
·ʱ򣬻ԿҸһ߿äľ˺ۡ
ڲķһ˿ҵĸһŪԷԸָʽԽҶԣտʼڴһķЩµʱǾò˼
ʵԭΪѹ·ңƤǺڵģ鷿ǱĶҲǬֱȴƫƫӶӵȵطر֡޳ֽʵȳƵĴһμ׾ˡ
ϣһǸǶرĴӲκʱǸ۾ĸо
ǰĹͷ㹽һ״ҫɫŽļ¶ʱס
ʪֲ۵ĳ뵽һۻһ
Ȼô룬Ķȴܵ˵ϲҾò˼ÿʶҵ˶ҡ
һҲ⣬ǰǳĳǷʢζһ˱ʱİҵ˫ȼ䣬ñȥЩζ
ҲͬĶرͨһѴһץϣȻȥëĺë
ȻҲ캬Źͷһһ˱ĦпڽֲͣĴŪճˮ侫
еʱرڷǰһ̣һǽ˫УزʼϵⲻסĶţȫ񱻼ֻҧһšš
ҿ⼤龰ʱҲ˷ܵĲˡ
Ȼֻһҵõָ߳ҵٵĻҲܴﵽ߳
£Ҿ͸˴һԽʱôʱǾҲͬʱﵽ߳еʱҲྺţ˭ȴﵽ߳
һδһڰϣ¶°ſҵ˫ȺһҾʹĶôһ˽ѨС
һҾ;Сˡ̲סݵһ˳ҸоӲͬСһ𱻳ʱҼæʱǿϸĶҷ
ʱһڻæѰԲñʪĶʱҰµڿ㽻ʪ˵ĵط
ôˣʲôô
һǽɫĳ𽺹ܵĶøҿ˵ˮˮľ
ԭˮпήľҵҿԲ뵽ĵط
СǹӵĳˣææȥӣҪȵʱҷԲŪõ
Ҳ֪ʲôŻᷭģࡣ˵ҽ˹ȥ
һЦŶ˵ΪõôأһҲᡭ
ᡭᡭôһҲҪӴ
һ˵Ҫһοһ׼ë輰ӵȣȻҪղŲ˫̧ſղһˮľСĵطȥ
ȻЩʹһҲǹӲ뵽ʱҪĸоҸϿԴһ˵ˡ
ҵһ¡
ɣûˣ
һһ߻شңһֲֽ˲٣ʱһʹĿС
ӹӵ˳ȵƨëϣɲǼëЩʪˡ
һ棬һĳζӣϵˮˮ
ˣʱҲһ㲻ˡ
̫ϸСˡһ˵Ļ
ȻҲڰڽʱȹüҺµġ̵ʵһҲúȡ
һһôһҩƤܴĹͷв룬Ȼ˹ۿҲվˣҲ൱룬ʱµСǲйһεұŹӺ
Ƕ˵ΪžνġԱ̬ɣȴ˷ܡ




3

˲ãһĳνע֮ʹ˾ǿ׳ҩ
Ҵ롣
עͲֱעҵϡ
ҩ䣬ƽǴϣһ⽫ҵϣһ;Ȼ˾ǻȴûԤڵ˷ܸС
֪ҵõĴһʱҲòܣˮǺãҵ˽ڣֵķʽҴﵽ߳
ǾòԹٰܲγȻҵٽӲ˵Ĳ룬˷Ѿĵİţ޷Ҵ߳ƺûʲôӿ
Ȼ˶Ҷ봾һҵ֮һΪҶĸ紾һ˰ģҶҳΪ԰һ£Ҳ൱Ŀġ
ȻԴһԣҲֻйĶҲ˵
ҳ봾һ԰һʱÿϻ߶ϣ߾Ҳĵڶ¥ķ䡣
ҲˡǶ˳Ǳҵķ䣬Ȼ˯ͬһŴֱȥôΪ֮˻һΰ
νĿУȻǶβŻȻʱҲпеĲϣпеĲ
߾ָ٣òԹܲ붴ڣӲϵΪʱĸоˬˡټӰѾΪܻʧȥʶĲϵ
ȻҲϵ˷Թϵȴһ㻳еҲûС
ͬŮУҲû˻ԽƵɡ
Ҹһλ̸ʱ˵¾ʱųѪѣӹʱΪþĻͻỳС
Ҳ˵¾ʱΪĻͲỳˡ
ҵ뷨ȴ෴һҾ˴һĿ
ʲô˵Ц׶¾ʱѾӣԾ¾ʱԹϵҲỳеġ
Ŷԭˡ
ԲŻνİȫ
ҽš
֦ûпʲôӣ
ʲô
ӵĳ´㿴ҰѼ΢㿴֦ûпԼӰɣ¾ʱ򡭡
ûУҿԼ¡
ѾҲû𣿡
ûа
¾ʱעһ¾ˡ
ιж󣿡
ţ΢С΢СֱףļСһ
Ļôأ
´֦¾ʱ
һ˷ܵļƻš
ڳһӴ
ʲô˵˵
õԣ˹Ӥĳ
ԹӤĲһ˳Ծ뷨˵ֻ˾һڿЦֿһӣֻǲű߼ʵġ
ɣ
ΪԼľڲ˳ʱлɣҲʱ˼ŸֿܵԭΪд״£һӹĳһŻ
һְɫճķһ˳Ūڿ㡣ڿﳣճһɫʪĶܡ
ʼʱΪԽʱľҺԽ˳˷ŻĳֲǾҺζ
ֶӹĸֵľΣeġݏܳƵģеʱ򻹿Ըоݵľεأ
ֻҪΪһĽţԽʱƽҪľһ㣬Ȼʹܣǿ֮ʹȴ
ȻһԼã´¾ʱҪһоӵ£ҲȽõԤ֪
´¾ǰһϵоʽķȥȡôӹ¾ʱŵӡ
Ϊһأġ
дһҪǼ鷿İϣȻ˫󻡶ȣϸĲ鿴о
һָ룬һóⶴжָȥ̽Ľṹôġ
˼죬һ֮ռľҺ΢ҹۿ
˳ԾְľҺУǧ޾棬һһǰ治ϵӾţ͸΢Ŀ⾰˾ĶŶ
ۣܶŶ
ֻҪҵĶ룬ЩȫĶȥӴ
ôһÿɽ衭ҵһοЩ
߾һʱֻҪһ˸ɶΣôһεķľܽҵĶȥ
Ҳ˼ţÿһ侫ҲֻôһΣһξҺȴôǧľ档ôһߴΡ˴֮󣬾жپνҵӹأ
һδһ׼˱õˮռ˴ԼĸСʱУҲͣΪľҺ侫֮ࡣ
˵Ᵽƿͬͬ¶ȣЩҺԱܶ죬ֱΪֹ
ľҺȻһθıȽ϶࣬ǵʱǾҺеǬ̣ͣڹͷŹͷĻζţݏڴһ㡣ںܱǸĵγһζѡ
Ĺ߶ŵңоһֵĲԹܲҵ˽С
пյģֱĵطеǱˮһԿΡһŵ˵š
ۡĿԿҮ
ְſ˫ȼ䡣
ûһ޵׶Ү
ҲȾˣԼҲĪ˷
֮˻ӵڸеȵƵİ£ҵŪű˴˵ȼ˷
Ҳѹ·֮굽ޱȻѽ밫ȡůȻȫĴһһھ˽ǡڽ󣬴һŽѾҵĶѨСչһεĽš
һ棬ƨĵܴܵӺңߴԱཻҲ²ͣĶšһֵĽҶԴһĲˡ
ʵãǲԻģȻǸģȻһֱ԰вֵֹ£⵽ôأ
Ѿ侫Σһ侫ˣŴ̼˷ܵȴӲѵĳ̶ȣΪ˴һҲʹ
һûҪ𣿡
šһ㡭֦أ
ţҪңɣ
ʱҽ츽ڴһߣһ̾һ߸
áȻЩ¡
šš
ͻȻ䴾һıңٵʹҵͦ
˵ţáӴǲ
һߴһ˵ţʱһ˲˼鷢ˡ
ͻȻӿ˺ѵĿУǸӲһһ֮䲻ͣɦţ˸о¸wˣʱ޷͵Ĺһһ߾ΣƨɶͣĲš
Ҳ֪˶ʱ䣬ʶȻָʱŸоõһʱΡ
ȻһѾȻȫȻϣˡ
ָһ˿ҵʱҿǿ˯ŵƤңҴЦݡ
ҸһôεĽжУһĴﵽ߳һΣĪҵ޷뿪һΪҲôŰɣ




ĸͨǶ֮1



ܾһʱûглŮ塭
䲻һֻ˵ֱҵز˹
Ҫ
һɲǣһ£ӡǡ
š𡭱ӡⲻ̫ðɣ֧곤
ţޡðɡۣһ˵ĴظŶ
ҽ˵֣ҵزҲϽ˻ȥ
ϣһȥֿ֡ΰ
һҪԵҵӣÂողһ˺յ£һҪ
ͻȻֹŮ˵زȻµĺžƣС
ҲһҲΪأͷΪһԺֻƉڼȰơ
˿ҵѷ˼ҵĸ飬ȭѡڵһغһʤļ
ȳֵ˲ûӮʤģҸ֧곤Ǵôһ״̬С
ܾ¸һһĸоҲòŶȾ׳׳
ҶԼ˽⣬ҲΪҽϻȴţ෴һ㻰أ
룬ҪȴҪλܸɵ֧곤ʵŵ
ֻҪԸͷôҾͿԼ򵥵Ľ赽ǧԪľ͸ˡ
ٺһЩ
㰡ǸŶǬ
ʸؾҲȰҵľƣҲͲǬ
þûôĺˣ̫ˡȡȵ㡭
⡭ҡͷʹ½ҪӚ֧곤ˡ
ôᡭ糤㡭
ҲЦŰѾƺˡ
ڴĺԶ볾İطҵҲƽ
Ǻڰĺһߣĵʱ˵أٿ˼ˡ
ҲڵһһС
Ȼȴȫһһ˾Σĸ糤Ϊ˹˾ضӦһλɫ֧곤
Ҳ˽⵽ҿҪΪһ¶ҵȡʸؾ֧곤ŵ
Ϊ糤ɷ򣬾Ȼ޷άɼ崦̳жĹ˾һľżһֻȴһҲûС
ԲŻᱻ˾ͬǳΪ˾װƷ
óûа취ˣֻóֹһ˵ӳ˾⹫˾һú֡
إӵ׹˶ģֻҪʱأ
һҲѸж꼶ˡ
ԵĻù˾ŵһһ˶Ϊֹɣ
ȻԼһ˵ҲҪİæǰҾͿԼھӪŹ˾ǱϾһŮ˵޵ġ
ŮŮ˷ʵģŮ˵Ҷῴ˵ɣû˿Կðɣ
֤ݣڲŻʸؾ֧곤һ䷿ȻҲΪǮ
ҳ˼ʱʸؾ֧곤ҵһϣұ
ðɣ˰ɣɷǸܵ糤Ϊ糤ȹ˾Ҳû취°
ɷǸ糤ͷζûйˣ˾ȻҲܱΪ糤
һ糤ҵĹ
ҽӚˡʵӦý糤λӽŶԣϣԼĶܹ
ǰô׻׻ң޷
ҲһҹΥѾãһûһзҲĳʸ֧곤оˡ
ڣ֧곤ţҲΪұɷʲôģôһжΪ˹˾
ҲϵôΪԼѡ
˾糤ôһλ꾭Ưĸ糤ĽĲˡ
ʸ֧곤ĴҵĴһֵӣܵĸоʱ̼ҵ塣
Ͳסĵ
ŶһҵĶӰ
˿ҲɷȴнһһҲҵ
ǰǲôǼȻѾȫû·ˡ
ˣôԼչɣ
ôһ룬˽
֧곤ҵ鷿֣ҵ˼
ֿĺͷУ鷿˳ҸԺ˵ȻԼ˵е㲻⣩Ҹͦ˫飬Ǿʮǰ꾭Ůġ
͸ˣð鷿̫ˡ
ʸ֧곤Ͳס˱

Ҳ֪ԭͬ˱鷿ͬĶȴͬ˶ôͬĸܡ
ڳɷ֮кܶ˰ΧŵҶԣŲһ˷ܣ̫ˡ
ʸ֧곤ͷͣĸţˡ̡Ҳޱȵ˷أ
ҵ鷿Ů˵İѶţ˵һҲֻҪһҾͻǿҵ˷ܣ˷ܵĴ
̫ˡŶҲˡ
šˬɣҺúð㡭
ǡҵǸ
ȻȫҹĵǸ
ááġͽˡ
ʱҺȻ뵽ʱŮ͵
һ˽Եţ֪£ôɵңù˾Ʋˡ
ҵʹѹĴ
ʸ֧곤ıңҵ˶ţôֿ޷ú˳
ݏҵ˵Ľһ㡭ǲҵô뿹ܣĲȴϵӿճҺʪ
Ҳ˼ĲԸ濴
˱ҵĴ鷿ʸؾһֻҵĺͷһ°¶ʱ䲻סҵۉڡ
ǰͷʱѽڿѵۣȴû뵽ɾʸ֧곤ʱȫ
Ӻ汧סңһֱͦͦôĲ˽ȥ
Ŷｫҽıססҡƨɶʸ֧곤
ȻĽĽ࣬һĳԽĿС
£ͣͦţʱ䲻ͣȥҵܻܲסأ
ĪݵĸоΪǸĦӹ
졭̫ˡ
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ͣͦʸ֧곤ſһһУҲˣٶȱǰֿࡣ
ŶŶСɡ
ֽסĴţ
ҡѾ
֮Ҳҵܺһһͬʱﵽ˸߳
һҸожεҵ֣ԭǾҺɫŶҵ塭
ҸпţȻʸ֧곤ĺɫǿȴޱȵ㣬ҵǸӵġ
̫ˡ̫̫Ķʵ̫ˡ
ô˵ǲ˼
˵ʸ֧곤ٶȵҡ
֮ٶȽ܉ڵ
ϣȤȻʸ֧곤һȼҵ
ôĿţҽĵһΣôõǧԪĻĻһֲٵ뷨ͣΣұԼˡ
ڶ죬Ҵʸ֧곤ҵĶǧԪ֧Ʊϵ˾ȥ
ιĶȥˣ
ߣҰΪЩǮȥȥ
ɷңȻ
һϣź׽赽ЩǮأ
ұ˵߽֧Ʊɷǰ
ܱǸˡ
ʱлңΪʲôԼȥ뷨أ
һôţһ߽糤ҵɳȼһ̡
һʸؾǻǿĲԼͦĿʱȻ˶һҾϻؼȥ




2

һɷ򿴴£һ֧ƱͣлҡΪֻǮҪʲô
ΪЩ£Ҳһ˶һ
صһȻϵһûѧڴϡ
Ϊʲôѧأο𣿡
緹ûԣΪʲôѧأ裿
ְ˵ʲô԰ɣ
ߣְְ֣һʲôᡣ
һְֺҲûûС˵ְֵĻҲҵġ
ҲܳΪٵѽ
е㲻һ۾һۺֹޱвҡֶ˵ϢһɣҵܶӴ
ðɣ֪ˣôȥ֪ͨʦ
һĵ˵ͷڰˡ
ҶˣŪʲôҳ԰ɣ
ŵÿŪʲôӳԣȴһߴΧϵٶȵĸҵԺС
ôǿҵȼҵһҰްҽš
ʱҵıˡ
һ
һĴߴ
ȻΪ˹˾ôίԼ壬ȻɷʱҺԶһܾЩǸ
ҺܿĽʳãѵһǰ档
Ƕͷˣһ
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˵߳ȻѾˣǳȴһֻСһ
㲻԰
ŶԹ˲š
һͻȻͣҵϣ̽ţϣĶȥˣְܵ㡭֪𣿡
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˵ҾؿݏѹһʯǶƵġôΪ˾ΣȻȴԼ˵ƭӡ
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쿴ɷ֮սǷֲްţ治֪ôġ
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ҡ
治֪ôش˼ĴӣҺȻҪĸо
ԱˡԱˣӱˣõҲһɨˡŶ裬ڻҪ˯һ
Ǹʵĺӡ
һһ߽Ƥһ߳Ŷ¥ԼķȥʵĺӣܵԲķӰġ
޲͵Ӱʼӵװӱܡ
˵Ҳ˶Ӱɣ
ֹСʱʼͳһЩֵֹ뷨
һСѧ꼶ʱһ̫ϲһԡһȻһĳԵҪһϴ衣
ʱѾ˴˵ĹǼܣҲ˰ĳҴ󣬺һӵ
ʱ꼶һƺ̫ЩŶ
ȫǴ̫ˡ
ʱԼҲܵأ
裬ҵСܸܵѵıܶҶһȣΪʲô
ҡ
ôأΪﲻһأ
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ҰѾĶϸϸССģҵȴֳִ⡭
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㿴㿴
һһҲվǰȻһ㶼СӵĶȫ˵һӴһϡ
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ѽһ㶼õģ˶൱ҪıŶΪӴ
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϶صζЩѻڰƤ۹ġ
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ĵİһϴСܵʱȻͣһȫӲͦˡ
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ĵһ£ͷǰ˲ͣĴšţѾԲ뽻ŵĳ̶ˡ
Ħһʱһ㣬۾Ҳ[һߣҸŪ
ҵĺͻȻ嶯ҪһȻҵڣҵ
һţ죡Сʱ˱鷿죡
ҽſԡ棬һҵ¸µĿռϣһһͲĴ͸պö׼ҵ˽ڡ
ҼһƶƨɣͻֱͦͦĽҵĶƬƬеڡ
һ˵˱״毺鷿
¶ҪԼˬöֻ鷿ס˱
Ŷһ߶ҪŶ
ɷ˱ĲͬɷҵĸпУwҵȫĻҲͣӿ֭ء
ԡһ
ŶҽסʱһǼӲҲѾһҵ˽С
ĸ׸ڽţȻϺ£һǲ˽ġ
˸ŮΪ˵Ů˵˽ôһ£ֽ׶ǲ׵ġ
ȻҲԼľ޴Լĸ׵һ¶ò˼Ҳ˵
ˣȻ˷ܵӽһȫﵽҪˡ
ͣҲͣˣ汻˱ӣ˵ʲôˬأ
ǲһôŮˣҪͷȴǰˡ
һСϷ浽ɣ
ұ˵ȻٶһһԡУɵϴ裬ȻµĴԡҳ




3

аһѾϸˣ˵ëҲïܶ˰ɣ۹Ƿָأ
һֵ뷨һֲסĻһﵽ׳ʲôˣЩڵĶջȥ۲쿴
ӦһֳִִСʱҳڰϴʱͣŪﰡ
һѾˣҴ󵽶̬׵ˣǿɰġСܵܡҲ
϶¥һķſڡ
һҿԽ𣿡
ƿŽȥһɲǣҿһĻңͷ߷ݏùʲôֽһѡ
ҿЩʱƾĸ׵ֱôһˣҴ滹ڸһڿأ
ոǻҵӿڸޱµǰİɣ
һһ߻ɫһңʲô£ͻȻ
ʲôԲҪҽİ
˵֮ΪȷǷǡİһϵޱ
ۣڸʲôأ
ŶҿïܵëдǶһȫǴ˵ġΰ
ͷĲҲرķʴǶصӡ
һޱٶȸϡ
һǲǳϴǬ
ҲûΪʲôȻһסһĴ
һǵСʱϴ𣿡
šȻǵãͻȻô˼Ҿúܲ˼
һİģ˫ȼĶȫ¶˳ҲľǰԡʱһϸİŰƤɹ
ۣôһ㣬Ӧúúõϴһźá
ʱζ۹ĳζܺһγζζ
ͷǸһСʱһô⣬ôҴ֣ȻͷִǱȽܹӮŮ˵Ļӭġ
ɷı̫ˣ˵ǡΰߡ
ֽŰƤߵ۹һڴϣҲš
ᣡġŮϲ
ΪڲŶʹ泩İ뿪˫۵İɣвͣǲɸıʵ
Ǭ֮ٶȵĦѾһһĸװС
衭ҡ
һ̲סһѳڿеӡ
һĺΰӴְֵĻҪöأ
ɷĴĶ࣬ҲöˣǿѾõ˰
ҾĳΪһˣ˵ȥӴ
Ŀ˵ЩҵʲôԼѾ㲻ˣֻ֪ҲϵڸһѾ͵ľ޴
ްԣֻöֻӵľ޴ϡ
ҳַ۽ɫĹͷҫĹأϵĶҷջ󣬲ϵĶҡġ
ҽŽҵʱͷǰĵطѸٵıմʪˡ
Ϊ԰һΪ̫ҲֻһңͷҵһͽסԾŻʱķǱӵأ
һȫڴϡ
ѾȫǴˡ
Ҷȭͷӵнﲻݵɶأ
һһһ߽⿪ȹӲɫڿһ¶ڵϡ
֪ӸղžͿʼճҺҵ܉ïܵëѾʵȴˡ
һҲ޷ȴˡ
ҶŵһһֻץסͦĹͷ
Ϊ̼ܵðȪˮƬеĳʪشïɭأȴ޴ޱȵݷá
ֽïɭˮմţͿһǲϣȻץͣĦ˽ڴͣš
˫һƬ٣пڴҽͷǶڲԼһңˮһˡ
ˬˬ
Ŷ˵Ĵ̼
ָɷʱһҲܲĿУи֮о
ϰͦ𣬰γմҵˮһҲһкӵߣʱͦš䶯ţݏҪҪٶȽҵĶһ㡣
衭ҡҾú
ĪһҰһѾоôһΪڽ
һһճճʪʪʪߣͷǰͣ䶯ʹҵգһҪ侫ˡ
ſѩ׵˫ȷֹŵһԣץٶȵĦԼ˽
áðð衭
Ħġ֮öָͷɦëȻŹͷ˽Уˮ󻬣ͷڣȫĽˡ
Ǿ޴ĹͷǿҵĦںҪѿһ㣬ҲǰδеĿС
ͦʶȵĵһСģһȴŤת߰γٶȲ롣ʱһѾͻסץƨɲڵĴ
ҡҪ侫Ӵ衭
Сŵ㣬˷ܵӴ
ִĦͻʱȫ񴥵һ𺶣˽ˮҲͣ˵Ĳϵĳ
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һûüϸ֮߳ǰһѾŨŨɫġţ̡
ˣҺӹʱҲһЩĿС
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ұ˫۶һһȫ˰ɣ
һͷȻ󲻺ĽתһȥȻģΪĵһξȻǸһġ
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ҸΪǮԼɷ˷Թϵĵڶ죬ԼĶӽţǷ˲ԭµΪ
ǵǷֵ֧곤ʱһоܾӦȻ󻻳˶һʱȴôȻȻľͳɾ¡
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һҶһ˿ҵȫţǻĦű˴˵ļһѾõǰ㣬ĸŶԷȫȫںڱ˴˵԰С
һҲѾ֪ôĸңŻ˷ˡ
ţѾȫһҵĶӣѾȫİԹϵĶˡ
Ȼ˵һΡڶԺ󣬾ͻ᲻ϵġ




̸һļ1

֮ԻסΪ޸ڵļ̸ʲôԵʹǶ˽ϵģҲ˽⡣
ֻ֪ĸ׻ҪС꣬ҸտʼҾеŮԻҲʮϲ
ĸΪδźӸļޣֻҪһǻˣҲ˲⡣
ǣʵǼ̸޷ĸ׵ɫȢġ
̸ɷĸľɫԾ˺üףȻҲ׷ߡ
ǣΪŵĸ׺ĸ׼ټ޵ĶҪзӶûкӵˡ
ĸײż޸˾߱Щļ̸ЩҶҲûʲôֵÿĵġ
ĸ׼̸ϣѾбҵڼѧϰ¡
˵̸һרŮ¿Ĺ˾ƿεĹɳְ񣬶ÿµнˮḻ衣
οסԼķӣҲû֧ǵ͸ԣˡ
ԴӸȥһֱĿǰĸףΪٻҵԼʵĵڶӴԺҲΪˡ
Ȼ˵Ѿ䣬貢δ˶ĿǰĹ˾Ҳϣǰһ˾
еʱȥԶһĵطڼҺü죬ʱҾͱ븺׼̸ҵͣӦļ¡
費ڣ̸ҲƽʱңڶҸá
һ졭ΪϲڼҡŲӦ⼾ڵı꣬ڶ¥Һµ޷˯Ծܵ¥¼̸ȥˡ
ɵҵļ̸ԼŮһӦòаŶԣסҲһʱˣҲûпʲôõ¡
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ڼ̸Ϸ޾ߡ
ʱ̸׼˯[۾ҵӡ
ְֶԲʵڲô㡭
ô˵أԼŮְ˯ͬһӦõѽ
ʵڸоС۾ļ̸κβ˵顣
ôְϢɣ
̺޾ߺĶԼ̸˵˵ҾѸٵޱš
ܶԼ̸ԣһθһ˯Կƺߡ
˺üҲΪʵ̫µޱٳ޷˯š
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Ϊ紵Ļҳɡ
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˵ҵ֣ס
ôְֻ֣Ҳû
˵뽫ֳء
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һ˲䣬һ¡
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š
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ּ˵Ӻðɣ
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ż̸һһıңȻ󽫴ҵĴʼ
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ô˵СĵһҵͷҲ֪ΪʲôһԸô˿ҵ廹ڲأ
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˵ͷ̸ȲҲͷ˱
ֻҵļ򣬲ңȴҵǰ˯棬Ļ¸ȼ䣬Ūҵë
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ȻҲĸңȴûа취̸ܾǿ֣ʹĲ˽ȥ
̸һָͷʪУڻԲһ䶯š
һ㣬ҵĺϾʹĸо
ҵ˷ܣҲԸоõ̸ǱҵҲˣٶҸӵ˷ܡ
ͻȻ̸ҷڴţſҵ˫ȣȻϡ
֮ͳǸִͦҺͿϡ
ҿӲľͷĴʱҽסô޴ȻǰҲ˵һ뵽ҪŮ˵Уǿ޷
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ҲʧĽ˳ҲαĽУĸоʹԲŽеġ
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ᡭֹͣҪҪʹ
ҴĽʱҵѾΪʹ˰ɣ
š֪ˡôһΰɣ
̸Ȱ˵ȻصԼĴϡ
ӽϵ飬Ƕ֮ร𣿡
ųĿ˵ţһҲûǻѾ




2

ڶ糿ûҹҵļ̸ǲ˼ɣ
Ȼû緹ͳȥϰˡ
Ϊɣһұϴ裬ϸļҹ̸ĦȻúʹģױ˺ôˣָһһĲ飬ûκ״ȫƽһ
һҾͰˣظҰĵϴŻ֮󣬻ص˯һֲҹ˯ߡ
Ҳ֪˯˶֮˰ҡˡ
ʶУǿ˫ۣҵļ̸վҵǰ
岻𣿡
ĵҡ
Ŷûûʲô£
ͺãûµĻͺáΪϵ£һֱţԾ˻㡭
һŮһϸ˵ţһִ߽ҵļϣȻһֱҵһֻȴҵĴȼ䡣
ӭż̸ǲ۹⣬ҵ嶯˶ȻҪܵʶȴ޷
־ҵڿָҲɦ˽ϵëָǰŲþ͹˽ϣ̼˽ʪûָС
ˣ̸ֳɹˡ
ţȴʲôҲû˵ż̸ĸҵ岻ۡ
ۡ
֪ʱҵҲʱ̸ӿٶҡָԻԲķʽ˽ﲻϵĶš
ҵ¶˻ɫɣԼ̸Żһֻѵڿ㣬ȻҵޱС
һߵıסңһָŪҵ١˵ȣȻ˵˷ܵĴˡ
һţϣȻͳǳʺɫľ޴ҵ˽Ĳ˽ȥ
ʹٶȵӿǼ̸ȫӲ˵ţУ㲻ɵĻˬġ
ˣԸָֻѡ
ʱҵĻѾˮذӿˮǰȪԴ
̸ҡ
ôϣ㿪İɣ
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ĸΪ£̸ֲѾ蹫˾˵ӡҪˣһҲûڴ߳һ飬ԼҲζӳµġ
鷳أû뵽̸ȴл˷ʢ͡
̸˽ڵĲƷİش˿һˮøҺȡ
ʿŮǵĸ߼Ӵ
˵ȰҺȡ
ıһپΥйˣֲʰоá̸ֻصĺİء
ȻҲԱߣֻҪҵĲһգ̸ϰٶȵơ
ʱ鼫õңɫϣ̸Ͽ춯ָأڴš
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ƻͨҾôҵϣЩ˼Ю˫ȣȴӰ̸
ָմҺͿҵ˽ϣ֮ѸٵĽһָͷ붴ڣָʱҵֲ
ڼ˷ܵңѾ޷Լˣ̸Ҳһɣ
ǴִҼӲҵ٣Ȼ̸öֻץĽͽ˶ιңǹͷҵĸоǡ
ʹССȵȡְ֡ȵȡ
̲סʹ۽С
̸һһھȻѪˣǼ̸׼õ֬޻ϸҲš
ʹǱѪȾ֬޻̸Ҳͬ治ɫĽŵڶβ붯ʱȻֻǾʹѡ
ʹͺûаݵĵط˶һֻڲʱ
ϣһ˯ļ̸ִҵ鷿һʱ֮ٶȽǾ޴˽ǲ䡣
ʱ̸е㵣ġ
㲻ܳΪһŮ˵Ļ
˵š
벻ŶԡְһҪŽȥһβСȻ㡭
ΪڼԵʣûһ׼
ԡԣ´ҸõıȥԿɣ
Ǿôˡ
迴˿˵ӣﲻ𣿡
û뵽ңҲӿ
šûе¡Һܺá
Ҹ̸ǾԲ֪ģԽҵüӱСжǡ
ֹ˴ԼңҶ˵ҪһȥΪͬѧ׼һһŻԼĵҾ뿪ҳȥ
ȻҲȥԼᣬҪȥ޵S기ԼΪ̸ҡ
տʼȫһҾȻææȲĸ
һ۾Ϳ޵䣬൱ĺãҪȻȻķˡ
ӡѵЬӰɣҲѵɣ
̸ѻ˷ԡ¡
ҷż̸ѵ·Ȼȹµһһ˳ѵԺ󣬼̸һңڴϡ
һߺо˱ҷۺɫͷһָͷҵ˽ѷ졣ʱҿԸо̸Ѳ𣬶ݵȼ䶯أ
ͷԺһţŶĸһҲͣ˽ˣҵĿŨˡ
ü̸Ĵҵïܺɭִˣȥ١
ʱȫڱһľΣ˽ճҺָˡ
̸Ҳֹͣҵˡֻץҵ鷿ָĿͷ̼ͣġĵĸ֮󣬽ҵҲͲôӲˡ
⻬ǶƬۺɫмѷ촦һţҼлĳС
ɵƻͨģǹһ˿ҵʱҿһֻҰʳһȴûһĸо
һ̸ſҵ˫ȿҵ塣
Ҫ
İ
ϴͳ˾޴ѹͷ׼˽ѷ촦Ȼ󱧽ңġһͷ룬ǻʹ
ִ㲻Ѫˡ
Ҳзˣǲǲȫ
ҵᡣ
ζҪɹ𣿡
̸Ĺңż̸һǰȫһԿ
һҰ¸ţȻҵƨɣھſٴӺ潫룬ȻʹҳѪ
ó൱ļ̸ٶţȻֵʹҺҵ˽ƽٶĽҵڡ
˼ģξȻʹҲĵڽŹͷǰܸˣĿǰҲʹĿǰΪֹܲ
ááҪŶôΣ
ҵ÷̣ҵĶȻһ΢˫ۣ˫ԿϸϸƷһһɶ
ҲȥǲѾȫ棬Ҳܹ֮ɽ֮ˡ
ż̸һһˣӿٶȡ
Σô
ŶܰһҲʹŶһɺĸоء
һ˵һ߽ս˼̸ߣ̸ͷ˱ţݏ˯һƮƮȻĸо
ʱ̸Ҳֹͣͦεĳ鶯ٶȵļӿ죬ǿҡ
̸ͻȻҡ
ŶǸӡˡม
һ߽һ߰γҺ͡žžžķ˳
ҶĿЩľҺЩӤӡΪһв䵽ȥġ
൱㣬Ҳ͸㵽ŻؼҡȻҸ̸ļζ֪ġ
ֻ֮ҪһлᣬǾ͸ˬ
ΪŮĸ׵ɷҵļ̸ĹϵվҲᣬ໥϶ﵽ߳
ʱ֪ΣգǼ̸ǵҶ¥ķ󰮣ȻҲܾ
Ƕͬ뷨һά˿ܵԹϵ
ʹѹȥҲŮζˣȻøл̸ͣĹȣһĸ׿˵ǲǸõˡ
ҲһҾֹͣҿܵϷ




ɩɩṩ1

Ϊʲôôҵأ
һרűɫŮ־д˵һʱÿ϶һΡ
ҼɩÿϣֻҪһᣬϡ硢ϣ͸һһҲϴأ
ǸɩǧӰһ൱ŮˣǷݺݾǻһġ
ȻǸϲһͣȴһģһ֪ڴϺܵ͸ɵŮˣÿϸ綼ٵ
ûµģֻٵôһ֤ҵİ
еʱһĵߵɰ뿪ŷ͵͵ؿһ£ʱպÿڶױ̨ľӴæ׼ϰࡣ
ĿȴǰţɩǧϥǱߣڿͳԼϲͣĦţһĻ˳Ծ
ʱѾߵˣʱͨнˮ׼˶ԣǸóϰʱˡɩǿס磬ǷǾǿˡ
һҲû⵽˴ŷ￴ǣǻô󵨵ġ
ǧŸѾ͵һ˱һҧšţеһļˡ
һĻ̫ˣĿתļš
ʱôأۿԼﲻϵʹ󣬶ǧֲϰݵڴĿ
ʱ۹ǧӣͻȻվٵȥȹӼڿ㣬ǷۺɫĳҲһ
ױ̨ľУҿǧŨܵë˽ƺҲˮ
ʱҿ˹ȥģ̌һſױ̨ϣȻ̧ƨɣһҵ̬
ʱ˵ӣ㲻Ӳ͸Ӵ
ȣ졭һ졭ɣ
ѿ˰ɣһ
ûʲôᱻ졭װģ㡭ң
ԸոտӼڿ㶼ѵűߵƶɩǧӣ̧ɩְִƨɣȻ˽ȥ
̧ǧӵƨʱҸպý˽˸ϸ
ԭҲһŵŨܵë棬жƬ˾ĶǵĴ
͵Ķͦɣҿǧһֻڰæȥʱһֻѹױ̨֧壬ûӺ
ҿǧǰ洹ŵĴӲͣؼҵػζţ찡ѵÿ֪Ǹɵж༤ˡ
ҲȥˣСߵأȻϰȥֻٵСʱңȻٵҲΪԼķ򸾵Ĺϵ
ʱҲðڼϢΪǧӵľϰô˵ġ
ʱҲ룬ȻзӦǧӵҹҹ󰮣Ǻأ
ǽһȻһֱУҲսʱ
սԭǸμӹ˾οʱ֪Ȫռ˻ǹ˾Ůͬ´漤ҵһҹʹɩӴ׾󷢣һʰ
Ǵս˴ңű˴˶Ͳסû԰ļ尾ɣֻصǰˣұǰɵĸأ
ҵĹ۲죬ɩǧǸָʹˣʱ磬˽ϳصĸҲҪ
ʲôʱ£һҹǧӷ˺ܴʱ˯ʱʱҹˡ
ʲô£ôˣ
׷ʲôѽҸƽһ˶עš
ˮӦԡҡⶰ¥ԶˮװãǲҪԼˮġ
ǰҹлϴ裬˲ͬ
۾һ·߳ųԡҵķȥԡﴫǷ򸾵
жҡεӰӣӸúأ
Խϲɣݏʲô
ô˼Ů˵¾Ҳ˯ˣ
ǧǸ߰˶ȵɤŴ˵ţִָŲҲҵĶ䡣
Ҳ˼ֻǡֻǾüȻ¾ˣôǾʱúõϢһ¡ԲҪĻԡıȽϺá
ԭҲǸľͷϹŰ塣ѾʱӴͲӰҵġ
˵ǧӺ˵š
ҡûǸȤ
˭̸Ȥѽڸ̸飬㻹޷˽Ļϵĵطȥ˯ɣ
ιôȡѽҲûбķ䰡
ߣаǼ䲻𣿡
ߣǡ
˯һҲʲôѽ
ɩ˵š
սһŮˡ
Ҳҡҡͷ̻صԼķ䡣
ǿš
ò˯ɣž͵ڴ˯ˡ




2

֪˯˶Ժһ۾ͷҵԱһˡ
ȻҵĴ˫˴һֱ˯ˣһ˶棬;ôСˡ
վǶǧӣֻίһҹ
Ǹ磬ôͲҪ
һһٶ˯£ҾԸ磬ûĻͲаˣ롣
ˣҷԼ˯ˡ
˯һǴӳڵĵһأ
Ÿŵңı۾
Ź˶ʮң˯ţͻȻžһһֻŴĴϢ˹һȻ֪Ǹ֡
˯죬Ҳ֪ԼԱߡ
ץңҵû취ȻѾ˯ԱˣҲֻץˣԼĸ
ŷʲôԭǹģ롣
ĽҵڵĴͷҲſˮ
ŶʱҵȵĸоԭӴһ顣
⡭ʲô
Ҳ룬ǧʱʱ̿벻ıߡ
ȺĶŷ͵һָҵ岻һ£ȻҺȻոߡ
ǵιǧӵĸ磬ǲĪǡʱҵͷҿʼ˷ܡ
Ȼе㲻ӦãҾҲԸô
ץҵֶҰĦı
ץִĶָͷġġĴ
Ϊ˱ҰɣҲҵ˯Уָͷڿı߱ߣҵ壬Ȼĸ˽ҷ죬ָͷЮǶƬмʱ
У粻
Ľţһȴ䶯壬BBڶָʹĸһ㡣
ǵʱ̫æˣȴһ£ʹøϸָȥҵ٣ҵˡ
벻ǣȻһһµĺ
Ŷ졭硭
ΪԼҪһָʱһһҼӲĴǲζ
ŶôѾˡ
֪ʣҿĻţǴ󵨵Ķ˵˰ɣõȫ˽ӴҽҴɩˬɣ
ô󵨵ĻȻԵľ˳
ұǣŸ֣ҵŨܺɭֵش
磬𣿡
͸ޱȵ˷ܣĴҵС˱ҵĶ䣬ŶЩܵȫ
ҽԼҵĻشˡ
ָΪʪ˽ʱ綹СˣôĸоӹʱʱĴ˸ճҺʱҵĿҲǿҡ
Щˮ˸ָʱ൱䶯֣ȻöָͷЮҵ٣ţ̼Ľ͡
Ŷˬ硭õ
ǿӿ˺ͷҵҲ񱻻ȼһⷿҲһһ
˷ܵˣߵԼĸҲˣֻͨŮڽŰɣ
ţ˼ҵ磡
ðɣֲǹģ
ָ֩һĶţһһε˽ߡ
ˬϢȫĿʹҲϵҵ壬òΰɣ
ι硭ҿһ£ҵۺܻӴ졭˼ҿ
ҵĻʹĵ˴ߵСơ
ȡܻ˵ѽҺúüһ¡
ţſ˫ùҵ档
Ҳ֪ΪʲôԼô󵨵Ҫôһ൱ӵ
˽Ѿ˷ܵӴɫҲʺ죬һëҲĺܡ
˵ţָֽ˽ȥҲͣĳֲ룬µŪ
̫ˡģ磡
鲻Խץס˸֣ĺ
һϨ˵ơ
ֻҪһ£Ҵǰ𣿻㻹ǾͺãҾǿ㡣
밡Ұɣƴĵͷ
ӴǶǧӲ̫
ߣŮ˲Ҫ
˵ȻӲཡһСšžžͦţֻ͹ˡ
ˡˡ
ĺҵ˫Ҳͣڸš
ιһˡ
Ŷááһ㣬ܲˡ졭
ȫѹϣһ߲ɶţһҵĴһһ˵ĸҡ
ǴִĹͷһһεĳײҵӹڣҲͣĦҵڣָо׹ƮƮɡ
ĲҲͣӿճˮҺܿľŪʪëһҮ
ÿͦһΣҵͷŵһΡ

ҲţͲסҵץš
Ŷҡҡ
߳һЩֻͷ棬ٶͦظš
ͷӹʱһĸоϮ˽ھ͸ţѹͷĺţɶ
ҵ񱻴һĲţҪ߷Ĺͷɶ
ʹڲһһ֮䡣
ݏȴʱ̫Ҳ̲סˡ
СͲסˡĽţԼҲ֪ڽЩʲô
粻ͣһŤͦһִҵͷһһأΪڴ̼ҵ鷿ֽסǣҲˡ
졭Ŷ
ԼҲĽдһһȴ̼Ÿĸأ
ҲԼ̫ˣֻýָԼĿкԼ
ͦ

ֻҼٵĴϢøȼաˮʳĴ͵ĳ˳š
ΪϸɶҲͦӭţһΪܲŬ
Сˡ
Ҹо˫һȻݡ侫
ţš
Ҳš
˶˳Ĵﵽ˸߳
˺һҵֹͣΣĻָƽļٴϢҲҶľˡ
۾ʱѾˡ




3

ϣȻҸԹϵǸָɩǧӻظԭˡ
Ȼһֱ׽ŪĸоǷʱֻܳĬĿһС
ҵȻҲϣǷ޵ĹϵܹãǱϾҵɩ
ԼҲ൱˽⣬øҵĴˡ
˵ǷϵԺ󣬸ȻȫµӣȻ̬ദǧӺһ㶼ûҸ¡
ֹһңһҹܵҵķ
ˡ롭
ôˣҪӴ
ʱҹĵӽĿ󣬻˯׼ϴ˯ʱ
ϸĿһ˺ܶƵӣһˡ
Ѵ齫ʱ䣬ǧӲҽ
ҲţҪˡ
Ȼǲҵ£ôһЪ˹ˣĪֻһҪܾҸ˯һ
ţôˡ
⡭硭Ҿ㻹ǻԼȥȽϡ
Ȼô˵ţȴϣ˾ĶǵļһĻ
û£µġǧԼ˵ȥһ˯ɣԺ˫˴ĳɵ˴Ļû˰ɣ
ں˵ЩʲôǸô£Ȼ˵š
ԭǸղŻΪ˴˫˴¶أڳʱʹ˰ɣ
Դӿ⣬ĺĶģҿóǣҲڴأ
ðɣϾҺúðɣ
ôžƳζսҵĶ䣬а˵š
ҿƲסԼĸ硣
ʱѾҵ֣ͷҵͷˣһҧ˷ܵĽ

Ӻͷй˳ȻȻҲſҵ˫ȡ
Ǹȴûҵ塣
һŪҵͷ
Ŷ硭ǿɰӴ
ɩ
شңͣҵĸ
ͷʼ鷿Ȼ󸹲Ҹ£һһҵϰȻʱҵȫ
̧ҵ˫֣˱ҸµҸëֻҪһ̧˫֣ͺĬĽսҸëŨܵҸ£
泩
ֽסҸ󵨵ſ˫ȣҲʼݵ䶯š
ôһѾͣϣ㽫ҡ
硭ǰ졭ҡ
һߴҪţһִŸǸѾ
ŶأһͣĵճҺմʪҵأ

ֽ˹ҵĴҵıסĺţһæŽմӸﴫ͹Һ˻ʱ⡣
ȣ𣿡
ŶٶȳĴߴ
ұ˵ҲţýŹŸ磬壬Ȼһڸϡ
泯ɵĸ磬Ǹֱͦͦվ֮䣬Ҳ嶯ץֵԼѾʪ͸˵ۺ˽ȥ
ȥȫҵۺȥ
ŶǸоϴλй֮أְͦڴϣ븩һһµĳ鶯ҵ壬Ǹҵǣ£һһҵ˽ڡ
Ҳͣĳ鶯ҲͣĴϢţĸҲִֻͣǷĴӣʱĿҵͷ
ִ˿̼ҵټϴ̼ͷ˷ܣˡ
ȫֻҪõͿʹ嵽㣬ͬˮ費ϵĴӰ˳أ
ţѾﵽ˸߳
Ȼ˿̸ҲѾ侫ˣȻǽĻӵţһֱ˯
ȫ֪üɩǧӣʱὫϵҷȻÿһǶһ
ŽŵĴ࣬þҪԷȥһһɩģ롣





ĵһΩ1

˵ǳ˸ĸܵˣǹϡδȵе飬Ҷ
ĸɽվһ꣬ÿϻصҶѾʮˡ費ڼҵһʱҾ͸һԷ֡ӵȡ
ϸһ꼶ʱѾǴѧˡ
һһȥʱڳ﷢顣
Ǵߵɣϻ;УͻȻʹôŪûá
ʹڶĵطǳӰɣ
ϽͣȻںϣְҰĦŶӣˣӻʹĲˡ
ڰҰŶӵĸ֣൱ůͣҺȻҪ
ֺůͣһ¶Ӱɣ
ôһ˵ΪѵӣҵʱTȹ
Դ˶꼶Ժ鷿ʹһ죬Ҳûд֣Ϊøŵİɣ
ȹ洩˿˫ȽİţȹĻһЧûˡ
ȣ찡һȰɣ
ұ˵ǿӲĽȹȥһһʹġ
ҿŸҾ֪ΪԾǸŮˣȻãǴ˿ҵĶһһʹͺкܶ˹һ
硭
ĴʲôƵģָҵĸ

һ˫ů֡
˰ɣ
ؼϴ裬Ҳá
;еصҲ˽СʱʵСʱҵǻҵġ
ָҵĶʱ־͸պ÷ҵëһĵطʱëһĸо
Ȼοľ飬˸ԼĶӻǵһأ
Ĳҵë˵ëˡҶԣʹĵطëĸٶ̧ͷ
һ㣬ԣ
ִȥʱһò˼ɣ
òǺüûϲ˰ɣ
ߣˣֻͲ˵Щġ
ûӣǸطиùݣȥɣ
졭ȥʹĲˣϲ
дŶ֮󣬿Կһ󿴰ϲͣ޺ƣǲùݣҲ֪
һͨķֻ꣬Ҫȥֻˮԡһϲѳùݡ
ķȫĲһһŴ󴲣һɳȻҲٲ˱ӣҴϻƯ˿أ
ùݵɣŲˮ
ܡ
˵ͳȥˡʹĸϽ˱УԡΪҷϴˮ
ˣɣϿɣ
ôһ˵ҸϽ˽ȥ
ǲôֻòͣԡ
šš
һһĽţǸ˽
Ҫ𣿡
˵űӺҵ¸ȡ˼ģθϣҼʹġ
ڸУĺܸл־͸ոڳһֱӵĸҵļϣȻĻ
ʱ
ʲô
˵
𣿺ʹɣҿζġ
Բ𣡸硭
ҴĵĵǸš
ǲôȣûС
ֻٻشϣҲͣΪҸš
¶ӣڴ߸š
ڳʱֻڴƵ֣ھȻ쵽ïܵĺɭС
ĬĬģЩǶƵġ
ʲôӲƵģطš
ȻҷһЩƨоҲûôʹˡ
ϴˮȽϺӴůͻˡ
߽ԡҹˮͷߵǰҿʼ·ȹTȫˡֻʣڿ㼰˿ѣְ쵽ҵҸ£߽ԡȥ
Ѻҵ˫壬ʱ֪ĸоΣһС¹ײɣ
롣
ѵڿҽԡУȻԼŶӡ
ι磡ҰĦӡ
ҶԼ˵ֻҲú졣
˵ȻһΪٴᱻָʱĿУӵջɣ
ιں˵ЩʲôǽҸĴ鷿һϴ𣿡
һθȤѵ·ëΧȻԡУʱҲûиˣһġ
ëΧŵĂǴľأ
ιӣҡ
ʲô
һشͿվͷ棬ͳԭëĶ
㡭
Ҳͷȥ
ûɣúõĿɣҿɲ˼ҿӴҰڰı𣿡
ۣ£Ҳб͵͵ʱԡˮضǡ
ٶվǰǸҲǰͣĴšҽ˷ȻĿתעԽԽܰѳԼˡ
㿴š
ʱûʶĻһȻŸ˵ˡ

Ȼڹͷĵطһ¡
ţ㣡Ϳһ㡣
ˣҰѸ
ŤǿһһĶ
ŽǸ棬ɺã
ɵҡ
⡭




2

ˮĽݣҲĲʹˡ
ֻˣƽͷһ⿴˵ĶһʵҲҺܴĳ鼱֮¾˶ʹҲ˵
ڸ˵ģǸطҲΪô˵ͻȻȻĺܽԿԸоһʹ
վԡУȻԼˡһԡʱʪҵˮ˽ȫ¶ڸǰ
Ÿ˫ֱҵĴƨɣȻԼҵŨܺɭִһͷ˽ȥ
ͷ˳ҵ˽£ִϣһһ顣ҵʱȫ񴥵һ㣬ĽһҲ̲ס
ôȻ£ϵķĶš
粻Ҫվס
ţҵͷѽſһ㡣
𣿸硭
İ쵽ȥŶͷ䶯Ҳȫ
̲סĽͷԽԽҲݏƮڰ޷ŵһԝ
߳ԡףȻԡҲʪ塣
Žȥ𣿰ӡ
һԡͬһԡУѾˣȻ˵Ҫ˵İӷŽҵȥδ⡭ɲҡǸΡ֪ˣҾ˵Ǹ粻
š
Ȼ¶˾ľ͡ʱĶӺҲʹˣȡ֮ǹڴ˷ܵĸо
ȻǰҲԼ̬һƸɣҾȻ嶯Ҫ㇟Կ
֪ͬѧ֮Ҳкüй顣
ι֪ʲôǽֻҪһΣͻղŶǴȻἱӴ뿴жȥʲôоĳ𣿲ʱģһ¡
治֪ôݲźã֪𣿺ܳӴݡĲ롪˷ܰӴοȻۣǾȻôӲĶȥ˼ɣ
һӺֿϻָԭ״أܿɰĵطɣ
˵ţݏƭҲ֪ζƵģʵҲûʲô˲ģ
˵˵ԻҲôһģǶ˭أ
ǳҰأ
ǽһӽҵкӵƬøҿʱȸҵԺС
ǸʱҾһֱڴ˰ɣ
ҵŮʱ˵ȫŸģҲҲͰҵҪҲ˵ȻҲǰ¡
ұ˴ϣҽıŸĲӡ
硭ҺϲӴ
˵䣬ҳ˵Ļ

ҵͷҺܿģ뽫ҵڵĻҾҪȫȫĽ
ڴϡʪ˽ʱҵԺ︡ǵʱĲǱ龰Ǳġ
ҲʽļǵӴ
ǰȥһ㣬Ҿʹܲˡ
ʹ
ʹĽͬʱŸز
ôˣʹ𣿡
š
ǲɱģտʼǵһζʹԺͲˣŵɡ
硭
ĽΪҪø㣬ͦϡͦܵʱҲҸŮʱĿʼ
ڸ罫Ǹȫҵڡ
ָ˵ϵĲݣĶһҲĸպȫҵڡ
ҾڴһʹǸȴҲʹ綯ҲڵŮȴɵǸأ
ô£ʲôֶӴ
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ģɦأҲһҲ˵
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ţʹˣ
ҵĳ鶯
žž˵
տʼʱʹҲͱʾϷںͷأ
һѾͷ
мŮѣĲ֪ҹڸǺûǲãҲҲûȽϹһʼͱ˽һҪˬ̬ȣ˵ļӦһİɣ
ͦӭϸɶ˫ҲŵȦס˫ȡ
ʱгȫݏҪ͸ָ׼ⱬһʲôһ˾ΣȻҵ˽УˮȴƵģһƨɶʪˡ
ҵĴظҲһһһţȫҲˮʪ͸ˡ
º󣬸ҲűŪĲԼƨɣƨĴѱѪˮŪһƬ
ȻȻ˵ʪҲš
ȻģȻһֱôҵĸһ
磬˲¶ѽ
Ү˵ʲô
ûҵɵĶ󣿡
ûҵҲ̫ңۿͬѧһһ𾢵ĸ£Ҳ
ߣҾͲһӴΪǸ㰡ҲԸ⣬ǻǶ°
˵ѹĲϰ𣿡
ǰԴӽ쿪ʼҾǸŮӴ
ȣҪҪϴ裬˵Ŀɲร
Һһ˲ͳƽҪ豧ҪձҽԡңҽͷԼǰ
缤˱ҵ鷿ȻողűƣڵĿֳȫÿһ䡣
صʱѾʮһˡ
ƽʱ͵ˣһǸһǾ͸òŵˡ
Ȼ˵ֻҪǸһͿȫõģȻһҹһоͲһˡ
Ϊ͵͵ȡЦŲ֪İ裡
ӴԺֻҪһлᣬһٶ󰮵ģȻҲǳл磬ʱҳΪһŮˡ




ĵĸ׵1

ڴշתߵԳܼĿɣ͡
Ŀ̼ҵ壬ʹֿѹţץ°Ҳ
Ϊ׷ֲʹĳְַţȻ󡰹һ˰ְֵĴϡ
ӲӴ
ְΣհľžܾңʵǲܾҵġ
ְţŮһϵܾ˷ʶɣ
ˣ֮ϵһ䲻ɼһ㡣
Ҹְָ˵Ļڿ㣬ȻʼָᰴĦŰְֵ壬Ҹоְǿµš
ȥְֵ˯£ӺڰְֵϣְֵţȻⲪι|ʵۺ
ۺ˴ˮЩճҺְֵ㡰һ˽ȥ
ġģʪǰţϵĦڡҡ
ҴڵĴŤƨɡ
Ҷԣǰְ֡ÿְֵڵһɲǣұҵĲ֪룬ÿһܵһᡣ
ǴִĹͷŬͦš
̫ˡôִĶŶҿ첻ˡ
ҿܵٶͦȻҵĶţҪ𺶵ĿУҲȥĦְֵ
ְֹҡ
ӡ̫ˡ̫ˬˡ
ְһһסҵҡţγֲ롣
ˬˬˡְ֡졭ٸɡ
һĴţǿоһһһȫټϴʱְֲϵĸȫȫˡ
ڰУҿвְֵͣҲϨ
ְΪ˻رҵļ飬Ҳʹʱָ쵽沦ŪҵëȤ
ְֺܼɵĸҵ˽ҵĿܴ˼㣬̲ס˱ְֵĴ
տʼС֦һ㣬ҵõ˰ְֵĻӦǱ˴˼ҵŶԷͷ
Ǿ˴ӵһǲҵĽţ˰ĳڱ˴˵С
ŶҿɰӰ
ְֿܵĽҲӦ
Ŷİְѽ졭塭죡
ץһһĴҿܵ˳ҵĽдְִ͵ܽ˺ܶࡣ
ְͦϵĶţǴͷǴҵгʱ࣡һҲ˿쳣أ
ǰγֲһմҵˮְֽһʱȵĿʹҽסͦӭȥ
һһ˶îȫͦǻײڴڵĴšţë˴ĦУǶﵽ˸߳




2

Ҹְ֮ԷͨĲϵҲԵġ
ĸҸж꼶֢ûþˡ
ʱְַǳʹ౯ˣΪŮҲ൱Ĳġ
ְֽ֮˼֮ӚڹУܹ¡Ҹʹ
ҸбҵˣҲ˳˴ѧҽҲإꡣ
Լĸȥ֮Ҹְ־һֱŶ˵൱ܵĸ顣
ҴҵҵְһǵˣһֱӪ˳˳ģΪģסҸ̾һˡ
ιӣæһµɣ
ְô˵Ҿú㣬ΪҲΪҸһЩʲôֻǰӵ绰Ҳ޷
ǳʱ򣬼ûǲеģĸȥ󲻾ãǾ͹һλŮԱæ벻ǣǰһ˾ְĴ̫̫ķǳá
ֻҳԣ治ĸȻҶ൱мġ
ԺҾˣҲûзôУ
̾˵š
ûСҵѧãԡ
ʵ̫̫ͬͬѧӵĽͬͬѧУѵĹϵ
ͳҵѧ㣬ҳְֶл˵
ӲҪ̫̫
ְҲǺĵҡ
Ǵ̫̫˵ĸоȷĺܺá
ϣְȢһŮ˵ĸ
ĵĿ¡
ʮҾʢİְ֣ԴĸȥͱóĬȻǲµģȻǵȴǿˡ
ְҪкõŮ˾ͽɣͬŶʧκλ̫ϧˡ
ֻҲ˵ĳڣһ׵϶ûˣĿǰһ룬ͱˡ
ӽ̸üΣûн
ҲΪְʼΪһǸӵԵʰɣ
ҷְְһЩı䣬жϰְӦҪõŮˡ
ΪְͻȻ鿪Ҳı䡣
ӰЩ㣬𣿡
Թ󣬰ְׯصҡ
ᣬ֣ͱ
ְֵ˵ʲô
ԭԷǸСưɵɣ
ǸܲˣȻлӦǼһȽϺá
˵Էʮ˻飬ǹûãȥˣ֮һ˶Թ˰¡
һְߵŮ˵Ļô˵ʲôǶġ
ʵ˵ӴԸְչ˵ĻҾͿԷˡ
ǻ˵ְҵһЩƫڲͬУǷְ˵һŮأ
Щ̫ţԼԼԼһ˿ĸоͷ
ʶԺ󣬰ְÿ϶Сưɣ˷ܵĸȥԼᡣ
ΪŮҾҲ˵ϲǰǸĬȴҵİְ֣緢ȴһŮ˵İְأ˵
ιӡǸģǳSõӴ
¼ʹ˵һװһĿȻȻϲ㣬һиƯɫأ
ְһӴɫӴ
һգ۾һ߿Űְ֣˵šְ֮ҲֵչЦ
ܵĻλְֻŮˣ˵лл




3

Ů֮ĹϵǱĻҪӡ
Ȼһ˿ĸоԵģǺܵģһЩɣ
ʵλְ൱ɣǴְȥһλְֵѵİˣԭְֵΪҪɣ֣Űְֵܸġ
Ϊ˲ðְֳԵ̫ԼźĶ԰ְ˵ˣְֵ֮Ĺϵ
ԼŵƭְζһǰְָǱˡ
ϣϴֻһ͸µңվصŴĸס
Ȼƭңġ
һְһŻһţȻط
Ҳ֪֮䵽׷ʲô£ֻԳһοְ˵ʧ̬
ôˡְ֡㣡
ҲĽš
Ŷ𣿡
һ˵һ߿ҡ
ӣұѳˣǸŮǂİˣǾȻ
ְʹţó൱ʹࡢˣҿһ㾧Өű˸˰ְֵ۾
ȻְֵһȵӣҲǵһοҲ֪ҪοְֲźãֻܲͣԼĻš
ҷŰְϽݣְư뱧ĽȫƳİְŪԼķ䡣
˽ⱻԼŮƭĸо
Űְҳš
ҶˣȻŮ˿ۣӰְһɣ
ְֵ˱ˣһ˵ͻȻĽұ˻
ֻСһİοȥ·˰ְֵĴϡ
Ҳְ֪ô룬һٶĽұŶԡ
磬ΪʲôҪǂҡҺʹร硪
ƭԼŮ˵֣óְ
һ߽Ů˵֣ͻȻұԼĴţܵʱ䶼ûУһɲǼѱ𣬽δκ鷿һĹͱ˱ĶǾƳζˡ
ְ̫ˣʧȥǣĪĻԼŮ
ʱҵҲϵķţԸ⸧ƽְ˵ģʲôҶԸ⡣
Ȼ뷨ҾͲٿܵɰְһһ˱ҵ˫飬ֱΪֹŰְȥҵڿ㣬ͷïܵëϲϵġҵšʱˮסֵʪ
ְֵͷǿײҵëıճ҇˿ֵζ
ͷ΢䶯ţڶƬ䣬ʱ٣˵ζĿwҵ°ŶʱˮȪӿ˳
ְָѱˮĺŵʯģϸϸš
ʱȫ˿УҲֱסְֵͷ
ô¡ְ֡
ЩȻҵĿ˳
ҪͣͣҲҪ
Ҳ֪ԼҽʲôʵǿֵҪ
ְ֡졭
ۣô󵨵
ָоƽοʱÿǲͬն޷ȽϡҪǿҵĿУҽѺ˰ְֵϣȫҵС
οְֺ֪ڰĲԼŮǸŮˣֻǰҵС㡣




4

ְǿͷأ˱𻨰Աߵڡ
ְֵǹǸѾߵˣҲһƬհףΨһöȽļסְֵͷ
ְֳֵ¹ŮأҲֵ˱ˮݏҲöˣǽѴĵұ˴
ɺú㽫ҵĶſٴε˱ҵ塣̡Ѫŵ
ְֲϵ˱Ŵ˽ˮʹˣˮԶҵƨɣҲϾ¶һԲ鷿Ȼһ˵̬˵ҲǵһΣְֵҲˡ
Ϊְǿҵİѵ̱ڴϣ˫Ÿղ˾Ķǵĸܡ
۾ȫĸԼһȴʱҳһ
ĻҪܶ࣬ɫϰݏһһĹرĿǰţӣҲԼïɭ֡
ʱֻܲˣְҲĽϣȻҵĴ鷿ͷϵ˱ͷ
˱ꡢұ˱һͣĴҵ鷿ͷֻصҵ壬˱١ְֳ˱ҵͬʱҵҲϵӿˮӦ
Űְ˱ӣҺܸӡ
ͻȻ䣬ְﲢĽҵϻȥ
ҵתҲ֪ԭְҵڽš
һʼ޷жϵġ
ΪǰְֵĹϵɣְ֪ϣΪڽ˷أ
ְһҵ鷿һ߽ſ˫С
ڰְʳָŪҵ٣һֽҵŵĸȻһӽſ˫̧
˭԰أʱȫĳڰְֵǰ
ְ۾
һһأˮҲϵӿͷָĶ࣬ҵ°wˡʳָһڣʱҸоҪѿһĴ̼Ҳ
ɣҪţ
˿ְֺ̰ҲѾ֪ڸԼԼŮɣ
Űְֲ˶ָһʱ֮гȫҲʱӭ״̬
ðְǱսѾõĹͷĻ˳ʪѷУһֵ֡ǰͦš
ְһͦŤһֲͣŪ١
ͻȻеʹҲһ£ҲְֵͦķԲĸ
šŶ̫ˡ
ҽס
Žŵɶ˴˵ëҲܺšĦţһһĿвͣȫ
̫ˡġ̫
ȻҵĵһΣȴȫܱɵζһ𣬰ְ־͸ɵȻҲŰְֵķš
ҵĴŮĤѱ˰ɣʹȴһʹĸоҲûС
ˬְ֡졭Щ
û뵽ңҲôĽдţŵĴԼ鷿ϱĿУ˭޷ġ
ְֲͣĳֲ룬ˮȪˮĲӿ
ˬˬˣٸɡ졭졭
һߴڵĴһ߲ϵҪİ
ˬӡǸҪŶ
ְּٵĴ侫ɵԣܿϧҲûдﵽĸ߳
ȻһεĽŲδʹ㣬ϣְֽеڶʱְҶͬʱﵽ߳
쿪ʼ֪⽫إԵġΪְǲȱģһчͷң԰Ρ
ȻºְְûԼŮͨ飬ҲϾܾңȻܲ꾭ջһԲĽѹȻӲָͷʼ˱ҵ˽鷿һֱõ߳Ϊֹ
ְֿңֱ޷ԽʱҪŰְָΪÿΪԽ巢ȡͣһһְҪš
ȻҲ֪ôְǷ֣ǶҶԣղˡ




Ƕ˵1

οһе
ʹ˿Ҳûʲôõġ
취ΪԼ׬ǮȽʵڡ
˳ľתת
һֱϣһֱ浽ҹŻؼҡ
ҳοε֪ͨȻ˼
ϵĹͬѧѾüûѧǡ
˵ѧУʦ绰أ
˵ɣҲܲôˡΪĿĻҲѹ¡
һֻҪ¶زһʲôҲûˣֵĺأ
ԾӶ࣬ǶȽŮ塣
ҵشԼңزֻ˵ͨȻǲ´زʱҲܵד
Ͽ裬һСʱǧԪʱֻʱұߵȥţҶ벻ջ
λкܳʿסҵ֡
ˣȱơưɣ
ֻҪ΢Ц˳ǣǲǸСѣһһǧԪĳƱһţǽյСڿɽΪϿյ˵ȫˡ
ʱҲЩˣѽˣɣ
־ҵڿһľҲֱ쵽ëطݵĻͨǲġ
ȻȻ˳ʱ򣬰ҵë
ҵëǺïܣЩҪˣҪȥĻ治ܿͺ
һϣһֱ˰ҹ࣬ǷḻˡϿԩͷӴ
ҵBһǧƱš
ۣйBBζ
˵ˣûò
ҰǮڿҲΪгζ
BڶһѧУĿǰѧ
ȻֻǮǲģʱҲһЩǮСһ
ʱҲ䵱ģضաÿյĳڱнеģԵȥأȥǸأԼҲԺˡ
˵ǮǻǮҲ򲻵ร
ǰ˰ɣЩǮҲЩǸҵģȻǱְǮҵڿ
ЩǮ԰һ꾭ѧĻҲԼҲǸƺӦô롣
ԼһǰһλEӳƬӵң˵ϣģض
ϸ̸һ֪ԭɫ鿯ģض
ŶǱ鿯𣿡дɵ
ǿǿӪˣģضҡ
ҡ
ߣE˻۹⣡
ҵֱص㡣
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ȻǺܺãֻʱ䣬õԼԪҰɣ
ۣϿ軹׬ûᡣ
ԪšOKҵĵĻ
Ȼǲͬ⣬ǺҵļòӦ
ڶ죬ҸBһ鵽һҺȥ˳˴EҪա
BҲ˲ٵĳ͡
лл㣬ôõĴ򹤻ᣬһͷһأҺúõһٰɣ
BôģҲġ
˳ɣ뽻ʱҲһʱ䣬Ǿͼ
䷿൱ĺǵһνôķ䡣˶֮ҸBӵԡϴ裬һΡ
䷿ԡҶװ¼Ӱõľͷ
ԵһҸBԡпʼ¼Ӱͣʱ˱ŮԵеش˹ȥоţ治ɫ鿯ı༭ˡ
Ȼʱҵ˽ðһӿˮ˽ݵʪš
B֮ϾͽԡңϥϡȺҵѷС
̫ˡ͸ˡŶһ㡭ٲһ㡣
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BץҵƨɲĽͦҵBBУBͣʹ
ҲöֹBĲӣͦBůԡУֻǶһ˿ҵĽţⲻֻΪ¼ӰĹҲǡ
ۣҺˬӴѾҪ
ǶƽҪĿһﵽ߳Ϊ¼ӰеĹϵɣ
ûǰమͻȻĸо˺ܴܿﵽ߳
ҾBͣ
̫ˬˡB̫ˡ
һһ˵Ҳˬ˵ˡ




2

ҵĵһηҳеʱ
ԷǸӢʦӴһ൱ЦӢˡ
һΪ岻ҽʦ൱ĵԾҡ
ȻҼǵ˯˵ҡ
ӣôôɰأ
˵ҵޱвҸҵ鷿
ûоˬһЩ
ǡѾöˡ
һ˵꣬ʦȴһ仰Ҳû˵İִزÿҵڿ
ȻһһͳԼĶҵ˽ΪޱиҵģҲûпǳôȷ֪ǩܴ֡С
ȫʱʹʦͣһأû侫ˣһ
ߣؽȥɣ
˵Ǿһ˳ȥĹϵǴĴεİɣ
ʵһһβֵľ顣
Ƿʦһηغ֮£Ǭ
ʵǬҲֻΪвĹϵѡϢǱҵļңҲ˵Ҫʱͻ
ÿϣȥϰʱҶڼҡʱǮϽȥȾƣȥʲôģʱͻԹԵҼ
ʱΪҾòȫҲȥѼ档
Ӱô˻ȥ棬ɻӡ
ߣҲԼ˭ǰô˵
ǣ֪
һ߻شţһͷ
һϡ
ԼķдŹΡ
ʱŶҵǬȻ˵ҳԡ
ӣ˰ɣԡ
˵߽װеĺӷϡ
е㲻Ǭ
㿴Ҳ֪㵽ϲʲôС⻹ɿأ
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ģֻҪһ㲻⣬ֿ衣
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죡Ҫ˵ȥ˵ɣ
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ô׾ĿڽǬȴѾ൱ˣҿаγת˽ǬĽҵ˫Ȱ⿪׼һơ
ûĽմҺôĲҵ˽Ŷôֵһ
ʹ
˵Ѿ˸ɹ˰ɣǸôˡ
ΪʲôǬ֪ҸӢʦԹϵأҲǲĸоһɣ
ʹǶҶԣͺǵһΰվǱвȵġ
ǬγֻһĴͲȻĽٶȲ룬ͷͣŤĴĦҵͻȻٵͦ
ӡ
Ľţʱ͵ͲҲйһˡ
һѾ侫ǬıңǻζƵģȴһҲûС
ӡûУǧҪ𣿡
Ҫ˵Ҳ˭Ҳ˵ġ
֮ҪҼΣҶҪĸΪɶԾܾ򳣳޶ĸ״һܣ˺һҲûҵһԸṩǮֻΪ˸Ů˰ɣ




ǿĸ1

ǰְֽϵڶεҷˡ
벻Ҫ̫˰Ӛ
ҹôְ֡
ϰְ־ǸǰȫĲһ϶׳ݵ
һεһϣһ˯£˯ֻһڿ㡣ΰְһԡ£ԡȴʲôҲûҿĿ塣
ֻҪһƶ壬Ǵڶ֮ͻ᲻ͣĻζš
ðɣʼˣְܰʲô㶼Ҫ֪𣿲Ầ
һָҵ܉ڲϸϸĹ۲˺þá
ǽȴͷҵв֨֨֨˱
ԭǸ׳ݵζأǾȻζͬǲ˼顣
š˵ʲôְ֡
ſһ㣬ְҪͷøȥһЩˬŶ
˵Ľҵ˫ȰǵøҵҪѿһʹ
ţְٶȰҵ܉ڡšŷСˮʱһ
ʱҵǱʹġ
Ҳ֪Ϊ黹ǲ˼ֻн۾ţڴϣȻȻȫڶϣҲȭͷ
ҲǰҪĸˣžʳ֪ζɣ
ʵΪһõ£ӦҪְֲŶԣֲܸ裬˵˰ְһŹҵġ
ο԰ְ˵ԼŮ£ֻ֪ܰ͡
ӡſһЩ졢졭
ұֽܵɣԲŻѰְͷе̫ʹѰɣӦҪſ˫ȣְֽ˹ȥ
ͷĳģ浽棬ߵұ߾ͣţҲµã޷ˣҲ˳ʱֻǾ
һֻ܉ڣֻ֪Ҫȱ˵Ĳ֪϶ٱأ
Ŷְ֡ô⡭
ۣɸɿ
ְֻһ¾˵ģһŪҵˡ
һֻҲڷ鷿档
Ŷÿɰ鷿ӴͷǷۺɫأб˸
ҿְֵ¶˿ֲʱֻпı˫ۣٿ
ְͣדҵ鷿ͻȻҵĴ
ۣĴȻҲôĸأҪζˡ
˵˵ţӵҡ
ҲһԵı˫ۣһſģְٴεҵĴĽҸо͡
ɣӲҪҪʹΪһˣ֪𣿡
֪׼Ҫˡ
Ȼ˵ˡ
Ŷġӡĺÿɰ
ĪǣְΪ׵ȨڶȡţĴǶ꾭ŮһݿҲҪɵ
ְֽյҵĶϣͣҵĶȻ˱ҵĶ
ְֵĶʱҼˡ
Ȼޱ顣
ȻְЩʹҵЩ΢ı仯վţʵҵҲڴЩ仯أ
ΪҸоԼδͷС鷿ѾЩʹѵⲻ΢ı仯
ְͷͷţֽҵ鷿һһץš
ְɵͷһҵͷϾӲ

ҲϢ
ҸоְǶ֬ĴƶԭһĿǶĸһһ˱ţҵĸ
һƯĸһӴӡ
ְһ˵꣬ٶȽȥͣҵĶӣȻһ棬ΪëڸϣԿЩƺְѰְֵ˸ߵ㣬ѾˣµĻ
ʱְһڿǳʷۺɫ܉ڣʱˮȴδܶࡣ
Լδ܉ѽǰְȴ۵ס
ɵЩԭ֮һ
Űְָһ£ҾȻСһ£һĵ˹ҵŶְ־ͷƵҵĴϣͷҵĴڲ࣬һһεġ
˵ģһŮԣѾ̫ˣҲҳɳıȽɣԶġ
ˣǵְڰҵʱҵڲȻϮһʹǲ˼顣
ĿǰֹҶţǴȵڲȴĴеķӦ
ڵȫţȫģſһҵˣһĻѾѪŵˣ˵ûп
ԭְָֻͷҵģȴͷ
ұְһһŵ˵ҲܵӲˣҲڱ仯ţʱˮҲ˳ݵʪҵ܉ڡ
⻭ѲǰְָŮĹϵˣһַһСŮĻ棬Ҳ˵һڼһŮˡ
һ˿ҵһʵˮһĳڰְֵǰְִߣȻְ̲סҵĻ
ҲǿţƯ
ְһ˵ţһ߽ǿˮ죬սҵ
ӣϾһЩ¡
ᣬ⻹ʲô£
ȿְ֪Ů˿Ĵ˵֪Ůˬϲأ
ʲôζأ
úõĿร
ʱҸ˵ʲôأʲôҲû˵ȫð˼ƤҲһ־С
ƺڴЩʲô
ֵ
ԴӰְһԵ޹ʵĴҵķʱҾеΡ
æ𣿡
ͨһʻûʹ
šá
ҲĻشţҲ֪˵ЩʲôǺá
ˣͬѧһ𡣡
Ծˡ
ְҲҡ
ôôˣûְ
ְһҵزһߵ˵š
찡ﰡ
ŶҡΪҪ˯ˡŶеҪȥ裡
Żѣæվ
æȥˡְ졭
ȻϡԹԹԵ˹ȥְְϡ
ָҵ塪šţʹ
ҲһεѣһҾȻôԵĸı䣬ǲ˼飡




2

ȻְҲƺЩ£ҲʾʲôȻžһԡµǰ桭

úõĿɣıҲҪιʱ򡭡

ȻҾͺúõİһˬĵĵһŶ
ְһ˵ţһְ̧ҵתķȥҶúõĿ
ҾȻУֻӰ
ְֵֺܴܴ󣬶ҹͷĵطݹһԲͷ⻬ֱŹأ
ѲӲҲһһµ䶯š
ҶǵһΣǿȻѾ̼ܵˣҲȻȻĲ
ӣ˰ɣŮ˶ԿǸҪĶӴ
ҡ
ɣ£ȻѶŴ򿪡
һԣſ˴ȡ
ְźâٵĴϢţȵҵ鹵صĦš
ȻɵŤ£ǶҰ鷿Уصɶš
壬Ȼùͷҵ܉ѷϣ϶µĻֻȥ
֪˶ٱԺҵ徹Ҹоõһһµš
ҪҪҪ
ҽס
óںˬ԰ɣ˵Ķ԰ɣˬӴţ
ְֱߵͷΪǵ˵š
ͻȻһʲôѹҵ܉ڣһݲĸо܉ڵѷһĸо
۾ȥְָմԼҺͿڹͷϣȻһνսҵ܉ڣѷ˽ȥ
Űְֽҵ˫̧ߣǹͷĦһֱǰճҺҵĶѨС
һݏһĶǿĸоȫĲ룬ҵ°˺ѵʹ
һɲǣҸоʹѴҵĴŮĤһα˵Ķ˵Ĳ룬ʪСѨҲ˾Űɣ
ְͦǴִʱ˺ѵʹٶȵϮʹʹ
ڰְֵҵУϢһ󣬰ְֽγٶȲ롣
ʵںţôСĶѨоȻԲôִһ
ʵϣְֵҵĶѨС
Ϊʹҵ岻Ӳ
ιӷɡɣ졭
˵ףҺʹôܹأ˰ְȻļͦţһֽγȻٲ롣
ְΪԺǰγǲ룬ó൱ʹ
Ρʲôĸо
һߵĵңһ߼ĲڸоѾڵķĴȫ뵽ȥ
ͦһͣڴڵĴеָȥҵ١
ְֿҵзӦʱٶɶһһͣһһִ˲ƣ
ԭ˵ǿŮ˵ĶѨ泩飬žŮҸԴɣ
ҵһԽе˷ܡ
ְץҵȵ֣รְֵϰ΢΢ͦ𣬶ĸˡ
ģʱʱӣһһ͵ٶȾˡ
šӡӡ
ְһţһ߷ٶĦҵ
ֹͣĦġԺ󣬰ְֳ
ʱɰְֵţճҺҵĶѨ˳һ顣
ʱ侫СֱֳǲĿ˾Żġ
ְҲֽʱ޷ΪѱС
ӣҲ콫BBɣ
˵˵ţһЩֽӰְֽҵڿʼºֽҲΪֹҶԣҲһʱ䡣
ȴҵĵһΣҶȻѵףһڱвأ
̫ӣ¿֮มǧ򲻿ɶ˵ร֪𣿡
²Ҫ˵֪Ҫô
ʱְֵ˲
ֻİְֽսҵĶ䡣
費ڣһġ
ڴ˵š
ȻոǱȵģʱţҵ徹ȻҲҪְֵİ
Ըոհְ˵һȻ൱˷ܵĸо




3

ְ֮Գ費ʱռң²ֻΪйɣô򸾼Ľʲô״̬½أš
ǲ˽Ů˸֮΢ϵǴӰְ¿ǺΪ޷õŻİɣ
Ժ󲻹ڲڣΪҪҵķɣ
һ룬ðְˡ
ڶϡ
ΪҪȥμݵĻ񣬴ҪҲڼҡȴû˵ְҪһȥŰְҲøȥûʲô˼ɣ
ͻȻҵķ䱻ˡ
ְָһԡ¡
ǧ㻹û˯ɣ
ְҵĴȻҲҵĶȼ䡣
ˡֻ֡
ȻһҲ£ȻڴЩʲô
ɣðְְ㡭
һڴľֻаְһˡ
ְҵţʱڿıԵһָͷȥ١ͻȻҵڿ㣬ְֵĶǴ졣
ְְҵڿһֱΪָֹͷʱˮҲʱӿ˳ݵʪ
Ѿϰ˰ɣ㿴ȫʪˡ
ְ˵˱ҵ鷿
ְ˱ҵ˫һѸïܵëϣֲֻеĸҵȫ
ŶҪ֡Ҫͣ
ְ˱Ҫĵطְͷ֮⼰֡
ϵңȫûеֿΰְְڲţΪҵҪ
ְҵʱ൱ˬŵҵïëʱҵﵽ˸ߵ㡣
һֽͷ䣬ͣ䶯ţʱҵĿУҾwһ㣬ˮҲ˳
ïܵëݏʵһðְмͷƷ٣ԵĿУҲҵһȫȫܡ
֪ʱѾȫˣûһѴﵽ˷ڵ㡣
ŶвϵļţԭְֵͷѴƵڴȥˣ˿ϵأ
ҵҲϵĴӭĽ롣
ְְҰῪȻмѷ촦
ȻĿǰΪֹûбңץְֵͷ

ˬĴĽš
СѾˡͣ
ҴڴڵĴҽš
ԼοʱҪ泩Ҳְֵͦ
ְͷһֱֻͷ˱٣Űְɿڣѳʰ״̬
ȻҵĿܣְֵҲֱͦ죬ҲԼë
Űְҵϡ
ֻ鷿ŪţҲʱ˱Ƿۺɫͷ
ɡӡˬ𣿡
ֹͣ˱ҡ
ĳʪشҲǸõطӴĿǰʪĳ̶Լһ
ְָֽѷһؽңҸоԼݏƤһĳ˵ԡ
ӡɺ𣿡
ְһָе٣һָŶָͷĲ룬ˮֲʹ˳
ʱˣְֿٵĳ䶯ָͷȡ֮ǽǺڵķĴ
ǴԲĹͷʪСѨͦأ
ְһǹͷͽһЩˣҲоöѨͣǰŵĸо
ʱϮȫְҲʹһ壬һҵ١ǲɿܿҵȫ
ں֪£ҾҲְֵͦķӦţʱĿС
͡ӲŶ
ְҲס
ҵëְֵëҲȫܺšĦţָоҲ˿ܲѡ
̫ˡġ
һβʱһҪˣҲԵĴֻҲıסְֵ
ǵڶαְָɣȴһ̬ĽгôŮ˵ʱ㲻Լ
ְֽͷڶڣȻ̧ҵĲ룬Ȼֲϵظš
ȻҲ벻ĿңݏԼ׹еƮƮɣʱˮٵӿ˳
ְָֻҵ٣һֻŪţཻĴҵ鷿
ͷҲãĴ鷿ҲãˮܻˮڰĴͣȪӿ
ְ֡ͣ
ҿܵĲסĴĽš
ʱְָȫҸҲʹ˳̵ıס˰ְ֡
ְÿͦǰһΣҾʹһΡ
ְ֪Ǹȫ룬һļͦǰɫҺִҵ
뵽һɲǼ䣬ȫԭְſϡ
øҵ˫飬ְͣĴѴﵽ߳ȴûС
ʵ˵ϣеΣϣεʱһи߳ĳ֡
ҵҲѶϢ
ӾԲɶ˵
£ҪҲ֪
һŮף˳԰У˭Ҳ޷İɣ
ȻֻҪһ뵽ְֵĽţҾͲ޷ܡ




ԡǵܸܵҵɫ1

ĵڶڿΣִʷĿԡֲϲĿĿѾͷʹˣοǻҪԡ
Ϊ˲ú֣Ϊ˲迴ֺЪ˹ҿһǿ飡
Ҹܾܵ
첻ʮһǲġ
Ϊ첻ͣҪЩС顢顭ģЪ˹ţ԰ְܲ˵תϵķֹ˾
ƺΪ⡣
Ҽ賣Ŷ
ĪǣȻСиСѧͬѧľۻҪš̫̫˸ᣬȥĻ¡ȵȵɡ
˵ʵɣܾ֡
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ΪʲôôƵأ
ȴֿʲô
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ְֶһסϵĹԢǿİְ֡
ְҲŮ
ְƺҲҪɣ
ǰְεĽһһ·߽ԡңܵڿӣЦźȤӡ
߽ԡңȥ·
ںϵԡҰѽŴԼʮȺϸġĲϴš
ϴŴڲ࣬ȻȻľͿˮҲʹ˽ڲ˳
ҰˮŽԡ衣
ҵĻʢˣԡĲϴȻͻ˶
ߡұ߶һҪοһ£
ҰִӺƹȥϴƨɣҽҲȻĳεĴ򿪡
ֵָͷҲŵϴǶʢĻ꣬š
ҲͣĸŪ壬ʼöָͷٷ֣ټ֣ʱҿС
ָҲܴҲͬܣȻʱһҪĸо
ԡȻҲ޷ѽ
ҿһҲġ
ƽҿǲҪֽƬร
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Ҳ֪Լں˵ʲôҾȻŸ󸨾
ⲻڻ룬ȷʵôŵġ
󸨾BУ˧ӣҴͼݻؼҵ;Уһˡ
ɼСһ˰
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Ҫš
棬ӵ찡治ţҾȻڸ󸨾š
ץסңҵڿһʼֻĸҵë
ҲĶ˶
㲻ϲô𣿡
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Ŷǵġҡֻǡ
ļĻشţΨ찡ڸôһҾȻ
ҵĻش֮ݏ˶Ƶģֶ֣һִëһĵطȥˣŶҪġ
ָӴҵʱҲһ¡ҵ٣ٵܣˮҲ˳ݵʪһ԰ء
󸨾
̲סҼĳ鶯˫ȡ
ţˬɡɼӡ
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ۣӲֳִĻһ
ҡҿҪγˣȻûһֹͣѸٵȥҵڿ㣬ǸҵС
ΪֻòݲݵĽˡ
챻󸨾Ӳζô޷ǣֻҪһۣǻ硢۾ӣͻḡҵԺС
ԽҲŻƲס嶯ķʽѰο
ĿԣһǬĺ־ͺְɣִʷʦһݰͰ͵ӣҲȥ
ҸôأǵĵԽôأ
ҵﲻϵĺҵţҲͣԼ܉ڡ
󸨾Ұ㡭֪Һܰ㰡
ּݏԼڸһ󸨾ô󸨾ôӲ

ִŪ鷿ͣĲ˽Уʱȫû˸һȻò泩
󸨾졢ң
֪ԡֻһˣȻͲסȼȫ߽š
Ŷ찡˭ң˭á졢һ˰ɣܲˡܡ
ˡ
ʹҲֻԵһҶԵ|ʡ
㣬ҡɺá
֪ʲôʱԡҵѱ򿪣ҾȻһ֪ûС
ĪҳʱܵܺһѾܽˣôһĻѾ۵ˡ
ҪȻ̫ˡ
ܵܽѧ꼶߸ҲࡣʱץԲһļ˫Ȳ濪վǰǿһɫĹ걦ҲסＤĴ
ι˰
Ҽææվ
ˬɣҲҪӴò
ܵ鿺ܵϵѹҡ
ҸôشأҵܵܰȻҼҪĶιҿǡ
찡ôôһأ
ҲòٴεĳԵĿ
ܵܵҵĶȼĶѨУɰĹ걦
ܵܵĶҲıҡ
ΪԱĵܵӵһʵţʱǺʵزѹҵ鷿类˱ĳо
дزʼѸȫɢţȫ񾭾񴥵ľ
ˡ
ȻܵҲĿܲѣͦǰ˽ҲһЩ졣
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ոֻţСһˬģһûɣ
ܵһûԱӣһ|ʺܾˣɦë־ͿԸоĳ
ɦ˻ëתսҵ܉ڣָѾһһĶ
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ţ֪
֪ʣһ㶼˽ҵҪ
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ûãղС걦ԪʮڴǹͷϻԲĻðһĭأء
סĹ걦ǶĻӦץŹͷֵĴָġĸŹͷԲҹĵطһһ£ץŵһְһһµĳ鶯š
ܵܿ
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İɫҺȷʵܾӴʮŶǿĴҷɵΣҲῺŶ
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ȥҵպ°͡
ҵĶͷȻִŪҵͷŪ֮ʣҲ
̲ס֮ʱʦִڿıԵ˽ȥָҵëȻָͷ˶ѨУôŪ
տʼ˵Ҫǵһ˾ÿܣҲֽץסʦٶʦ
ҿ˿㵵ͳȺĶҵBBڻ˻κ󣬡ཡһ˶ѨС
ʦ
ҼȲҲʹһǽгǺһӵĸоʦϽ˫ҵƨɡ
ֻǲһѣ㲻رˬ
ҲʲôʦῴңһκҵĳɼȻˣһҲϸУѧ꼶ʱѾԵļɡ
˸֮Ҳ½½λѣȻ֮Թϵһαһγ졣
ⷽڰûܸұأں͸ɵһ͡
ԶԾḻҶԣֶֻܵѣҲֻʱһ¶ѣĿǰǲҵ




2

ոմ绰˵ϻһ
һؼҵʱѾˡ
ŶŶôôأ
Լ̫鷳ˣȻҲˣǺβЩIˮʲôأ
޳ɵܵܵ飬ӻѧУʱѶùˣ˭ҲûIˣο
Ϊĩˣεյҹ㲻ɣ¶ġ
Ӣġִʷѧÿһƶӽˣʹҵ齵㡣
ȻڲĺΣգȴһնûСĩһѧУͻĸᣬʱһһ뵽Ъ˹ӣҾķ
ܵݏ֪ڷģIƵǰ
㣬ҪҪȵʲô
˵Ŵӱó˱ơơ
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ģһȣ
Сҵÿҹ
ðɣǾ㣬ҿҪˡ
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ŶûʲôոȥơʱS־ȻơưͬһԾһ
ܵһ˵һߴ³һɫܿžһ̯ϡ
ۣȫҮᣡ
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ƭˣ˵ҿԸ㡭
ܷܵ־ٵĳԡУˮͷˮ˳Լʮңܵԡҡ
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Ҳ֪£ҪָĻͷһأ
ǵܵĽһ˽ȥͣļҵĶţһܾܵͲ[˫ۡ
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Ҳܵڴʱ˳
˻ӦˣܵҲҵĶ
εĿһ㶼ǵһԽˣһǴĳõľ飬Ҳ
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㣡ڇ˰ɣ
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ܵİγĦĸо
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ͣľš
һᣬſٶȰӲ˽ҧסڵһɲǣҵ°ݏwһ㡣
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ۣ㣬ǸŮأ
ܱܵ˵Ľȥ
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ܵܽסͻȻһʱһȺľҺҵ壬ճֳֶࡣ
ҺĴ̼ҵˮҲˮӾ˵ƵĚƨɶǡ
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ҵЩ־ţⷴǸܺϣʱڣԼԡ
иԼĵܵԽԱ˸ɹҶһµćԼͬĿС
֪жƫƫջҪһ
ܵӦҲɣ




üֲ1

ڽҵȼſĸԣĺһ԰Ҳ֪ǲҵģ
ѹҵĲӡ
һ֮£ҵֵָڱɫΪǿѹţʹﺰš
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漴ҵȼһ㽶ѲͦһĴ
Ϊһ½Ƕ֮ͦ׼ҵںֱ˽
ҵ˫ȿѿˡðҡҡܲˡ
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ݏϷһңΪAƬǣͨҡ
ҸоӹĺĹͷ˱ļţҵĺ죬֣˿ȫĳС
Ÿ罫ѲԵƿҶһĵطһĵҵУһҵĸңͷݏδŵŮһڼҵӵһ㣬ѷġ
͵Ҫشҡ
ƺѿƵģͦʹǰײ˹ȻҲҶཡһֲ档
Ҫġ
ʹ˻ְγıγˮҲ˳˿ҵ܉ڸʪˮͣסƨֱ˹ȥ
γ֮󣬸ԶָֻͷҵĿһһһαһθĿššš
һ㣬ʹţһЩ˿ĸоƵš
һµĻ
һθ෭ұȻó׼õҳţӶӵ鷿һȦһȦš
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ѹҵ֣ȴһҲֵָһһ̲ҵ˽С
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ڳӹķ֭һŤȥ塢֮ࡣ
Ҵʱ״̬
һٶȳָͷֻʳָմմճҺ˸š
ŽķָҲУָָ١
ҵ찡û뵽ȻһãȻЩʹʹСһϮʱҾȻһŤͣ
Ŷҵƨ𣿺ʹӴܰ
һߴһ˵š
֮ջָͷſߵٵͷͻҵ١
ôĴָָҵ٣һţһֽڵķѹȥ
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Ҫ㡪Ϊ˷ҿԸܵͦӣ˸ԲָͣմˮͿ
ʱʳָҲݵķãػصĸ֮ʱƺˡ
ͻȻһУһнеشĿĴߵ㣬ȫͨ˵һ㡣
Ŷ
Ҽţǻûﵽ߳
ôˬѾﵽ߳𣿡
̽Եңҡҡͷ
ôҴÿҪȥϴ֣һ֪𣿡
ҵ˵ͷȻһˡ
Ūҵ壬ҵ鷿ˣұ˱ȥִұٴε˱
ŶٶܲݿУץ硣ʱٶ쵽ҵȼ䲢εڣٶȵѿܼʪȵزͣĸŪšʱҵ徹ľ
εĸ߳Ȼûдﵽ
Ȼһֱϣټҵһңҵ˼ϣܹЩ߶³һĸһŰ֮࣬ƺֻĥҡ
ͻȻְײ֪ǲģȻͻȻƵҡ
ĸ롭
ĿǶ˵š
ȴ
ʲôúߵģ죡ˬӴ
˵߽ҷ˹¶ȫı漰ƨɣһˮֲʹ˳




2

ʱҵĴƨɼĵʼ͵͵Ĺ۲ǺںɫأΪָͷ̽·Ҳ˵ָͷţҲصɦš
һԭڷָƵĸ磬ͻȻӺһſұϣִִཡһֲ˽ĴԼʮ֮࣬ʹļ޷ܡ
ֹһᣬְγմˮͲ
ӣ㲻˵Ϲ޷ҽһҪˬΪֹҲϲģ޾Ϳްɣ
ǵҵϰǱţ°ĶȶŵĴģϣҲѲ롣
ļܺţҵ˶Ҳʼˡ
ҵϰţԸÿͦǰһΣҾͲһΡ߸ɱ߽ͷҵĶţָоܺãٴεȫʱҾȻĿ˳
ҵĿܽĸţÿһҾͱһΣǼҵĳ̶ҵĸһξͿԿóȻҲ˵ȫھţΪȫ
ȻĶţˣȫһûУ
ΪȻûԱһʢͦһЩȤûУȫw. ҾſһҲҲݏֹͣʧһ㣬˵ʶ˵ƽͷһ⡣
һҲҵԱߣڵȴҵʶѣʹɴִﲪš
ҽ忿粢ñסһץס˸Ĵĸο
ʱֻٶȰҵ˫ȼ䣬Ǵƨɵϥǵĵطˮմˡ
ӿϷûҪӣҶǳЩ
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𣿡
ĵͷ׿ϣҵӣȻҵߡ
漴ͷغ裬˱һһΡ
ǸֱͦͦվţȴŽҵĿУһŴһ߼ҵŹͷĲݣʱҵˮֿʼ
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ȻſͣѰĺ֮󣬲һһĦ
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ҵĴĦĹͷʱ泩Ĳ[۾ͬʱҲֵҵ˫Ӧҡ
ѾȫҵĿڽУЩʱҲԵĳ鶯Ҳ̫ʱҲȤ
ĸĺˣһνУǹͷźͷĸоҲ翺ܲѡɸҵ鷿ο֪߳ԶˣҸҵ˱ŸһɲǼ䣬ľҺҵ͡
ȫţҵ鷿˫Ҳﵽ߳ĸ磬ʧȥʶһ㡣
˾ţһᣬҿ˿ʱӣǷǻؼҲˣ뿪˯˵ĸ硣
ĿǰΪֹȻĸ磬һסڸ߼סլУҵϵҽ֮ǰˣԸΪβ飬ҲΪ޷ҵĹϵ
ѧҵңǰѽܸĳԹ˾飬ʱԸ˵࣬
ʲôãʹ˱ˣ֮Ĺϵǲıģ𣿡
ľͼŵԣȻõҳԼĸҲһ㶼˾ֵ£ڱӦǸܺõá
˵򳣳ȥԸûκεϰֹһʱÿ춼ȥҳҹͨϷִ˲ƣ
ʹϹʱҲֻһܷζѣʱΪһϹȥʱǲ˵ģҳͲסڳԹЩﵽǶȥʹһʱҲٺΪǿԵõ顣
ⷽͨģĵȼ˫ͬʱҲ|ʣҲΪϹȥˣҾһֱסÿڸϷУֿ֡
Ƿ˫ˣԡ
ɡ
˵İҰȻһֲͬУ֮ܰƣĸǰ˾ӭ
ָо˾ҸҲǵʹǴӱ˴˵ԹϵеõУͨվΥµ°ɣ
ҹλʱҽסš

ȫ꡿


